


c<- 

v’ t- 

0^ « V • o ^ 

0 -i 'P 


, # ' o>' ft ^ n •5 \0' 

\V ^ 3 n 0 



r\ V 'I < 


ct- X ^ 

a' ~« a., • * 

* .-S'Cys ^ O 

o \0 >• •7*/ 

* -iO ^ 


vT V 



’ '%;' °^VJI.\l^ » t^' "JV . 

0 ° ' 




*''=%,^^'’ -^m 

vyj-f 7L ^ 

=> c,*? o 

^ oV ^ '^^''tT'^''^ L' 

S '' ^0 < 0 <> JC A*11 

7 7^ .'^ ' 



" V^' 





V * 


V'’ J 

^0 o^, >-^ 

it- - 

- c , V ' • ‘ ' ,.of^^-'l‘ « ,%, ° ’ ' ‘ “ ' ''g°'^"' 


,1.’^ 


,V tP 


<P-. 



<<■ 



« 1 



o O' 



*t ^ 


•’NO -^■ 


" 

^^0^' ^ ®\>^^s ^ ^ 



O 





























ft c.- 


I -i ^ y 

* y\ 'f . 



r 




o 

/. 



O 

rj 

-%> 


% 

z 

o 

iJ 



■?,. ^ <; 


. -r '■■,> K|R2 ^ 4''''^'^.y '. 

‘ -^ . '- * A ' 'It* X 

a\ ^ 0 N C ^ ^ ^ « ' ' » ^ ^ 0 N 0 „ '??t 

' ._5 C> v'"^/y?5, ''0 



■< V ® 

■** X 



» 4 '-si^'l 

^ <e? w' 

’'ao' ■?. 

" ^<?v. O' 



* '^,fi 

C? ^ ■ vl'^ cP 

ft o o' 

^ ' ("\ -*-i ^/ ft < 

' s » r '*' 0 N 0 

V . > ,' 


= >.0 °y. * 

^ y p .0 Q-y ^ 

■ ' % 
o 








^ .V *j 

/ </' <\v f; 

* ■>.'<' ^ ', 

' s ^ ^ 0 ft X ^ A 


■ft 

'ft r\ -r . 

^ > ■.'^ -/_» ^ ® 
d' ^ '^- ■'’ ^ y<> ^ 

C°"- ^' ’ ■'' ~ y ' •»>o^ * ■' ' 

y \ y : '% /^MA''^ \n A 

■% X , ' 7 - 

V. y> '^' ® 




V ‘o' 

0> ^.r. 








r* 






y 




ri» 








M 



,1 '■ 


H I , I m 




‘I . M 






k. 







I . ' 


V I 

1 * 


fn 


J “ 


V « 

r' 



.U . I 


» ► 


J » 


*. 1 


,;-M 

■ '‘V v:-'*?} 

^ 1 * . I ji* 


4 ^ 




* \ V 1 J 

^ * 4 / * ■ -M 

“ r lf ^,' <" • ‘ ^ICMf 




< M 



>: r 

1 t 


W- ' 

•V ■ ^ 




'!l' cT'".''-’ 
■• ' 7'^’ ■ 




■ ••' '.•■li . ■' » , ■" , 

; • V..; ■•• >: 

^•' \. ■ ii'»V»'i*t I * ' , rV' 

'•■: 1 ; . ' T 

-■ ■ ■' ''-'^vc.I,' ' 

! I ♦ .ViJ^'Tuf. <Jr •’ 


1 I 


•v‘ 


/ } 


>7 .'71 

■/„-.. 7 -.in- 





%^J,V ^ 

6 » i 2/}*7 
Mr ^ A 





F ., 

'V ‘' »**•'* • - . ' *' *' ■'Jb 

. il>r> * .. 'Ml 


i« if o 








c 






RDNANCE MANUAL. 







I 



THE 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 


THE USE OF THE OFFICERS 


/ 

UNITED STATES ARMY. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 
1861. 



/-UP 

3^1 


Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1861, by 
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 

In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the 
Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 


Gift 

Eleanor Wyllys Alien 
June 21, 1938 


> < ■> 
< 


J: 





Washington, D. C. 
September 2, 1861. 

General:— 

I have the honor to report that I have completed the duty assigned me 
of preparing a new edition of the Ordnance Manual for publication. The 
manuscript is now ready for the printer. 

Very respectfully, I am. General, 

Your obedient servant, 

T. T. S. Laidley, 

Brig. Gen. J. W. Ripley, Jivt. Major, Capt. of Ordnance. 

Chief of Ordnance. 


Watertown Arsenal, 

Gen. J. W. Ripley, October 24, 1861. 

Ordnance Office, 

Washington, D. C. 

Sir:— 

The undersigned have the honor to report that, in obedience to your in¬ 
structions of the 3d of September, 1861, they have examined the new 
edition of the Ordnance Manual, prepared by Brevet Major Laidley, and 
have made such alterations as to them appeared to be required. 

A. B. Dyer, 

Capt. of Ordnance. 

T. J. Rodman, 

Capt. of Ordnance. 

T. T. S. Laidley, 

Bvt. Major, Capt. of Ordnance. 


Ordnance Department, 

Hon. S. Cameron, ' ' ‘ ' ' Washington, Nov. 4, 1861. 

Secretary of War. ' • ' 

It is respectfully recommended that the revised edition of the Ordnance 
Manual be published for the use of the Army. 

William Maynadier, 

Lt. Col. of Ordnance, 
in charge of Bureau. 

Approved, November 4, 1861. 

Thomas A. Scott, 

Acting Secretary of War. 

I* 


V 








TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Chapter I, —Ordnance. 13 

II. —Shot and Shells. 34 

III. —Artillery Carriages. 44 

IV. —Machines, etc., for Siege and Garrison Service... Ill 

V. —Implements and Equipments . 128 

VI. —Artillery Harness and Cavalry Equipments. 142 

VII. —Paints, Lackers, etc. 169 

VIII. —Small Arms, Swords, and Accoutrements. 177 

IX. —Gunpowder. 234 

X. —Ammunition and Fireworks. 254 

XI. —Equipment of Batteries for Field, Siege, and Gar¬ 
rison Service. 332 

XII. — Mechanical Manoeuvres . 372 

XIII. —Artillery Practice. 384 

XIV. —Materials. 405 

XV. —Miscellaneous Information. 445 

vii 


















" ^ V.. • 








f.-'Vfi^ 


?ls ^ 'i* • . •. - ^ •;■ i -,-..!I!fflr'='-'^ *7 jf^av. 

ju-'^,-i; v^:-- 


•«; 


*. t 
• 1 . 

*'t' ■'^31. 

.> ^ 


♦ 1 

■ 

■" --j. 

' *' ■'%»;' 

k . • f 





?r-‘- '« f 

S' K ■ ' * 

„_ V ^ V' 


•9 




’-TMk 




. ^ 


V- 





j> 






I 1 ^ - . ■■ ?f 9 - - - 

*' ■•*’■.,; _'-'^--4'-.'. '*■■• r'.,/. 77Jj 


<•<«• VtSi.' A 


■! 


. 451 ^, 



LIST OF PLATES 


PLATB 

Guns. 1 

Field-Gun Carriage. 2 

Caisson and Limber. 3 

Travelling Forge. 4 

Battery-Wagon. 5 

Mountain Artillery. 6 

Siege-Gun Carriage. 7 

Mortar-Wagon. 8 

Bakbette-Gun Carriage (Wooden). 9 

Casemate-Gun Carriage “ ]0 

Casemate-Gun Carriage for 24-pdr. Howitzer (Wooden). 11 

Farts of Garrison and Sea-Coast Carriages (Iron) . 12 

Barbette-Carriages, Front Pintle (Iron). 13 

Barbette-Carriages, Centre Pintle “ 14 

Casemate-Carriages (Iron). 15 

Field-Gin. 16 

Casemate-Gin. 17 

Sling-Cart. 18 

Machines. 19 

Artillery Saddles. 20 

Artillery Harness. 21 

Parts of Cavalry Equipments. 22 

Cavalry Equipments. 23 

Parts of Muskets. 24 

“ 25 

Small Arms. 26 

Packing Small Arms. 27 

Swords and Sabres. 28 

Apparatus for Proving Gunpowder. 29 

Lightning-Conductors. 30 

Ammunition. 31 

Asimunition-Chests. 32 

Knots. 33 

ix 




































Pr 






i |P .■ '’V' ''''^- 


H <J. • 
f?;- ' ‘ 

-r- -> 

*♦'.■-* t •Mi-. 






V v w \ - -j.^ '. : i h y-f. 


- f , T- •,. 


..r* • :r{ 




¥ •“ 


r^"■ J»S^ 

iBMK>T>- ..: ^ - aHBk-^ 'A. ' ‘ ^ ' 



iT- f* ' • ' .*. ’ ' 

> 


j , 


3yi 
%•- 


t^.“% 

t-J^k — 







.• t > 


31 


n* 



» * • „ ^ 




" ■.'*». *4 


* I * fH ♦ 




■‘ t3^ ^ '* *'■ * “ - * . . -^ 

.^•*j .V * * ' , ** ■ V • ' ^ -^.> ■ ^ , 

t*-* f^'-t'' ■'^'^ ' * * * •" "* ^'i'- r* I * , , 



*r—'* ••dl^ ' *■ 


^4* 


ryr •» .v 


^ ‘ '^"V> 


1 ® %•• 

‘ *v •• 


- 44 ^^ 

It* ^ 1 / ^ 

* " ^ • XJl 'A » » • 

''vy;...->>i'*lrJ*' 




>.,V*iSi' ;■;...' * • ’;’ > <•'* '•• • 

SfT ^'K- '•'“ • ■'• ^ '•*-» • . 7 - •' 

ilffiffc V* *-•> .V- 'Ji .‘ t* 


t ^ 


♦ 4 


‘ *“<«■* «k • 4^ 


A .>C < J' 4 »J 





-fe/ ! y j* r..4_-.j.- ^ r * '"^Vt * ‘4 


^ '^iVX)Lr 


‘« 

- i ' j" ' 



••*' . - 4 i ''■* . •►* 


i~^ *^^**4 1 S '** . .. •« 1 ..«. 1^. *' Wr A ■•■'■ 

'* ’ r* >%■' v^”'^. «‘-‘y»V'' 



J) 


-'•it- 

Nih. 




i&A'- 






OEDNANCE MANUAL 


CHAPTER FIRST. 


ORDNANCE. 

All ordnance for the land service is made by private contractors, under 
the direction of officers of the Ordnance Department. The kinds and 
calibres used are as follow : 


Field 


p-in. (rifled) 


6-pounder... 1 . “ 1841. 

12 “ .... J-Bronze. “ 1841. 

^12 “ ....J . “ 1857. 


Guns 


Siege and gar¬ 
rison .. 


'4.5-in. (rifled) 
12-pounder... 
18 

24 “ 


Sea-coast, 


f32 

\42 


ii 

i( 


■ Cast iron 


1861. 

1839. 

1839. 

1839. 

1841. 

1841. 


Columbiads 


8-inch 
8 “ 
10 “ 

10 “ 

15 “ 


- Cast iron 


1844. 

1861. 

1844. 

1861. 

1861. 


'Mountain.12-pounder.. 

("12 

Field.4 24 

(32 “ .. 


- Bronze. 


1841. 

1841. 

1844. 

1844. 


Howitzers 


Garrison and 
siege. 

Sea-coast. 


{ 


24-pounder.. 

8-inch . 

8 “ . 

8 “ . 

10 “ . 



j" Cast iron. 


1841. 

1841. 

1861. 

1841. 

1841. 


13 






















































14 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Mortars 


' Siege 


Sea-coast 


8-incli 
8 “ 
10 “ 
10 “ 
'10 “ 
10 “ 
13 “ 
13 “ 


Cast iron' 


Model 1841. 
“ 1861. 
“ 1841. 

“ 1861. 
“ 1844. 

“ 1861. 
“ 1841. 

“ 1861. 


Coehorn.24-pounder. ...Bronze. “ 1841. 


There are, in some of the forts, guns of an older model than the above. 
The 42-pounder gun, and the 8 and 10-inch sea-coast howitzers, are sup¬ 
pressed, by order of Feb. 9, 1861. 

The forms of the several pieces of ordnance are shown in the plates 1, 
2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 14. 

Guns and howitzers take their denominations from the weights of their 
solid shot in round numbers, including the 42-pounder; larger pieces, 
rifle guns, and mortars, from the diameter of the bore. 


DEFINITIONS. 

Cascahle. —The knob on the end of the breech of a gun; it is composed 
of the knob and the neck; sometimes i\\Q fillet. 

Breech. —The mass of solid metal behind the bottom of the bore, ex¬ 
tending to the cascable. 

Base of the breech .—The rear surface of the breech. 

Base-line. —A line traced around the gun in rear of the vent. 

Base-ring .—A projecting band of metal adjoining the base of the breech 
and connected with the body of the gun by a concave moulding. 

Reinforce. —The thickest part of the body of the gun, in front of the 
base ring or line: if there is more than one reinforce, that which is next 
to the base-ring is called the/r^i reinforce; the other, the second reinforce. 

Reinforce-band .—A band at the junction of the first and second reinforces. 

Chase. —The conical part of the gun in front of the reinforce. 

Astragal fillets .—The moulding at the front end of the chase. 

Chase-ring .—A band at the front end of the chase. 

Neck. —The smallest part of the piece, in front of the chase. 

Swell of the muzzle.— largest part of the gun in front of the neck. 

Muzzle-band .—A band which takes the place of the swell of the muzzle, 
in some guns. 

Face of the piece .—The plane terminating the gun at the muzzle. 

Trunnions .—Two cylinders near the centre of gravity of the gun, by 
which it is supported on its carriage. The axes of the trunnions are in a 
tine perpendicular to the axis of the bore, and, in our guns, in the same 
plane with that axis. 


























NOMENCLATURE. 


15 , 


Rimhase. —The shoulder at the base of the trunnion. 

Bore .—All the part bored out, including the chamber, and the junction 
of the bore with the chamber. 

Chamber .—The small part of some bores; it contains the charge of 
powder. 

Corner chamber .—A conical chamber which is joined to the cylinder of 
the bore by a portion of a spherical surface. 

True windage .—The difference between the true diameters of the bore 
and of the ball. 

Lock-piece. —A block of metal at the outer opening of the vent, to facili¬ 
tate attaching a lock to the gun. 

Natural line of sight. —A line drawn in a vertical plane through the axis 
of the piece, from the highest point of the base-ring to the highest point 
of the swell of the muzzle, or to the top of the sight, if there be one. 

Natural angle of sight. —The angle which the natural line of sight makes 
with the axis of the piece. 

Dispart. —The difference of the semi-diameters of the base-ring and the 
swell of the muzzle, or the muzzle-band. It is therefore the tangent of the 
natural angle of sight, to a radius equal to the distance from the rear of 
the base-ring to the highest point of the swell of the muzzle, the sight, or 
the front of the muzzle-band, as the case may be. 

Preponderance. —The excess of weight of the part in rear of the trunnions 
over that in front: it is measured by the weight which the breech bears 
on a balance, the point of support resting at the rear of the base-ring, 
at the’base-line, or at the bottom of the ratchet, the gun being suspended 
freely on the axis of the trunnions. 

Handles. —Flat rings cast on some bronze pieces: they are placed with 
their centres over the centre of gravity of the piece. 

Ear. —A lug of metal cast on some mortars: it is attached to a clevis by 
a bolt, and constitutes a handle. 


NOMENCLATURE. 

Guns of the Model of 18G1. 

Parts. —The bore, a cylinder terminated by a semi-ellipsoid, the chamfer. 
The breech: the cascable, the Ttnob, the neck. The body of the gun: the re¬ 
inforce, the chase, the muzzle, the face, the trunnions, the rimbases. For 
rifled guns, vent-piece, wrought copper, screwed in. 

Mouldings. —None. 

CoLUMBiADS. —Add to the above the ratchet; the sight-piece. 

Mortars. —Omit the cascable, the knob, the neck, and add the ratchet. 
For the sea-coast mortars, add the ear. 

The columbiads and mortars have their vents in planes parallel to the 

2 



ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


• 16 

plane through the axis of the bore and perpendicular to the axis of the 
trunnions, and at a distance from it equal to one-half the radius of the 
bore. The vents are at right angles to the elements of the cylinder of 
the bore: the one on the right of the axis is not bored entirely through to 
the bore, by one inch. The vent of the siege and field pieces is at right 
angles to the axis, and in the vertical plane passing through it. 

Guns of the Model 0/1841 and 1844 . 

The same as for guns of model of 1861, with the following exceptions: 

Parts. —The bore is terminated by a plane perpendicular to the axis, 
united with the sides (in profile) by an arc of a circle, the radius of which 
is one-fourth of the diameter of the bore at the bottom. The vent is in 
the vertical plane passing through the axis, and makes an angle of 80° 
with it. It enters the bore at a distance from the bottom equal to one- 
fourth the diameter of the bore. 

Add the second reinforce^ the swell of the muzzle. 

Mouldings. —Add the fillet of the cascahle^ the base-ring^ the lock-piece^ 
the chase-ring, the muzzle-mouldings, two echinus. The rimbases are cylin¬ 
drical. 

Field Guns. —The same as above, except as follows: Omit the second 
reinforce, lock-piece, chase-ring, two echinus, and add vent-piece, wrought 
copper, screwed in, for bronze guns. The astragal, the fillets, the lip, tn^ 
fillet, the handles for the 12-pounders. 

CoLUMBiADS. —Same as guns of the model of 1841 and 1844, except as 
follows: Bore, add the chamber cylindrical, terminated by a hemisphere; 
ihQ junction of the bore with chamber conical; add the ratchet, the sight- 
piiece; omit the lock-piece. 

Sea-Coast Howitzers, —Same as guns of model of 1844, except as fol¬ 
lows: Bore, add the chamber cylindrical, the junction of the bore with 
chamber conical. 

Mouldings. —Add the reinforce-band. 

Siege Howitzers. —Same as sea-coast howitzers, except as follows: for 
ihQ first reinforce, substitute the recess; the base of breech is the frustum 
of a cone; omit the chase-ring, the swell of the muzzle; add the muzzle-band,. 
the fillet. 

Field Howitzers.— Same as sea-coast howitzers, except as follows: 
Base of breech, a frustum of a cone; omit lock-piece, reinforce-band, swell 
of muzzle; add muzzle-band, fillet, handles, except for the 12-pounder, 
which has none; vent-piece, wrought copper, screwed in. 

Mountain Howitzers. —Same as field 12-pounder, except for reinforce 
read recess. 

Sea-Coast Mortars. —The bore, the chamber conical, terminated by a 


NOMENCLATURE. 


17 


hemisphere; the Junction of the bore with chamber, (in profile,) the arc of a 
circle. The body of the mortar, the breech, portion of a sphere; the trun¬ 
nions, at the end of the breech ; the rimbases, the muzzle, the/ace, the muz¬ 
zle-band, the ear. Vent at right angles to the axis of the bore, in the ver¬ 
tical plane through it. 

Siege Mortars.— Same as the sea-coast, except the chamber, which is 
“Gomer,” terminated at the bottom by a plane, the angles rounded by 
arcs of circles. Add muzzle-fillet; no ear. 


Guns of the Model q/1839. 

Same as those of 1841, except the muzzle-mouldings, which consist of an 
echinus, a. fillet, and a cavetto. 


Grooves of the Rifed Guns. 


Number of grooves.. gun 


Width “ “ 

I 3 “ 

Depth “ i^3 

Twist “ r 41 “ 

(uniform). \ 3 

Width of lands. { 

13 “ 


. 9 

. 7 

.97 inch. 

. 84 “ 

.075 “ 

.075 “ 

1 turn in 15 feet. 
1 “ 10 “ 

.G inch. 

.5 “ 


TO DESIGNATE A PIECE OF ORDNANCE. 

State the kind, the calibre, (in inches if it be foreign ordnance,) the 
material, the weight, the inspector’s initials, the number, the country in 
which it was made, the date, the place of fabrication, the founder’s name, 
the name inscribed on it, its condition for service, the kind of chamber, if 
any; whether it has a vent-piece, a lock-piece, handles; the ornaments, 
and any particular marks which may serve to identify it. 
















incipal Dimensions and Weights of Guns of pattern of 1861. 


18 


ORDNANCE MANUAL, 


>> 

t* 

a> 

a 


o .. 

<»ej«0'^<J^oococ<to<»csoo 

1 -^ r—(T—irH rHr -1 


^ . 

.O rH 


T—I uri O 


“ M »o 

fli—I CO CO-^T—irHCOCSCO 1 —ICO 


I C5 >C 

I COO lOiOiOO'iJI'ifliO 

•oc,josco-^"T-^T-3c<j'+cocoioeo 

CO CO»Oe<)C<JCOCS'^ r-l'^ 


• J3ZJI.W0U eSais 


•i; 


(N 1-H 

rH iC QO O A.-- s,'< w w w w —• 

1 *CCiOOOOo6.t^Ci?CCOiOkOi>^ 

O CO CS r-H 1-H 


— Oa 

i>*OC<IOOOOO^ 


o 


CO lO lO t-H 
CO CC i:^ O 

lO^C^COCO^COiO 


lO 


O 00 CO 
OS c<i CO ■ 


CO 'O lO 

CO ■I'- COuOiOCOOOCO 

CO CS CO r—I 


. ‘CS 

! CO *0 X- ifS uO 

j r—I lO-^iOOiOX-X-C^ «o 

joooococoi-Hosc^icoooduocoQOioc^ 

; T—lf-( I—I^T-I T—IX-C<J C^o 


m CO O CO uo 

J 

OOOOoix-<M*«£>'OodrHCOc4cOOC<io 

CrH <Mi-( C^ICOi—I (MOOCO i—ICOi—I 


OS I—I O uO i>. rH lO 

'okOo*‘OhHOSOOCOC<IOSCOOOCOuOc»uO 

C rH CO i>- OS CS rH ^ rH rH uo 


_ d 

s a 

t4_, 

Cr- O 




0) CO O CO 

'n ® 2 2 


3 2 


- ® 

® rJ 


® .2 ® 

« ^:S . 

3 ® fcD ® 

.2 g 

fiHIa 


2 • ' 

^ ® C3 O 
C CP w 
OP 

0-, o ‘“'*3 

« Vr e3 

I—* C3 o 

<D Sh 

° I tc| 

CO ^ O d 

‘x S .5 

? 5 CP ^ 

'd 

3 g 43 2 
CP ^ h*. CP ^ 

CQ 1 -^ ;> OQ OQ ft ft ft 


<ip o y OP 

g 43 c; .O _ 

c3 ffl ® ffl O 

® ® o „ 

Y a a c 

ei cS ce 


u y, 
o a rt 
‘a 9 2 a 

2 g 2 ® 

S **-> ^ 

^ ^ •~o 
o ^ 


o o 
^ o 
CO 


»o o 

CO o 
CO 


Ci o 

Ci o 

o 


00 OQ 

c o 
o o 
o o 
Ou 


a ^ 

g § 

"z; ® S a 

® -a d .2 

A 


■TO 
.a o 
a. 

*® ® 


Note.—T he vent is ,2 inch in diameter, in all guns. 














































incipal Dimensions and VTeiglits of Guns, Model 1839 - 1844 . 


DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF GUNS. 


19 




2 


CO 


® CD O O 

o K5 o in 
lS o _j 


lO 
O “M 

CD r™t t'* 

O O uD Tjc 00 
CD CD O 


CO r-H 

CO O CO CD 05 


CO 

'M 


05 <M CO 

CO 


Mo 


o; 05 O 
5 CD I-H 

1 '^ d 


U) 

l> 

w 

H 


vO cO V 

I—' lO C<l CD 

CD* c4 »d 'ci^ o ° lo 1-H 

CD t-- CD I-C 


(M 


m "M O 

^ CD T—( _ O I—I 03 

C5 r)H O CO OO' id CD’ id CD* 

O I- H I' 00 t- 


o 

CO 


D1 C5 
lO CD 05 

CO* 04 03 'd 

T—1 l-H 


■<!t< t^ 
CO -etc 
CO 


lO ^ 
o c^ c<j lO 

i-I CO cd 

I-H CO 


00 

C<J o^ 

O'! T*^ 


t-- 00 

lO o 

1 —i 


d 

0 

00 

Cl 

M PI 

m<MOC» cov D1<D500 

i:cDi-<Tt<C0 1^05000 TfoOiOcDCD cr.i^ 

»£«••••••••. CO •*•••• ^ /-VI 

yTtiOccrijcocDCOioiCo c<ii'-'<ti'^'^co h* 

£ OrjOr-l Oi-l'*li—lr-< CD 03 

i-H rH T—1 »-H 

(m 

Cj 

0 

•d 

p 

c6 

0 

GO 

rH 

. IC3 lO 

w CO r* ici^cc ^00 lO 0 coo 
SCOi-hO^ <MC0<D5CDOoI~C0 1'-C0C0 i-hO 

pP ••.•••••• CO •••••• Z*^ 

COCPCD'^Ol^ 

£ fM ^ ^ ^ I-H I-H rH CD 

r-H I-H I-H i-H 

U) 

a> 

•f4 

CO 

•H* 

Cl 

CO 

xC<)r/t<v0 C5V D1C50 0 

ajeOr-H IT) 0 C&O <35(35 

oOOOOCO'+''+'OIhtHo C0i-i(X)OO 00 ‘r.*' 

® Oftl-ICMrH ,-HrHTt<D^rH CD O 

^ I-H “ rH t-H r-H 

Sea-Coast. 

Cl 

CO 

<D 0 CO 

I—1 CD pN IntHt — 

0 00 d i'^ (d -t d T-H oi 

£ 0 —J I-H DJ rH I-H 

^ rH hH IH t-H 

0 0 

(M TlH CD P p 

<31 CO d CO d CO ^ 

■>*< <N <N CD iH 


00 CD iH 

J r-H D1 

i.o 0 

D1 lO CO CD 0 

“ 0 0 m 05 D1 CO 0 

J~. TH^rHCSji-H rH 

" 1 —( ~ l-H rH T-H 

Co‘ d d CD ift <d 

Tti D1 <31 1— CO 


o 

rc 




a> 

o 

,^3 

rC: 


D 

N 

N 

o 

a 

«(-l 

o 

o 

D 

C(-l 


fcXi 


05 

P 

D 

-t-i 

<o 

a 

• fH 

d 


QQ 
Sh 
at 

r—' -*-* 

N O 

^ a 

c 3 


:3 

a 


CO 

C 3 

o 

• ^ 

o 

o 

o 

Sh 

o 

C6 

a> 


O) 

CP 


fcX) 

fl 

•F^ 

I 

< 1 ? 

CO 

c 2 


<D ^ 


Ct-i 

O 


O 

O 


o 
bD 
d 

^ € 4-1 

^ fl o 
o . 


:S Q 

<D bD 

50 c 

• hH Sh a» 

ft H 


a 


<D 
05 
c: 

.0 

Chh 

O ^ 

Sh s*-H 

e3 O 

g ® ^ 

o ^ c 

Sh W 

«♦-( <D ei 

■5 ® ? 

a 

D ^ 05 

yA'P- m 


ft a 

o “ 
_ o 

1 “ 

05 a> 

-C .C 3 


fcJD 

O 


• ® 

• 05 

: eS 

*H- 


cw fl 
O 05 

- 4 -> 

0 ? o 

a 

ci O 

9 a 

.i cS 

a » 

05 •-> 

Oi ft 


O 

Sh 

eS 
«*-i a> 
o fi 


05 


.2 a 

bfl P 

<15 

C5 

s i=i 

S ci 


05 

<y 

05 

<s 

.a 

Sh >1 

i 2 

05 .« 

ci 

O 

05 05 

■5 I 


N 

3 


«*H 

o 

D 

D 

H-l 


X 
0 
o 

'0 

05 3 

3 3 
O Sh 

• rH H-1 

3 

p o 


a 2 

^ a> 


. 3^8 
ft tlH O 
O ,Sh 
<»-( '•I 

O S-I HI 
05 ® 

■5 ■£ p 
bc a ^ 

§ a a 

^ p A p h:) ft ft 


^ CP 

O) c 

2 

a 05 


05 05 
"3 T3 
3 3 
3 3 
o o 
pH Ph 


C5 
C5 

3 
3 
Sh 
<15 

ft *=> 

r3 O 
bO £i, 
05 


<15 


ft 


2^:1 



















































Principal Dimensions and Weights of Columbiads and Howitzers, Model 1841. 


20 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


ao 


H 

O 


H 

o 

n 


o 

fi 


i-a 


u 


i<Or-lr-<rHOOi:^ 05 CSOO*^CacO 
2 '^*OCOCOCOCSC<Ji>^COCOc 4 o urJi>Icoc 4 c 4 o 

G COCO COOr-» »—t 


Pm 


G< 

I 


03 o lO 


'C^ OCS o uocc<:oo:> 

» ^ UOO iOCSr-l C<l 


UO 

CO 


lO 


.b^ r-< 

uo CO o o:> 


Ml 

p« 

I 


coC^'-ii^uoCDc^ir^ UO 

2 oOT-(C<lCOOb^ <N t^COrt ^ 

pM ••••••••• -y-\ •U •••••• 

C3 uo COX'-'^COC^tHi-H CO 


Ml 

P4 

cx 

CO 


2? ^ 
2 ^ rH 


CD 


»o 

Ci CO 4>« 


CO 


(M 05 
iD CO 05 


^COO^O'^l^^C^OiC'^i—IOCO(MCO'^ 1 -H 


CO 


X^ GO 


CO 




r 1 
fl G 

5 g 

O *U 
bo Ml 

o d 

so 


(M 


5 P »o ic o 

2 00 I—< C<l r-l CO i>. 


UO 

05 CO CO 


05 uo <M 

CO 00 00 CO 


t:JOOCO' 0 ^'^'^C^ 05 COiOi-Hr-i^CO<MCO'^^ 
5 »0 COCO COOli-Hi—1 CO 


I 

00 


® <n 1-4 

^ 1—I lO 00 CO 


lO lO uO 05 

_ lOC^CvluO-Cq coo 

«:^COOOO^'^COC<Ii-h’^^^. r-HT-H^CO 00 iOu 0 *O 
3 CO UOC005000 CSrHi—< 04 


• 

•M 

00 

d 

o 

• 

p 

*7 

CO 

05 04 00 O lO 

^ ♦ rHC^ 

©C0Oi0QC0i>*00 05rH0dcO 
jG ^ rH 05 O rH C5 

04 X^ ^ ^ 

• ••••• 

X- <X4 O CO CO i-- 
CO C4 04 O 

O 

1 

© 

• 

G 

® CO ^ ‘O uO 

2 rH CO uo 04<M040 

ur5 

uO 

CA 

1 

o 

•••••«••• • 

OOOCOC^X^C5C4H^CO,C5 

• ••••• 

rH CO iO X^ CO X^ 


rH 

CS r-IC<)i-iOO 

^ rr rH rH rH 

04 04 

CO 


o 

(M 

<N 


oo »o 

CO 05 


GO CO 
CO rH 


O O 

cs o 

05 rM 


CO o 
X* i>- 


^ o 

1 —» 04 
CO 

cs 


O <C4 
^ CO 

•\ 


O lO 

o x- 

UO 

05 


CO 

9 

n 

o 

o 

O 


00 

a 

d 

bO 

0) 

.G 

CQ 


CO 


<D 

'd 

o 


o 

I 

00 


CB 

a> 


CO 


^ T—« Ift lO 

^ 00 OOC^CDi-H 05 *^C 0 C 0 
G O rH i-{ G<\ r-i 


CO 

^ lO uO lO 

O T—i CO lO CO 00 CO 
rH CS X>- 


d 

o 


O uo 
CO 
04 CO 

05 


an CO O lO rH ^ ^ 

,G • • • • •••••••^•••♦•» x» 

o0005Ci00040COCOOX-0 1—iC^r-iC5OC0 

G rH 05 1 -r 04 r^ rH rH CO CO rH i>» 


O 

Ml 

C 

Xi 

O 


tJi 

Ml 

O 

O 

a 

• ^ 

'd 

a 


M4 

o 

a 

o 

o 

o 

> 

oa 

d 

o 

>4 

o 


{h 

o 


o 

^9 

d 

a 

Cm 

O 

(O 

o 

4^ 

o 

to 

d 

Ml 

I 


QQ 
Ml 
O 

-H 

0) 

a 

SJ 

d I 


CQ 

S 

o 

• ^ 

G 

d 

d 

Ml 

-H 

Cm 

O 

Ml 

d 

o 

Ml 


O 


O 

■“ ® O 

o o ^ 
. 'd Cm 
*1 p O 


O 

•H 

o 

a 

c3 


© bo;: 

d G 

^ M, O 


rG Ml 

I-® 

li 

I" 

o 

Ml © 
O ^ 

1 ' 

a w) 

ca a 

• ^ © 


© © 

OT O 

d o 7 

-G •d O 

^ © d 

O 

Ml 'HJ c^ 

d Cth O 

O O 
u u 

a -d G 

* c a 


bJO 

«'s 


a 

a 


a> 

CO 


•S o'? 
a 


^ o 

o © 

^ X 
to -M» 

Mr p 

o § 

o fe 

-S 

2 G 

a ^ 

© 
o 
d 
d 


to 

d 

Ml 
I 

O 
CO 

d 

43 Cm 
be O 

• rr 

CO ^ 

- d 
Cm © 
O Ml 

^ a 

to o 

d 


d 


"d 

I 

• M 

a 

I' ^ 
OQft 


d 

d 

Ml 


© 

d 

d 


to 


s 

a) 

a _ 

d w d CO 

.C5 ,r- 

! 2 h Aflfi 


CO 
© 
CO 

d 

Xi 

a 

Ml 

bo © 

° M 

•n^ 

o G 
to © 
d © 
43 ^ 

Cm "© 
© 4G 

® 
© 
d 
d 


to 

d 

o 

d 

d 

d 

Ml 

4-d 


© 

N 

tsa 

d 

a 

Cm 
O 

© 

© 

o 

to 
d 
o 

d 

to d 

d d 

O Ml 

.M 

a ^ 

G o 


Ml 

r? •M 

X 

© d 

a 

rS «*H o 

° ® s 
5 ® s 

Mg j 

G d CO 

© •M •M 

k;p« 


QQ to 
"d nd 
d d 
d d 
o o 


© 
© 
d 
d 
Ml 
© 

M G 

pd Q 

.SPG. 





















































Principal Dimensions and Weights of Mortars^ Model 1841. 


DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF MORTARS. 


•a 5* 

o5. 


m (M Tfl <M H 

^00 i-H CO lO 

« vd O 00 i-i 


»0 VO 

C^J CO vO ^ VO I'- CO 

co(^i'<dcdco^'^(^i<^^ 


DO <M ^ oo 
® T-I ^ IT) O 
O CO* O (N H 


VO 

VO »0 (M 


cOrH'^cqcocO'^iico 

Ol I—t t-H 


o 

CO 

03 


to W _ 

ov lO 

'S o o id i-i 


t^vdvdodoovdoo 

<M (M (M 


(M 

VO 

CX) 


2 . _ in 

'o O O vO PJ 

C I—t (M 


VO 

1—I CO 


VO VO 


t>.vOOCOt^h-COC3 
r-t Ttl CO (M 


VO 

!>. 

!>. 


VO 
VO <M 


o CO O CO pj 


CO CO 1—1 CO 00 IM 
1—1 vO CO 1 ^ 


O 

o 

VO 



TS 

d 

d 

o 


to 


































22 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


MATERIALS FOR ORDNANCE. 

Bronze. 

Bronze for cannon (commonly called brass) consists of 90 parts of copper 
and 10 of tin, allowing a variation of one part of tin, more or less. It is 
more fusible than copper, much less so than tin, more sonorous, harder, 
and less susceptible of oxidation, and much less ductile, than either of its 
components. When the mixture is well made, the metal is homogeneous: 
the fracture is of a uniform yellow color, with an even grain. The spe¬ 
cific gravity of bronze is about 8.700, being greater than the mean of the 
specific gravities of copper and tin. 

Bure copper is of a red color, inclining to yellow; it has a fine metallic 
lustre. The fracture of cast copper is even-grained ; that of a forged bar 
exhibits a short, even, close grain, of a silky appeai’ance ; it is strong, very 
ductile, and very malleable. The greater the purity of copper, the more 
malleable it is, and the finer the grain. Specific gravity, from 8.600 to 
9.000. The copper of commerce is impure, frequently containing oxygen, 
silver, iron, lead, tin, zinc, antimony, and arsenic. It should be rejected, 
for the manufacture of guns, if it contain sulphur in an appreciable quan¬ 
tity ; more than one-thousandth of arsenic and antimony united; more 
■than about three-thousandths of lead, iron, or oxygen; if it contain more 
than about five-thousandths of foreign substances altogether; or if, near 
these limits, it give bad results when subjected to the mechanical tests of 
hammering, rolling, and wire-drawing. 

Pure tin is of a white color, a little darker than silver; it is very mal¬ 
leable, and susceptible of being rolled into thin sheets; it is not very ductile ; 
it is soft, and, when, in rods or bars, is bent backwards and forwards, it 
gives a peculiar crackling sound, the distinctness of which is in proportion 
to the purity of the tin. Specific gravity, 7.290 to 7.320. 

Tin for gun-metal should be rejected if, when run into elongated drops, it 
have not a smooth and reflecting surface, without any considerable sign of 
rough spots; if, when analyzed, it contain more than about one-thousandth 
of arsenic and antimony united; more than about three-thousandths of 
lead or iron; or more than four-thousandths of foreign substances. 

All bronze ought to be rejected which contains sulpur in an appreciable 
amount; which contains more than about one-thousandth of arsenic and 
antimony united; more than about three-thousandths of lead, iron, or 
zinc; or, in all, more than about five-thousandths of foreign substances. 

Notice should be taken of the appearance of the fracture of specimens: 
it sometimes gives indications sufficient to authorize the rejection of certain 
bronzes full of sulphur or oxides. 


MATERIALS EOR ORDNANCE. 


23 


Analysis of hronze. 

Tin. —Nitric acid dissolves the copper and converts the tin into an inso¬ 
luble peroxide. Put into a small glass matrass 10 parts (say 100 grains) 
of bronze, in small particles, and 80 parts of very pure nitric acid, at 22° 
Beaume’s hydrometer, (specific gravity, 1,180;) heat it gradually to ebul¬ 
lition, and continue that heat until red vapors cease to come over. Let it 
settle; pour ofi" the liquor, and add to the oxide of tin 20 parts of nitric 
acid ; let it boil ten minutes; decant the liquor again, and repeat the same 
operation; dilute the first portion decanted with 2 or 3 times its volume 
of water, and pass it through a filter; do the same with the second and 
third poi’tions. Then throw the oxide of tin on a double filter, the two 
parts of which are equal; wash the precipitate on the filter until the water 
that comes oflF no longer gives a blue color when heated with ammonia, 
and does not change the color of litmus-paper. Spread the filter on paper, 
and dry it perfectly in a stove or a sand-bath. Weigh it, adding the ex¬ 
terior filter to the weights, in order to ascertain the quantity of peroxide 
of tin which remains on the upper filter; 127 parts of peroxide give 100 
parts of pure tin. 

Copper. —Collect the nitric acid solutions obtained in the process described 
above; evaporate them to dryness ; calcine and weigh the black residuum; 
it is the oxide of copper; 100 grains of oxide of copper contains 79.82 grs. 
of copper. Or, dissolve, in a large matrass with a narrow neck, about 1.1 
gr. of bronze in pure aqua regia, adding to it about 0.1 gr. of lead. Pour 
into the solution an excess of ammonia; then, keeping the liquid constantly 
boiling, pour into it from a graduated vessel a solution of monosulphuret 
of sodium, until the liquid becomes entirely colorless. From the volume 
of sulphuret used, the amount of copper in the liquid can be determined. 

Sulphur. —In boiling bronze in nitric acid or aqua regia, a part of the 
sulphur is converted into sulphuric acid, which remains in the solution; 
the rest collects on the surface in yellow globules. These globules are col¬ 
lected and weighed. 

The sulphuric acid is precipitated as a sulphate of baryta by the chloride 
of barium, and is weighed after being washed and dried: 100 grains of the 
sulphate of baryta contains 13.797 grs. of sulphur. 

Mechanical Tests. 

Chemical analysis is not sufficient to give a correct estimate of the 
qualities of all bronzes. In other words, good bronzes according to the 
results of analysis may be very inferior, deficient in strength, on account 
of oxides interspersed between the molecules, or want of homogeneity. 

Bronzes should be subjected to fusion in a close crucible; to hammering 
into thin plates, and to wire-drawing, both before and after fusion; if it 


24 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 


improves in these particulars by the fusion, a comparison with the analysig 
will show whether the improvement is due to the volatilization of certain 
metals, or to the decomposition of oxides. The results obtained by ham¬ 
mering and wire-drawing should be compared with those made on bronze 
known to be of the best quality. 

Cast Iron. 

(See also Chajyler 14.) 

Iron for making cannon should be smelted with the greatest possible 
caro, with charcoal, and a blast of a constant temperature of 125° to 300°, 
depending upon the ore used. All the materials which enter the smelting- 
furnace should be of the best and purest quality, should be kept dry, be 
supplied at regular intervals of time, be regularly and uniformly mixed 
together in the smelting-furnace, and, as far as practicable, rendered in¬ 
dependent of the vicissitudes of the weather, that the greatest possible 
uniformity in the iron produced from day to day may be obtained. 

The most important quality of gun-iron, after a medium strength of 
25,000 to 30,000 pounds per square inch, is uniformity, without which no 
two guns can be made alike, or any idea formed of what kind of guns are 
being made. 

The quality of iron in the pig is generally judged of by its strength, and 
by the appearance and feel of the freshly-fractured surface. It should be 
soft, yielding easily to the file or chisel; its fracture should present a rough, 
jagged surface, of uniform appearance, a dark gray color, a brilliant aspect, 
and crystals under medium size, angular, and sharp to the touch. 

But iron for making guns requires to be still further tested before it can be 
known, even by the most practised eye and judgment, to possess all of the es¬ 
sential qualities of a good gun-iron. These qualities are tenacity, elasticity, 
extensibility, and incompressibility: that iron will be the best which has them 
all to the greatest degree, and the absence of any one will render the iron 
unfit for guns. The existence of these qualities is best determined by 
actual experiment on specimens cut from castings of the size of the gun 
to be made. 

The density is indicative to some extent of the tenacity, elasticity, and 
incompressibility of the iron; but the density will increase after the tenacity 
and extensibility have reached their maximum. 

When cast into cannon, iron should be above medium in hardness, but 
yielding readily to the file or chisel, and offering no great difficulty in 
turning and boring. Its color should be a bright, lively gray, showing in¬ 
cipient mottle in small guns, and becoming more marked as the size of the 
gun, and time of cooling, increase. The structure should be uniform, close 
and compact; crystals small, with acute angles, and sharp to the touch; 


INSPECTION OF ORDNANCE. 


25 


the fractured surface uneven, rough, and jagged, with many fragments 
strongly adhering. 

Before making guns from an iron which has never been tried for this 
purpose, a sample-gun of the calibre of the gun to be made should first 
endure a satisfactory proof with service-charges. 

The mean specific gravity of gun-iron is about 7.248, and the average 
tenacity about 30,000 per square inch. 

Wrought Iron arid Steel. 

Experimental guns have been made of wrought iron and steel, giving 
satisfactory results, and an order has been given for guns, to be made of 
the former material. The superior strength of these materials, and the 
evenness, smoothness, and hardness of surface of which they are suscep¬ 
tible, render it probable that these are the materials of which our field rifle 
guns will soon be made, exclusively. 

INSPECTION OF ORDNANCE. 

Instruments. 

1. Star gauge .—This is an instrument for measuring the diameter of the 
bore of a gun, at any part. 

The head is of brass, with four steel sockets for the measuring-points. 
Two of the sockets are soldered fast into the head; the other two are 
movable. The movable sockets and points are pushed out by means of two 
inclined cylinders, which are fastened to a stem, forming a conical slider. 
This slider tapers 0.35 in. in a length of 2.2 in,; so that by pushing the 
slider the 35th part of this length (about ,06 in.) the distance between the 
movable points is increased .01 in. 

The slider is connected with a square steel rod, consisting of three parts, 
which are screwed together, according to the length of bore to be measured. 
This rod slides through a brass tube, which is also made in three pieces. 

The tube is graduated, in inches and quarters, commencing at the mea¬ 
suring-points, so as to indicate the distance of the latter from the muzzle 
of the gun. 

The handle is of wood, attached to a brass cylinder, or socket, through 
which the sliding-rod passes. In the tube of the handle there is a slit, on 
the side of which a scale is marked, to indicate the movements of the 
measuring-points. Each joint of the long tube has a mark, made on a 
small plate of silver, which shows the place of the zero on the scale when 
the measuring-points are adjusted to the true diameter of the bore. In this 
position the handle is fixed on the sliding-rod by means of a screw clamp. 

A ring gauge, for each calibre, is used for adjusting the instrument for use. 

A rest, in the form of a T, is placed in the mouth of the gun, to keep the 


26 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


instrument in tlie axis of the bore. This rest has three slides, which can 
be adjusted to the different Sizes of bore; the upright branch is movable, 
for convenience of packing. 

The star gauge, its points and rest, are packed in one box, and the ring 
gauges in another. 

2. The cylinder-staff .—This is a round staff, made of mahogany, or other 
hard wood. It is in two parts, which are joined together by brass sockets 
and screws; each part has also a brass socket and screw at the outer end, 
to receive the cylinder-gauge^ guide-plate, and measuring-point. The staff is 
graduated, in inches and tenths, on a strip of brass let into it, on one side. 
These graduations are arranged to read the distances from the extremity 
of the measuring-point, when it is screwed on the staff. 

The cylinder-staff is supported, at the muzzle of the piece, by a half-tom- 
pion of wood, having in the centre a groove of the size of the staff. The 
rest for the star gauge may be used also for this purpose. 

3. The cylinder-gauge is a hollow cylinder of wrought or cast iron, turned 
to the exact minimum (or true) diameter of the bore. The length of the 
cylinder is equal to its diameter. It has cross-heads, at right angles to 
each other: one with a smooth hole of the same diameter as the cylinder- 
staff; the other tapped for the screw of the staff socket. Weight for 8 in., 
27 lbs.; for 10 in., 40 lbs. 

4. The guide-plate is a circular iron plate 0.2 inch thick, and of the mini¬ 
mum diai'neter of the bore; it has a hole in the centre, with a thread by 
which it is screwed to the cylinder-staff; it serves to direct the measuring- 
point to the centre of the bottom of the bore. 

5. The measuring-point is screwed on the end of the cylinder-staff, over 
the guide-plate, to measure the depth of the bore; it is of iron, cylindrical 
in shape, so far as it screws on the end of the staff, and tapering down to 
the diameter of 0.75 inch. 

0. The trunnion-gauge is an iron ring of the diameter of the trunnions, 
whi)h must pass over them and fit closely. The exterior diameter of this 
gau 4 e serves to vei'ify that of the rimbases. 

7. The trunnion-square is a double square of wood, the distance between 
whose branches is the same as that between the rimbases of the gun; in 
the CTi tre is a pointed sliding plate, with a thumb-screw to fasten it; the 
lower ff iges of the branches, which are shod with iron, are in the same 
plane, parallel to the upper edge of the connecting piece, so that when the 
square is placed with its branches resting on the trunnions, the upper edge 
of the connecting piece is parallel to their axis. Each branch has also an 
iron plate projecting perpendicularly from one side to rest on the top of • 
the trunnions. It is used to ascertain the position of the trunnions in re¬ 
lation to the axis of the bore and to each other. 


INSPECTION or ORDNANCE. 27 

8. The trunnion-rule, for measuring the distance from the rear of the 
base-ring to the rear of the trunnions. 

9. Callipers, to measure diameters. 

10. A standard scale, for verifying other instruments. 

11. A wooden rule, to measure exterior lengths. 

12. The vent-gauges are two pointed pieces of steel wire, 0.005 in. greater 
and less than the true diameter of the vent. 

13. The vent-searcher is a hooked steel wire, about half the diameter of 
the vent. 

14. A rammer-heud, shaped to the form of the bottom of the bore, and 
furnished with a staff, is used to ascertain the interior position of the 
vent. 

15. A mirror; sperm candles; beeswax. 

16. Rammer, sponge, priming-wire. 

•17. Figure and letter stamps, to affix the required marks. 

Inspection of Ordnance. 

Cannon presented for inspection and proof are placed on skids for the 
convenience of turning and moving them easily. They are first examined 
carefully on the exterior, to ascertain whether there be any flaws or cracks 
in the metal, whether they be finished as prescribed, and to judge, as well 
as practicable, of the quality of the metal. They must not be covered with 
paint, lacker, or any other composition. If it be ascertained that an at¬ 
tempt has been made to conceal any flaws or cavities by plugging, or fill¬ 
ing them with cement or any substance, the gun is rejected without further 
examination. After this preliminary examination, the inspector proceeds 
to verify the dimensions of the piece. The interior of the bore is first exa¬ 
mined by reflecting the sun’s rays into it from the mirror; or, if the sun 
be obscured, by a lighted candle or a lamp placed on the end of a rod and 
inserted into the bore. The cylinder-gauge, ^crewed on the staff, is then 
pushed gently to the bottom of the cylindrical part of the bore and with¬ 
drawn; it must go to the bottom, or the bore is too small. 

The bore of the piece is then measured with the star gauge. The measure¬ 
ments should be made at intervals of \ inch in the part of the bore occupied 
by the shot; at intervals of 1 inch in the rest of the bore in rear of the 
trunnions, and of about 1 calibre from the trunnions to the muzzle. 

The position of the trunnions, with regard to the axis of the bore and to 
each other, is next ascertained. 

To verify the position of the axis of the trunnions. —Set the trunnion-square 
on the triinnions, and see that the lower edges of its branches touch them 
throughout their whole length; push the slide down till it touches the sur¬ 
face of the piece, and secure it in that position by the thumb-screw; turn 
the gun over, and apply the trunnion-square to the opposite side, and if, 

3 


28 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


when the point of the slide touches the surface of the piece, the lower edges 
of the branches rest on the trunnions, the axis of the trunnions is in the 
same plane with the axis of the bore; if they do not touch the trunnions, 
their axis is above the axis of the bore by half the space between; and if 
the edges touch the trunnions, and the point of the slide does not touch 
the surface of the piece, their axis is below the axis of the bore. If the 
alignment of the trunnions be accurate, the edges of the trunnion-square will 
fit on them when applied to different parts of their surface; their diameter 
and cylindrical form, and the diameter of the rimbases, are verified with 
the trunnion-gauge. 

To ascertain the length of the bore. —Screw the guide-plate and measuring-point 
on the cylinder-staflr, and push them to the bottom of the bore; place a 
half-tompion in the muzzle, and rest the staff in its groove; apply a straight¬ 
edge to the face of the muzzle, and read the length of the bore on the staff. 
The exterior lengths are measured by the rule, or by a profile, the accuracy 
of which is first verified. The exterior diameters are measured with the 
callipers and graduated rule. The position of the interior orifice of the vent is 
found from the mark made on the rammer-head by the vent-gauge inserted 
in the vent, while the rammer-head is held against the bottom of the bore: 
two impressions are taken. The position of the exterior orifice of the vent 
is also verified. The vent is examined with gauges, and with the vent- 
searcher, to ascertain if there are any cavities in it. 

All bronze ordnance should be bored under size from .04 to .05 inch, and 
after proof reamed out to the exact calibre. Whitish spots show a separa¬ 
tion of the tin from the copper, and, if extensive, should condemn the piece. 
A great variation from the true weight, which the dimensions do not account 
for, shows a defect in the alloy. 

In mortars, the dimensions of the chambers, and the form of the breech, 
may be verified with patterns made of plate iron. 

After the powder proof, the bore is washed and wiped clean, and the bore 
and vent are again examined, and the bore re-measured. The results of 
each of the measurements and examinations are noted on the inspection 
report against the number of the gun. 

A proper discretion must be exercised in the inspection of ordnance; 
such slight imperfections as do not injure a piece for service may be dis¬ 
regarded, whilst the instructions should be strictly enforced with regard 
to defects which may impair its utility. 


PROOF OF ORDNANCE . 


29 


Variations allowed in the Dimensions of Ordnance. 


In the bore .■[ prescribed diameter. 

.\ Less than the prescribed diameter.., 

In exterior di- f ‘“''''''i’ “O’’® . 

AMETERS. I Where not turned. | . 


In the length. 


' Of the bore, more or less. 

From rear of base-line to face of muzzle, 

more or less. 

Of the breech, including cascable, more 

or less. 

- Of the base-ring, more or less. 

Of the reinforce, more or less. 

Of the chase, including the muzzle, more 

or less. 

From rear of trunnions to base-line, 
more or less, in different pieces. 


In the position of the r above the axis of the bore. 
AXIS OF THE TRUNNIONS. \ below the axis of the bore. 

In the length of the trunnions,. 

Diameter of trunnions, less. 

In the distance between the rimbases, less. 


In the same gun, no variation is allowed in the position 
or in the alignment of the trunnions. 


In the vent, 


Depth of cavi¬ 
ties. 


Diameter... | . 

Position of exterior orifice, more or less. 
Position of interior orifice, more or less. 

' In the bore or vent. 

On the exterior surfiice. 

On the trunnions, within one inch of the 

rimbases. 

On the trunnions elsewhere. 


FIELD. 

GARRI¬ 
SON, ETC. 

Inches . 

Inches . 

0.02 

0 03 

.00 

.00 

.04 

.05 

.10 

.20 

.05 

.05 

.10 

.20 

.10 

.25 

.15 

.20 

.05 

.05 

.10 

.20 

.10 

.15 

.10 

.20 

.00 

.00 

.20 

.20 

.10 

.10 

.05 

.05 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.005 

.005 

.00 

.00 

.05 

.05 

.20 

.20 

.00 

.00 

.20 

.25 

.10 

.10 

.20 

.25 


The whole exterior surfaces of guns, except mortars, are turned in the 
athe, or dressed smooth in the parts which cannot be turned. 

PROOF OF ORDNANCE. 

Gunpowder iov proving ordnance should be of the best quality, giving 
not less than the standard initial velocity; it should be proved immediately 
before being used, unless it shall have been proved within one year pre¬ 
viously, and there be no reason to suspect that it has become deteriorated. 








































30 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


The cartridge-hags are made of cotton or paper, the full diameter A the 
bore or chamber. They are filled by weight; and, if not filled at tho 
place where the guns are proved, each bag should be enveloped in a 
paper cylinder and cap, marked with the weight of powder and its proof 
qualities. 

The shot must be smooth, free from seams and other inequalities that 
might injure the bore of the piece, and they must be of the true diameter 
given in the tables. 

Guns and howitzers are laid with the muzzle resting on a block of wood 
and the breech on the ground, or on a thick plank, giving the bore a small 
elevation. 

are mounted on appropriate carriages or beds. 

Mortars are mounted on strong wooden frames or iron beds, at an ele¬ 
vation of 45°, supported by the trunnions. 

In proving iron ordnance, after pricking the cartridge, prime with 
powder, or a tube, and place over the vent a piece of port-fire, set in clay 
or putty, long enough to permit the man who fires it to reach a place of 
safety before the charge explodes. 

Each piece shall be fired three rounds with the following 


Proof-charges. 

15-inch columbiad. 50 lbs. of powder and 

10 “ “ . 18 “ “ “ 

g « « 22 “ 

32-pounder gun. 9 “ “ ‘‘ 

24 “ “ . 8 « 

18 « “ . 6 “ ‘‘ 

12 “ « .. 4 « « « 

8-inch siege howitzer...... 4 “ ‘‘ 

24-pounder howitzer (iron). 3 “ « 

All field guns (bronze). J weight of shot. 

32-pounder howitzer “ . 3.25 lbs. of powder and 

24 “ “ “ . 2.5 “ “ 

12 “ .” 1.25 “ « « 

12 ‘‘ “ mountain (bronze).. 0.5 “ « 

Coehorn mortar (bronze). 0.5 “ “ “ 

13-inch S. C. mortar (iron).20 

10 “ “ “ “ .10 “ “ « 

10 “ “ 1 T • 1 * 5 u u 

8 ‘‘ “ I . 2.5 « “ « 

4i “ rifled siege gun. 4.5 “ « 

3 “ “ field « . 1.5 « << 


1 shell. 

1 shot. 

1 “ 

1 “ 

1 « 

1 “ 

1 « 

1 « 

1 shot, strapped. 

1 a (( 

1 t( (( 

1 « « 

1 « t( 

1 (( a 

1 shell. 

1 
1 
1 


Filled 
with sand. 


1 shot of 36 lbs. 
1 “ of 11 lbs. 


Should any of the guns proved at one time fail to sustain the above 
proof, the remainder shall be rejected, if made of the same metal treated in 
the same manner. ' 

The bore, vent, and the exterior surface of,every piece which is 
approved should be well covered with sperm oil immediately after the 
inspection. 






















INJURIES CAUSED BY SERVICE. 


31 


MARKS. 

All guns are required to be weighed and to be marked, as follows,^ 
viz.; the number of the gun, the initials of the inspector's name, and that of the 
foundry, the year of fabrication, and the weight of the piece in pounds on the 
face of the piece, in a circle concentric with the bore, in letters and figures 
at least one inch long; the numbers in a separate series for each kind and 
calibre at each foundry; the foundry-number, in small figures, on the end 
of the right rimbase, above the trunnion; the letters U. S., in large 
characters, on the upper surface of the piece, in rear, but near the 
trunnions. 

The highest point of metal at the base-line and at the muzzle, when the 
axis of the trunnions is horizontal, should be marked, with a fine line cut 
into the metal, whilst the piece is in the trunnion-lathe. 

Guns rejected on inspection are marked X C, on the face of the muzzle; 
if condemned for erroneous dimensions which cannot be remedied, add 
X D ; if by powder proof, X P. 

INJURIES CAUSED BY SERVICE. 

Bronze guns are little subject to external injury, except from the bending 
of the trunnions, sometimes, after long service, or heavy charges. 

Internal injuries are caused by tlie action of the gases developed in the 
combustion of the powder, or by the action of the shot in passing out of 
the bore. These effects generally increase with tlie calibre of the piece. 

Of the first kind, the principal one is the cutting away of the metal of 
the upper surface of the bore over the seat of the shot. 

Those of the second kind are: The lodgment of the shot, a compression 
of the metal on the lower side of the bore, at the seat of the shot, caused 
by the pressure of the gas in escaping over the top of the shot. There is 
a corresponding burr in front of the lodgment, and the motion thereby 
given to the shot causes it to strike alternately on the top and bottom of 
the bore, producing other enlargements, generally three in number; it is 
chiefly from this cause that bronze guns become unserviceable. Scratches 
caused by t he fragments of a broken shot, or the roughness of an imperfect one. 

The durability of bronze guns may be much increased by careful use,, and 
by the precautions of increasing the length of the cartridge, or that of the 
sabot, or using a wad over the cartridge, in order to change the place of the 
shot; bv wrapping the shot in woollen or other cloth, or in paper, so as to 
diminish the windage and the bounding of the shot in the bore. In field 
both bronze and iron, the paper cap which is taken off from the car¬ 
tridge should always be put over the shot. 

Iron guns are subject to the above defects in a less degree than bronze, 
except the corrosion of the metal. The principal cause of injury to iron 



82 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


guns is the rusting of the metal, producing a roughness and enlargement 
of the bore. 

The service to which an iron gun has been subjected may generally 
be determined by the appearance of the vent. After about 500 rounds the 
vent becomes enlarged to .3 inch, and should not be longer used. 

In rifled guns the wear of the vent is about twice as great as in smooth- 
bored guns. 

Replacing Vents .—In field and rifled pieces, the vent-piece is taken out 
and a new one is screwed in. In other guns, the vent is filled up by pouring 
in melted zinc, the vent being closed on the interior by means of clay placed 
on the head of a rammer and pressed against the upper surface of the bore, 
and a new vent is bored, at a distance of two or three inches from the first. 

Spiking and unspiMng guns, and rendering them unserviceable. 

To spike a piece, or to render it unserviceable .—Drive into the vent a jagged 
and hardened steel spike with a soft point, or a nail without a head ; break 
it off flush with the outer surface and clinch the point inside by means of 
the rammer. Wedge a shot in the bottom of the bore by wrapping it with 
felt, or by means of iron wedges, using the rammer or a bar of iron to 
drive them in; a wooden wedge would be easily burnt by means of a char¬ 
coal fire lighted with the aid of a bellows. Cause shells to burst in the 
bore of bronze gunSj or fire broken shot from them with high charges. Fill 
a piece with sand over the charge to burst it. Fire a piece against another, 
muzzle to muzzle, or the muzzle of one to the chase of the other. Light a 
fire under the chase of a bronze gun, and strike on it with a sledge to bend 
it. Break off the trunnions of iron guns; or burst them by firing them 
with heavy charges and full of shot, at a high elevation. 

When guns are to be spiked temporarily, and are likely to be retaken, a 
spring spike is used, having a shoulder to prevent its being too easily ex¬ 
tracted. 

To unspike a piece. —If the spike is not screwed in or clinched, and the 
bore is not impeded, put in a charge of powder of J the weight of the shot, 
and ram junk wads over it with a handspike, laying on the bottom of the 
bore a strip of wood with a groove on the under side containing a strand 
of quick-match by which fire is communicated to the charge; in a bronze 
gun, take out some of the metal at the upper orifice of the vent, and pour 
sulphuric acid into the groove for some hours before firing. If this method, 
several times repeated, is not successful, unscrew the vent-piece, if it be a 
bronze gun, and if an iron one, drill out the spike, or drill a new vent. 

To drive out a shot wedged in the iore.—Unscrew the vent-piece, if there be 
one, and drive in wedges so as to start the shot forward, then ram it back 
again in order to seize the wedge with a hook; or pour in powder and 
fire it, after replacing the vent-piece. In the last resort, bore a hole 


PRESERVATION OF ORDNANCE. 


53 


in the bottom of the breech, drive out the shot, and stop the hole with a 
screw. 

To use a piece which has been spiked .—Insert one end of a piece of quick- 
match in the cartridge, allowing the other to project out of the muzzle of 
the gun. Apply the lire to the quick-match, and get out of the way. 

When quick-match of sufficient length is not at hand, insert one end in 
the cartridge, the other projecting in front of the shot, and, after ramming 
the cartridge home, throw two or three pinches of powder into the bore.. 
Place another piece of match in the muzzle, the end projecting out. The 
piece may be fired in this way without danger. Quick-match in the car¬ 
tridge may be dispensed with by piercing three or four holes in the car¬ 
tridge-bag. In this manner the gun may be fired with great rapidity. 

PRESERVATION OF ORDNANCE. 

Cannon should be placed together, according to kind and calibre, on skids 
of stone, iron, or wood, laid on hard ground, well rammed and covered 
with a layer of cinders, or of some other material to prevent vege¬ 
tation. 

Guns and long howitzers. —The pieces should rest on the skids in front of 
the base-ring and in rear of the astragal; the axis inclined at an angle of 
4 or degrees with the horizon, the muzzle lowest; the trunnions touching 
each other; or, if space be wanting for (hat arrangement, the trunnion of 
one piece may rest on the adjoining piece, so that the axis of the trunnions 
is inclined about 45° with a horizontal line; the muzzle closed with a tom- 
pion or a plug of dry wood, well saturated with oil or grease; the vent 
down, stopped with a greased wooden plug, or with putty or tallow. If 
circumstances require it, the pieces may be piled in two tiers, with skidding 
placed between them, exactly over those which rest on the ground; the 
muzzles of both tiers in the same direction and their axes preserving the 
same inclination. 

Short howitzers and mortars .—On thick planks, standing on their muzzles, 
the trunnions touching, the vents stopped. 

Iron ordnance should be covered on the exterior with a lacker impervious 
to water, (see Chap. VII. ;) the bore and the vent should be greased with 
a mixture of oil and tallow^ or of tallow and beeswax melted together and 
boiled to expel the water. The lacker should be renewed as often as re¬ 
quired, and the grease at least once every year. 

The lacker and grease should be applied in hot weather. 

The cannon should be frequently inspected, to see that moisture does 
not collect in the bore. 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 




CHAPTER SECOND. 

SHOT AND SHELLS. 

NOMENCLATURE, DIMENSION'S-, WEIGHTS. 

Shot, shells, grape and canister shot take the name of the gun or howitzer 
in which they are used. The size of grape and canister shot is so regu¬ 
lated that a certain number shall chamber in the bore. 

The ears of a shell are holes for the points of the shell-hooks, 0.5 inch in 
diameter, bored on opposite sides of the fuze-hole, their axes perpendicular 
to the axis of the fuze-hole. The metal is cut out above them at the dis¬ 
tance indicated in the table, in a direction perpendicular to the axes of the 
holes, which must remain 0.25 inch deep, with a thickness of 0.25 inch of 
metal above them, at the thinnest part. 

Shot. 



13-in. 

12-in. 

10-in. 

8-in. 

42 

32 

24 

18 

12 

9 

6 

4 

3 

1 

Diameter, in. 

12.87 

11.87 

9.87 

7.88 

6.84 

6.25 

5.68 

5.17 

4.52 

4.10 

3.58 

3.12 

2.84 

1.95 

Weight, lbs. 

282.84 

222 

127.5 

05 

42.5 

32.4 

24.3 

18.3 

12.25 

9.14 

6.1 

4.07 

3.05 

1 


Shells. 



For Colum- 
biads and S.C. 
Howitzers. 

For Mortars. 

For Guns and Howitzers. 

10-in. 

8-in. 

13-in. 

10-in. 

8-in. 

42 

32 

24 

18 

12 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Diameter. 

9.87 

7.88 

12.87 

9.87. 

7.88 

6.84 

6.25 

5.68 

5.17 

4.52 

Thickne.ss of fTrue. 

2. 

1.5 

2.5 

1.6 

1.25 

1.2 

1. 

0.9 

0.9 

0.7 

sides and ^ Greatest 

2.1 

1.58 

2.65 

1.7 

1.33 

1.25 

1.05 

0.95 

0.94 

0.74 

bottom. (Least. 

1.9 

1.42 

2.35 

1.5 

1.17 

1.15 

0.9) 

0.85 

0.86 

0.66 

Thickness at fuze-hole... 

3. 

2.25 

2.5 

1.6 

1.25 

1.8 

1.35 

1.35 

1.35 

1.05 

Diameter of f Exterior.. 

1.45 

1.338 

1.8 

1.75 

1.3 

1. 

0.9 

0.9 

0.9 

0.9 

fuze-hole. (Interior... 

1. 

1. 

1.247 

1.51 

1.113 

0.73 

0.698 

0.698 

0.698 

0.743 

Distance between ears... 

6. 

5. 

7. 

6. 

5. 






Weight.lbs. 

101.67 

49.75 

1 

218 

88.42 

44.12 

31.3 

22.5 

16.8 

13.45 

8.34 


The 8-inch mortar-shell is used for the siege howitzer. The 15-inch 
shell is 14.85 in. diameter. It has two ears at the extremities of the 
diameter at right angles to the axis of the fuze-hole. Thickness of shell, 
2.5 inch. 

















































SHOT AND SHELLS. 


35 


Spherical case shr t. 



8-in. 

42 

32 

24 

18 

. 12 

6 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Diameter. 

7.88 

6.84 

6.25 

5.68 

5.17 

4.52 

3.58 

( True. 

0.7 

0.65 

0.60 

0.55 

0.5 

0.45 

0..36 

Thickness of metal at the sides.Greatest.. 

0.725 

0.675 

0.625 

0.575 

0.525 

0.475 

0.385 

( Least. 

0.C75 

0.625 

0.575 

0.525 

0.475 

0.425 

• 0.335 

Thickness of metal at the fuze-hole. 

1.5 

1.25 

1.25 

1.1 

1.1 

0.9 

0.9 

Depth of recess for fuze. 

.4 

.4 

.4 

.4 

.4 

.4 

.4 

Diameter of fuze-hole, i . 

1.62 

1.62 

1.62 

1.62 

1.62 

1.62 

1.62 

\ Interior. 

.75 

.75 

.75 

.75 

.75 

.75 

.75 

Mean weight.lbs. 

30.36 

20.73 

16.12 

12.32 

9.27 

6.22 

3.22 


The thickness of metal at the fuze-hole is supposed to be measured in 
the axis of the fuze-hole between the spherical surfaces of the shell and 
of the reinforce. 


Spherical case shot of the old pattern may be used with the Bormann 
fuzes. 

The fuze-holes of shells and spherical case shot for the fuze-plug taper 
0.15 inch to 1 inch. 


Diameter of gauges for Shot and Shells. 



13-in. 

12-in. 

10-in. 

8-in. 

42 

32 

24 

18 

12 

9 

6 

4 

3 

1 



In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Large... 


12.90 

11.90 

9.90 

*7.90 

6.86 

6.27 

5.70 

5.18 

4.53 

4.12 

3.00 

3.14 

2.86 

1.96 


( new 

12.84 

11.84 

9.84 

7.85 

6.81 

6.22 

5.05 

5.13 

4.49 

4.08 

3.56 

3.10 

2.82 

1.92 


told 

12.80 


9.80 

7.80 

6.76 

6.18 

5.61 

5.10 

4.46 

4.05 

3.54 


2.80 



* The gauges for 8-inch solid shot are 7.85 and 7.80 in. respectively. 

For the manner of using these gauges, see page 38. 


Case Shot for Rifled. Guns. 


Dimensions. 

4^- 

in. 

3-in. 

Remarks. 

Iron. 

Soft 

Metal. 

Iron. 

Soft 

Metal. 

Diameter. 


4.43 

4,45 

2.93 

2.95 

Thickness at end 

liCngth . 


8.2 

1.5 

6.7 

1.5 

of cup, .25 inch. 

Thickness of metal at sides. 


.625 

.15 

.4 

.15 

Depth of cup, .5 in. 

“ “ “ bottom.... 


.7 

.1 

.5 

.1 

Diameter of luzo- 

“ “ “ “ fuze-hole. 

.in. 

2. 


2. 


hole, 1 inch. 


The soft metal (lead 8, antimony 1) is attached most securely by casting 
it on a tin cup set up in a die of the proper size, and pouring the iron into 
the cup placed in the bottom of the mould. 






















































































30 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Grenades. 

Six-pounder spherical case shot may bo used for hand grenades, and shells 
of any calibre for ramg>art grenades. 


G rape- Shot. 



8-in. 

42 

32 

24 

18 

12 

Diameter of large gauge. 

Diameter of small gauge. 

In. 

3.G0 

3.54 

In. 

3.17 

3.13 

In. 

2.90 

2.86 

In. 

2.64 

2.60 

In. 

2.40 

2.36 

In. 

2.06 

2.02 

Mean weight.lbs. 

6.1 

4.2 

3.15 

2.4 

1.8 

1.14 


Canister-Shot. 


NATURE OF ORDNANCE. 





o 








d 

d 

a ^ . 

d 

c- *- 
^ . • 



12-pdr. how- 


S) 

P 

60 

S)* ® 

g) 

9 ^ ^ 

cM.t; 
"o >o is 

C. B O 

o 

c 

5 

itzer. 


c 

'O 

u 

rs 


c 

rs 

Cm 

^ u 
*9 a> 

CL, N 

u 

'O 

Field. 

Moun- 


O''! 

<N 

CO 

(N 

6b 

iH 

<N .C 

rH 


Cm 

<6 

tain. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Diameter of large gauge.... 

2.26 

2.06 

1.87 

1.70 

1.40 

1.35 

1.17 

1.08 

.69 

Diameter of small gauge... 

2.22 

2.02 

1.84 

1.67 

1.46 

1.32 

1.14 

1.05 

Mus- 

Mean weight.lbs. 

1.5 

1.14 

0.S6 

0.64 

0.43 

0.32 

0.21 

0.16 

ket 

ball. 


Lead Balls. 


DIAMETERS OF LEAD BALLS FROM 1 TO 32 TO THE POUND. 


No. of 
balls to 

1 lb. 

Diameter. 

No. of 
balls to 

1 lb. 

Diameter. 

No. of 
balls to 

1 lb. 

Diameter. 

No. of 
balls to 

1 lb. 

Diameter. 

1 

In. 

1.670 

9 

In. 

0.803 

17 

In. 

0.650 

25 

In. 

0.571 

2 

1.326 

10 

.775 

18 

.638 

26 

.564 

3 

1.157 

11 

.751 

19 

.626 

27 

.557 

4 

1.051 

12 

.730 

20 

.615 

28 

.550 

5 

.977 

13 

.710 

21 

.605 

29 

.544 

6 

.919 

14 

.693 

22 

.596 

30 

.537 

7 

.873 

15 

.676 

23 

.587 

31 

.531 

8 

.835 

16 

.663 

24 

.579 

32 

.526 


For the mode of fabrication of lead balls, see Chapter X. 






































































SHOT AND SHELLS. 


37 


DIAMETERS OF CAST-IRON BALLS FROM J POUND TO 50 POUNDS WEIGHT. 


Weight. 

Diameter. 

Weight. 

Diameter. 

Lbs. 0 *. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

0 4 

1.231 

9 

4.065 

6 

1.403 

10 

4.211 

8 

1.551 

11 

4.346 

10 

1.665 

12 

4.474 

12 

1.701 

13 

4.595 

14 

1.865 

14 

4.710 

1 

1.954 

15 

4.819 

2 

2.462 

16 

4.924 

3 

2.819 

17 

5.025 

4 

3.104 

18 

5.121 

6 

3.341 

19 

5.215 

6 

3.551 

20 

5.304 

7 

3.738 

21 

5.392 

8 

3.908 

22 

5.476 


Weight. 

Diameter. 

Weight. 

Diameter. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

23 

5.531 

37 

6.512 

24 

5.639 

38 

6.570 

25 

5.714 

39 

6.627 

26 

5.789 

40 

6.684 

27 

5.862 

41 

6.738 

28 

5.930 

42 

6.793 

29 

6.004 

43 

6.846 

30 

6.068 

44 

6.898 

81 

6.140 

45 

6.951 

32 

6.205 

46 

7.002 

33 

6.268 

47 

7.052 

34 

6.330 

48 

7.101 

35 

6.392 

49 

7.145 

36 

6.442 

50 

7.198 


The specific grayity of shot is 7,000: shells, 7.1. 


To find the weight of a cast-iron shot or shell: 

Multiply the cube of the diameter of the shot in inches by .13268, and 
the difference of the cubes of the exterior and interior diameters of the 
shell, by 0.13458 for the weight in pounds. 

For lead balls, the multiplier is 0.2142 for a density of 11.301. 

To find the diameter of a cast-iron shot of a given weight: 

Divide the weight in pounds by 0.134, and the cube root of the quotient 
will be the diameter in inches. 

To find the quantity of powder which a shell will contain: 

Multiply the cube of the interior diameter of the shell in inches by 
0.01744, for the weight of powder in pounds. 


General Directions in the Fabrication of Shot and Shells. 

All shot and shells, except canister-shot for mountain howitzers, are 
made of cast iron. It should be gray or mottled iron, of good quality. 
(See Chap. XIV. Cast Iron.) They must be cast in sand, and not in iron 
moulds: the shot from the latter are generally not spherical in form, nor 
uniform in size; they are also full of cavities,- and are cracked by being 
heated. 

Spherical case shot must be made with peculiar care, of the best quality 
of iron, in order that they may not be liable to break in the gun. 

Grape and canister shot should be made of a soft, gray iron: it ougnt to 






















38 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


be very fluid. They are made smooth, and polished by rolling in a barrel 
for that purpose. 

A sample bar 1.5 inch square and 8 inches long, with a head 4 inches 
long, is cast, on end, from the same metal that shot and shells are made of, 
to be tested as to its strength and the character of the metal. 

INSPECTION OF SHOT AND SHELLS. 

Shot. 

Inspecting instruments. —One large and one small gauge and one cylinder 
gauge for each calibre: the cylinder-gauge has the same diameter as the 
large gauge; it is made of cast iron, and is 5 calibres long. The gauges 
should be verified from time to time, and when they have become .008 larger 
than their true diameter, they should no longer be used. One hammer^ 
weighing half a pound, and having a flat face and a conical point. Steel 
punches. 

One searcher, of steel wire No. 20, with a handle. 

The shot should be inspected before they become rusty ; after being well 
cleaned, each shot is placed on a table and examined by the eye to see that 
its surface is smooth, that the metal is sound and free from seams, flaws, 
and blisters. If cavities or small holes appear on the surface, strike the 
point of the hammer or punch into them and. ascertain their depth with the 
searcher; if the depth of the cavity exceed 0.2 inch, the shot is rejected; 
and also if it appear that an attempt has been made to conceal such defects 
by filling up the holes with nails, cement, &c. 

The shot must pass in every direction through the large gauge, and not 
at all through the small one; the founder should endeavor to bring the 
shot up as near as possible to the large gauge or to the true diameter. 

After having been thus examined, the shot are passed through the cylinder- 
gauge, which is placed at an inclination of about 2 inches between the two 
ends and supported on blocks of wood in such a manner as to be easily 
turned from time to time, to prevent its being worn in furrows. Shot which 
slide or stick in the cylinder are rejected ; the latter must be pushed out 
from the lower end with a wooden rammer. 

Shot are proved by dropping them from a height of 20 feet on a block 
of iron, or rolling them down an inclined plane of that height, against 
another shot at the bottom of the plane. 

The average weight of the shot is deduced from that of three parcels of 
20 to 50 each, taken indiscriminately from the pile: some of those which 
appear to be the smallest should be also weighed, and they are rejected if 
they fall short of the weight expressed by their calibre more than one 
thirty-second part. They almost invariably exceed that weight. 


INSPECTION OF SHOT AND SHELLS. 


39 


Grape and Canister Shot. 

The dimensions are verified by means of a large and a small gauge 
attached to the same handle. The surface of the shot should be smooth 
and free from seams. 


Shells and Hollow Shot. 

Inspecting instruments. —A large and small gauge for each calibre, and 
a cylinder-gauge for shells of 8 inches and under. 

Callipers for measuring the thickness of the metal at the sides of the 
shell. 

Callipers to measure the thickness at the bottom of the shell. 

Gauges for the dimensions of the fuze-hole, and for the thickness of 
metal at the fuze-hole. 

A pair of hand-bellows; a wooden plug to fit the fuze-hole, and bored 
through to receive the muzzle of the bellows. 

A hammer ; a searcher ; a cold chisel; steel punches. 

The surface of the shell and its exterior dimensions are examined as in 
the case of shot, particular attention being paid to the hemisphere opposite 
the fuze-hole. Cavities and imperfections in casting are generally found 
about 30° from the top of the shell, when in the position in which it was 
cast. Shells should be rejected for rough casting, projecting seams, sand- 
flaws, a collection of dross, cavities or honey-combs of more than two- 
tenths of an inch in depth, whatever their diameter, or a number of small 
holes giving the projectile a spongy appearance. 

The’ shell is next struck with the hammer, to judge by the sound whether 
it be free from cracks ; the position and dimensions of the ears are verified; 
the thickness of metal is then measured at several points on the great circle 
perpendicular to the axis of the fuze-hole, and at the bottom, and at the 
fuze-hole. The diameter of the fuze-hole, which should be accurately 
reamed, is then verified, and the soundness of the metal about the inside 
of the hole is ascertained by inserting the finger. 

The shell is now placed on a trivet in a tub containing water deep enough 
to cover it nearly to the fuze-hole; the bellows and plug are inserted into 
the fuze-hole and the air forced into the shell; if there be any holes in the 
shell, the air will rise in bubbles through the water. This test also gives 
another indication of the soundness of the metal, as the parts containing 
cavities will dry more slowly than the other parts. 

The mean weight of shells is ascertained in the same manner as that of 
shot. 

Shot and shells rejected in the inspection are marked with a X, made with 
the cold chisel; on shot near the gate, and on shells near the fuze-hole. 

4 


40 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


PRESERVATION AND PILING OF BALLS. 

Balls should be carefully lackered as soon as possible after they are 
received. The new S-inch solid shot are painted red, to distinguish them 
from the old, which will not answer for hot-shot firing. All spherical case 
are also painted red. Other projectiles are lackered iZacA:. For the 
composition of lacker and the manner of applying it, see Chap. VII. 

When it becomes necessary to renew the lacker, the old lacker should be 
removed by rolling or scraping the balls, which should never be heated for 
that purpose. 

Balls are piled according to kind and calibre, under cover if practicable, 
in a place where there is a free circulation of air, to facilitate which the 
piles should be made narrow if the locality permits; the width of the 
bottom tier may be from 12 to 14 balls, according to the calibre. 

Prepare the ground for the base of the pile by raising it above the sur¬ 
rounding ground so as to throw off the water; level it, ram it well, and 
cover it with a layer of screened sand. Make the bottom of the pile with 
a tier of unserviceable balls buried about two-thirds of their diameter in 
the sand; this base may be made permanent: clean the base well and form 
the pile, putting the fuze-holes of shells downwards, in the intervals, and 
not resting on the shells below. Each pile is marked with the number of 
serviceable balls it contains. 

The base may be made of bricks, concrete, stone, or with borders and 
braces of iron. Good and imperfect balls should not be used in the same 
base; and, to avoid confusion, the unserviceable should be left unpainted, 
or painted of a different color from the serviceable. 

Grape and canister shot should be oiled or lackered, put in piles, or in 
strong boxes, on the ground-floor, or in dry cellars,—each parcel marked 
with its kind, calibre, and number. 


To find the number of halls in a pile. 

Multiply the sum of the three parallel edges by one-third of the number of balls 
in a triangular face. 

In a square pile, one of the parallel edges contains but one ball; in a 
triangular pile, two of the edges have but one ball in each. 

The number of balls in a triangular face is — n being the number 
in the bottom row. 

The sum of the three parallel edges in a triangular pile is n -j- 2; in a 
square pile, 2 w -f 1; in an oblong pile, 3 A^-f- 2 n — 2; A^being the length 
of the top row, and n the width of the bottom tier: or, 3 7n — n-\-\; m being 
the length and n the width of the bottom tier. 

If a pile consist of two piles joined at a right angle, calculate the con- 



PILING OP BALLS. 


41 


tents of one as a common oblong pile, and of the other as a pile of which 
the three parallel edges are equal. 

To find the length of a pile which shall hold a given number of halls, 
the width of the base being fixed. 

A = the number of balls to be piled. 

n = the number in the width of the base of the pile. 

m == the number of balls in the length of the base of the pile; then 
^_ 6A + n(n + l)(n + l) . 

3 n (» + 1) 

In the following Table of the number of balls in a pile, the second line 
shows the number in a triangular pile, the base of which is the corre¬ 
sponding number in the first line. 

The other numbers show the contents of square and oblong piles; the 
length and width of the base being in the upper line and in the left-hand 
column respectively. 



Table of the Number of Balls in a Pile. 


42 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 




20 

1540 


2870| 


o 



o 

o 

05 

CO 






CO 




CO 


1-H 






o 


05 

o 

t-H 

00 



o 

00 

o 

T—1 



t-H 




t-H 


(M 


Cd 


C5 

o 

Oi 


o 

CO 


OO 


C5 

o 




CN M 



CD 


CO 

CN 

00 


o 

CD 


05 

CO 

CD 

o 

TtH 

t*H 

00 



CO 

W 

05 

o 



rH 

t-H 

t-H 

f^H 



lO 


o 

00 

CO 


o 


o 

CD 

CO 


o 

00 

rfi 


O 

o 

CD 


O 


O 

00 




o 

CD 

o 


o 


o 


lO 

Cs| 


o 

CO 

CO 


o 

CO 


o 

o 


lO 

rft 

CD 



455 










05 

o 

rH 

<71 

CO 


VO 

CO 

CO 










rH 

rH 

o 

<75 

CO 

1^ 

CO 

VO 











00 

05 

o 

O 

i-H 

<71 

CO 














rH 

rH 

t-H 

rH 

?H 

tH 


364 









o 

CO 

CD 


71 

o 

CO 

CO 


(M 









VO 

Ol 

O 

QO 

CD 

•>7 

tH 

<75 


1-H 









CD 


<X) 

CO 

05 

O 

rH 

rH 

(71 















rH 



rH 


286 








CO 

<M 

CO 


o 

CO 

<71 

OO 


o 

rH 








O 


CO 

o 


CO 

o 

CD 

CO 

o 

rH 








VO 

VO 

CD 



<30 

<75 

05 

o 

rH 

















rH 

rH 









VO 

o 

VO 

O 

VO 

o 

VO 

O 

vO 

o 

VO 

o 

oi 







CO 

'CtH 

05 

vO 

o 

CD 

t-H 


<71 

OO 

CO 

1-H 







CO 


TjH 

VO 

CO 

CO 


I-- 

00 

CO 

<75 


165 






»o 

o 

VO 

o 

VO 

o 

VO 

o 

vO 

o 

VO 

O 

05 






00 

CO 

t" 

(M 

CO 


vO 

o 


05 

CO 

GO 






CCJ 

CO 

CO 



VO 

VO 

CD 

CD 

CD 

I'' 

W 







Ttl 

O 

CD 

<M 

OO 


o 

CD 

71 

CO 


o 

CD 

00 






o 



rH 


CO 

Ol 

VO 

05 

71 

CD 

o 

CO 






C<J 

<7^ 

CO 

CO 

CO 




VO 

VO 

CD 

CO 






o 

00 

CO 

T^l 

OI 

o 

CO 

CD 


71 

O 

CO 

CO 






’Tfl 

CD 

<75 

(N 

»o 

CO 

o 

OO 

CD 

<75 

71 



o 


CO 


• 


T~l 

t-H 

rH 

C<J 

(71 

oi 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 




VO 


CD 



^H 

ol 

CO 


vO 

CD 


CO 

05 

o 

rH 

<71 

CO 


lO 

CD 



05 


CO 

»o 

I'- 

05 

rH 

CO 

o 

CO 

o 

<71 


CD 

OO 

lO 




rH 

rH 

rH 

t“H 

rH 

(M 

(M 


<71 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 


o 


o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

vO 

o 

VO 

O 

VO 

o 

vO 

o 

vO 

o 

ID 


lO 

1''. 

00 

o 

rH 

CO 

TJH 

CO 

w 

05 

o 

<71 

CO 

vO 

CD 

CO 

CO 





rH 

rH 

rH 

T* 

rH 

T^ 

rH 

<M 

<71 

<71 

<71 

<71 

71 




o 

O 

O 

o 

o 

o 

o 

O 

o 

o 

o 

O 

O 

O 

O 

o 

o 

TtH 

o 


CO 


o 

CO 


00 

05 

O 

f-H 


CO 

'TH 

VO 

CO 


CO 

<75 










rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 





o 

CO 

c<> 

00 


o 

CD 

(M 

00 

TjH 

o 

CD 

<71 

OO 


o 

<*p 

CO 

o 


rH 

<M 


CO 

CO 


VO 

VO 

CD 

CO 

!>. 

CO 

CO 

05 

<75 

o 

tH 

rH 

rH 

















tH 

rH 

rH 



o 

00 



w 

o 

CO 

CD 

05 

(M 

VO 

CO 

rH 

'+1 


O 

CO 

zo 

rT> 

(M 




tH 

rH 

rH 

Csj 



<M 

CO 

CO 

CO 




lO 

VO 

VO 

VO 


H 


<M 


CO 




»o 


CD 


00 


Oi 


C<l 


CO 




o 


CD 


00 


OS 










































































































































































































































































































TahU of Ohlong Piles. —Continued. 


PILING OF BALLS 


\ 


43 



rH 

(M 

CO 


to 

CO 


<x> 

05 

0 

rH 

(M 

CO 


to 

CO 


GO 

(75 

t 

0 

rW 

rH 

rti 


0 

CO 

CO 

(75 

OI 

tO 

05 

<M 

to 

GO 

rH 



0 

CO 

CO 

0 


CO 

0 


0 

M 

Tfi 

CO 

05 

rH 

CO 

CO 

CO 

0 

CO 

to 


0 

IM 


1'-. 


CO 

CO 

CO 




XfH 


to 

to 

to 

0 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 




I'-- 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

CO 


0 

rH 

CM 

CO 

-DH 

0 

CD 


00 

05 

0 

rH 

(M 

CO 


0 

0 



0 

CM 

0 


05 

rH 

CO 

to 


05 

rH 

CO 

CO 

GO 

0 

OI 

'+1 

0 

CO 

0 


CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

Tt< 





to 

iJO 

to 

to 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 



0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 


Ci 

0 


CO 

CM 

rH 

0 

C75 

00 


CO 

to 


CO 

(M 

rH 

0 

(75 

CO 

b- 

•(—t 


GO 

0 



CO 

CO 

C 5 

rH 

CO 

to 


05 

rH 

CO 

to 


GO 

0 

OI 



(M 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 


Tfl 

rfl 



to 

to 

to 

lO 

lO 

CO 

CO 

CO 


CM 

CO 

T}1 

to 

CO 


CO 

05 

0 

rH 

(M 

CO 


0 

0 

1 *^ 

ICO 

(75 

0 


CO 

CM 

05 

CO 

CO 

0 



rH 

(75 

CO 

00 

0 

b- 


-H 

GO 

to 

<M 

0 



0 


05 

^H 

CO 


0 

x> 

<75 


CO 

to 

CO 

CO 

0 

rH 

CO 

to 


(30 


iM 

CM 

oi 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 


rfi 


rfi 


to 

tO 

to 

to 

tO 

to 


I'- 

0 

CO 

CO 

05 

01 

to 

00 

rH 



0 

CO 

CO 

05 

OI 

to 

GO 

rH 

'T 


05 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

rH 

CO 

OI 


M 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

05 

-r 

(75 

to 

0 

rH 

CO 



00 

0 


CO 

rfl 

CO 


(75 

0 

OJ 

CO 

to 

CO 

(30 


rH 

CO 


G^ 

c^^ 

(M 

CM 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 



T}1 



Ttl 


to 

to 


0 

(M 

00 

Tfl 

0 

CO 

M 

CO 

-t 

0 

CO 

M 

CO 


0 

CO 

M 

on 


0 

0 


rH 


00 

M 

lO 

05 

M 

CO 

0 

CO 

r-* 

0 


CO 

rH 

to 

00 

M 

CO 

rH 


CO 


to 


(X) 

05 

rH 

OI 


uO 

CO 

GO 

05 

0 

01 

CO 


CO 

r-* 


CM 

<M 

CM 

CM 

(M 

<M 

M 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 


Tti 



-r 



0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

lO 

0 

cc 

0 

M 


0 

00 

0 

OI 

rt< 

CO 

GO 

0 

(M 


CO 

00 

0 

01 


rH 

05 

0 

(M 

CO 


to 

0 

00 

(75 

0 

rH 

M 


to 

ZO 


00 

0 

T-r 

C<J 


l-H 

(M 

CM 

CM 

M 

(M 

M 

M 

(M 

CO 

CO 

00 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 



'((!< 


0 

0 

o> 

to 

0 

uO 

0 

to 

0 

0 

0 

to 

0 

to 

0 

to 

0 

to 

0 

to 


lO 

0 

CO 

CO 


t— 

CO 

CO 

(75 

(75 

0 

0 

rH 

rH 

(M 

OI 

CO 

CO 



rH 

1'- 

CX> 

05 

0 

rH 

M 

CO 

rtl 

tO 

CO 

GO 

(75 

0 

rH 

OI 

CO 


to 

CO 



1 iH 

rH 

rH 

M 

M 

M 

OI 

OI 

M 

M 

M 

(M 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 



C30 

05 

0 

f-H 

Ol 

CO 


to 

CO 


CO 

(05 

0 

rH 

M 

CO 


to 

CD 

CO 


CO 

(M 


rH 

0 

05 

00 


CO 

to 


CO 

CO 

OI 

rH 

0 

(75 

(30 


rH 

0 

CO 

t'- 

CO 

05 

0 

0 

rH 

OI 

CO 


to 

CO 

1'- 

CO 

05 

0 

(O 

rH 

01 


rH 

-H 

rH 

<—1 

rH 

M 

01 

01 

M 

M 

!M 

01 

(M 

M 

(M 

(M 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 


iM 

0 

CO 

CO 


M 

0 

CO 

CO 


OI 

0 

(30 

CO 

rti 

OI 

0 

CO 

CD 


iM 

0 

CO 

0 

00 

CO 


OI 

05 

1— 

to 

CO 

rH 

GO 

CO 


OI 

0 

1— 

to 

CO 

l-H 

CO 


to 

to 

CO 


CO 

CO 

w5 

0 

f-H 

01 

M 

CO 


to 

CO 

CO 


(30 


rH 

rH 

rH 

r-H 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

01 

OI 

<M 

(M 

(M 

(M 

(M 

OI 

(M 

(M 

(M 


CO 

-M 

CO 


0 

CO 

M 

CO 


0 

CO 

(M 

CO 


0 

CO 

01 

00 


0 

rH 

CO 

CO 

05 

CO 

CO 

05 

CO 

M 

05 

CO 

(M 

(75 

to 

(M 

05 

to 

(M 

GO 

to 

(M 

rH 



CM 

CO 

'-f 


to 

w 

CO 


GO 

CO 

(05 

0 

0 

rH 

OI 

OI 

CO 




rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 


rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

M 

iM 

(M 

M 

OI 

OI 

M 


0 

0 

0 

uO 

0 

0 

0 

uO 

0 

0 

0 

to 

0 

to 

0 

0 

0 

to 

0 

to 

0 

05 


0 

to 

rH 

CO 

01 


CO 

CO 

Tfi 

05 

0 

0 

CO 

l—H 

1 — 

OI 

GO 

CO 

rH 

05 

0 

rH 

rH 

oa 

O) 

CO 

CO 

rtl 


tO 

to 

0 

t— 


CO 

(30 

(75 

(75 

0 



rH 

rH 


rH 

rH 

r-H 

rH 

rH 

— H 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

^H 

rH 

rH 

rH 

Cl 


0 

0 

to 

0 

>0 

0 

to 

0 

to 

0 

0 

0 

to 

0 

to 

0 

to 

0 

tO 

0 

0 

(M 


»H 

CO 

0 

to 

05 


CO 

CO 


OI 

CO 

rH 

to 

0 

'TTi 

(75 

CO 

00 


00 

05 

(75 

0 

0 

0 

rH 

rH 

M 

01 

CO 

CO 

TJH 


to 

to 

to 

CO 

CO 






rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 


<M 

00 


0 

CO 

01 

00 

rfl 

0 

CO 

•M 

CO 


0 

0 

01 

GO 

-r 

0 

CO 



0 


CO 

rH 

to 

CO 

M 

CO 

C:> 

(CO 

‘CO 

0 



rH 


GO 

01 

0 


CO 




CO 

CO 

CO 

05 

05 

05 

0 

0 

rH 

rH 


OI 

M 

01 

CO 

CO 












rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 


rH 

rH 

rH 


Ol 

0 

00 

CO 


OI 

0 

00 

CO 


01 

0 

CO 

CO 


01 

0 

CO 

CO 



CO 

CO 

00 

rH 


1 - 

0 

OI 

to 

CO 

rH 



05 

OI 

to 

(30 

0 

CO 

CO 


lO 

0 

to 

CO 

CO 

0 



t- 


GO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

(05 

(75 

(75 

0 

0 

0 

! 


















rH 

r-H 

rH 


CO 


00 

05 

0 

rH 

OI 

CO 

Tti 

to 

0 


CO 

(05 

0 

r-H 

OI 

CO 


uO 


0 

(M 

■cJH 

CO 

05 

rH 

CO 

to 

1 :^ 

05 

rH 

CO 

to 


0 

01 

-fl 

CO 

CO 

0 







to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

CO 

CO 

0 

CO 

1 — 




I'- 

CO 


0 

0 

to 

0 

to 

0 

to 

(O 

»o 

0 

to 

0 

>0 

0 

to 

0 

uO 

0 

to 

0 


05 

rH 

OI 


to 


CO 

0 

rH 

CO 


CO 


05 

0 

M 

CO 

to 

CO 

CO 


CM 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

rtt 







to 

uO 

0 

to 

to 

to 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 


0 

rH 

01 

CO 


to 

CO 


CO 

05 

0 

rH 

(M 

CO 


to 

CO 

1 — 

CO 

(75 


(M 

M 

CM 

M 

OI 

M 

M 

OI 

01 

<M 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 


(M 

CO 


0 

CO 

OJ 

CO 


0 

zo 

01 

00 


0 

CO 

01 

CO 


0 

CO 


CM 

(M 

CO 


-tl 

to 

to 

CO 



CO 

X) 

(05 

0 

0 

rH 

rH 

M 

CO 

CO 


rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

(M 

OI 

M 

(M 

OI 

M 

M 


CM 

to 

00 

rH 


r-- 

0 

CO 

CO 

(75 

01 

lO 

(30 




0 

CO 

CO 

(75 


CO 

0 

0 




CO 

00 

CO 

CO 

C 5 

05 

05 

0 

0 

0 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 















rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 



rH 

<M 

CO 


to 

CO 


00 

(05 

0 

rH 

OI 

CO 


0 

ZO 


CO 

(75 

0 


<M 


CM 

M 

<M 

M 

01 

01 

(M 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 



4-* 










































































































































































































































































































































































































































































•14 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


CHAPTER THIRD. 

ARTILLEKY CARRIAGES. 

NOMENCLATURE. 

The nomenclature and the tables of weights and dimensions given in 
this chapter apply to the latest patterns adopted. 

The parts are enumerated generally in the order in which they are put 
together. 

The wheels are designated by numbers referring to special description 
given after the carriages. 

The axle-trees, washers, linch-pins, nave-boxes, bolts, nuts, &c., are 
designated by letters and numbers which refer to the forms and dimen¬ 
sions laid down in the tables. 

Field Gun Carriages. (Plate 2.) 

There are four gun-carriages for field service, viz.: 

One for the 6-pounder gun and 12-pounder howitzer. 

One for the 24-pounder howitzer. 

One for the 12-pounder gun, model 1857. 

One for the 12-pounder gun and the 32-pounder howitzer. 

The parts of these carriages are all similar, differing only in their 
dimensions. The parts which are common to all are marked with an 
asterisk (*). 

The carriages for the 24-pounder howitzer and 12-pounder gun, 1857, differ 
chiefly in the length of the cheeks, and the position of the elevating-screw. 

Wood.—1 stock in two pieces, assembled with 2 dowels; 2 cheeks; 1 azle- 
hody. 

Iron.—* 2 trail-handles, fastened by 2 bolts No. 3 A, and 2 nuts. 

1 lock-chain, (page 70;) 1 lock-chain bolt A; 1 toasher; 1 nut. 

1 lunette for the trail: the under side of the front part of the circum¬ 
ference is plated with steel. 

1 trail-plate, plate-iron No. 6, fixed to the lunette by 2 rivets No. 3 B. The 
lunette is fastened to the stock by 6 nails No. 2 C, and tl^ trail-plate by 6 
nails No. 2 C, and both by the pointing-ring bolts. W 

1 large pointing-ring and plate: the plate is fastened W the trail by 2 bolls 
No. 3 11, and 2 nuts, octagonal. ^ 

1 small pointing-ring ; 2 bolts No. 3JI, and 2 nuts, octagonal. 

*2 wheel-guard plates, fastened to the sides of the stock by 10 nails No. 2 C. 

*2 prolong e-hooks, fastened on the top of the stock by 8 nails No. 2 C. 


LIMBER. 45 

1 stop for rammer-head, fastened to the under side of the stock by 4 nails 
No. 1 C. 

*1 ear-plate for worm, fastened to the under side of stock by 2 nails No 
2 C. 

*1 ear-plate key and chain of 5 links No. 1, and 2 rings No. 1 B, attached 
to the stock by 1 eye-pin No. 1. 

2 chains and hasps for sponges and rammers, united to 1 eye-plate, which 
is fastened to the under side of stock by 2 screws No. 20, 3 in. 

*2 turnbuckles, (brass,) riveted to the studs of 2 stud-plates, which are 
fastened to the sides of the stock by 4 nails No. 2 C. 

2 trunnion-plates, fastened to the cheeks by 6 cheek-bolts A, 4 washers, G 
nuts; by 2 chin-bolts, 2 bevel washers, 2 nuts; by 2 key-bolts, 2 nuts, and by 
28 nails (16 No. 2 D and 12 No. 2 C) for the 12-pounder carriage, and by 
20 nails (12 No. 2 D and 8 No. 2 C) for the others. 

2 cap-squares; 2 eye-pins No. 1, riveted into the cap-squares; 2 cap- 
square chains, each consisting of 5 links No. 2 and 2 rings No. 2 B. 

2 eye-pins No. 2, screwed into the outside of the cheeks; 2 cap-square 
keys; 2 key-chains, each 5 links No. 1 and 2 rings No. 1 B; 2 eye-pins No. 1 
for key-chains,-screwed into the outside of the cheeks. 

* 2 D-rings for handspikes, fastened near the head of the cheeks by 4 
staples. 

6 rondelles, (cast iron,) placed between the cheeks and stock. 

3 assembling-bolts, for the cheeks and stock; 3 washers ; 3 nuts, 1 of them 
octagonal. 

*1 washer-hook for lock-chain, under the head of middle assembling-bolt 
on the right cheek. 

2 washer-hooks for handspikes, held by the rear assembling-bolt. 

1 axle-tree No. 1. (See page 68.) 

2 understraps: the front ends hold the implement-hooks. 

1 axle-strap has an eye for the sponge-bucket, 3 bolts No. 4 B, 3 nuts: 1 
bevel washer for the 6-pounder. 

2 axle-bands on the end of the axle-body, fastened by 6 nails No. 1 C. 

*1 box for elevating-screw, (brass ;) 2 bolts No. 3 C ; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 

*1 elevating-screw. 

*2 shoulder-washers No. 1, shrunk on the axle-tree; *2 linch-washers No. 1; 
*2 linch-pins No. 1. 

2 wheels: No. 1 for the 6-pounder; No. 2 for the other carriages. (See 
page 68.) 

Limber. 

The same limber is used for all the field carriages, including caisson, 
forge, and battery-wagon. 

Wood.— 1 axle-body; 2 hounds', 1 fork; 1 splinter-bar; A. foot-hoara 
brackets; 2 foot-boards ; \pole; \ pole-prop. 


46 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


lROI^.— ^screws for foot-board brackets No. 16; 20 nails for foot-boards 
No. 1 C. 

4 rivets No. 2 B, 4 burrs, one at each end of the hound. 

4 washer-plates for stay-pins, let in and fastened on upper and under 
side of hounds by 8 nails No. 1 C. 

1 axle-tree No. 1, (see page 68;) 2 shoulder-washers No. 1; 2 linch-washers 
No. 1; 2 linch-pins No. 1. 

1 pintle-hook: the inside of the cylindrical part is plated with steel; 3 
bolts No. 4 C ; 2 washers ; 3 nuts No. 4. 

1 stay-plate for ammunition-chest, fastened on the under side of the fork 
with 2 nails No. 2 C, and held by the pintle-hook bolt. 

1 pintle-key, attached to the rear of the axle-body by 1 key-chain of 8 links 
No. 3, and 2 rings No. 2 A, and 1 eye-pin No. 3. 

1 tar-bucket hook, fastened to the front of the axle-body by 2 nails No. 

1 C. 

2 bolts No. 3 E; 2 washers; 2 nuts No. 3, to connect the axle-body and 
hounds. 

2 under-straps ; 4 bolts No. 3 B; 4 nuts, 

2 axle-bands, shrunk on the ends of the axle-body, and fastened by 6 
nails No. 1 C. 

2 end-bands for splinter-bar, having 2 troxe-hooks, fastened by 4 rivets No. 
2, (wire;) 2 bolts No. 3 D for hounds and splinter-bar; 4 washers; 2 nuts 

1 eye-plate for pole-prop socket, let in the under side of splinter-bar. 

2 middle-bands for splinter-bar, having 2 trace-hooks. 

1 fork-strap. 

2 bolts No. 3 D for splinter-bar and fork; 2 nuts No. 3. 

1 pole-prop socket, hooked in the eye-plate; 1 rivet No. 2. 

1 pole-prop ferrule ; 1 rivet No. 2. 

2 stay-pins for ammunition-chest; 2 keys ; 2 key-chains, 5 links No. 1 and 

2 rings No. 1 B; 2 eye-pins No. 1. 

1 rivet No. 3 B and 1 burr, for large end of the pole; 1 pole-bolt No. 3 
D ; 2 washers ; 1 nut. 

\ pole-pad bolt. 

1 pole-yoke, composed of 1 muff; 1 collar, in 2 parts; 2 branches; 2 
sliding-rings ; 2 bolts No. 3 for collar; 1 washer for muff; 1 key. 

2 wheels No. 1. 

Leather.—1 pole-prop strap, with 1 buckle No. 10, held by 3 screws 1 inch, 
No. 12. 

1 Ammunition-Chest. 

Caisson. (Plate 3.) 

Wood.—1 middle rail; 2 side rails ; 1 cross-bar, framed into the rails ; 1 
bolster iov front foot-board; 1 front foot-board; 1 rear foot-board1 axle^ 
body ; 1 stock. 


/ 

CAISSON. 47 

-1 middle assemhling-bar, fastened to the rails by 2 holts No. 3 A; 
2 washers ; 2 nuts. 

1 carriage-hooky let in on the under side of the middle rail. 

1 rear fastened to the side rails by 2 holts No. 3 D; 2 

washers; 2 nuts. 

1 hridle for rear of middle rail, fastened to sides by 4 nails No. 1 C. 

1 spare-wheel axle, consists of 1 body; 1 washer ; 2 ribs, fastened to the 
body by 3 rivets ; 1 chain and toggle ; 2 stays ; 2 nuts. 

1 stay-bolt No. 3 D; 1 foot-bolt No. 3 D; 1 nut. 

4: foot-hoard bolts No. 3 D; 2 washers; 4 nuts; 2 nails No. 1 C, fastening 
the front foot-board to the side rails; 6 nails No. 1 C for the rear foot¬ 
board. 

2 lock-chain bridles, fastened under the front end of the side rails by the 
four foot-board bolts. 

2 lock-chains, (see page 70.) 

2 lock-chain hooks, fastened to the outside of the side rails by 4 nails 
No. 1 C. 

1 axle-tree No. 1; 2 shoulder-washers No. 1; 2 linch-washers No. 1; 2 linch¬ 
pins No. 1. 

2 under straps ; 4 bolts No. 3 B; 4 nuts. 

2 axle-bands, fastened on the ends of the axle-body by 6 nails No. 1 C. 

2 rivets and 2 burrs No. 3 B for the stock. 

1 lunette: the lower side of the eye is plated with steel. The plates are 
fastened to the stock by 2 bolts No. 3 D; 2 nuts ; 12 nails No. 2 C. 

1 key-plate for spare pole, fastened to the under side of the lunette by the 
front lunette-bolt; 1 key for the same, attached to the left side of the stock 
by 1 key-chain of 11 links No. 1 and 2 rings No. 1 A, and 1 eye-pin No. 1. 

2 wheel-guard plates, fastened to the stock by 10 nails No. 2 C. 

1 stock-stirrup, held by 2 bolts No. 3 D, which pass through the front 
foot-board; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 

1 axle-strap, fastened to the middle rail by 3 bolts —one. No. 3 D, and 
two. No. 3 B ; 3 nuts. 

1 spare pole-ring, held by the axle-strap, in rear of the axle-tree. 

4 stay-pins, like those for the limber, except in length; 8 washer-plates 
for same, let in the top and bottom of side rails, and fastened by 16 nails 
No. 1 C; 4 keys for stay-pins; 4 chains; 4 eye-pins, the same as for the 
limber. 

1 ring-bolt for spare handspike, on the right side of the middle rail; 2 
washers; 1 nut. 

1 key-plate for spare handspike, fastened on the right side of the middle 
rail by 2 nails No. 1 C; 1 key; 1 key-chain; 1 eye-pin, same as those for 
ammunition-chest stay-pins. 

1 key-plate for the shovel-handle, fastened on the inside of the right side 


48 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


rails by 2 nails No. 1 C; 1 key; 1 key-chain; 1 eye-pin^ the same as for 
spare handspike. 

2 staples for tool-handles, driven into the top of the axle-body. 

2 wheels No. 1. 

Leather. —1 pole-prop strap, with 1 buckle No. 10, held by 3 screws, 
1-inch, No. 12. 

2 ammunition-chests, like the one on the limber. (See page 53.) 
Travelling Forge. (Plate 4.) 

BODY AND BELLOWS-HOUSE. 

Wood. —2 side rails; 1 front cross-bar, fastened to the side rails by 2 
wooden pins; 2 middle cross-bars, fastened to the side rails by 6 wooden pins; 
1 rear cross-bar, fastened to the side rails by 2 wooden pins; 1 middle rail, the 
ends fastened to the middle cross-bar by 4 screws No. 14; 1 axle-body; 1 stock. 

4 floor-hoards, fastened to the middle cross-bars by 16 screws No. 14. 

4 corner-studs, joined by tenons to the side rails, and fastened by ^ pins. 

1 front end-board, mortised into front studs, and fastened by 2 pins. 

2 side studs, fastened to side rails and plates with tenons and 4 pins. 

2 plates, framed on the upper ends of the studs. 

1 front end-stud, mortised into the front end-boards. 

2 end-boards for roof, fastened to the plates and corner-studs by 6 screws 
No. 12 and 4 screws No. 14. 

2 roof-bows, fastened to the plates by 4 screws No. 14. 

2 side linings for iron room, fastened to the studs by 12 nails, 8-penny. 

1 rear end for iron room, dovetailed into the side linings. 

2 groove-cleats for cover of iron room, fastened to the studs by 6 screws 
No. 14. 

1 sliding cover for iron room, consists of 6 boards, fastened to 2 battens by 
36 nails, (wrought.) 

2 braces for the bellows-arms, framed into, and fastened to, the corner 
side studs by 6 screws No. 14. 

1 cap for coal-box, let in and fastened to the rear end-board of roof by 5 
screws No, 14. 

10 boards for sides of bellows-house, fit into rabbets in the corner-studs, 
side rails, and plates, to which they are fastened by 4-penny nails. 

7 boards for the roof, fastened to the roof-bows and end-board by 
4-penny cut nails. 

1 prop for the stock, like the pole-prop for the limber. 

1 bellows-pole, (hickory, oak, or ash.) 

Iron. —1 axle-tree, the same as for the 6-pounder gun-carriage. 

2 axle-bands, fastened on the ends of the axle-body by 6 nails No. 1 C. 

2 under-straps, fastened to the side rails by 4 bolts No. 3 D, 4 washers, and 
4 nuts. 


TRAVELLING FORGE. 


49 


2 rivetSf 2 burrs for the front end of stock. 

1 lunette^ like that for the caisson, except the size of the rear hole, and 

1 additional bolt-hole ; 1 middle bolt No. 3 D; 1 prop-bolt No. 3 ; 1 vice-bolt 
No. 3; 3 nuts ; 12 nails No. 2 C. 

1 pole-prop socket; 1 ferrule. 

1 stock-stirrup, fastened to the front cross-bar by 2 bolts No. 3 B; 2 nuts. 

1 bolt No. 3 B for the middle cross-bar and stock; 1 washer; 1 nut. 

1 axle-strap, fastened to the middle rail by 2 bolts No. 3 B; 2 nuts. 

2 wheel-guard plates, like those for the caisson, fastened by 10 nails No. 

2 C. 

2 stud-plates for coal-box, let in the rear corner-studs, and fastened by 
2 screws No. 16 and 2 rivets No. 2 B. 

2 keys; 2 key-chains, 4 links No. 1 and 2 rings No. 1 B; 2 eye-pins No. 1, 
screwed into the two rear corner-studs. 

2 lock-chain hooks, fastened to the side rails by 4 nails No. 1 C. 

1 bellows-pole hook, like the lock-chain hook, fastened on the right of 
the front corner-stud by 2 nails No. 1C. 

1 staple for bellows-pole, driven into the rear corner-stud, to carry the 
bellows-pole when travelling. 

2 front stay-plates for bellows-arms, fastened to the braces by 6 screws 
No. 14. 

2 rear stay-plates for bellows-arms, fastened to the braces by 4 bolts No. 
1 D; 4 thumb-nuts. 

1 front for bellows-house, (sheet iron No. 24,) fastened to the front studs 
and roof-boards with 12-oz. tacks, (iron.) 

1 sheet-iron cover for cross-bar, (sheet iron No. 24,) fastened to the cross¬ 
bar with 12 - 02 . iron tacks. 

1 guard for stock, (sheet iron No. 24,) bent over the top, and fastened ou 
the sides of the stock by 18 iron tacks, (12-oz.) 

1 stay-and stud for bellows-pole, fastened to the front roof-board and to 
the front middle cross-bar by 4 screws No. 14. 

1 cover for roof, (sheet copper No. 24,) fastened to the edge of the roof- 
boards by 315 copper tacks, (12-oz.) 

1 fireplace: consists of 1 back plate, made of 2 pieces; 2 side plates; 1 
front plate, placed parallel to the back plate; 1 bottom plate, resting on 
flanges formed by the 2 side plates and the back and front plates. The 
upper back plate is No. 11,* the others No. 8. The plates are riveted 
together where they lap by 59 rivets, (0.3 inch.) 

1 air-back, (cast iron:) consists of 1 box and back plate, joined air-tight 
by 4 bolts No. 2 E: the air-back is fastened to the back plate of the fire¬ 
place by 5 bolts No. 2 E ; 5 nuts, octagonal. 

1 hook for forge-bucket, like the lock-chain hook, riveted to the back of 
the fireplace by 2 rivets No. 2. 


50 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


3 'plates for side rails and cross-bar, bent down on the inside of the rails \ 
and cross-bar, and riveted to the sides and front of the fireplace: the plates ' 
are fastened to the side rails and cross-bar by 10 bolts No. 2 D; 8 washers 
and 10 nuts. 

2 lock-chain bridles^ like that for the caisson, except size of the holes, 
fastened by the 4 front bolts in the side-rails. 

2 lock-chains. (See page 70.) 

1 brace for fireplace, fastened to the back of the fireplace and the front 
end board of roof by 2 rivets No. 2; 2 rivets No. 2 B. 

1 bellows-pole strap, fastened to the pole by 2 rivets No. 2 and 3 screws 
No. 14. 

1 bellows-pole chain: 2 links, one of which is fastened in the hook. 

2 wheels No. 1. 

Bellows. 

Wood.—3 bellows-planks, each made of 2 pieces joined by a tongue of 
hard wood. 

2 cross-heads, fastened to the middle plank by 12 screws No. 20. 

2 ribs: each consists of 2 sides, 1 end, 1 cross-bar, glued and fastened . 
by 16 clout-nails. 

2 valves; 2 battens, fastened by 16 nails. 

4 cleats for the bellows-arms, fastened to the middle plank by 16 screws 
No. 14. 

Iron. —6 butt-hinges, (wrought iron,) let into the upper and lower bel¬ 
lows-planks and cross-heads, and fastened by 36 screws No. 14. 

2 arms, fastened to the middle plank by 4 rivets No. 2 B and 8 screws 
No. 14. 

1 hook, fastened to the lower plank by 3 rivets No. 2 B and 4 screws No. 

14. 

1 windpipe: consists of 1 elbow (brass) screwed into the wind-hole of the 
bellows; 1 collar, (brass,) screwed to the elbow; \ joint-pipe, (brass;) 1 
bent pipe, (sheet copper No. 18,) riveted and soldered to the joint-pipe. 

Leather.—4 hinges for the ribs. 

2 hinges for the valves, (bag-leather or deer-skin with the hair on.) 

2 valve-straps. 

392 copper tacks for hinges. 

1 bellows-leather for the sides, fastened to the edges of the planks with 
belloios-nails, and to the ribs with clout-nails. 

617 bcllows-nails: safes to go under the heads of the nails. 

To put the bellows in its place: Remove the coal-box from the back of the 
bellows-house; take out the two stay-plates at the lower ends of the rab¬ 
bets in the braces; put the projecting ends of the upper bellows-arm in 
the rabbets, and slide them up until the ends of the lower arm come into 



BATTERY-WAGON. 


51 


their places; put on the stay-plates, and fasten them down with the 
thumb-nuts. Screw the brass elbow-pipe into its place, through the hole 
in the sheet-iron front of the bellows-house; put in the copper pipe, and 
screw up the collar which connects it with the elbow-pipe. 

Coal-box. 

Wood.—2 sides, 2 ends, and 1 bottom., rabbeted together and fastened 
with 50 cut-nails, (6-penny.) 

1 top-piece, fastened by 7 screws No. 14. 

1 lid; 2 clamps, framed on each end. 

Iron. —4 corner-plates, (sheet iron No. 13,) fastened by 60 screws No. 

12 . 

2 end-straps, fastened to the ends of the box by 2 rivets and 4 screws. 

2 handles, fastened inside of the box by 2 washers and 2 nuts. 

1 stud-plate for turnbuckle, fastened to the front of the box; 2 rivets No. 

2 B. 

1 turnbuckle, (brass,) riveted on the stud. 

1 hasp and strap, fastened on the inside of the lid by 1 rivet No. 2 B and 

3 screws No. 14. 

1 cover, (sheet copper No. 24,) in 2 pieces, fastened on the top of the box 
and lid by 185 copper tacks, (12-oz.) 

2 hinges, fastened on the outside of the copper covering by 4 rivets No. 
2 B and 16 screws No. 14. 

Battery-Wagon. (Plate 5.) 

The battery-wagon carries tools, spare parts of carriages, spare harness, 
and other stores required for the service of the battery in the field and 
for repairs. 

WAGON-BODY. 

Wood. —2 lower side-rails; 5 cross-bars, fastened to the side-rails with 
tenons and 10 wooden pins; 3 floor-boards, fastened to the cross-bars by 
36 nails No. 1 C; 1 axle-body; 2 upper side rails; 2 sides; 2 ends; 1 stock; 
2 cleats, 1 bottom, and 1 side for till; the cleats are fastened to the ends of 
the body by 6 screws No. 14; the side is fastened to the edge of the bottom 
by 11 cut-nails, (8-penny;) 1 forage-rack, composed of 2 sides and 3 bars, 
fastened to the sides by 6 wooden pins. 

Ikon. —2 rivets. No. 8 B; 2 burrs, through the rear end of the lower rails. 
8 side-studs, fastened to the sides by 14 rivets No. 8 D. 

2 chains, for the forage-rack, each consisting of 1 ring, 32 links, and 1 hook 
welded in an eye in the rear studs. 

1 spare stock-hook, fastened to the rear stud, on the right side, by the 
assembling-bolt and groove-bolt. 


5 



52 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


1 button for spare stock, fastened by the middle groove-bolt. 

1 spare stock-stirrup, fastened to the front stud by the two lower groove- 
bolts. 

4 grooves for wagon-ends, (sheet iron No. 7,) fastened to the sides by 12 
bolts No. 1 C ; 12 nuts. 

2 assembling-bolts for lower side rails, pass through the end cross-bars; 
2 nuts. 

3 bolts for middle side studs; 3 washers; 3 nuts. 

1 turnbuckle-bolt; 1 turnbuckle, (brass,) riveted on the head of the bolt; 
1 washer; 1 nut. 

1 hook for cover-prop; 1 burr: passes through top of forward middle 
stud. 

1 eye-pin for cover-hasp; 1 burr: passes through the top of the rear 
middle stud. 

2 stays for the upper rails, fastened by 4 screws No. 14. 

2 end-studs, fastened to the ends of the body by 6 rivets; 1 bolt No. 3 B; 

1 nut for the front stud, and 1 nut and 1 washer for the rear stud. 

1 mortise-plate, fastened to the front of axle-body by 8 screws No. 14. 

1 axle-tree like that for 6-pounder carriage; 2 shoulder-washers; 2 linch- 
washers; 2 linch-pins. 

2 understraps; 4 bolts No. 4 B; 4 nuts. 

1 bolt for front end of right side rail; 2 washers; 1 nut. 

2 lock-chain bridles, like those of the caisson, at the front end of the side 
rails; 2 bolts No. 3 D and No. 3 B; 1 washer; 2 nuts; 2 lock-chains. (See 
page 70.) 

2 lock-chain hooks, fastened to the side rails by 4 nails No. 1 C. 

2 rivets No. 3 B; 2 burrs for front end of stock. 

1 lunette, like that for caisson; 2 bolts No. 3 D; 2 nuts; 12 nails No. 2 G. 

2 wheel-guard plates, like those of the caisson, fastened by 10 nails No. 

2 C. 

1 stock-stirrup; 2 bolts No. 4 B; 2 7iuts. 

2 bolts No. 4 B for stock and cross-bar; 2 nuts; 2 washers. 

2 washer-plates for side rails, fastened by 4 screws No. 14, 

2 forage-rack bands, fastened to the rack by 2 rivets No. 2 and 22 screws 
No. 14. 

4 washer-plates for forage-rack, sides fastened by 4 rivets No. 2 D. 

2 forage-rack bolts No. 4; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 

2 wheels No. 1. 


WAGON-COVEK. 

Wood.—2 side rails; 2 end rails, dovetailed into the side rails; 2 end^ 
studs, fastened to the end rails by 4 wooden pms, and to the end-boards 
by 4 rivets. 


AMMUNITION-CHEST. 


53 


2 md-boards, fastened to the side and end rails by 8 screws No. 12, and 
to the end stud by 6 screws No. 12; 1 ridge-pole; 9 cover-hoards, fastened to 
the end-boards by 36 nails, (4-penny,) and to the end-bows by 36 rivets No. 
1 11, and to the middle-bows by 36 screws No. 12. 

Iron.—4 corner-squares, fastened on the inside of the frame by 16 screws 
No. 14. 

2 end-bows. 

4 joint-bolts for cover-frame, pass through the rails and end-bows; 4 nuts 

No. 1. 

2 middle-bows, fastened in mortises in the rails by 4 rivets No. 3 B. 

2 plates and staples for cover-prop and hasp, fastened to the left cover- 
rail by 2 rivets No. 3 B and 2 screws No. 12; 1 cover-prop, fastened in the 
front staple; 1 hasp, fastened in the rear staple. 

3 hinges, fastened to the rail by 6 rivets No. 3 B, and to the body-rail 
by 6 bolts No. 1 B ; 6 nuts. 

The roof is covered with strong linen canvas, which is fastened by 264 
copper nails, (12-oz.,) with strips of leather under their heads. 

Ammunition- CJiest. 

The same ammunition-chest is adapted to the limbers of the different 
field gun-carriages and to their caissons. The interior divisions vary with 
the different kinds of ammunition. (See Chap. XI.) 

Wood. —2 ends, 2 «c?es,dovetailed and fastened by 16 cut nails, (8-penny;) 
1 principal partition; 1 bottom, fastened by 18 cut nails (8-penny) and 4 
screws No. 16. 

1 cover, consisting of 1 frame of 4 pieces, 1 panel, and 1 lining fastened 
by 60 copper tacks. 

Iron. —4 corner-plates for ends and sides—2 corner-plates for ends and 
bottoms—1 corner-plate for side and bottom—sheet iron No. 13, fastened 
by 96 screws No. 12. 

1 assembling-bolt No. 2; 1 turnbuckle, (brass,) attached to the assembling- 
bolt. 

1 washer-plate for assembling-bolt, fastened by 2 screws No. 12. 

1 back stay, fastened to the back and bottom by 6 screws No. 14. 

2 front stays, fastened to the front and bottom by 4 rivets No. 2 B and 8 
screws No. 14. 

2 hinges, 4 rivets No. 2 B, 20 screws No. 14; 2 hinge-plates, fastened on 
the back edge of the cover by 4 screws No. 14. 

1 hasp, fastened to the cover by 1 rivet No. 2 B and 5 screws No. 14; 1 
hasp-plate; 2 screws No. 14. 

2 handles ; 8 rivets No. 3 B. 

14 copper washers, (sheet copper No. 24,) to cover heads of rivets; 56 
copper tacks. 


\ 


54 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 

1 cover, (sheet copper No. 24,) fastened to the edges of the Tvooden cover 
by 216 copper tacks. 

2 leather straps for the tarpaulin, 5 inches long, with 2 buckles No. 6, fast¬ 
ened to the edges of the cover of the limber-chest by 4 screws No. 14. 

2 leather straps for the tarpaulin, 29 inches long, fastened to the hasp 
Bide of the cover of the limber-chest by 4 screws No. 14; 4 copper washers. 

Limber-Chest for the Travelling Forge and Battery- Wagon. 

This chest differs from the ammunition-chest in the following points, viz.: 

It has no principal partition; and, instead of the assembling-bolt, with 
the washer-plate and turnbuckle, it has a hasp-staple and plate, fastened by 
2 rivets. The hack stay is fastened by 1 rivet and 6 screws. The heads of 
the rivets are not covered with copper washers. 

For the interior arrangement of the chest see Chapter XI. 

Prairie Carriage for the 12-pounder Mountain Howitzer. 

WooD.^—1 stock in 2 pieces, put together with 2 dowels. The stock is 
hollowed out on top at the head, leaving the sides to project and form the 
cheeks. 1 axle-body. 

Iron. —2 assembling-bolts No. 4 D ; 2 washers; 2 washer-hooks for the front 
bolt; 2 nuts. 

2 trail-handles; 2 bolts No. 2 A; 2 nuts. 

1 lunette: the under part of the ring is plated with steel; 1 trail-plate 
(plate iron No. 8) is riveted to the lunette by 2 rivets No. 2 B. The 
lunette is fastened to the stock by 6 nails No. 2 C, and the trail-plate by 6 
nails No. 1 C, and both by \)aei pointing-ring bolts. 

1 large pointing-ring and plate: the plate is fastened to the stock by 2 
holts No. 2 H ; 2 nuts, octagonal. 

1 small pointing-ling ; 2 bolts No. 2 H; 2 nuts, octagonal. 

2 prolonge-hooks, fastened over the middle line of the stock by 8 nails 
No. 1 C. 

1 key for handspike ; 1 chain ; 1 eye-pin. 

2 wheel-guard plates, fastened to the stock by 10 nails No. 1 C. 

2 trunnion-plates, fastened to the stock by 2 chin-bolts and 2 key-boits 
No. 4 A, 2 trunnion-plate bolts No. 4 1); 6 nuts; 6 nails No. 2 C. 

2 cap-squares; 2 eye-pins, riveted to the cap-squares; 2 chains, 5 links, 
No. 1. 

2 eye-pins, screwed into the sides of the stock; 2 cap-square keys ; 2 chains. 
8 links. No. 1; 2 eye-pins, screwed into the sides of the stock. 

2 implement-hooks, screwed into the top of the axle-body. 

2 implement-hooks, screwed into the sides of the stock near the trail. 

1 axle-tree No. 3; 2 shoulder-ioashcrs ; 2 linch-washers ; 2 linch-pins, 

2 under-straps, fastened by the chin and key bolts. 


AMMUNITION-CHESTS. 55 

1 sponge-bucket hook: passes through the axle-body from the front; 1 
washer; 1 nut. 

2 axle-bandsf put on the axle-body hot, and fastened by 6 nails No. 
1 C. 

1 box for elevating-screw, (cast brass;) 2 bolts No. 2 C; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 
1 elevating-screw. 

Limber. 

Wood.—1 axle-body', 2 hounds; 1 fork; 1 splinter-bar; 4 foot-board 
brackets; 2 foot-boards; 1 pole; 1 pole-prop. 

Iron. —4 screws No. 16 ; 4 screws No. 14 for brackets ; 20 nails for foot¬ 
board ; 4 rivets No. 2 B; 4 burrs for ends of hounds. 

1 axle-tree No. 3; 2 shoulder-washers; 2 linch-washers; 2 linch-pins. 

\ pintle-hook; 3 bolts No. 2 C; 3 washers; 3 nuts; 1 pintle-key; 1 chain, 
9 links No. 2 and 2 rings No. 1 A; 1 eye-pin No. 1, fastened to the rear of 
the axle-body. 

♦ 1 tar-bucket hook, fastened by 2 nails No. 1 C. 

2 bolts No. 2 E to connect the axle-body and hounds; 2 washers ; 2 nuts. 
2 under-straps; 4 bolts No. 2 B; 4 nuts. 

2 axle-bands ; 6 nails No. 1 C. 

2 end-bands for splinter-bar; 2 trace-hooks; 4 rivets No.- 2 wire. 

2 middle-bands for splinter bar; 2 trace-hooks ; 2 bolts No. 2 D; 2 nuts. 

1 fork-strap: supports the tongue, and is held by the bolts o^the middle 
bands. 

2 bolts No. 2 D for splinter-bars and hounds; 4 washers ; 2 nuts. 

\ pole-prop socket; 1 ferrule; 1 pole-prop stud driven into the splinter-bar. 
1 eye-pin, riveted; 1 burr. 

4 stay-pins ; 4 nails No. 1 C; 4 keys ; 4 chains of 5 links No. 1 and 2 rings 
No. 1 A, each. 

4 eye-pins No. 1; 1 stay-plate; 4 screws. 

1 rivet in large end of pole; 1 pole-bolt No. 2 D; 2 washers ; 1 nut. 

1 ferrule ; 1 buckle, fastened on the small end of the pole by 1 rivet. 

1 pole-yoke, composed of 1 muff, 1 collar in two parts, 2 branches, 2 
sliding-rings ; 2 bolts for collar; 1 washer for muff; 1 key. 

1 pole-prop strap, (leather,) fastened to the splinter-bar by 3 screws No. 
12 ; 1 buckle No. 10. 

2 ammunition-chests ; 2 wheels No. 3. 

Ammunition- C bests. 

'Wood. —2 ends; 2 sides, dovetailed and glued to the ends. 

1 bottom, rabbeted into the sides and ends, and fastened with 30 cut nails, 
(6-penny.) 

1 cover, made of 1 panel and 2 end-clamps, mortised, glued, and fastened 
with 4 pins. 



56 


OilDNANCE MANUAL. 


4 holsters ; 8 cleats, fastened—the first to the bottom, the second to the 
sides on the inside—by 48 copper nails, (4-penny.) 

Iron. —1 brace, fastened on the inside to the back by 1 screw, and to 
the front by the stud-plate rivet. 

1 turnhuckle, (brass;) 1 stud; 1 stud-plate, fastened to the front by 1 rivet 
No. 2 B and 1 screw No. 9. 

4 corner-plates, (sheet iron No. 17;) 40 screws No. 9. 

1 hack-stay; 1 front-stay; 6 screws No. 9; 3 rivets No. 2 B. 

2 hinges, fastened to the under side of the cover by 8 screws No. 12, and 
to the back and bottom by 9 screws No. 12 and 2 rivets No. 2 B. 

2 handles, fastened to the bottom and end by 1 rivet and 4 screws No. 12. 

1 hasp: the strap lefinto the under side of the cover, and fastened with 
6 screws No. 12 and 1 rivet No. 2 B. 

1 canvas cover, secured to the edges of wooden cover by 12 copper tacks. 

1 tarpaulin to cover the carriage. 

Prairie Ammunition-Cart. 

This is a two-wheeled cart, with shafts, carrying four ammunition-chests 
and one implement-chest like those used for the mountain howitzer ammu¬ 
nition. 

The chests are held in place by stays and a bar fastened with a spring 
catch behind, so that they may be easily detached. 

The wheels are like those of the gun-carriage, and have the same track. 

The shafts have hooks at their front ends for the purpose of attaching 
another horse if necessary, though one horse is sufficient for the ordinary 
draught. 

Gun-Carriage for the Mountain Howitzer. (Plate 6.) 

The gun-carriage is adapted to transportation on a pack-mule; but for 
occasional draught, when the roads permit, it is furnished with a thill, 
which is used with the same saddle that carries the pack. 

Wood. —1 stock in 2 pieces, put together with 2 dowels. The stock is 
hollowed out on top, forming the cheek from the sides of the stock. 

1 axle-tree, in 2 pieces bolted and riveted together with an iron skean 
between. 

Iron. —3 assembling-holts No. 4 D for the stock; 2 washer-hooks for the 
front bolt; 4 washers ; 3 nuts. 

2 trunnion-plates; 2 chin-holts No 4; 2 key-holts No. 4; 2 trunnion-plate 
bolts No. 4 D; 6 nails No. 1 C. 

2 cap-squares; 2 eye-pins, riveted to the cap-squares; 2 chains, 5 links 
No. 1 and 2 rings No. 1 B, each; 2 keys; 2 key-chains, 3 links No. 1. 2 
rings No. 1 B; 4 eye-pins No. 1, screwed into the sides of the stock. 

2 handspike-hooks, screwed into the sides of the stock near the head. 


AMMUNITION-CHESTS. 


57 


2 staples for handspike-straps. 

1 lunette, fastened to the stock by 6 nails No. 2 C. 

1 trail-plate, fastened to the stock by 6 nails No. 1 C, and to the lunette- 
plate by 2 rivets No. 3 C. 

1 handspike-staple, driven into the stock through holes in the trail-plate. 

2 friction-plates for shaft; 4 nails No. 1 C. 

1 box for elevating-screw; 2 bolts No. 1 C; 2 washers; 2 nuts; 1 elevating^ 
screw, 

1 axle-skean; 1 bolt No. 2 D; 2 washers ; 1 nut; 2 rivets No. 3 B; 4 burrs. 

2 ferrules, fastened to the end of the axle-tree by 2 rivets No. 2; 2 linch¬ 
pins. 

2 axle-bands, put on hot; 4 nails No. 1 C. 

2 under-straps, fastened by the chin, key, and trunnion-plate bolts. 

2 wheels No. 4. 

SHAFTS. 

Wood.—2 shafts ; 1 cross-bar, joined to the shafts by tenon and mortise. 

Iron. —1 cross-bar plate, fastened to the shafts by 2 bolts No. 2 D, 4 
rivets No. 2 B, 4 screws No. 14, and 2 nuts ; and to the cross-bar by 7 screws 
No. 14. 

1 supporting-bar; 1 key ; 1 chain of 8 links No. 1, 2 rings No. 1 A, 1 eye-- 
pin No. 1, riveted to the cross-bar plate. 

2 staples for the shafts; 4 burrs for same. 

In attaching the shafts to the gun-cai’riage, the supporting-bar is laid on 
the trail-plate, near the handspike-staple, and the knee in rear of the 
lunette rests on the cross-bar plate, the holes for the key in these two 
pieces corresponding with each other. 

Ammunition- Chests. 

Wood. —2 ends; 2 sides, dovetailed and glued to the ends; 1 bottom, let 
into the sides and ends and nailed; 1 cover, made of 1 panel and 2 clamps, 
joined by tenons, glued and fastened with pins; 2 brackets for handles, 
fastened with 4 screws No. 12 and 4 screws No. 14; 16 cleats, glued and 
fastened by 8 screws No. 7 ; 48 nails, (3-penny.) 

Iron.—1 brace, fastened on the inside to the back by 1 screw No. 12, to 
the front by the stud-plate rivet. 

1 turnbuckle, (brass;) 1 stud; 1 stud-plate, let into the front and fastened 
by 1 rivet No. 2 and 1 screw No. 9. 

4 corner-plates, (sheet iron No. 18;) 40 screws No. 7. 

2 hinges, let into the under side of the cover, and pass under the bottom; 
26 screws No. 9. 

2 lashing-chains, 4 links each; 1 bridle, held by 4 rivets No. 2 B passing 
through the hinge-strap. 

1 hasp, let into the under side of the cover; 4 screws No. 9. 


58 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


1 covering of stout linen, painted; 1 leather strip; 160 copper tacks. 

2 handles of \-inch rope. 


Portable Forge. 

Iron. —1 frame, made of 3 pieces, welded together. 

1 fireplace, (sheet iron No. 13,) composed of 1 bottom, bent into a hollow 
form and riveted to the frame; 1 back plate, in 2 pieces, the lower piece 
bent under the bottom and riveted to it; the 2 plates are joined by 2 brass 
hinges, which are riveted to each plate by 4 screws. 

1 border, bent round the back and riveted to it and to the franie. 

2 reinforces to the back plate, riveted to the edges of both pieces. 

1 air-back, (sheet iron No. 7,) made into a convex shape when hot: is 
riveted to the upper back plate. 

1 button ; 1 stud, riveted to the outside of the upper back plate: is used 
to fasten down the back plate in packing. 

1 iron pipe, attached to the rear of the lower back plate by means of 1 
bridle, which is fastened by 2 bolts ; 2 nuts. 

1 front leg, forked; 2 eye-pieces, riveted to the sides of the frame: the 
leg is joined to the eye-pieces by 2 bolts; 2 nuts. 

2 rear legs; 1 cross-bar, fastened to the rear legs by 2 nuts; 2 bolts, to 
join the rear legs to the frame. 

1 bellows-handle: a bent bar of iron with a wooden head is fastened to the 
handle-fork by 1 rivet; 1 sliding-catch ; 1 thumbscrew on the lower end. 

1 handle-fork fits in a square hole in the cross-bar. 

BELLOWS. 

Wood.— The same parts as the bellows for the field forge. 

Iron. —1 nozzle, (sheet iron,) inserted into the cross-head. 

1 journal-rod, fastened to the middle plank. 

1 top-plo-te, fastened to the upper plank by 9 screws. 

1 handle, attached to the plate by 3 staples riveted under the plate. 

1 bellotvs-weight, (lead, 1 pound weight,) fastened on the inside of the 
lower plank. 

1 bellows-leather, fastened by bellows nails. 

Tool- Cliesta. 

Two chests are used to pack the forge and smiths’ tools. They are alike 
except in their interior divisions and the socket-plates, which are attached 
only to the forge-chest. For contents see Chapter XI. ^ 

Wood.—2 ends; 2 sides, dovetailed and glued to the ends; 1 bottom, let 
into the ends and sides, and fastened by 32 nails, (6-penny ;) 1 cover, made 
of 1 panel and 2 end-clamps, mortised, glued, and fastened by 4 pins. 


SIEGE CARRRIAGES. 


59 


Iron.—4 corner-plates, (sheet iron No. 18;) 18 screws No. 7. 

2 handles, turned under the bottom of chest, and fastened by 2 rivets and 
8 screws. 

2 hinges, fastened to the inside of the cover with 2 rivets and 6 screws, and 
to the bottom and back with 6 rivets and 22 screws ; 2 bridles for lashing 
chains, held by the hinge-rivets. 

1 hasp, let into the inside of the cover; 4 screws. . ■ 

1 hasp-staple and plate: the staple is riveted to the plate, which is fastened 
to the chest by 2 rivets. 

3 socket-plates, with holes in them to receive the legs of the frame, fast¬ 
ened to the back of the forge-chest by 12 screws. 

1 linen covering, like that of the ammunition-chest. 

SIEGE CARRIAGES. 

Gun-Carriage. (Plate 7.) 

There are three gun-carriages for siege artillery, viz.: 

One for the 12-pounder gun; 

One for the 18-pounder gun; 

One for the 24-pounder gun and the 8-inch howitzer. 

These carriages are constructed in the same manner, differing only in 
their dimensions. 

When the 8-inch howitzer is mounted on the 24-pounder carriage, a 
quoin is used, instead of the elevating-screw, the howitzer being too short 
to rest on the screw. 

Wood.—1 stock in 2 pieces, put together with 2 dowels; 2 cheeks; 1 axle- 
body; 1 breech-bolster. 

Iron.—1 assembling-bolt for the stock No. 7 A; 2 washers; 1 nut. 

1 manoeuvring-bolt No. 7; 2 collars; 4 washers; 2 nuts No. 5. 

6 rondelles, (cast iron ;) 2 assembling-bolts No. 7 A; 4 washers ; 2 nuts. 

1 assembling eye-bolt for the lock-chain. No. 9: the ring of the lock-chain 
is welded in the ey.e of the bolt, which is on the left side of the c«-rriage; 
1 washer No. 9; 1 washer and 1 nut No. 7. 

1 lock-chain, (see page 70;) 1 shoe; 1 key for the shoe, to keep the 
wheel from slipping off. 

2 trunnion-plates; 2 chin-bolts No. 7; 2 bevel-washers; 2 nuts; 2 key- 
bolts No. 7 ; 2 nuts ; 4 cheek-bolts No. 7 A; 4 washers ; 4 nuts. 

2 trunnion-plate bolts No. 3 E; 2 nuts; 2 travelling-trunnion bolts; 2 
washers ; 2 nuts. 

2 cap-squares; 2 cap-square chains, 6 links No. 3 and 2 rings No. 2 A, 
each ; 4 eye-pins No. 3,—2 riveted into the cap-squares and 2 screwed into 
the sides of the cheeks; 2 cap-square keys; 2 key-chains, each 5 links No. 2 
anc. 2 rings No. 2 B; 2 eye-pins No. 2 for key-chains. 


60 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


1 axle-tree No. 5; 2 shoulder-washers ; 2 linch-washers ; 2 linch-pins. 

2 under-straps, held by the eye, chin, and trunnion-plate bolts. 

1 axle-strap, held by 2 bolts No. 5 B, connecting the stock and axle-body; 
2 nuts. 

2 axle-bands, put on hot, and fastened to the axle-body by 3 nails 
No. 1 C. 

1 lock-chain hook, passes through the axle-body on the right side; 2 
washers; 1 nut. 

1 hook for the shoe, screwed into the right side of the cheek. 

1 cheek-plate, to protect the cheek from the friction of the shoe in tra¬ 
velling. 

1 box for the elevating-screw, (brass;) 2 bolts No. 4 C; 2 washers; 2 
nuts. 

1 elevating-screw ; 4 handles, screwed into the head of screw. 

1 strap-staple, driven into the middle of the stock on the under side. 

2 wheel-guard plates, fastened to the stock by 12 nails No. 2 C. 

1 lunette, reinforced at the pintle-hole by 1 rondelle, fastened to the upper 
side of the lunette-plate by 3 rivets No. 3 C; 2 bolts No. 4 C ; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 

1 trail-plate, reinforced by 1 guard-plate fastened to the trail-plate by 6 
rivets No. 3 C; 29 nails No. 3 C. 

2 bolster-bolts No. 4 B, the heads hollowed out; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 

2 wheels No. 5. 

Limber. 

Wood. — \fork; 2 hounds; 1 splinter-bar; Ipole; \ leading-bar. 

Iron. —1 fork-bolt No. 4 D; 2 washers ; 1 nut. 

1 axle-tree No. 5; 2 shoulder-washers ; 2 linch-washers ; 2 linch-pins. 

1 pintle-plate, fastened to the fork by 7 nails No. 3 C and by 2 of the 
axle-strap bolts. 

1 sweep-bar: the ends are fastened to the hounds by 2 holts No. 4 C; 2 
washers ; 2 nuts. 

1 axle-strap, fastened to the fork by 6 holts ,—4 No. 4 C and 2 No. 4 D. 
Two pass through the pintle-plate, two through the sweep-bar, and two 
through the fork. 2 washers ; 6 nuts. 

1 lashing-chain of 4 rings and 1 hook: the first ring is welded into the 
eye of the axle-strap. 

2 under-straps, fastening the hounds to the axle-tree; 2 bolts No. 4 D; 2 
bolts No. 4 C ; 2 washers ; 4 nuts. 

1 pintle, fitted accurately in the mortises of the pintle-plate and fork; 1 
nut. 

2 end-bands; 2 trace-hooks, put on the end of the splinter-bar with 4 
rivets No. 2. 

2 middle bands; 2 trace-hooks, fastened by the bolts c'^nrecting the 
splinter-bar and fork. 


MORTAR-WAGON. Cl 

1 bridle for the front end of the fork, fastened by the bolts connecting 
the fork and splinter-bar. 

2 bolts No. 4 D for the splinter-bar and fork; 2 nuts. 

2 bolts for the splinter-bar and hounds, No. 4 D; 4 washers; 2 nuts. 

1 bridle for the middle of the fork, fastened to the fork by 4 nails No. 2 C. 

1 rivet for the rear end of the pole; 1 burr. 

1 eye-plate for the front end of the pole; 2 bolts No. 2 D; 3 washers; 2 
nuts. 

2 pole-chains, each 9 links No. 6, 1 t/^-link, and 1 ring, welded into a hole 
in the eye-plate. 

1 ferrule for the end of the pole. 

1 pole-clasp, fastened by the eye-plate bolt and 1 bolt No. 2, hexagonal 
head. 

2 bolts for the pole and fork. No. 4 D ; 4 washers ; 2 nuts. 

1 middle band for the leading-bar, fastened by 2 rivets No. 2; 1 hook; 1 
double trace-hook. 

2 end-bands and trace-hooks for leading-bar, like those for the splinter- 
bar ; 2 rivets No. 2. 

2 wheels No. 5. 


Mortar- Wagon. 

This wagon is designed for the transportation of siege mortars and their 
beds, or of guns, or large shot and shells. 

The limber and the wheels are the same as those of the gun-carriage. 

Wood.— 2 middle rails; 1 front transom, fastened between the middle 
rails by 2 dowels; 1 middle transom between the middle rails; 1 rear tran¬ 
som between the middle rails; 2 side rails; 1 rear cross-bar, let into the 
middle and side rails; 6 middle cross-bars between the middle and side 
rails, and let into both; 2 front cross-bars, let into the middle and side 
rails ; 2 bottom planks, fastened to the middle cross-bars by 12 nails No. 2 ; 
1 axle-body ; 1 windlass; 1 muzzle-bolster ; % stakes ; 2 handspikes for work¬ 
ing the windlass. When used for carrying balls, 1 frame, made of 4 planks 
dovetailed together and strengthened by iron corner-plates. 

Iron. —1 assembling-bar, passes through the middle rails into the side 
rails. 

2 handspike-hooks, fastened to the outside of the middle rails by 4 nails 
No. 2 C. 

1 assembling-bolt No. 4 A; 2 washers; 1 nut. 

1 eye-plate for the lashing-chain, placed between the middle rails. 

2 bolts No. 4 A for the front ends of the middle rails; 4 washers ; 2 nuts. 

2 manoeuvring-staples, driven into the under side of the middle rails. 

2 cross-bar plates, fastened to the front and rear cross-bars by 12 bolts 
No. 4 C ; 9 washers ; 12 nuts. 


62 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


1 lock-chain and shoe, —1 key; 1 bridle, fastened under the left side rail; 

1 holt No. 4 B ; 1 nut, —like those on the gun-carriage. 

1 trail-plate, fastened under the front end of the middle rails by 11 nails 
No. 3 C. 

1 lunette; 1 reinforce, fastened to the lunette by 4 rivets No. 3 C ; 1 bridle; 
3 bolts No. 4 C; 3 nuts. 

2 wheel-guard plates, fastened to the middle rails by 12 nails No. 2 C. 

1 axle-tree No. 5. 

2 under-straps, fastened to the side rails by 4 bolts No. 4 B; 4 nuts. 

2 axle-straps, fastened to the middle rails by 4 bolts No. 4 B; 4 nuts. 

1 breech-hurter, let into the middle rails and fastened by 4 nails No. 2 C. 
6 stake-sockets, bolted on the outside of the side rails by 10 bolts No. 3 D; 

li) washers ; nuts. 

2 lock-chain hooks take the place of 2 stake-socket bolts on the left side; 

2 washers ; 2 nuts. 

1 tar-bucket hook, fastened on the outside of the left side rail by 2 nails 
No. 1 C. 

4 roller-plates, fastened on the square part of the windlass by 32 nails 
No. 1 C. 

4 roller-bands, let into the ends of the roller and fastened by 6 nails No. 1 C. 

2 journal-boxes, (brass,) let into the ends of the windlass. 

2 journals for the windlass, riveted at one end into 2 journal-plates, which 
are fastened to the inside of the rails by 4 bolts No. 3 C ;.4 nuts. 

2 circular journal-plates, fastened by the bolts last mentioned and by 4 
nails No. 1 C. 

2 roller-hooks, driven into the windlass 5.5 inches from the middle. 

2 handspike-straps, fastened to the small end of the handspike by 2 rivets 
No. 2. 


2 shoulder-washers for the axle-tree, 
2 linch-washers, 

2 linch-pins, 

2 wheels No. 5, 


^ like those for the gun-carriage. 


GARRISON AND SEA-COAST CARRIAGES. 

The garrison and sea-coast carriages are all made of wrought iron. They 
are of four different kinds, viz.: 

1. The Barbette, front pintle, carriage. 

2. The Barbette, centre pintle, carriage. 

3. The Casemate carriage. 

4. The Flank-Casemate carriage. 

Each carriage is composed of a chassis and top carriage. 

The inclination of the chassis-rails is the same in all the carriages,__ 

3°. The trough-beam braces, transoms, and angle-iron sub-braces vary 



BARBETTE-CARRIAGES. 


63 


only in length, the flank-casemate carriage excepted. The thickness of the 
cheek-plates is the same in all. The barbette rails differ both in length and 
depth from the casemate, which are also diflFerent from the flank-casemate. 

BARBETTE-CARRIAGES. 

Barbette-carriages are divided into front pintle carriages and centre pintle 
carriages. The top carriage is the same for both kinds. 

Of the front pintle class there are three carriages which are similar to 
each other: one for the 10-inch columbiad, one for the 8-inch columbiad 
and 42-pounder gun, and one for the 32 and 24 pounder guns: the latter 
two differ only in the lengths of the transoms and axle-trees. 

Of the centre pintle class, there are two carriages: one for the 10-inch 
columbiad, and one for the 8-inch columbiad. 

Top Carriage. 

The parts marked with an asterisk (*) are common to all carriages. 

2 cheek-plates. 

2 front braces —2 middle braces —2 rear braces, fastened to the check-plates 
each by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 

2 front sub-braces, fastened to the cheek-plates by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 

2 rear sub-braces, fastened to the cheek-plates by 6 bolts No. 4 E and G nuts. 

2 shoes, each fastened to the front brace’ by 1 bolt No. 4 E and 1 nut, to 
the rear brace by 1 bolt No. 4 E and 1 nut, to the front sub-brace by 2 bolts 
No. 4 II and 2 nuts, and to the rear sub-brace by 3 bolts No. 4 H and 3 nuts. 

2 trunnion-plates, fastened to the front braces by 2 bolts No. 4 E and 2 
nuts, and to the rear brace by 2 bolls No. 4 E and 2 nuts. 

*2 axle-boxes, (brass,) held in place by *2 axle-box washers, (cast iron,) 
fastened to the cheek-plates each by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 

*1 handspike-fulcrum, fastened to the left rear brace by 2 rivets No. 5 C. 
*2 arc-supports, fastened to the right rear brace by 2 bolts No. 1 D and 2 
rivets No. 3 D. 

*1 lanyard roller, brass, fastened to the right rear-brace by 1 nut, .375 in. 

2 transoms, fastened to the front brace by the 4 bolts Avhich hold the 
braces to the cheek-plate. 

1 rear transom, composed of 2 pieces, 5-inch trough-beams, with pieces 
welded in the ends, each piece fastened to the cheek-plates by 4 bolts No. 4 
E and 4 nuts. 

2 brace-transoms, fastened to the middle brace by the 4 bolts which hold 
the braces to the cheek-plates. 

2 diagonal braces, fastened to the shoes by 4 bolts which hold the shoes 
and sub-braces, and to each other by 1 bolt No. 4 E and 1 nut. 

1 axle-tree; "^2 linch-pins; *2 truck-wheels. 

1 elevating-bed, fastened to the rear transom by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts; 
1 elevating-screic; *1 elevating-screw box, (brass) fastened to the rear transom 

6 


64 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


by 4 holts No. 4 E and 4 nuts ; *1 bevel-wheel and nut, fitting on elevating- 
screw; *1 brass pinion, mounted on *1 elevating-screw arbor; *1 arbor-box, 
(brass,) fastened to the cheek-plate by 2 bolts No. 1 E and 2 nuts, .375 inch, 
(hexagonal;) *1 arbor-handle; *1 nut, .375 inch; \ pawl; \ pawl-port; 1 
elevating-arc, (brass.) 

The carriages for the 42-pounder and smaller guns have no elevating- 
bed, pawl, or pawl-port. The rear transom is made of a single piece of 
5-inch trough-beam. The 8-inch carriage answers for the 42-pounder 
gun by adding 2 trunnion-plates, removing the elevating-bed, and adding 
a longer elevating-screw. The 32-pounder carriage answers for smaller 
guns by the addition of trunnion-plates. 

Chassis. — Front 'pintle. 

2 rails, (I-shape.) 15 inches deep. 

1 hurter-bar, fastened to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 

2 counter-hurters, fastened to the rails by 8 rivets No. 5 D, countersunk 
on top. 

1 front transom, composed of 1 transom-plate and 2 cast-iron transom-bol¬ 
sters: the transom is fastened to the rails by IG bolts No. 4 E, which pass 
through the bolsters and keep them in place; 16 nuts; 4 bevel-washers. 

3 transoms, fastened to the fails by 12 bolts No. 4 E and 12 nuts —2 of 
them have hook heads. 

2 diagonal braces, fastened to the front transom by 4 bolts No. 4 H and 
4 nuts, and to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 

2 side steps, fastened to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 

2 rear steps, fastened to the rear transom by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 

2 rear traverse wheel-forks, fastened to the rails by 16 bolts No. 4 E, 16 
nuts; 2 traverse-wheels; 2 traverse-wheel bolts 1.75 inch, 2 nuts. 

4 implement-hooks, fastened to the rails by 4 nuts No. 4; \ keg in the pintle. 

Wood.—15 planks, 6 inches wide, 1^ inches thick, placed across the 

chassis, on the lower flange. 

Note.— The ends of the front transom must have a firm support on an 
iron friction-bar resting on the masonry around the pintle; and the tran¬ 
som must be held down, and be prevented from rising off the pintle, by a 
key passing through it or by a nut screwed on the top. 

Chassis .— Centre pintle. 

2 rails, I-shapcd. 

1 hurter-bar, fastened to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E; 4 nuts. 

2 counter-hurters, fastened to the rails by 8 rivets No. 5 D, countersunk on top. 

4 transoms, fastened to the rails by 16 bolts No. 4 E,—6 of them have hook 

heads; 16 nitts. 

1 middle transom, fastened to tlie rails by 16 bolts No. 4 E; 16 nuts: this 
transom is composed of 1 transom-plate and 2 transom-bolsters, fastened 


CASEMATE-CARRIAGES. 65 

together by 16 bolts No. 4 II; 16 nuts: the transom-bolster is made of ^ 
pieces, fastened together by 4 rivets No. 4 D. 

4 diagonal braces, fastened to the middle transom by 8 bolts No. 4 11, (8 
nuts,) and to the lower flange of the rail by 8 bolts No. 4 E; 8 nuts. 

2 transom and rail braces, fastened to the rails by 2 bolts No. 4 E, 2 nuts, 
and to the bolster of the middle transom by 2 bolts No. 4 E; 2 nuts. 

2 front traverse-wheel forks and 2 rear traverse-wheel forks, fastened to the 
rails by 32 bolts No. 4 E; 32 nuts; 2 front traverse-wheels, (cast iron;) 2 
rear traverse-wheels, (cast iron;) 2 front traverse-wheel bolts, (2-inch;) 2 
nuts; 2 rear traverse-wheel bolts, (1.75 inch;) 2 nuts. 

2 implement hooks, fastened to rails by 2 bolts. No. 4. 

Wood. —15 planks, 6 inches wide, 1.5 inch thick, placed across the 
chassis, resting on the lower flange. 

The rails of the centre-pintle carriages for the platforms now laid are 9 
inches in depth; for new platforms, not yet laid, the depth of rails will be 
15 inches. The pintle-plate of new platforms is to be raised2| inches, which 
will obviate the necessity of bolsters to the middle transoms: simple 
wedges will replace them. 

Implements.—2 manceuvring-bars; 2 pinch-bars; 2 offset-wrenches; 1 
manoeuvring-handspike. 

1 pointing-bar for columbiads. 

CASEMATE-CARRIAGES. 

There are two carriages, one for the 8-inch and 42-pounder guns, the 
other for the 32 and 24 pounders. 

Top Carriage. 

2 cheek-plates. 

2 front braces; 2 middle braces; 2 rear braces, the rear ends filled up by 
a piece welded in each brace; each fastened to the cheek-plate by 4 bolts 
No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 

2 front sub-braces, fastened to cheek-plate by 4 bolts No. 4 E; 4 nuts. 

2 rear sub-braces, fastened to the cheek-plates by 6 bolts No. 4 E; 6 nuts. 

2 shoes, each fastened to the front brace by 1 bolt No. 4 E and 1 nut; to the 
rear brace by 1 bolt No. 4 E and 1 nut; to the front sub-brace by 2 bolts 
No. 4 H and 2 nuts ; and to the rear sub-brace by 2 bolts No. 4 H and 2 nuts. 

2 trunnion-plates, fastened to the front brace by 2 bolts No. 4 E ; 2 nuts; 
and to the rear brace by 2 bolts No. 4 E; 2 nuts. 

2 axle-boxes, (brass,) held in place by 2 axle-box washers, each fastened 
to the cheek-plate by 4 bolts No. 4 E ; 4 nuts. 

1 handspike-fulcrum, fastened to the left rear brace by 2 rivets No. 5 C 
2 arc-supports, fastened to the right rear brace by 2 bolts No. 1 D, 2 nuts 
and 2 rivets No. 3 D. 

1 lanyard roller, brass, fastened to the right rear-brace by 1 nut .375 inch. 


66 


ORDNANCE MaNUAL. 


2 transoms, fastened to the front braces by the 4 bolts which hold the 
braces to the cheek-plates. 

1 rear transom, 5-inch trough-beam, with a piece welded in each end, 
fastened to the cheek-plate by 4 bolts No. 4 E ; 4 nuts. 

2 brace-transoms, fastened to the middle brace by the 4 bolts which hold 
the braces to the cheek-plates. 

2 diagonal braces, fastened to the shoes by 4 bolts, which hold the shoe 
and sub-brace, and to each other by 1 bolt No. 4 E; 1 nut. 

1 axle-tree; 2 linch-pins; 2 truck-wheels. 

1 elevating-screw box, brass, fastened to the rear transom by 2 bolts No. 4 
E, 2 nuts; 1 elevating-screw; 1 bevel-wheel and nut, fitting on elevating- 
screw; 1 brass pinion, mounted on 1 elevating-screw arbor; 1 arbor-box, 
(brass,) fastened to the cheek-plate by 2 bolts No. 1 E, 2 nuts; 1 arbor- 
handle; 1 nut; 1 elevating-arc, (brass). 

Chassis. 

2 rails, I-shaped, 9-inch. 

1 hurter-bar, fastened to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 

2 counter-hurters, fastened to the rails by 8 No. 6 D, countersunk on top. 

1 front transom, fastened to the rails by 8 bolts No. 4 E and 8 nuts. 

3 transoms, fastened to the rails each by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts, —4 
of them hook heads. 

1 tongue, fastened to the front transom by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts. 

2 front traverse-wheel forks, (each in 2 pieces,) fastened to the rails by 12 
bolts No. 4 E and 12 nuts, and by 4 bolts, which hold the front transom. 

2 rear traverse-wheel forks, (each in 2 pieces,) fastened by 16 bolts No. 4 
E, 16 nuts. 

2 front traverse-wheels; 2 front traverse-wheel bolts (1.75 inch) 2 nuts; 2 
rear traverse-wheels; 2 rear traverse-wheel bolts (1.75 inch) and 2 nuts. 

2 diagonal braces, fastened to the under side of the rail by 4 bolts No. 4 
E, 4 nuts, and to the front transom by the 4 bolts which hold the tongue. 

The carriage assembled for the 8-inch gun answers for the 42-pounder 
by the addition of 2 trunnion-plates. The carriage assembled for the 32- 
pounder answers, in the same way, for the smaller guns. 

2‘i-pounder Hoioitzer-Carriage for Flanh-Casemates. 

The details of this carriage have not been suflSciently arranged for 
insertion here. 

The embrasures of the new flank-casemates have been changed from the 
plan formerly used, by placing the pintle-hole 24 inches farther to the front. 
This requires the addition of an iron tongue, with a pintle-hole, to the 
wooden chassis. Other flank embrasures are made without a tongue- 
hole ; for these, the iron tongue is placed above the upper pintle-plaie, 
and held by the same 3 bolts, which are made stronger. 


MORTAR-BEDS. 


67 


MORTAR-BEDS. 

The mortar-beds for the new-model mortars are made of wrought iron. 
Their details are not determined with sufficient accuracy to be inserted at 
this time. 

Beds for S-inc7i and lO-inch Siege 3Iortars. 

Wood.—1 bolster for the quoin, fastened to the front transom by 2 bolts 
and 2 nuts. 

Iron.—2 cheeks; 1 middle transom, 1 front transom, in one piece, (cast iron.) 

4 manoeuvring-bolts, wrought iron, cast in place. 

2 cap-squares, fastened to the cheeks by 4 straps, held by 4 bolts and 4 keys. 

Beds for lO-i'/ic/t and IZ-inch Sea-Coast Mortars. 

Wood,— 1 front transom; 1 rear transom. 

Iron.— 2 cheeks, (cast iron;) 1 middle transom, (brass.) 

2 manoeuvring-bolts No. 10; 4 nuts No. 9. 

. 6 assembling-bolts No. 10; 6 nuts. 

4 transom-straps ; 16 screws. 

1 elevating-screw bed, fastened to the front transom by 2 bolts No, 5 A; 2 nuts. 

1 elevating-screw box, (brass;) 1 elevating-screw. 

COEIIORN MORTAR. 

Wood.—1 bed, in 1 or 2 pieces. 

Iron.—2 assembling-bolts No. 3 A; 4 washers; 2 nuts. 

2 cap-squares, fastened to the bed by 4 bolts No, 2 B and 4 nuts. 

4 ha7idles, fastened to the sides by 4 bolts No. 3 A and 4 nuts. 

PRESERVATION OF CARRIAGES. 

Wooden carriages are preserved in well-ventilated storehouses, pro¬ 
tected from the weather. If the timber be not perfectly dry, and the 
exigencies of the service will permit, they are left unpainted: the irons 
are first coated with linseed-oil and painted one coat. 

Iron carriages require especial care to preserve them from oxidation. 
When the parts of a carriage are completed and ready to be assembled, all 
rust that may have formed is scraped oif, and the parts are placed in a 
kettle containing linseed-oil, which is raised to its boiling-point. When 
the iron has become as warm as the oil, it is taken out and placed on the 
side of the vessel to drip. When dry, the carriage is assembled and 
painted with two coats of iron paint. 

The carriages are preserved in dry buildings, on the ground-floor, taken to 
pieces and piled away. Pieces of the same kind are put in a pile by themselves. 

Carriages that are mounted should have the paint renewed from time to 
lime, as it is worn otf; and if rust shall accumulate, it must be removed, 
and a cort of oil first applied and the carriage then painted. 


G8 


ORDNANCE MANUAL, 


Wlieeh. 




No. 1. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

No. 4. 

No. 5. 


r Naves. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 


Spnkes. 

14 

14 

12 

12 

14 

Wood. > 

Fellies. 

7 

7 

6 

6 

7 


Dowels. 

7 

7 

6 

6 

7 


Wedges for spokes. 

14 

14 

12 

12 

14 


’12 brow-bands..inches 

1.25X-20 

1.25X.25 

1X.15 

.75X.13 

1.5X.38 


2 end-bands.inches 

1.5X.25 

1.5X.25 

l.lX-2 

1X.2 

1.75X.38 


Nails for bauds. 

12 No. 1C. 

12 No. 1C. 

12 No. 1C. 

12 No. 1 C. 

12N0.1 C. 

Iron. - 

Tiro, inches. 

Tire-bolts, nuts, and wash- 

2.75X0.5 

2.75 X-625 

2.0X.5 

2X.38 

4X-75 


ers. 

7 No. 2 H. 

7 No. 2 n. 

6 No. 2 II. 

6 No. 1 II. 

7 No. 4 H 


Nave-box. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 


Wheel No. 1, for the 6-pdr. gun-carriage, caisson, forge, battery-wagon, 
and the limbers of all field carriages. 

O « 

No. 2, for the 24 and 32 pdr. howitzers, and the 12-pdr. gun-carriages 
only. * 

No. 3, for the prairie carriage. 

No. 4, for the mountain howitzer. 

No. 5, for all siege carriages and their limbers. 


Dimensions and Weights of Axle-Trees. 



No.l. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

No. 4. 

No. 5. 

No. 6. 



.In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 



the body on the under side. 

45.5 

45.5 

34.35 

18.68 

42. 



the middle piece of body. 

15.5 

22. 





Length of - 

the arm to the linch-washer. 

13.85 

13.85 

8.55 

7.55 

16.1 



the round end, including the hole.... 

2.07 

2.07 

1.275 

2.15 

2.3 



Total. 

78.84 

78.84 

54. 

38.3 

81.8 



vr;a*v. / ^.t the middle. 

2.5 

3.5. 

2. 

4.32 

3.5 

2.8 

The body. ■ 

j at the shoulder. 

3. 

3. 

2. 

4.32 

3.5 

3.0 

Thickness, -f . 

1.5 

3. 

2. 

3.54 

3.5 

2.8 


1 at the shoulder. 

3. 

3. 

2. 

3.94 

3.5 

3.0 

Diameter of the arm. J ‘he shoulder... 

3. 

3. 

2. 

3.5 

3.5 

29 


( ai me iincu-wasuer. 

2.005 

2.005 


2.64 

2.5 

2.9 

Weight... 


116. 

122. 

... 


232. 



No. 1, for 6-pdr. gun-carriages, caissons, forge and battery wagons. 

No. 2, for 12-pdr. gun-carriages, 24-pdr. and 32-pdr. howitzer-carriages. 
No. 3, for prairie carriages. 

No. 4, for mountain howitzer carriages. 

No. 5, for siege carriages. 

No. 6, for iron carriages. 




























































NAVE-BOXES.—LINCII-PINS. 


69 


Nave-Boxes. 


• 

No. 1. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

No. 4. 

No. 5. 



In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 


r the whole. 

13.75 

8.0 

8.26 

16.5 

3.0 

Length of - 

cylindrical part. 

2.0 

... 

... 

2.0 

2.1 


grease-chamber. 

4.59 

3.0 

3.26 

5.6 

• • • 


[ Interior i . 

3.05 

2.0 

3.55 

.3.55 

3.0 

Diameter. 

Aii iv^l • ^ 11 1 

( small end. 

2.05 

1.5 

2.6 

2.55 

3.0 

Exterior, j . 

I small end. 

3.85 

2.5 

4.05 

4.4 

5.0 


2.85 

2.0 

3.1 

3.4 

5.0 

Depth of grease-chamber. 

.126 

.1 

.1 

.15 

• •• 

1 

f Length of.. 

13.75 

8.0 

1.0 

16.5 

.5 

Flange. ■< 

Width of, at base. 

.45 

.45 

.25 

.4 

• •• 

[ Projection of. 

.4 

.4 

.25 

.4 

.25 


No. 1, for field axle-trees. 

No. 2, “ prairie “ 

No. 3, “ mountain howitzer axle-trees. 

No. 4, “ siege axle-trees. 

No. 5, “ iron carriage axle-trees. 

Nos. 3, 4, and 5 of brass; the rest iron cast. 


Linch-Pins. 


Length. 

Diameter... 

Length. 

Breadth at lop. 

“ at bottom. 

Thickness at top. 

“ at bottom. 

“ under chin. 

Weight.oz. 


No. 1. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

No. 4. 

No. 5. 

In. 

In. 

In.* 

In. 

In. 

3.85 

2.35 

4. 

4.2 

3.9 

.62 

.5 

.5 

.7 

.5 

1.75 

1.4 

1.37 

1.8 

1.75 

.8 

.5 

.6 

.9 

.75 

1.4 

• •• 

1.1 

1.7 

1.25 

.8 

00 

.8 

1.0 

.8 

.75 

• •• 

.5 

8.5 

.4 

.45 

.55 

.45 

.5 

.4 

11.G8 

4.62 

8.01 

14.26 

5.24 


Stem., -j 
Head.. - 


No. 1 for field axle-trees. 

No. 2 “ prairie “ 

No. 3 “ mountain howitzer axle-trees. 
No. 4 “ siege axle-trees. 

No. 5 iron carriage axle-trees. 






















































70 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Washers. 



Shoulder-washers. 

Linch-washers. 

No. 1. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

No. 4. 

No. 1. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

Diameter of the washer. 

“ “ “ hole. 

Thickness. 

AVeight.oz. 

In. 

5.5 

3.05 

.375 

28.97 

In. 

4. 

2. 

.25 

12.15 

In. 

6. 

3.5 

.5 

40.32 

In. 

6. 

5. 

2. 

544. 

In. 

4. 

2.05 

.375 

15.00 

In. 

3.25 

1.6 

.35 

15.54 

In. 

5. 

2.55 

.5 

55.22 


No. 1, for field-carriages, axle-trees No. 1 and 2. 

No. 2, for prairie carriages, axle-tree No. 3. 

No. 3, for siege-carriages. 

No. 4, for iron carriages. 

Lock-Chains for Field-Carriages. 

The lock-chain is the same for all field-carriages, except in the number 
of the links. It consists of 1 toggle, 7.7 in. long, 1 link, 1 long link, 4.9 in. 
long, with 1 looee ring, 1.6 in. diam., — number of links, 1 ring 2.56 in. 
diam., with 1 loose ring of same size, and — number of links to the eye- 
plate. The links are all No. 5. 


♦ 

6-pdr. gun- 
carriage. 

12-pdr. gun, 
24-pdr. liow. 
carriage. 

d 

o 

QQ 

u 


Battery- 

wagon. 

Number of links from the Ions link to the ring. 

“ “ “ “ “ ring to the eye-plate. 

16 

18 

13 

16 

16 

6 

7 

4 

4 

10 


A recent order requires these chains to be made of a new kind of chain, 
known as the loop-link chain, which is stronger for the same weight. 


For Siege-Carriages. 

The lock-chain consists of a chain of 4 links. No. 7, and 1 toggle, 7.75 in. 
long, with 1 loose ring, 3 in. diameter on the first link, which is attached 
to the ring in the lock-chain bolt by 1 ring 3J in. diam.; of a second chain 
of the same sized links, to which the shoe is attached, composed of 14 links 
for the gun-carriage, and 18 links for the mortar-wagon, and 1 ring 3-^ diam , 
which is joined to the ring in the lock-chain bolt by 15 links No. 5.^ 

These chains are to be made of the loop-link chain, by recent order. 












































Table of Bolts, Nuts, and Washers, 


BOLTS, NUTS, 


AND WASHERS 


71 


No. 9. 


3.25 

3.75 

• • • 

3 . 


1 -H 

1 —i 

• 

.375 

1.5 

3 . 


to 

hJI ,-H to 
to CO d CO CO 
CO rH * H^l rH CO 

to 

to to to Cl 

t-- Cl d I-H 

P ’ * * 

00 

0 





to 


to HtH 

to to 

• 


: ‘P 

• 


• 

I'- to 


to t- to 

to tO Cl 

0 

;< 

mCO 

0 • w 

• 


• 

CO CO t-^ 


CO CO CO d to 

CO d d rH 


CO CO (oi 


rH 


' I-H d 


d rH ' CO rH d 











to 

• 

c 0 

uo : 

• 


• 

rH xO 

CO 

to rH Htl 0 

to CO d 


•mIM 

l'- . kO 

• 

05 

• 

CO d to. 


to d CO 0 0 0 

d Cl rH 

rH 

<M CO Cl 




p d 


d P ' CO P d 


cd 

0 





to 


to 


• 

C^N 

- vo : to 

• 


• 

00 d to 

CO 

to d 00 CO 

C 5 


r-H 

to • (M 

• 

CO 

• 

d 1 -H d 


d rH d I-H 0 Htl 

lO rH rH rH 


0 d Id 




' P ci 


1-H CO rH rH 

CO ' ' ' 

kd 


PO 








• 

c 

Cl 

• 

to 


to 

CO 

to CO CO 

to C 5 CO 

5 r 


CO to CO 

• 

0 

d 


d CO CO 0 

rH I-H rH rH 



Cl d i-i ci 




P ci 


ci I-H ' d ' rH 

CO 



to 







/ 

. 

H 

1- to 

• 



05 to 

0 

to C 5 d C 5 

to C 5 CO 

0 

1-1 1 '- 

!>• CO d to 

• 

<0 

rH 

rH 

to I-H I-H 0 tO 

^ rH rH rH 


0 

1 -H i-H rH i-H 






I-H ■ ' d '0 

d 

cd 

PO 





to 


to 0 

to 

• 

c IM 

0 to 

• 


to 

0 Cl tO 

CO 

to d CO CO 1^ 

d d CO 

0 

5 r 

> 5 o 

'(Jl to 0 d 

• 

to CO 

1 -H CO d 

rH 

Cl CO I-H to Cl 

rH rH 0 


0 

^ ^ 






I-H I-H 0 

ci 

o 4 


to 


to 


to 


to 

to 

• 


to 




Cl 

CO 

d I-H CO to 

d 0 

0 

mO 

T-H d CO 

to 

CO CO 

1 -H XO 

irH 

to I-H Hfl Hjl rH 

CO I-H I-H 0 


0 

rH rH 

rH 

0 


rH 


rH ^H 

rH 

fH 

0 


to 



to 


uO Cl 

to 

• 


to to d 


0 

to 

CO 

to I'- CO rH lO 

to d CO 

0 

M CO 

CO 1 ^ 

tH 

CO d 

rH CO 1 -- 

rH 

t- CO I-H 0 CO 0 

Cl I-H I-H 0 


0 

rH 0 

1 -H 

0 




rH 0 

rH 0 


• 

• 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• 

• 


• 

• 

• • • 

♦ • • 

• 

• 

• • • • • CD 

• • • * 

• • • • 


• 

• • • • 

• 


• 

• • • 


: : : : : -p 



• 

• • • • 

• 


• 

• • • 



• • • • 


Oi 

H 

O 

n 


O 




o 


!» 

e 3 

o 


o 

o 

(V 

a> 

B 

ej 


<j pq o w 

N-^-/ 

ei 

a 

Cm 

O 

Pi 

a> 

-M 

a> 

a 



a 

a> 


ip 

a> 

P 

,^5 

■M 

Cm 

O 

P 

O 

a 

3 

5 z; 


':3 

0 ) 

o 

A 

:3 

IV 


■* fcO 
1 s 

® p 

CO ,• .M fc, " 

« ^ ei 

© C e£ fi 

P M <- o 

2 o 5 fcjoa 

’m a eS " 

crPS ^ ‘M .p- 

02 E-t O P 


P 

Cm 

a 


© 

© 


00 

oc 

© 

C 

© 


© 

Cm 

O 

-M 


=« 5 .a :s -s 

P H ^ 


Pi 
© 

;?P 


QO 

H 

P 

52; 


CO 

H 

M 

M 

CO 

-«! 



















































7'2 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


In the preceding table the number indicates the size of the bolt, and the 
letter the form of the head, as follows: 

A. Bolt with round (cylindrical) head, chamfered; square under the head. 

B. Round head, not chamfered; to be let into wood; square under the 
head. 

C. Countersunk head; bolt square under the head. 

D. Convex, or rose head; square under the head. 

E. Square head, chamfered;' round under the head; nut let into wood. 

F. Round head, chamfered; applied to wood; round under the head. 

G. Round head, not chamfered; to be let into wood; round under the 
head. 

H. Countersunk head; bolt round under the head. 


Rivets. 



No. 1. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

No. 4. 

No. 5. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Diameter of body. 

0.2 

0.25 

0.375 

0.5 

0.625 

r B. 


.75 

1.125 

1.5 

1.875 

1 o 

Diameter of head-< C. D. 


.5 

.7 

'.87b 

1 n . 

.75 


f B. 

••••••••• 

.2 

.25 

.375 

0.5 

Thickness of head C. D. 


.2 

.25 

o 

.375 

1 H. 

.125 

.o 

(Diameter. 

.75 

.75 

1.125 

1.5 

1.875 

Burrs i Thickness. 

.125 

.2 

.25 

.375 

.5 

' j Exterior diameter of countersink... 

.3 

.45 

.6 

.7 

.87 

(Depth of countersink. 

.1 

.15 

.17 

.25 

.375 


B. Head not chamfered; to let into wood. D. Rose head; resting on iron 

C. Countersunk head; to let into iron. H. Rose head; resting on wood. ' 

Chains. 


No. 

Thickness 

UNKS. 

Proof 

■ 


of iron. 

Kind. 

Length. 

Width. 

weight. 

Remarks. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

6 

7 

In. 

0.15 

.2 

.25 

.25 

.375 

.5 

,625 

}|{ 

.c! 

I M J 

Sh 

J 02 ( 

In. 

1.1 

1.25 

1.6 

2. 

3. 

3. 

3.4 

In. 

0.6 

.75 

1.1 

1. 

1.5 

1.75 

2.25 

Lbs. 

400 

800 

1,200 

1.500 

2.500 
5,000 

6.500 

All chains are welded 




















































EYE-PINS.—RINGS.—NAILS. 


73 


Eye-Pins. 



No. 1. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

Diameter of stem. 

0.3 

0.375 

0.5 

Diameter of eye. 

.25 

.3 

.375 


Rings 


Designation. 

Thickness 

of 

wire. 

Exterior 
diameter of 
ring. 

Remarks. 

No. 1 { 

No. 2 { 

In. 

0.2 

.2 

.25 

.25 

In. 

1.4 

1. 

1.5 
1.25 

Welded. ^ 
Coldshut. 

Welded. 

Coldshut. 

These are the rings most 
commonly used in field 
and siege carriages, with 
the chains Nos. 1, 2, & 3. 


Wrought Nails. 



No.l. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

No. 4. 

Remarks. 

Body ; diameter or thickness.. 

Heads . 

In. 

.25 

.5 

.2 

In. 

.3 

.6 

.25 

In. 

.375 

.7 

.25 

In. 

.5 

.875 

.3 

C. Square nail, with 
countersunk head. 

D. Round nail, with 
rose head. 


Cut Nails. 



2d. 

2d. 

4(t. 

&d. 

Sd. 

lOd. 

Vld. 

20d. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Length. 

1 

1.25 

1.5 

2 

2.5 

3 

3.5 

4 

Number in 1 lb. 

550 

450 

340 

150 

100 

60 

40 

25 


Spikes are large nails, wrought or cut: the size is designated by the 
length in inches. 

Bellows-nails and clout-nails are short wrought nails, with large heads, 
slightly convex; they are used chiefly for nailing leather, canvas, &c., 
on wood. 

Bellows-nails are l.lo inch long, 0.1 inch thick, with heads .75 inch to 
1 inch in diameter; should weigh about 120 to 1 lb. 































































74 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 


Principal Dimensions and Weights of Field-Gun Carriages and 

Limbers. 


Dimensions. 


Distance between the inside of the trunnion-plates. 

Diameter of the trunnion-holes. 

Depth of the centre of trunnion-hole below the upper 

face of the trunnion-plate. 

Distance of axis of trunnions in rear of axis of axle-tree, 

the piece being in battery on horizontal ground. 

Distance from axis of trunnions to axis of axle-tree. 

Height of axis of trunnions above the ground. 

Vertical field horizontal line. | J-tzerV.::; 

of fire, ^below the horizontal line, i. 

^ (Howitzer. 

Distance between the points of contact of trail and 

wheels with the ground-line. 

Distance from front of wheels to end of trail, the piece 

being in battery. 

Distance of the muzzle of f Gun, in front of wheels. 

the piece in battery fronW / front of wheels 

the front of the wheels. I (rear of wheels 

Length of gun-carriage without wheels. 

Length of limber without wheels. 

Length of limber without wheels or pole. 

l.ength of limber with wheels and pole.. 

Distance between the centres of the axle-trees of gun- 

carriage and limber. 

Length of the carriage limbered up. 

Distance from the muzzle of the piece, j Gun. 

when limbered, to the front of pole. ( Howitzer. 

Whole length of the axle-tree. 

Track of the wheels... 

Height of wheel. 

Dish of finished wheel. 


Gun-carriage, without wheels. 

Limber, w ithout wheels or ammunition-chest 
Ammunition-chest, without divisions. 

Weights. One wheel. . 

Gun-carriage complete, without implements 
Limber complete, without implements.. 

Gun-carriage and limber, w ithout implements 


6-pounder Gun and 

12-pounder Howitzer. 

24-pounder Howitzer. 

12-poiinder Gun and 

32-pounder Howitzer. 

Prairie Carriage. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

9.6 

11.65 

12.15 

7. 

S.7 

4.25 

4.65 

2.75 

1. 

0.96 

0.95 

0.6 

0.5 

1. 

0.8 

3.45 

14.65 

16.2 

16.6 

10.4 

43.1 

44.8 

45.2 

30.5 

120 


13° 


13° 

13° 

12° 

8045 ' 

8° 


7° 


60 

8° 

50 

40 

74.4 

79.8 

79.8 

48.0 

116.6 

122.75 

122.75 

83.0 

5.91 


15.70 



5.9 

12.7 

7.0 

1.09 




104.4 

111.4 

113.5 

68.0 

161.2 

161.2 

161.2 

141.0 

52.85 

52.85 

52.85 

37.5 

173.08 

173.08 

173.08 

152.0 

96. 

101.7 

101.7 

64.0 

269.08 

274.78 

274.78 

216.0 

279.1 


294. 


272.1 

283.78 

291. 


78.84 

78.84 

78.84 

54.0 

60. 

60. 

60. 

42.5 

57. 

57. 

57. 

42.0 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.0 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

540 

736 

783 

257 

835 

335 

335 

163 

165 

165 

165 


180 

196 

196 

69 

180 

180 

180 

69 

900 

1128 

1175 

363 

860 

860 

860 

343 

1760 

1988 

2035 

720 


MOTE.-The 12-pounder gun, model 1857, is mounted on the same carriage as the 24-pounder 
howitzer. The cheeks are a little shortened, and the elevating-screw brought forward The 
distance of axis of trunnions in rear of axle-tree, 0.25 in. Weight of trail on ground 216 
pounds. ’ 





















































DIMENSIONS OF HOWITZER-CARRIAGE. 


75 


Dimensions and Weights of Gun-Carriage and Equipment for 
Vl-pounder Mountain Howitzer. 

Dimensions. Inches. 

Distance between the inside of trunnion-plates. 7. 

Diameter of trunnion-holes. 2.75 

Depth of axis of trunnions below upper face of trunnion-plate. 0.62 

Distance of axis ot trunnions in rear of axis of axle-tree, the piece being in 

battery, on horizontal ground. 2.5 

Distance from axis of trunnions to axis of axle-tree. 8.5 

Height of axis of trunnions above the ground. 27. 

Vertical field of fire, ( ® ;!>“ 9° 

Distance between the points of con tact of wheels and trail with the ground-line 43.7 

Distance from front of wheels to end of trail, the piece being in battery.... 71.8 

Distance of the muzzle of the piece, in battery, in rear of wheels. 4.8 

Length of gun-carriage, without wheels. 61. 

Length of thill. 73. 

AVhole length of the axle-tree. 38.25 

Track of the wheels. 30.2 

Height of wheel. 38. 

Dish of finished wheel. 2. 

Amviuiiitiou-CheHt, f Interior length. 32.8 

or •< “ width. 4.75 

Carriage-vtaher’a Tool-Chest, “ deiith. 9.35 

Forge-Cheat, ( Interior length. 32.8 

or -I “ width.. 7.8 

SinitFa Tool-Cheat. “ depth. 16.1 

Weights. Pounds. 

Howitzer. 214 

Gun-carriage, without wheels. 157 

One wheel. 60 

Handspike. 5 

Sponge and rammer. 3 

Gun-carriage complete, with implements. 287 

Thill. 30 

Bridle.. 3 

Halter. 3.5 

Pack-saddle and harness. 47 

Lashing girth and ro})e. 3 

Ammunition-chest, or carriage-maker’s tool-chest, empty. 20 

Forge-chest, or smith’s tool-chest, empty. 42 

Ammunition-chest, packed. 112 

Forge-che.st, packed. 115 

Smith’s tool-chest, packed. 117 

Coal-sack, filled with charcoal. 25 

Carriage-maker’s tool-chests.. | ^. ^ 

Dimensions and Weights of Prairie Ammunition- Cart. 

Whole length of cart. 127. 

Length of implement-chest. 31.5 

Width “ . 6.0 

Depth “ “ in front. 7.25 

“ “ ‘‘ in rear. 9. 

Pounds. 

Weight of cart, empty, without wheels. 296 

“ “ packed with ammunition. 802 

two-wheels. 138 


7 


















































76 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Principal Dimensions and Weights of Siege-Gun Carriages and 

Limbers. 


Dimensions. 


a 

3 

o 


•a 

3 

3 

O 

Q. 




3 

O 

U 

o 

0 

0 

O 

04 

00 


c 

§.a 


Distance between the inside of the trunnion-plates. 

Diameter of the trunnion-holes. 

Depth of centre of trunnion-hole below the upper face of 

trunnion-plate. 

Distance of axis of trunnions in rear of axis of axle-tree, 

the piece being in battery on horizontal ground. 

Distance from axis of trunnions to axis of axle-tree. 

Height of axis of trunnions above the ground. 

Vertical field f boriroetal line. | 

.1 below the horizontal line. | . 

Distance between the points of contact of the wheels and 

trail with the ground-line. 

Distance from the front of the wheels to the end of the 

trail, the piece being in battery. 

Distance of the muzzle of 'I ^ , 

the piece in battery from I front of the wheels 

the front of the wheels... j m rear of wheels 

Length of gun-carriage, without wheels. 

Length of limber, without wheels. 

Length of limber, without wheels or pole. 

Length of limber, Avith wheels and pole. 

Distance between the centres of the axle-trees of gun-car¬ 
riage and limber. 

Length of the carriage, limbered up. 

Distance from the muzzle of the gun, in its travel! in'^po¬ 
sition, to front end of pole.“. 

Whole length of the axle-tree. . 

Track of the wheels.. 

Height op wheels.. 

Dish of finished Avheels. . 


Inches. 

14.95 

4.65 


Inches. 

16.95 

5.35 


Inches. 

18.15 

5.85 


1.1 


1.2 


1.4 


3 . 

2.5 

22.45 

22.85 

52.2 • 

52.6 

13 ° 

12 ° 

4 ° 

4 ° 


2.75 

23.25 

53 . 

12 ® 

15 ° 

4 ° 


100 . 


101 . 


10 ° 

101 . 


141 . 


142 . 


142 . 


30.74 


35.35 


35.34 

7.66 


130 . 

176.65 

59.8 

184.9 


133 . 

176.65 

59.8 

184.9 


133.6 

176.65 

59.8 

184.9 


94 . 96 . 

278.9 280.9 


96 . 

280.9 


285.15 

81.8 

60 . 

60 . 

2 . 


291.42 

81.8 

60 . 

60 . 

2 . 


290 . 

81.8 

60 . 

60 . 

2 . 


Weights 


Gun-carriage, without wheels. 

Limber, without wheels..'.!!!*.! 

One wheel. 

Gun-carriage, complete, without impiements 

Limber, complete. 

Gun-carriage and limber, without implements 


Lhs. 

1440 

585 

404 

2248 

1393 

3641 


Lbs. 

1542 

585 

404 

2350 

1393 

3743 


Lbs. 

1714 

585 

404 

2522 

1393 

3915 















































FIELD AND SIEGE WAGONS. 


77 


Field and Siege Wagons. 


Dimensions and Weights. 

Caisson. 

Forge. 

Battery- 

Wagon. 

Mortar- 

Wagon. 

Length.. 


In. 

125.5 

In. 

130. 

In. 

154. 

In. 

143.6 

Distance between the axle-trees of 
carriage and limber. 

92. 

97.8 

112.93 

102.95 

Whole length, when limbered up.... 

274.7 

279. 

393.13 

287.85 

Height, above the ground. 

68.75 

70.5 

73.55 

60. 


Carriage-body, without 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 


wheels. 

432 

997 

910 

984 

Weight.-I 

Limber, without wheels or 
chest. 

335 

335 

335 

585 

One wheel. 

180 

180 

180 

404 


Carriage and limber, com¬ 
plete, without imple- 
. ments or spare parts.... 

1,982 

2,217 

2,130 

3,185 


Interior Dimensions. 

Length. 

Width. 

Depth. 

Weight. 

Ammunition or limber chest, with¬ 
out divisions. 

11 - f Iron room. 

Travelling forge... . 

Battery-wagon, body. 

Mortar-wagon, floor. 

In. 

40. 

40. 

31. 

98.8 

63.85 

In. 

18. 

32. 

13. 

36. 

40. 

In. 

14.75 

7.5 

17. 

22. 

Lbs, 

165 

100 


Mortar-Beds. 

Siege. 

Coehorn. 


8-inch. 

10-inch. 


Length. 

In. 

42. 

In. 

61.8 

In. 

31. 


Exterior width, including manoeu- 
vring-bolts. 

34. 

40. 

15. 


Weight.pounds... 

920 

1830 

132 


















































incipal Dimensions and Weights of Barbette- Carriages^ (woodeni) 


78 


ORDNANCE MANUAL, 


•nno ‘-ipd-Sf 

COCOO 

^•r-(0 (Mi-HTt^OO I'^iOOCOCOCO 

1—ioc'io6«oio<ricoo5cooo 

I— 1 oscoo GOio t^cacD 

r-( r—1 I—1 

■aezimoH "tii-g 
puB uno *jpd-s0 

O lOCD CDOCOCOO 

jJ 00 1-H t'- 05 Q Q O CO CO O CO O 

►“I oorHTj5c6idcoa5i—iooco'^vooir-H05coococ4 
<N rttl-^Tj^COrH C5COCO COO t^C^OO 

HH 1—H 

•nno -jpd-fg 

O OO. OOO OO (MCOOi* 

jjrHCO CO OC<|CO(M; 

'-'COOr-IrPC^CO'^ J-— 0005t^OC00 05'^OCO • 

t-i -rti tr- 'rn . r-i 0500 COt}( t^OICOC 

r—< t-H • 

•ana ’Jixl-Sl 

O CD. COOCO COO* 

jj05oo O5coi^o ococot—1 ; 

'-iCDOr-HCo'r-Ji-H'*^ ;i— loost-loo-^’coo^s-^oco • 
i-t OOOO 00-^ l^fMSOr 

rH t-H rH * 

•nno ‘Jpd-Sl 

o CO ! CD o CO CO : 

j^05CD _C:5COI^«-H CqqOI^I^ O OCOCO j 

'“'■^Ttli-icOr-I^CO Ii-H005t^OOHlHC005Tt^005 • 
rH ■^l>.'cti:i-H OOOO COtJ< t^c^oi 

• rH rH rH * 


•: c3 ::: i : 










































incipal Dimensions and Weights of Barbette-Carriages. —Continued. 


DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF BARBETTE-CARRIAGES. 


•jazjiAvojj "ai-g 
puv mi£) -jpd-sg 

qdS in -t^cccocot^i^coo 

. S(M'>^^OCOC3i-ir-'CO 

iSOlMCOCOtO ScOi-iCOOO (NO 

1-^ i-H i-H 1—i rH 

T-H 

•uno -apd-ts 

cn in o;coi0000t^-t^05'rj( 

• .. . ^l^COO<^^OT-ltOT-( 

nOCOCOCOtO H^Or-iCO-^ <3SCO 

I—ii—i-^i—1 1—1 ?—( 1—irH 

•uno 'Jpd-8I 

• to Ojoiocoot-t^eo^ 

C.. .. . X»OCOOOOr-lOOOS 
•^OCOCOCOO ldc»i—iCOt—1 CD<N 

I—( I—( I—( rH 1—1 T—1 

rH 

•uno 'Jixl-Zt 

,n oo* 0 t 0 (» 0 t^t- 0 -^ 

.. . .QOOCOOOOt—lOO 

£OCOCOCOlO dl— I—ICOt-i coin 

rH 


•uno upd-^f 


CO 
00 rti 


to 


O (M CO CO to 
rH f-H Tfi I—I 


• OCDOOOt^t^OOM^ 
E 0 '^ 000 :'f-‘ 0 c:' 
iJ r-^ CO "O CO 

r-1 <M (M 


OQ 

O 

CO 

y< 

H 


00 
u 
O) 

I 

u 
0) 

S § 

o 

C3 tS 
•I-* a) 

fcJD -'73 
c o 

•-H CJ 

a> a> 

frH 

G> V 
O V 
q; at 

• rH 

Q. Ph 



to 

t- 

O) 

"o 

o 

00 

a> 


CO 

.ii! 

O 

00 

I 

a> 

a> 

.a 

I 

a> 

CO 


^ ' /i~i 

o ® o 

o ? fe S 

^ J-' ^ ?-• 


• rH ® <» 

> bC be 

«i « 5 


«2 
c: 

03 C 

S - 

rP e3 
^ Pi 


OJ J-i 
Cv 

o 


o; 


;h 

eS 

o 

P 

S 


u 
P 
03 
o 

I 

d 

^ d -.. 

be bC « 

O « o3 
d d .d 


. ^ ^ 
S s “ 


OJ fe 

CO a, 

m 

L 


a 

a 

a> 

'p 

a 

s 

s S 
o a 


^ d 

i-d 
®- 
p ^ 
a aJ' 

O 

U O) 
aT ^ 

bo a 

e 3 O 

'a « 

d .s' 

o m 


a> o) dP 

a a a 

cd cd cd 

ppp 


® a ® d 

- ^d.Ssd 5 

OOOOOPOO 


CO 

H 

d 

o 

M 

H 






























Principal Dimensions and Weights of Casemate- Carriages^ (woodeni) 


SO 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 



In. 

12.95 

4.65 

0. 

48.25 

48.25 

5.83 

151. 

22. 

7. 

144. 

•pBiqinniOQ 'aj-g 

OOtOOr-iiO OOOiOiOCOcO'^ o 

^r-tOl'-OCOCO^ ^ C<JCOt—ICO i—(I—l<X>Oi 

®idc»ococ6oQO'^i'^i^C5t^oio5Q6ci coo 

•^(M (MO CDO-^ (31CO 

I— 1 T—1 (M 

•ano upd-gt 

OOOOr-iO OOOOOOCD"^ o 

_00 1'-(35(MCCq q COOOCOr-(l-'(MOT 

£'>^t^Oi-H(3dO(30Tt(i'^oitDt^<3icD<:Doi co'o 

(MO COOTt( Ci CO 

r-t t-H (M 

•an£) upd-gg 

<X5 0 0 0t-i0 O OOOO O 

.(M-rrit^osoci^^co ocor-HO crs 

o CD o ^ 3^ 00 T}( CO Tj? 1-.I (35 rt5 (31 CO O 

<M (M-rfl OO"^ (aD-rJicO-^ <3500 

T-l T-( (M 

•uno -jpd-ts 

(MOOO(MO OO OO O 

,0(X)l'^(35COl'-^^COO COrH 0(35 

®(X)OOr2cd(»05T}(L.Io60l'^C50C5<35 coo 

rH C'l-^ COTji-^ CO'^O'^ 05C0 

T-l t-H (M 


I 


a 



.S 


d IS) 






































PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS OF CASEMATE-CARRIAGES 


•pBiqtanio3 'ui-g 

COt^CO o-^ OOCOOCSOOl-ctlCO 

.volO cocoi— 1 a CO ^•(M03005cca3i^io 

05 CD CO I" 03 T—1 

r-H 

*nn£, -jpd-st 

COt^CO O-cfi OCOOOSOOICOCO 

.veto l^COr-l 0500 ^5^C<ll^05C0 05 C0C0 

c _»: /vi 3 . * m 3 .3 ^ rM c<i lO o co 

CClOI'-OOtM 3rH tmC<J 

I— t 1— I 

•uiif) •jpd-j;8 

cotMco o-^ •cj^cooc:5oc<ioao 

lOO OOrH 05C» ^0 01C005C005 miGO 

c ^ _: .3 Ms’ >3 . • ^ o <M -ctH »o o 

^OO 

rH r^ 

•uno 'Jpd-tS 

Clt-co O"^ 00000050 0^ -^00 

. O lO lO O 05 CO o5 O (M 01 05 CO 05 o iM 

/- 3 . 3 .^m 3 . 3 k^ ^05CC3i—( coco 

OO CDt^(MT-H ^ 

1-H t-H 


•J 9 a)Liion 'jpd-fg 


lO 

<N 


00 

CO CD 


o o o 

O (M CO 
CD CO 


TJ 

O 

.2 

a 

o 

C> 


ec 

I 

cc 


e 

CO 

,o 

CO 

?S 

• 

r'.i 

c 

w 

s 

•<s> 


tn 00 o 

<u a> 

■ 2 '^ S 
^ ^ .2 
V <v P< 
“ “J 
s- 5J 
a> a> ^ 

> i> -kj 


t- *; oj 

ei S 3 CJ 

Oi O c 3 
Sh .Sh Cm 
C*-* 

^ Cm '*-' 

<=> '5 O 


O) 


c S 3 

S 3 

Cm C 4 _( 

O Cm o 

O 


a> ^ 

«s 

s a s 

OHO 

c^ S.^ 


o 

^Sh CiJ 
«♦-! ^ 


<D O) 

o 5 c;» 
S3 S S3 
c5 rt e3 


CO 03 

'S ^ 'S 


CJ 
a> 
rJ:3 

^ a. ^ 

O H3 ^ 
S3 fe < 
P , o 
" 

-M c;> (V 
3 O >► 
O S- oj 
33 Sh 
-m 

,.2 o 
O J- 33 

tiC ^ 
cs 2 


r-: o 
03 03 

'S J 


3 2 
So'm 

^ 03 

a> ei 
S3 33 


a 

o 

S 
0 ) 
r—I 

Sl^ 

3 

03 

2 -S 

■:3 

o 

^ o 

03 J 
o .Pi 

"a ^ 

3 oT 

O -M 

o o 


.2 O ^ 


d a> cj 03 o 
S 3 rt ^ 13 a 
OOOOO 


c 3 Cw ^ 


S3 

o 

N tS) 




wa 




o a p 


CO 

H 

w 

C 3 

M 

































Principal Dimensions and Weights of Columbiad Barbette-Carriages, (woodeni) 


82 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 




to 










CO 



CO 

CO 

CO 





to 



d 

cs 

o 

# 

<o 

* • • 

4 

to 

• 


• 

<o 

• 

CO 

• 

• • 

• 

o 

• 

• 

• 

lO 

o 

# 

Oi 

• 

• 

CS 

CO 

td 

• 

05 

o 

1 

td 

00 

O CO cs 


GO 

o 


Oi 

’rt< 

to to 

CO 




cs 

cs 


CO 

CS 

to 

05 

05 




cs 


CO 

o 


CO 




CO 



Oi 

CO 

CO 

CO 

cs 

rH 

rH 

Oi 



• 











rH 





1-^ 





rH 




CO 


fl 

O 


to to CO ^ tO 

C^tO 

i-HOOCO'^COCOGOCO^COiOtOtOt^M’O'^COr-iCOCOC^l 

coo COO^tiC^ J.'^OtO Ou01>-OOCOOCSr-ir-j 


to 

• • • 

CO to o 
o o ^ 




CO 

!>• 

CO 


GQ 

K 

o 

(-H 

CO 

U3 



cn 

u 

o 


u 

<!> 

O 

o 




TO 


® 

TO 




• ^ 

TO 

TO 

o 

TO 

# ^iN 

TO 

TO 

c3 

Xi 

0 

•4^ 

® 


xi ce 

® rO 

bM 

® 

> 

fl 

fM 

•4^ 


C*-i 

O 

c3 

® 

1 

C) 


O c^ 
_ o 

b< 

•4^ 

0 

® 

• ^ 


TO 

o 


C 4-1 

0 

G- 


cG 

b- 

® 

c 

® 

b« 




® 

0 

0 

® 

fi 

o 

b- 

t- 

oS 

® 

•w 

0 

® 

® 

0 

cd 

TO 


c—• 

In 

0 

cS 

ei 


o 


fifl 


GO 

cc 

’ s 

^ cs 
to^ 
c3 « 

c3 ^ 
o U 
Cl- 
o 

I 

a> 

"o <» 

s > 

c«-« ^ 

o o 

u u 

o o 

-W 

a> o 

a a 

ct ei 


CO 

cn 

CQ 

a» cs 


cd 

ci- 

o 


•2 S 

b- 

*3 

o g 


o 

® 

® 

I 

® 

OQ 
b- ® 

O) ^ 

cd 

b- 

4<d 


2 TO 
Cl- TO 
TO 

O o cd 
G G ^ 

O O ® 


o 

to 

® 














































incipal Dimensions of the Iron Carriages. 


DIMENSIONS OF IRON CARRIAGES. 




U 

R 

H 

cn 

< 


U 

c 'x 

ce A 

CO 


CO CO 

.0 

OOOrH-tOO^iO'.Of-HKrs-fr^ 
C^tOr-t COCOCO COCO 


00 rj< 


O Oi CO , 


O CO CO »o *o 

C0r-J00»CiO^<O»O ^OOCO-4<-t*i-IC0050C<l 

— o 61 -^ c4 * o oi oi »o ^ 12 ^ ^ 

^ rH Oi O CD -t tH fH £2 Z rCj S 

tH ri r-t (N CN 


C 

ce 


c ri 


00 o 


lO Oi o 


00 o 

CO CO 00 CO 


0? 


O r-< -♦< CO 
40 O O CD lO 


»OGOOrH*-tOO O iCf-*:D^l-HCDC^'M-+'MoCi'M01u0t-X22)^lZ 
iMiOl'-CDCD-tCOUOcDCO*t^OCDr-«CD-*^i-irH l2ZS^ 

f-H <NrH f-H 




m ^ 

acoLtouocOiOOOiM 


O) 

H 

U} 

ca 

ei 

•< 

» 




U 

fiiS 

H 

U 

CP 


00 


»o 

coo 

lO 00 O ^-- 

C4 


O CO 
CO CO 00 <N 


Oi *o 
CO O CO 


00 00 

' O I— 


po 

wrf • j Q Q v«; '«'« »•'•/ s.^ CO CO <0 ^0 *0 CC (55 

®. CO CO Q <0 O rH 'O >« CO »■ >0 -f -I* -l< (35 o' c<i -t .-<' £ S £2 3 Z 

(OICOOCO »"^CO t~COl'.05(»tOCOO(MrHi-(i-lJ;:;p;o5oi 


oi O , 
ci o o CO o ^ 
CO f-» CO CO CO 


CO 

-f t- -M O^ 


O 05 lO 00 -t 00 CO 

o o 'T '-'1 '•'I . ^ ^ ^ cq CO t- h- o o oc 05 

o O O I- CO lO CO oi I- ».0 -f -t O Q -M* -P rn’ Z 3 £2 2 Z 

-- l--1*t-C5COCDCO':DClt-(rH,-^55;g'^ 


M 

•-) 

H 


n3 u 
C 

ce D^ 

’ n ^ 

. CO <M 


\n 

OC *1* 


O 05 ^ 


CO CO 00 CO 


»0 Ol QO CO 
CO »0 CO 


OCOOOlCOt--t'CO»OcO*-t^COr-i05COO 
/NI CO I-r-i 1 -. CO coo I-CO cool 


(N 


. oe CO CO 

: P 01 rH 

• o q 6 o oi 00 

: CO 05 I-J r-i 


: 00 00 Tj* CO 05 
« O 40 CO t- CO 

: CC t- CC 05 rH 
: i-t r-i <M 01 


•o . 

C ±1 

flol 

T 

00 


o t— o CO ‘O CO 

OC P O p -f Q Q CO cq oq C l . ^ 
lOodoOlCOl-^O^iC^-HCOOCO'D DJOO 
01 COt^CO l-'^CO I'-COOlCOOl 


• CO CO CO 
I d 01 »-H 
^ 40 00 ‘Q o4 00 
I CO 05 


p O ^ O 05 
^ CD *C 05 CO 
t- 00 cr- 05 rH 
nH ^ (M 


ic lOOl co^o^ococo 

^ ^ o o Z ^ 

cioOCOiOC50*^ifOt-^CO»OC001*f^O 
COfH COl^CO II^'I^C^COOI 


^ 40 05 • _ 

-t -i* 05 CO CO : 05 
00 05 CC O rH 
fH ^ CA 00 I 








































































81 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bills of Timber for Field- Carriages. 


Names of Parts. 

CD 

O 

O 

*S. 

ROUGH DIMENSIONS 

OF EACH PIECE. 

CONTENTS. 

Kind of 
wood. 


6 

Long. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Each 

piece. 

Total. 

GUN-CARRIAGES. 

For 6-pdr. gun f Stock. 

and •< Cheeks 

12-pdr. howitzer. (Axle-body 

2 

2 

1 

In. 

100 

40 

50 

In. 

9.25 

13.5 

7. 

In. 

4.5 

3.5 

6. 

Sup. ft. 

28.90 

13.12 

14.58 

Sup. ft. 
57.80 
26.24 
14.58 

Oak. 

ft 

ti 







98.62 


For \2-pdr. gun, C Stock. 

2\-pdr. and -j Cheeks. 

Z2-pdr. hoxoitzers. ( Axle-body 

2 

2 

1 

108 

60 

50 

11. 

16. 

7. 

5.75 

4. 

7. 

47.44 

22.22 

17.01 

94.88 

44.44 

17.01 

a 

u 

tt 

WHEELS, Nos. 1 and 2. 






156.33 









Nave. 

1 

14 

16 

32 

14. 

Round 

2. 

17.09 

1.65 

4.59 

17.09 

21.70 

32.13 

i€ 

Spokes. 

3.6 

7. 

u 

Fellies. 

7 

27 

3.5 

u 





LIMBER. 

Axle-body. 






70.92 


1 

50 

9. 

6. 

3.25 

A 

18.75 
6.68 
1 0 97 

18.75 

1 1 9A 

tt 

Hounds. 

2 

56 

40 

72 

9 

4.5 

9.25 

4.25 
2.3 
8.75 

5 

u 

Fork. 

1 

X 1.00 
1 A 

u 

Splinter-bar. 

1 

3.6 

1.6 

1.13 

1.13 

4.5 1 

3.25 J 

2.25 

7.43 

X v.Z I 
^7 A 

it 

Brackets. 

4 

i .40 

Cuttings. 

Oak. 

Front foot-board. 

1 

46 

46 

132 

30 

3.14 

9 1/1 

Bear foot-board. 

1 

0.X4 

1 Qa 

Pole-prop. 

1 

1 

r.4.5 

1 3.25 
2.25 

J •uO 

14.11 

1 AK 

X.oO 

14.11 

1.05 

Oak or ash 

Hickory. 



1*UD 

AMMUNITION-CHEST. 

Ends. 






67.97 


2 

22 

44 

22 

17. 

17. 

17. 


A n 


W alnut. 

Sides. 

2 

1 *01 

1 1 

o*4U 

O.80 

13.60 

3.40 

Principal partition. 

1 

1*0 1 
1.31 

D.oU 

3.40 



2 


Cover.frame...|j,_^^^ .•••• 

2 

[ 69 

3.75 

2. 

3.59 

7.18 

tt 

Bottom.. 

1 

J 

44 

42 

42 

20. 

17.5 

20. 

1 Q1 

8.00 

10.21 

5.83 

8.00 

10.21 

5.83 

Oak. 

Panel for cover. 

1 

i.Ol 

9 

Cover-lining. 

1 

(\ f; 

1 Poplar. 




- --- 






55.02 




































































BILLS OF TIMBER, 


85 


Bills of Timber for Field-Carriages, 


Names op Parts. 

oo 

<1/ 

o 

.2 

ROUGH DIMENSIONS 

OP EACH PIECE. 

CONTENTS. 

Kind of 
wood. 


o 

d 

Si; 

Long. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Each 

piece. 

Total. 

CAISSON. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

Sup. ft. 

Sup. ft. 


Middle rail. 

1 

76 

5.75 

4.75 

14.41 

14.41 

Oak. 

Side rails. 

2 

78 

5. 

3.25 

8.79 

17.58 

ii 

Stock. 

1 

84 

6. 

4.75 

16.62 

16.62 

ti 

Axle-body. 

1 

50 

6. 

6. 

12.50 

12.50 

a 

Cross-bar. 

1 

40 

4. 

3. 

3.33 

3.33 

i6 

Foot-board bolster. 

1 

14 

4. 

1.25 

.48 

.48 

it 

Front foot-board. 

1 

42 

7.5 

2.13 

4.65 

4.65 

it 

Rear foot-board. 

FORGE — Body, 

1 

42 

5. 

1.25 

1.82 

1.82 

71.39 

it 

Side rails. 

2 

96 

4.75 

3.75 

11.87 

23.74 

Oak. 

Middle rail. 

1 

50 

4.75 

4.25 

7.01 

7.01 

ii 

Stock. 

1 

90 

6. 

4.75 

17.81 

17.81 

it 

Axle-body. 

1 

50 

7.25 

6. 

15.10 

15.10 

it 

Front cross-bar. 

1 

40 

3.5 

3.5 

3.40 

3.40 

tt 

Rear middle cross-bar. 

1 

40 

3.5 

3.5 

3.40 

3.40 

it 

Front middle cross-bar. 

1 

40 

10. 

3.5 

9.72 

9.72 

it 

Rear cross-bar. 

1 

40 

3. 

3. 

2.50 

2.50 

tt 

Floor-boards . 

4 

48 

8. 

1.25 

3.33 

13.32 

it 

Roof-bows. 

2 

42 

9. 

1.25 

3.28 

6.56 

tt 

Corner-studs. 

4 

36 

3.5 

2.5 

2.19 

8.75 

it 

Side-studs. 

2 

36 

3. 

2.5 

1.88 

3.75 

tt 

Plates. 

2 

46 

3. 

2.5 

2.39 

4.78 

tt 

Front end-stud. 

1 

22 

6. 

1.25 

1.14 

1.14 

it 

Front of iron room. 

1 

40 

9.5 

1.25 

3.30 

3.30 

it 

Rear of iron room. 

1 

36 

3. 

1.25 

0.94 

.94 

if 

Lining of iron room. 

2 

44 

8.5 

1. 

2.59 

5.18 

tt 

Cleats for grooves. 

2 

44 

2. 

1. 

0.61 

1.22 

ft 

Braces. 

2 

48 

4. 

2. 

2.67 

5.34 

it 

Front end of roof. 

1 

42 

10. 

1.75 

5.10 

5.10 

Walnut. 

Rear end of roof. 

1 

42 

12. 

1.75 

6.13 

6.13 

it 

Cap for coal-box. 

1 

36 

2.5 

1.25 

0.78 

.78 

tt 

Boards for sides. 

10 

42 

7. 

0.75 

2.04 

20.40 

White pine. 

Boards for roof. 

7 

46 

7. 

.75 

2.23 

15.61 

it 

Boards for sliding-cover. 

6 

36 

8. 

.75 

2.00 

12.00 

u 

Prop for stock. 

1 

30 

2.25 

2.25 

1.05 

1.05 

Hickory. 

Bellows-pole. 

1 

57 

2. 

2. 

1.58 

1.58 

199.61 

tt 



































































86 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bills of Timber for Field-Carriages. 


Names of Parts. 


Forge.— Bellows. 

Upper and lower planks. 

Middle plank. 

Cross-heads. 

( Sides. 

Ribs, -j Ends. 

( Cross-bars. 

Cleats. 

Valves. 

Battens for valves. 

Coal-Box. 

Sides and top piece. 

Ends. 

Lid. 

Clamps for lid. 

Bottom. 

Battery-Wagon.— Body. 

Lower side rails. 

Upper side rails. 

Stock. 

Axle-body. 

Front cross-bar. 

Front middle cross-bars 
Rear middle cross-bar... 

Rear cross-bar. 

Floor-boards. 

Sides of body. 

Side of till. 

Bottom of till. 

Cleats for till. 

Ends of body. 

Forage-rack sides. 

Forage-rack bars. 

Cover. 

Side rails. 

Ridge-pole. 

End rails. 

End studs. 

End boards. 

Roof-boards. 


4 

2 

2 

4 

2 

2 

4 

2 

2 


2 

2 

1 

2 

1 


2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 


2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

9 


ROCGH DIMENSIONS 

OF EACH PIECE. 

CONTENTS. 

Kind of 
wood. 

Long. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Each 

piece. 

Total. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Sup. ft. 

Sup. ft. 


34 

15. 

2. 

7.08 

28.32 

Poplar. 

44 

15. 

2. 

9.17 

18.34 

<< 

32 

3.5 

3. 

2.33 

4.66 


36 

3. 

1. 

0.75 

3.00 


32 

3. 

1. 

0.67 

1.34 

ii. 

32 

2.25 

1. 

0.50 

1.00 

<< 

7 

2.75 

.75 


1.11 

Cuttings. 

9 

9. 

.75 

0.55 

Walnut. 

9 

4.5 

.75 

0.27 

.55 

58.32 

<< 

36 

24. 

1.38 

8.28 

16.56 

Walnut. 

16 

24. 

1.38 

3.68 

7.36 


36 

14. 

1.25 

4.37 

4.37 


14 

2.5 

1.25 

.30 

.60 


36 

15. 

1.31 

4.91 

4.91 

33.80 

Oak. 

116 

6.5 

4. 

20.94 

41.88 

Oak. 

108 

3. 

3. 

6.75 

13.50 


108 

6. 

6. 

27.00 

27.00 


50 

6.25 

6.25 

13.56 

13.56 

ii. 

40 

5.5 

5. 

7.64 

7.64 

a 

40 

4.25 

4. 

4.72 

9.44 

<< 

38 

4. 

2.5 

2.64 

2.64 

a 

40 

4. 

3.5 

3.88 

3.88 

a 

106 

11.5 

1.25 

10.58 

'31.74 

Wh. Pine. 

108 

21.5 

1.38 

22.25 

44.50 

(( 

104 

11.5 

1.25 

10.38 

10.38 


104 

10. 

1.25 

9.02 

9.02 

4 ( 

10 

1.25 

1. 

. 

«••••• 

Cuttings. 

40 

24. 

1.38 

9.20 

18.40 

Walnut. 

36 

5.5 

2. 

2.75 

5.50 

Oak. 

46 

3.5 

1. 

1.03 

1.03 

240.11 


108 

3. 

3. 

6.75 

13.5 

Oak. 

108 

3. 

3. 

6.75 

6.75 


42 

3. 

3. 

2.63 

5.25 

< < 

18 

2.5 

1.5 

0.47 

.94 


42 

13.5 

1.25 

4.91 

9.82 

Walnut. 

108 

7. 

0.75 

5.25 

47.25 

83.51 

AVli. pine. 









































































BILL OF TIMBER. 


8T 


Bill of Timber for Mountain-Howitzer Carriage, &c. 


Names of Parts. 

No. of pieces. 

DIMENSIONS OF EACH 
PIECE, (ROUGH.) 

CONTENTS. 

F’ud of 
wood. 

Length. 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Each 

piece. 

Total. 

Gun-carriage body. 


In. 

In. 

In. 




Stock. 

2 

66 

9. 

7. 

28.84 

57.68 

Oak. 

Axle-tree. 

2 

44 

5. 

3. 

4.56 

9.12 

Young, 

Two wheels. 






66.80 

tough 

hickory. 

Nave. 

2 

11 

9. 

Round 

4.86 

9.72 

Oak. 

Spokes. 

24 

20 

2.5 

1.5 

.52 

12.48 

(( 

Fellies. 

12 

21 

5.5 

2.5 

2.0 

24.0 

H 

One thill. 






46.20 


Shafts. 

2 

72 

3. 

2.25 

3.37 

6.75 

Ash. 

Cross-bar. 

1 

33 

3.5 

2.25 

1.80 

1.80 


One ammunition-chest. 






8.55 


Sides and ends. 

2 

44 

11. 

1. 

3.36 

6.72 

Poplar. 

Bottom. 

1 

36 

7. 

1. 

1.05 

1.05 


Cover and partitions.. 

1 

66 

8. 

1. 

3.67 

3.67 


One pack-saddle. 






11.44 


Arcs. 

1 

50 

12. 

1.25 

5.21 

5.21 

Ash or 

Transoms. 

1 

20 

12. 

1.75 

2.90 

2.90 

beech. 

Cross-bar. 

1 

14 

6. 

1.25 

.72 

.72 


Side bars. 

1 

42 

12. 

0.75 

3.5 

3.5 

a 

Round bars. 

2 

20 

1.5 

1.5 

.31 

.62 

Hickory. 

One handspike . 

1 

50 

2.5 

2.5 

2.15 

12.95 

Hickory. 







2.15 



8 





















































88 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 


JBills of Timber for Siege-Carriages. 


Names of Parts. 

"Si 

ROUGH DIMENSIONS 

OF EACH PIECE. 

CONTENTS. 

Kind of 

d-2 

^ P, 

Long. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Each 

piece. 

Total. 

wood. 

GUN-CABRIAGES. 

C Stock. 

10 ) Cheeks.... 

12-pdb... 2 

Bolster.... 

2 

2 

1 

1 

In. 

130. 

55. 

48. 

14. 

In. 

11.5 

19.5 

9.5 

6.5 

Tn. 

7. 

5.5 

8.5 

6.5 

Sup. ft. 

72.67 

40.96 

26.92 

4.11 

Sup. ft. 

145.34 

81.92 

26.92 
4.11 









258.29 


IS-PDR... .< 

r Stock. 

Cheeks.... 
Axle-body 
^ Bolster ... 

2 

2 

1 

1 

132. 

60. 

48. 

14. 

11.5 

20. 

9.5 

6.5 

8. 

5.75 

8.5 

6.5 

84.33 

47.92 

26.92 
4.11 

168.66 

95.84 

26.92 

4.11 



' Stock. 

Cheeks.... 
Axle-body 
^ Bolster.... 






295.53 


24-pdr... i 

2 

2 

1 

1 

132. 

60. 

48. 

16. 

11.5 

20.5 

9.5 

6.5 

8.75 

6.25 

8.5 

6.5 

92.24 

53.39 

26.92 

4.70 

184.48 

106.78 

26.92 

4.70 


ONE WHEEL. 






322.88 

- Oak. 

Nave. 


1 

19. 

32. 

28. 

16. 

4.25 

8. 

Round 

2.5 

4.5 

26.53 

oa CO 


Spokes. 

14 

7 

^0. oo 

33.04 

49.00 


Fellies.. 

Z.oO 






LIMBER. 






108.57 

% 

Fork. 


1 

60. 

50. 

70. 

142. 

70. 

11. 

5. 

4. 

/5.5 

14. 

4. 

7.25 

3.75 

3.75 

5.5'! 

4. 1 
3.75 


33.23 

13.02 

7.29 

22.25 

7.29 


Hounds. 

2 

oo»Zo 
a fti 


Splinter-bar. 

1 

0.01 

7 90 


Pole / end. ^ 

^ t Small end. / 

Leadiner-bar.. 

1 

1 

22.25 

7.29 






MORTAR 

-WAGON. 






83.08 


Middle rails. 

2 

142. 

28. 

4. 

4. 

92. 

42. 

16. 

14. 

78. 

48. 

36. 

12. 

20. 

56. 

8. 

7. 

4. 

6.7 

7.5 

4.5 
4.5 

4.5 

8. 

9.5 

6.5 
6.5 

5.75 

3.75 
3.12 
5.9 

c 

A ft OO 

90.72 

5.10 


Front transom. 

1 

40.00 

5.10 


Middle transom. 

1 


Bear transom.. 

1 


. 1 

luttings. 

Side rails... 


2 

23.96 

3.94 

1.5 

1.09 

8.67 

26.92 

10.56 

3.52 

1.58 

./ 

47.92 

3.94 

9.00 

2.18 

17.34 

26.92 
10.56 

3.52 

Rear cross-bar. 

Middle cross-bars. 

Front cross-bars. 

Bottom planks. 

Axle-bodv.. 

1 

6 

2 

2 

1 

1 

o, 

3. 

3. 

2.5 

2. 

Q r: 

- Oak. 

Windlass... 


0.0 

6.5 

6.5 

Q Oft 


Muzzle-bolster. 

Stakes.. 

1 

0 

o 


Handspikes 


o.O 

4. 

o.Zo 

4. 

9.48 

lickory. 



6.22 

12.44 I 








239.12 





















































































BILLS or IRON. 


89 


Bills of Iron for Field-Carriages. 


Kind of carriage. 

\yidth. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 


In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 



6-pdr. gun- 

0.15 

Round 

2.81 

0.18 

For chains No. 1. 

carriage. 

0.2 

Round 

8.50 

.90 

2.3 feet for chains No. 2. 


0.25 

Round 

1.1 

.18 




0.375 

Round 

18. 

6.62 




0.5 

Round 

7.2 

4.70 




0.625 

Round 

4.10 

4.18 




0.75 

Round 

10.86 

15.96 




0.875 

Round 

0.65 

1.30 




1. 

Round 

2.58 

6.73 




1.5 

Round 

2.17 

12.78 




2. 

Round 

1.46 

15.28 

Hammered. 


0.25 

0.25 

2.21 

.46 




0.3 

0.3 

7.87 

2.36 




0.75 

0.375 

1.33 

1.25 

Hammered. 


1.0 

0.375 

0.23 

.29 




1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 




1.0 

1.0 

0.58 

1.94 




1.25 

0.5 

2.16 

4.53 




1.25 

0.625 

0.84 

2.20 

Hammered. 


1.25 

0.75 

0.7 

2.20 




1.375 

0.05 

3.0 

.70 




1.375 

0.25 

0.33 

.38 




1.5 

0.25 

3.75 

4.72 




1.5 

0.375 

.46 

.86 




1.5 

0.5 

1.16 

2.92 

Hammered. 


1.5 

0.625 

1.66 

5.22 

Hammered. 


1.5 

0.75 

3.3 

12.47 

Hammered. 


1.5 

1.5 

.59 

4.46 

Hammered. 


1.75 

0.25 

.93 

1.36 




2.0 

0.125 

.33 

.27 




2.0 

0.75 

.93 

4.68 




2.0 

1. 

.5 

3.36 

Hammered. 


2.0 

1.25 

.38 

3.19 

Hammered. 


2.5 

0.188 

1.66 

2.60 




2.5 

0.875 

.33 

2.42 




1.25 

1.5 

15.75 

1 

r Hammered; or 2 drafts for 


2.5 

1 

[ cap-squares. 


2.5 

1.5 

1.66 

20.91 


f Hammered ; or 2 drafts for 

1 trunnion-plafes. 


2.5 

1.75 

.5 

7.35 

Hammered. 


2.75 

0.5 

10.23 

47.26 




3.25 

0.375 

0.39 

1.23 




3.75 

0.15 

.5 

.95 




3.75 

0.2 

.44 

1.11 




3.75 

0.25 

0.38 

1.19 




5. 

0.25 

.83 

3.48 




















90 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bills of Iron for Field-Carriages. —Continued, 


Kind of carriage 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Length. 

W eight. 

Remarks. 

6-pdr. gun- 
carriage. 
—Cont’d. 

In. 

5.5 

In. 

0.2 

Feet. 

1.5 

Lbs. 

5.53 

136.00 

28.00 

2 drafts for axle-tree. 

1 draft for lunette. 





404.93 



1.0 

0.375 

0.21 

.26 

Steel for lunette. 





17.00 

13.00 

4 small rondelles, 1 . . 

2 large rondelles, | 





30.00 






8.00 

.42 

Brass box of elevating-screw. 
Brass for turnbuckles. 





8.42 

. 

24-pdr. how¬ 
itzer. 

0.15 

0.2 

0.25 

0.375 

0.5 

0.625 

0.75 

0.875 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

0.25 

0.3 

0.75 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.375 

1.375 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

0.25 

0.3 

0.375 

0.375 

0.5 

1.0 

0.5 

0.G25 

0.75 

0.05 

0.25 

0.25 

0.5 

0.625 

0.75 

1.5 

2.81 

9.80 

1.08 

19.6 

7.54 

4.50 

1.42 

0.65 

15.83 

0.5 

3.58 

2.21 

7.88 

1.33 

0.23 

1.5 

0.58 

2.16 

0.84 

0.71 

4.0 

0.33 

4.0 

1.08 

1.66 

0.37 

0.59 

0.18 

1.03 

.18 

7.21 

4.93 
4.59 
2.08 
1.30 

41.32 

2.94 
37.48 

.46 

2.36 

1.25 

.29 

2.52 

1.94 

4.53 
2.20 
2.23 

.92 

.37 

5.04 

2.72 

5.22 
1.39 
4.46 

For chain No. 1. 

2.3 feet for chain No. 2. 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 
































BILLS OF IRON. 


91 


Bills of Iron for Field- Carriages. —Continued. 


Kind of carriage. 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 


In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 


24-POUNDER 

1.75 

0.25 

0.93 

1.36 


HOWITZER- 

1.75 

0.375 

3.5 

7.70 


CARRIAGE. 

2.0 

0.125 

0.33 

.28 

Hammered. 

—Cont’d. 

2.0 

0.75 

0.92 

4.63 



2.0 

1.0 

4.0 

26.88 

Hammered. 


2.0 

1.25 

0.38 

3.19 

Hammered. 


2.5 

1.75 

0.5 

7.35 

Hammered. 


2.75 

1. 

0.33 

3.04 



3.0 

0.5 

11.23 

56.59 



3.0 

1.25 

1.84 

23.18 

r Hammered; or 2 drafts for 




\ cap-squares. 


3.0 

1.5 

2.33 

35.22 

f Hammered; or 2 drafts for 
\ trunnion-plates. 


3.25 

0.188 

2.57 

5.24 



3.25 

0.375 

0.30 

1.22 



3.75 

0.15 

0.5 

.94 



3.75 

0.2 

0.57 

1.43 


. 

3.75 

0.25 

0.38 

1.19 



5.0 

0.25 

0.83 

3.48 



6.0 

0.2 

1.5 

6.04 






200. 

Draft for axle-tree. 





37. 

Draft for lunette. 









567.10 


'■>1 

1.0 

0.375 

0.21 

0.26 

Steel for lunette. 





17. 

4 small rondelles, 1 
21argorondelles:|^“*“™”- 





13. 

ir 




30. 


V 




8. 

r Brass for box of elevating- 

i 




\ screw. 





.42 

Brass for 2 turnbuckles. 




• 

8.42 


12-pdr. gun- 
carriage. 

0.15 

Round 

2.81 

0.18 

For chains No. 1. 

0.2 

Round 

9.80 

1.03 

2.3 feet for chains No. 2. 


0.25 

Round 

1.08 

.18 



0.375 

Round 

19.60 

7.21 



0.5 

Round 

7.54 

4.93 



0.625 

Round 

4.73 

4.82 


*1 

0.75 

Round 

1.42 

2.08 


'i 

0.875 

Round 

0.65 

^ 

1.30 

) 


8-» 




































92 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bills of Iron for Field-Carriages. —Continued. 


Kind of carriage. 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 


In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 



12 - pdr . gun - 

1.0 

Round 

15.83 

41.32 



CARRIAGE. 

1.5 

Round 

0.5 

2.94 



-Cont’d. 

2.0 

Round 

3.58 

37.48 

Hammered. 


0.25 

0.25 

2.21 

.46 




0.3 

0.3 

7.88 

2.36 




0.75 

0.375 

1.33 

1.25 

Hammered. 


1.0 

0.375 

.23 

.29 




1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 




1.0 

1.0 

.58 

1.04 




1.25 

0.5 

2.16 

4.53 




1.25 

0.625 

0.84 

2.20 

Hammered. 


1.25 

0.75 

0.71 

2.23 




1.375 

0.05 

4.00 

.92 




1.375 

0.25 

0.33 

.37 




1.5 

0.25 

4.00 

5.04 




1.5 

0.5 

1.08 

2.72 

Hammered. 


1.5 

0.625 

1.66 

6.22 

Hammered. 


1.5 

0.75 

.37 

1.39 

Hammered. 


1.5 

1.5 

.59 

4.46 

Hammered. 


1.75 

0.25 

.93 

1.36 




1.75 

0.375 

.5 

1.10 




2.0 

0.125 

.33 

.28 

Hammered. 


2.0 

0.75 

0.92 

4.63 




2.0 

1.0 

4.00 

26.88 

Hammered, 


2.0 

1.25 

0.38 

3.19 

Hammered. 


2.5 

1.75 

0.5 

7.35 

Hammered. 


2.75 

1.0 

0.33 

3.04 




3.25 

1.25 

1.84 

25.12 


r Hammered; or 2 drafts for 






1 

L cap-squares. 


3.25 

1.5 

2.33 

38.16 

J 

r Hammered; or 2 drafts for 






1 

t trunnion-plates. 


3.2o 

0.5 

7.23 

39.47 




3.25 

0.188 

2.17 

4.42 




3.25 

0.375 

0.30 

1.22 




3.25 

0.5 

5.00 

27.30 




3.75 

0.15 

0.5 

.94 




3.75 

0.2 

0.57 

1.43 

• 



3.75 

0.25 

0.38 

1.19 




5.0 

0.25 

0.83 

3.48 




6.5 

0.2 

1.6 

6.54 







200 . 

Draft for axle-tree. 





42. 

Draft for lunette. 





574.08 




1.0 

0.375 

.21 

0.26 

Steel for lunette. 















BILLS OF IRON, 


93 


Bills of Iron for Field-Carriages. —Continued. 


Kind of carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 

ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 


In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 


12-pdr. gun- 




17. 

4 small rondelles, \ p , . 

CARRIAGE. 




13. 

2 large rondelles, / 

—Cont’d. 










30. 






8. 

r Brass for box of elevating- 






\ screw. 





.42 

Brass for 2 turnbuckles. 





8.42 


Wheel No.l. 

0.5 

Round 

2.93 

1.91 



0.25 

0.25 

1.63 

0.34 



1.0 

0.5 

0.58 

0.97 



1.25 

0.25 

5.83 

6.12 



1.5 

0.25 

4.67 

5.88 



1.625 

0.125 

1.00 

0.68 



2.75 

0.5 

15.00 

69.30 

In one piece ; for tire. 





85.20 






15.5 

Cast iron for nave-box. 

Wheel No.2. 

0.5 

Round 

3.15 

2.06 



0.25 

0.25 

1.63 

0.34 



1.0 

0.5 

0.58 

0.97 



1.25 

0.25 

6.29 

6.60 



1.5 

0.25 

5.33 

6.72 



1.625 

0.125 

1.00 

0.68 



2.75 

0.625 

15.00 

86.55 

In one piece; for tire. 





103.92 






15.5 

Cast iron for nave-box. 

Limber. 

0.15 

Round 

2.08 

0.13 

For chains No. 1. 


p.2 

Round 

3.67 

.38 

2.3 feet for chains No. 2. 


0.25 

Round 

4.95 

.80 

2.33 feet for chains No. 3. 


0.5 

Round 

1.30 

.85 



0.625 

Round 

1.80 

1.83 



0.75 

Round 

4.75 

6.98 



0.875 

Round 

0.30 

.60 



1.0 

Round 

2.69 

7.02 



1.25 

Round 

1.08 

4.41 



1.625 

Round 

0.75 

5.18 



0.25 

0.25 

2.3 

.48 










































94 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bills of Iron for Field- Carriages. —Continued. 


Kind of carriage. 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

llemarks. 


In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 


Limber. 

0.3 

0.3 

1.19 

.35 


—Cont’d. 

0.5 

0.25 

0.17 

.07 



0.5 

0.5 

0.95 

.80 



1.0 

0.25 

0.93 

.78 



1.0 

0.5 

3.33 

5.59 

Hammered. 


1.0 

1.0 

0.5 

1.68 

Hammered. 


1.25 

0.25 

4.19 

4.40 

Hammered. 


1.25 

0.5 

2.67 

5.60 



1.25 

0.625 

1.15 

3.01 



1.25 

0.75 

0.71 

2.23 

Hammered. 


1.25 

1.25 

1.0 

5.25 



1.5 

0.125 

1.0 

.63 



1.5 

0.5 

2.17 

5.46 

Hammered. 


1.5 

0.625 

2.12 

6.67 

Hammered. 


1.5 

0.75 

.38 

1.43 



1.75 

0.375 

1.0 

2.20 



1.75 

0.5 

0.5 

1.47 



2.0 

0.125 

1.33 

1.11 



2.5 

0.188 

0.54 

.85 



2.5 

0.5 

3.84 

16.12 



2.75 

0.5 

0.54 

2.49 



3.0 

0.625 

0.5 

3.15 



3.5 

2.5 

0.84 

24.69 

/ Hammered; middle piece for 






\ axle-tree. 


4.25 

0.25 

0.75 

2.67 






120. 

2 drafts for axle-tree. 





25. 

Draft for pintle-hook. 





272.36 



1.0 

0.375 

0.21 

0.26 

Steel for pintle-hook. 

Ammunition- 

0.375 

Round 

1.5 

0.55 


Chest. 

0.5 

Round 

3.16 

2.06 



0.75 

Round 

4.13 

6.07 



1.0 

Round 

0.25 

.65 



1.0 

0.5 

0.08 

.13 



1.0 

1.0 

2.00 

6.72 

■ 


1.5 

0.375 

1.73 

3.26 



1.5 

0.75 

4.58 

17.31 



1.5 

1.0 

0.2 

1.00 



1.5 

1.5 

1.0 

7.56 



1.75 

0.75 

0.33 

1.45 



15.5 

0.1 

4.0 

20.50 






67.26 

























BILLS OF IRON, 


95 


Bills of Iron for Field-Carriages. —Cox^.. 


Kind of carriage. 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 


In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 


Ammunition- 

Chest. 

25.0 

No. 24 

4. 

9.50 

Sheet copper for cover. 




0.21 

Brass for turnbuckle. 

—Cont’d. 

Caisson. 

0.15 

Round 

8.53 

0.50 

For chains No. 1. 


0.2 

Round 

4.08 

0.43 



0.25 

Round 

0.71 

.11 



0.375 

Round 

15.04 

5.53 



0.5 

Round 

0.63 

.41 



0.875 

Round 

1.02 

2.04 



1.0 

Round 

4.49 

11.71 



1.25 

Round 

2.61 

10.67 



0.25 

0.25 

2.92 

.61 



0.3 

0.3 

6.23 

1.87 



1.0 

0.25 

1.75 

1.47 



1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 



1.0 

1.0 

2.79 

9.37 

Hammered. 


1.125 

0.25 

0.19 

.18 



1.25 

0.5 

3.18 

6.68 



1.25 

0.625 

3.1 

8.12 

Hammered. 


1.25 

0.75 

0.70 

2.20 

Hammered. 


1.5 

0.125 

2.0 

1.26 

< 


1.5 

0.25 

3.0 

3.78 



1.5 

0.5 

0.33 

.83 



1.5 

0.625 

.83 

2.61 

Hammered. 


1.5 

0.75 

1.33 

5.02 

Hammered. 


1.5 

1.5 

1.33 

10.05 



2.0 

0.125 

1.67 

1.40 



2.0 

0.5 

0.75 

2.52 



2.31 

0.25 

0.69 

1.33 



2.5 

0.5 

7.0 

29.40 



3.0 

0.5 

6.46 

32.55 



3.5 

0.25 

0.5 

1.47 



3.5 

1.0 

3.17 

37.27 

r Hammered; or 2 drafts for 
\ lunette. 


4.0 

0.25 

0.84 

2.82 



4.25 

1.25 

1.5 

26.77 



5.75 

0.5 

0.48 

4.63 



6.00 

0.5 

0.5 

5.04 






136. 

2 drafts for axle-tree. 





369.17 


"FnnrsE. 

0.15 

Round 

1.5 

0.09 

For chain No. 1. 


0.2 

Round 

3.75 

.38 

2.3 feet for chain No. 2. 




























96 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bills of Iron for Field-Carriages. —Continued. 


Kind of carriage 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

Forge.— 
Continued. 

In. 

0.25 

0.375 

0.625 

0.5 

0.75 

0.875 

1.0 

1.25 

1.5 

2.5 
0.25 
0.3 
0.5 
0.625 
0.75 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 

1.25 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.625 
1.75 
2.0 

2.0 

2.0 

2.0 

2.0 

2.0 

2.25 

2.5 

2.625 
3.0 

3.5 

4.0 

10. 

In. 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

Round 

0.25 

0.3 

0.25 

0.375 

0.75 

0.25 

0.375 

0.5 

0.25 

0.375 

0.5 

0.625 

0.75 

1.0 

1.25 

0.25 

0.375 

0.5 

0.75 

1.0 

0.125 

0.75 

0.125 

0.15 

0.25 

0.5 

1.0 

1.375 

0.15 

0.5 

0.25 

0.625 

1.0 

0.25 
No. 12 

Feet. 

0.57 

19.48 

0.24 

3.51 

4.58 

0.58 

1.88 

3.48 

0.3 

0.67 

1.32 

6.23 

.17 

.79 

1.0 

1.25 

0.84 

2.75 

0.5 

0.88 

4.31 

1.56 

0.7 

1.0 

0.5 

3.17 
1.88 
5.66 
2.42 
0.66 
1.25 
0.33 

1.17 
0.84 
0.67 

1.5 
0.83 

2.17 
0.33 

7.5 

1.0 

0.5 

3.17 

0.84 

3.4 

Lbs. 

.93 

7.17 

.24 

2.29 

6.73 

1.16 

4.90 

14.23 

1.76 

10.96 

.28 

1.88 

.07 

1.89 

.63 

1.05 

1.06 

4.62 
.52 

1.38 

9.05 

4.08 

2.20 

4.20 

2.62 
4.00 
3.55 

14.26 

9.14 
3.32 

.85 

1.45 

.98 

.84 

1.12 

5.04 

5.58 

20.03 

.37 

31.50 

2.20 

3.15 

37.27 

2.82 

12.5 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 

Hammered. 

f Hammered ; or 2 drafts 
\ for lunette. 

Sheet iron. 





















BILLS OF IRON. 


97 


Bills of Iron for Field- Carriages. —Continued. 


Kind of carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 

ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 


In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 


Forge.— 

13.25 

No. 11 

2.58 

14.25 

Sheet iron. 

Continued. 

27. 

No. 8 

7.5 

122.00 

Sheet iron. 


28. 

No. 24 

5. 

11.85 

Russia sheet iron. 





136. 

2 drafts for axle-tree. 





530.44 



0.75 

0.5 

0.67 

0.84 

Cast steel. 


1.0 

0.25 

0.33 

.27 

Spring steel. 





36.5 

Cast iron air-back. 





6. 

Brass for windpipe. 


22.5 

No. 24 

7.33 

15.75 

r Sheet copper; in 2 sheets 
\ 44 inches long. 


18.5 

No. 24 

3.04 

5.25 

Sheet copper. 


20. 

No. 18 

0.50 

1.90 

Sheet copper. 





22.90 


Battery- 

0.25 

Round 

26.08 

4.25 

24.7 feet for chains No. 4. 

Wagon. 

0.375 

Round 

20.3 

7.47 



0.5 

Round 

6.92 

4.52 



0.625 

Round 

1.92 

1.95 



0.75 

Round 

6.22 

9.14 



1.0 

Round 

1.38 

3.60 



1.25 

Round 

2.60 

10.63 



1.5 

Round 

3.11 

18.31 



0.25 

0.25 

0.44 

■ .09 



0.3 

0.3 

6.23 

1.88 



0.75 

0.375 

1.38 

1.29 



1.0 

0.125 

6.25 

2.62 



1.0 

0.25 

8.41 

7.06 



1.0 

0.375 

5.92 

7.46 



1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 



1.0 

1.0 

2.84 

9.54 

Hammered. 


1.125 

0.25 

1.12 

2.11 



1.25 

0.25 

0.38 

.40 



1.25 

0.375 

1.71 

2.68 



1.25 

0.5 

2.18 

4.58 



1.25 

0.625 

0.73 

1.91 

Hammered. 


1.25 

0.75 

0.71 

2.23 

Hammered. 


1.5 

0.25 

11.25 

14.17 



1.5 

0.375 

1.5 

2.83 



1.5 

0.5 

0.33 

.83 

























98 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bills of Iron for Field-Carriages. —Continued. 


Kind of carriage 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 


In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Battery- 

1.5 

0.75 

2.47 

9.32 

Wagon.— 

1.5 

1.0 

0.93 

4.18 

Continued. 

1.625 

0.5 

16.67 

45.50 


2.0 

0.125 

0.83 

.70 


2.0 

0.75 

0.5 

2.52 


2.5 

0.188 

1.67 

2.62 


2.5 

0.5 

5.33 

22.38 


3.5 

1.0 

3.17 

37.27 


3.75 

0.15 

8.48 

16.02 


4.0 

0.25 

0.83 

2.79 


5.25 

0.25 

0.65 

2.87 


5.5 

0.375 

1.66 

11.50 

136.00 

417.74 

0.21 


In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Mountain- 

Howitzer 

0.15 

Round 

25. 

0.13 

Carriage. 

.25 

Do. 

54. 

0.73 


.3 

Do. 

18. 

0.36 


.375 

Do. 

44. 

1.35 


.625 

Do. 

11. 

0.94 


.75 

Do. 

84. 

10.30 


.875 

Do. 

7. 

1.16 


1.75 

Do. 

11. 

7.34 


0.75 

0.375 

1.5 

0.12 


1. 

0.5 

16. 

2.24 


1.25 

0.125 

2.5 

0.11 


1.25 

0.2 

34. 

2.38 


1.25 

0.25 

3. 

0.26 


1.25 

0.625 

1.25 

0.27 


1.25 

0.75 

16. 

4.20 


1.5 

0.75 

11. 

3.47 


2. 

0.25 

15. 

2.10 


2. 

2! 

0.375 

8. 

1.68 


0.5 

36. 

10.08 


2. 

1.25 

5. 

3.50 

! 

2.25 

1. 

42. 

26.46 


Hammered. 


Hammered; or 2 drafts for 
lunette. 


2 drafts for axle-tree. 


Cast brass for turnbuckle. 


Cap-square and key-chains 
No. 1. 

Rivets No. 2, nails No. 1, and 
staples. 

Nails No. 2. 

Handspike-staple, bolls No. 1, 
and rivets No. 3. 

Implement-hooks, and bolt 
No. 3. 

Bolts No. 4. 

Eye-pins No. 1. 

Elevating-screw. 

Nuts No. 1. 

Handspike-strap and linch¬ 
pins. 

Washers No. 1. 

Axle-bands. 

Cap-square keys. 

Nut No. 3. 

Heads of key and chin bolts. 

Nuts No. 4. 

Ferrules for axle-tree. 

Washer-hooks. 

Under-straps. 

Handles for elevating-screw. 

Trunnion-plates and cap- 
squares. 



























BILLS OF IRON. 


99 


Bills of Iron for Field-Carriages. —Continued. 


Kind of carriage. 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

- 


In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 


Mountain 

2.5 

0.188 

10. 

1.31 

Washers No. 4. 

jIowitzer 

2.5 

1. 

4. 

2.80 

Knee of lunette. 

Carriage.— 

4. 

0.2 

12.5 

2.80 

Trail-plate. 

Continued. 

4. 

0.375 

38. 

15.96 

Axle-skean. 


4. 

0.5 

18. 

10.08 

Lunette. 





112.13 






3.0 

Box for elevating-screw. 

Two wheels. 

0.25 

Round 

48. 

0.65 

Band-nails No. 1. 


0.375 

Do. 

42. 

1.29 

Tire-bolts No. 1. 


0.75 

0.125 

96. 

2.50 

Brow-bands. 


0.75 

0.375 

10. 

0.78 

Nuts No. 1. 


1. 

0.2 

82. 

4.59 

End-bands. 


1.25 

0.125 

15. 

0.65 

Washers No. 1. 


2.00 

0.375 

240. 

50.40 

Tires. 





60.86 






10.0 

Nave-boxes. 

Thai. 

0.15 

Round 

12.*’* 

0.06 

Key-chain No. 1. 


0.25 

Do. 

12. 

0.16 

Rivets No. 2.. 


0.375 

Do. 

26. 

0.80 

Staples. 


0.5 

Do. 

7. 

0.38 

Bolts No. 2. 


0.75 

Do. 

4. 

0.49 

Key. 


1. 

0.5 

48. 

6.72 

Supporting-bar. 


2.75 

0.25 

30. 

5.78 

Cross-bar plate. 





14.39 



0.25 

Round 

43. 

0.60 

Chains, and rivets No. 2. 

Ammunition- 

1. 

0.375 

38. 

4.00 

Hinges and hasp-strap. 

Chest. 

1. 

0.5 

4. 

0.56 

Bridles and brace. 


1. 

0.625 

3.5 

'0.61 

Hasp. 


1.5 

0.1 

3.5 

0.15 

Turnbuckle-plate. 


2.4 

No. 18. 

40. 

1.35 

Corner-plates. 





7.27 






0.10 

Turnbuckle. 

Pack-Saddle. 

0.25 

Round 

12. 

0.16 

Staples and rivets. 


0.375 

Do. 

37. 

1.13 

Bolts. 


0.75 

0.375 

1.25 

0.10 

Nuts. 


1.25 

0.2 

36. 

2.52 

Arc-plates. 





3.91 



9 

































100 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bills of Iron for Siege-Gun Carriages. 


Width. 

Thick- 

ness. 

12-pounder. 

18-pounder. 

24-pounder. I 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

0.2 

Round 

2.29 

0.24 

2.29 

0.24 

2.29 

0.24 

0.25 

Round 

.5.17 

.84 

5.17 

.84 

5.17 

.84 

0.375 

Round 

9.03 

3.32 

9.03 

3.32 

9.03 

3.32 

0.5 

Round 

.62 

.40 

.62 

.40 

.62 

.40 

0.625 

Round 

13.05 

13.31 

13.05 

13.31 

13.05 

13.31 

0.75 

Round 

7.40 

10.88 

7.46 

10.96 

7.52 

11.05 

1.0 

Round 

3. 

7.83 

3. 

7.83 

3. 

7.83 

1.125 

Round 

2.17 

7.18 

2.17 

7.18 

2.17 

7.18 

1.25 

Round 

18.57 

75.95 

17.12 

70.01 

18.11 

74.07 

1.5 

Round 

2.18 

12.84 

4.64 

27.33 

4.91 

28.92 

2.0 

Round 

.5 

5.23 

.5 

5.23 

.5 

5.23 

2.375 

Round 

1.58 

23.32 

1.58 

23.32 

1.58 

23.32 

2.5 

Round 

2.04 

33.37 

2.04 

33.37 

2.04 

33.37 

3.0 

Round 

.33 

7.77 

.33 

7.77 

.33 

7.77 

0.25 

0.25 

1.33 

.28 

1.33 

.28 

1.33 

.28 

0.3 

0.3 

3.17 

.95 

3.17 

.95 

3.17 

.95 

0.375 

0.375 

8.75 

4.11 

8.75 

4.11 

8.75 

4.11 

1. 

0.5 

.38 

.64 

.38 

.64 

.38 

.64 

1.25 

0.625 

.21 

.55 

.21 

.55 

.21 

.55 

1.25 

1.25 

1.67 

8.77 

1.71 

8.97 

1.73 

9.08 

1.5 

0.125 

.5 

.31 

.5 

.31 

.5 

.31 

1.5 

0.375 

5.0 

9.45 

5.0 

9.45 

5.0 

9.45 

1.5 

0.625 

2.42 

7.62 

2.42 

7.62 

2.42 

7.62 

1.5 

0.75 

1.71 

6.46 

1.71 

6.46 

1.71 

6.46 

1.75 

0.5 

.58 

1.70 

.58 

1.70 

.58 

1.70 

2.0 

0.75 

.58 

2.92 

.58 

2.92 

.58 

2.92 

2.0 

1.0 

‘.67 

4.50 

.67 

4.50 

.67 

4.50 

2.5 

0.188 

1.67 

2.62 

1.67 

2.62 

1.67 

2.62 

2.5 

1.25 

5.33 

55.95 

4.42 

46.41 

4.42 

46.41 

2.75 

1.5 

. 

*••••• 

.93 

12.89 

.93 

12.89 

3.0 

0.625 

.93 

5.86 

.93 

5.86 

.93 

5.86 

3.5 

0.25 

.58 

1.70 

.58 

1.70 

.58 

1.70 

3.5 

0.375 

.58 

2.56 

.58 

2.56 

.58 

2.56 

3.5 

0.625 

.96 

7.04 

.96 

7.04 

.96 

7.04 

3.5 

2. 

.29 

6.82 

.29 

6.82 

.29 

6.82 

3.75 

2. 

.38 

9.57 

.38 

9.57 

.38 

9.57 

4.0 

0.25 

4.33 

14.54 

4.33 

14.54 

4.33 

14.54 

4.0 

0.5 

1.23 

8.26 

1.23 

8.26 

1.23 

8.26 

4.0 

0.625 

6.34 

53.25 

. 




4.0 

0.75 

6.12 

61.69 





4.25 

0.625 


•••••• 

'i'.oo 

S.'76 



4.25 

0.75 

. 


6.26 

67.04 



4.75 

0.25 

.40 

1.60 

.40 

1.60 

’‘.40 

1.60 

4.75 

0.625 

. 

. 

•••••• 

••«••• 

3.38 

33.70 

4.75 

0.75 





6.26 

74.92 

6. 

0.625 

.42 

4.41 

.42 

4.41 

.42 

4.41 1 


For chains No. 2. 
3 feet' 6 inches for 
chains No. 3. 


Hammered. 


Hammered 

Hammered. 


In one piece. 
In one piece. 
In one piece. 
In one piece. 
In one piece. 
In one piece. 
In one piece. 









































BILLS OP IRON. 


101 


Bills of Iron for Siege-Gun Carriages .—Continued 


Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

12-pounder. 

18-pounder. 

24-pounder. 


In. 

5.75 

6.5 

9.0 

5.75 

In. 

0.5 

0.25 

0.5 

0.375 

Feet. 

.75 

1.08 

3.25 

0.79 

Lbs. 

7.24 

5.89 

49.14 

Feet. 

.75 

1.08 

3.25 

0.79 

Lbs. 

7.24 

5.89 

49.14 

Feet. 

.75 

1.08 

3.25 

0.79 

Lbs. 

7.24 

5.89 

49.14 

In one piece. 

Steel for shoe. 








Drafts. 




26.3 

16. 

222. 

16.5 

21.5 

. 

29.2 

17.7 

222. 

16.5 

21.5 


36.14 

20.45 

252. 

16.5 

21.5 

2 trunnion-plates. 
2 cap-squares. 

1 axle-tree. 

1 lunette. 

1 shoe. 





793.71 


817.4 


839.72 


Cast iron... • 



43.5 

52.5 


43.5 

52.5 


43.5 

52.5 

2 rondelles. 

4 rondelles. 





96. 


96. 


96. 


Cast brass.... 

. 

15.37 


15.37 


15.37 

Box for screw. 


Bill of Iron for one Siege- Carriage Wheel. 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 


0.75 

Round. 

4.33 

6.36 


0.25 

0.25 

2.12 

.44 


1.5 

0.375 

7.66 

14.48 . 


1.5 

0.75 

.87 

3.29 


1.75 

0.375 

6.08 

13.37 


2.6 

0.188 

1.46 

2.29 


4. 

0.75 

15.5 

156.24 

196.47 

Tire; in one piece. 

Cast brass. 


24. 

Nave-box. 
































































































1012 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bill of Iron for one Siege- Carriage Limber. 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Length. 

Weight, 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 


0.25 

Round 

2.92 

0.47 


0.5 

Round 

14.83 

9.70 

- 

0.75 

Round 

15.58 

22.90 


1.0 

Round 

1.5 

3.91 


1.25 

Round 

2.71 

11.08 


0.3 

0.3 

1.04 

.31 


0.375 

0.375 

1.83 

.86 


1.0 

0.5 

.17 

.28 


1.125 

0.25 

.09 

.08 


1.5 

0.5 

0.5 

1.26 


1.5 

0.625 

2.42 

7.62 


1.5 

0.75 

3.21 

12.13 


1.75 

0.5 

1.33 

3.91 


2. 

0.2 

.83 

1.11 


2. 

0.5 

1.33 

4.46 


2.5 

0.188 

3.33 

5.23 


2.5 

0.5 

.83 

3.48 

Hammered. 

2.5 

0.625 

6.08 

31.92 

Hammered. 

2.5 

1.25 

.21 

2.20 


2.5 

2.5 

.96 

20.16 

Hammered. 

2.75 

0.625 

5.33 

30.75 


3.0 

0.625 

3. 

18.90 


3.5 

0.625 

.96 

7.05 

Hammered. 

4.0 

0.75 

4. 

40.32 


5.5 

1. 

.83 

15.34 

222.00 

36.50 

513.93 

Draft for axle-tree. 

Draft for pintle-plate. 















BILL OF IRON. 


103 


Bill of Iron for one Mortar-Wagon. 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 


0.25 

Round 

0.42 

0.06 


0.375 

Round 

8.79 

3.23 


0.5 

Round 

.62 

.40 


0.625 

Round 

17.46 

17.81 


• 0.75 

Round 

17.87 

26.27 


1. 

Round 

2.92 

7.62 


1.25 

Round 

.83 

3.39 


1.5 

Round 

2.75 

16.20 


1.625 

Round 

1.08 

7.46 


0.25 

0.25 

8.03 

1.68 


0.3 

0.3 

8.40 

2.53 


0.376 

0.375 

3.32 

1.56 


1. 

0.25 

.42 

.35 


1. 

0.5 

.37 

.62 


1.25 

0.2 

2.89 

2.43 


1.25 

0.625 

1.67 

4.37 


1.5 

0.375 

1.08 

2.04 


1.5 

0.5 

.58 

1.46 


1.5 

0.625 

2.42 

7.62 


1.5 

0.75 

4.21 

15.91 


2. 

0.125 

2. 

1.68 


2. 

0.75 

.58 

2.92 


2. 

2. 

.50 

6.72 


2.5 

0.188 

3.12 

4.90 


2.5 

0.375 

6. 

18.90 


2.5 

0.5 

1.67 

7.01 


2.5 

0.625 

.50 

2.62 

Hammered. 

2.75 

0.5 

5.17 

23.88 


3. 

1.6 

.29 

4.38 


3.375 

0.5 

7.33 

41.56 


3.5 

0.625 

.92 

6.56 


3.75 

0.75 

3.21 

30.33 

• 

4. 

0.75 

.42 

4.23 


6 . 

0.3 

.92 

4.63 


5.5 

0.3 

3.58 

19.83 


6. 

0.3 

1. 

6.04 


6. 

0.75 

.75 

11.34 


6.5 

0.25 

1.08 

5.89 


6.5 

0.3 

.60 

3.93 


8. 

0.6 

.80 

10.75 





222.00 

Draft for axle-tree. 




21.50 

Draft for shoe. 




584.61 


6.75 

0.375 

0.79 

5.72 

Steel for shoe. 




3.5 

Brass for two journal-boxes. 


9» 




























ic to 


104 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bills of Iron for one ^-inch Barhette-Carriage. 


TOP CAKRIAGE. 


No. of 
pieces. 


Names of parts. 


Cheek-plates (see drawings) 

Front braces. 

Middle do. 

Rear do. 

Sub-braces,angle-iron/ 

° 1 rear 

Ends for rear brace. 

Diagonal braces. 

Shoes. shapes, or-|^ 

Fulcrum for handspike. 

Transoms. 

Brace-transoms.< 


Rear transoms (5-in. trough- 

beams) . 

Rear transom ends. 

Trunnion-plates. 

Axle, hammered..shapes, or 

Axle-stops. 

Linch-pins. 

Axle - boxes, brass (see 

drawing). 

Axle-box washers (cast 

iron; see drawing). 

Arc-supports. 

Elevating-arc (brass). 

“ bed (cast iron).. 

“ screw, stem. 

r body. 

Pawl ... -| collar and handle 

Pawl-port (cast iron). 

Elevating-screw box (brass) 

“ “ arbor. 

Arbor-box (brass). 

“ handle. 

Wheel and pinion (brass)... 

Bolts for axle-box. 

or 

“ “ sub-brace and shoe 

or 


Dimensions of each piece. 

Total 

length. 

Total 

weight. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

74.0 

37.5 

.4 


468.00 

38.8 

6.0 

2.75 



39.75 

6.0 

2.75 

l24. 

432.00 

65.25 

6.0 

2.75 

J 


20.0 

42.8 

3.25 

3.25 

2.75 

2.75 

[l0.46 

93.26 

6.0 

3.0 

0.5 

1.0 

5.04 

48.5 

3.5 

.5 

8.01 

47.09 

32.0 

3.5 

2.25 

5.33 

138.85 

47.0 

3.25 

1.0 

7.83 

85.40 

6.0 

2.5 

1.5 

0.5 

6.30 

38.0 

4.5 

.75 

6.33 

71.78 

40.0 

4.5 

.75 

6.66 

75.52 

10.0 

5.5 

.75 

1.66 

23.00 

29.5 

6.5 

5.0 

4.91 

158.71 

6.0 

3.25 

1.5 

1.0 

16.38 

34.0 

3.25 

.75 

5; 66 

46.35 

38.0 

3.125 

Round 

3.16 

80.77 

4.25 

1.0 

Round 

.70 

. 1.83 

3.5 

1.25 

.5 

.59 

1.24 

6.0 

1.75 

.375 

1.0 

2.20 

30. 


.2 



12.0 

2.625 

Round 

1.0 

18.03 

10.0 

3.0 

2.5 

.83 

20.92 

10.0 

1.25 

Round 

.83 

3.39 

4.5 

.75 

Round 

.37 

.54 

18.0 

1.5 

Round 

1.5 

8.83 

6.0 

2.5 

.875 

0.5 

3.67 

24.0 

.75 

Round 

2.0 

2.94 

4.0 

.75 

Round 

2.66 

3.91 

3.5 

.875 

Round 



2.5 

.75 

Round 

1.25 

1.84 

1.75 

.875 

Round 


















































BILLS OF IRON. 


10a 


Bills of Iron for one S-inch Barhette-Carriage. —Continued. 

TOP CARRIAGE. 


No. of 
pieces. 

Names of parts. 

Dimensions of each piece. 

Total 

length. 

Total 

■weight. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

4 

Bolt s for diagonal brace and 








shoe. 

3.0 

.75 

Round 

1.0 

1.47 



or 

2.0 

.875 

Round 



2 

ii 

“ front brace and 








shoe. 

2.5 

1.5 

1.5 

.42 

3.17 

2 

ii 

“ rear brace and r 

2.5 

.75 

Round 

.42 

6.07 



shoe. \ 

1.75 

.875 

Round 



4 

a 

“ trunnion-plates... 

2.25 

1.5 

1.5 

.75 

5.67 

16 

a 

“ transoms. 

2.75 

1.5 

1.5 

3.66 

27.67 

26 

a 

“ brace and cheek 








plates. 

2.25 

1.5 

1.5 

4.87 

36.82 

1 

a 

“ diagonal braces... 

2.0 

1.5 

1.5 

.16 

1.21 

4 

a 

“ elevating-bed. 

2.25 

1.5 

1.5 

.75 

5.67 

2 

a 

“ “ screw-box 

2.75 

1.5 

1.5 

.46 

3.48 

2 

a 

“ arbor-box . 

2.5 

.375 

Round 

.41 

0.15 

2 

a 

“ arc-supports. 

3.5 

.5 

Round 

0.59 

.38 

2 

Rivets for “ . 

3.5 

.5 

Round 

.58 

.38 

2 


for fulcrum. 

1.5 

.625 

Round 

.25 

.25 

75 

Nuts (hexagonal, ,75 in.)... 

1.5 

1.5 

.75 

8.1 

30.62 

3 


.375) . 

.75 

.75 

.375 

.25 

.23 

2 

Truck-wheels (cast iron) 12 








rlio . 













1941.03 






Cast 

iron. 







Cast 

brass. 









































106 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bills of Iron for one %-mch Barbette- Carriage. 

CHASSIS, CENTRE PINTLE. 


No. of 
pieces. 

Names of parts. 

2 

Rails (9-inch I-beams). 

1 

Hurter-bar. 

2 

Counter-hurters. 

8 

“ “ rivets. 

4 

Transoms. 

1 

Middle transoms. 

2 

Bolsters (2 pieces). 

4 

Diagonal braces. 

2 

Forks for front traverse- 


•wheels (shapes).or 

2 

Forks for rear traverse- 


wheels (shapes).or 

16 

Bolts for transoms. 

8 

“ diagonal brace.... 

8 

<< (< (( 

16 

“ middle transom... 

2 

“ front traverse- 


wheels. 

2 

“ rear traverse- 


wheels . 

32 

“ traverse-forks. 

6 

“ hooks for hand¬ 


spikes . 


or 1 

86 

Nuts (hexagonal) .75 in.... 

4 

“ for fork-bolts. 

2 

Front traverse-wheels (cast 
iron). 

2 

Rear traverse-wheels (cast 
iron). 

2 

Manoeuvring-bars. 

1 

Elevating-bar. 

1 

Pair wrenches. 


Amount. 


Dimensions of each piece. 

Total 

length. 

Total 

weight. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

171. 

5.375 

9.0 

28.5 

1412.00 

36.0 

6.0 

1.0 

3.00 

60.48 

7.0 

5.25 

1.0 

1.16 

20.46 

3.0 

.875 
or .75 

Round 

2.0 

4.00 

40.0 

5.5 

.75 

13.33 

184.75 

43.25 

18.0 

0.5 

3.60 

108.86 

18.0 

15.5 

14.6 

0.5 

6.0 

151.20 

52.0 

4.0 

.625 

17.33 

145.57 

46.0 

5.5 

1.25 

7.66 

176.95 

54.0 

5.5 

1.25 

9.0 

207.90 

2.75 

1.5 

1.5 

3.66 

27.67 

3.25 

.75 

Round 

2.16 

3.17 

2.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.66 

12.55 

2.0 

.75 

Round 

2.66 

3.91 

6.5 

2.75 

Round 

1.08 

21.37 

6.5 

2.5 

Round 

1.08 

17.67 

3.0 

1.5 

1.5 

8.0 

60.48 

4.0 

4.0 

2.0 

1.25 

1.75 

.75 

Round 

0.5 

Round 

2.0 

8.18 

1.5 

1.5 

.75 

10.75 

40.63 

2.75 

2.25 

.75 

.91 

. 5.15 

4.60 

1.5 

Round 

7.66 

45.12 

9.0 

3.25 

1.25 

1.5 

20.47 

42.0 

1.5 

Round 

3.5 

20.61 

9.0 

2.5 

1.0 

.75 

6.3 

21.0 

2.25 

1.0 

.17 

13.23 

18.0 

1.0 

Round 

1.5 

3.91 





2722.59 


















































BILLS OF IRON. 


107 


Bills of Iron for one S-inch Barbette- Carr ia^e. 

CHASSIS, FRONT PINTLE. 







Total 

Total 

No. of 


Dimensions of each piece. 

length. 

weight. 

Names of parts. 




pieces. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 


2 

Rails (15-inch I-beams)... 

171.0 

5.375 

9. 

28.5 

1911.78 

1 

Hurter-bar. 

36.0 

6.0 

1.0 

3.0 

60.48 

2 

Counter-hurters. 

7.0 

5.25 

1.0 

1.16 

20.46 

8 

“ “ rivets. 

3.0 

0.875 

Round 

2.0 

4.00 


or 3.0 

.75 

Round 

1 

Front transom. 

36.6 

18.0 

0.5 

3.05 

92.23 

1 

“ “ collar. 

7.0 

7.0 

.75 

1.58 

27.87 


bolster, 

2 

(cast iron.) 






3 

Transoms. 

40.0 

5.5 

.75 

10.0 

138.60 

2 

Diagonal braces,—1 58 in., 


the other 64 in. long. 

61.0 

5.5 

.75 

10.16 

140.82 

2 

Traverse-wheel forks 

(shapes).or 

48.0 

5.5 

1.5 

8.0 

221.76 


27.0 

1.5 

.75 

4.5 

17.01 

2 

Side steps.| 

10.5 

6.0 

.25 

1.75 

8.82 


r 

43.0 

2.0 

.75 

7.16 

36.09 

2 

Rear steps.-1 

27.0 

2.0 

.75 

4.5 

22.68 


16.0 

3.5 

.25 

2.66 

7.42 

10 

Bolts for transoms. 

2.75 

1.5 

1.5 

2.3 

17.39 

4 

“ “ hook-heads 

4.75 

1.25 

Round 

0.8 

4.36 

6 

“ front transoms. 

3.0 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

11.34 

6 

<( it it 

3.5 

.75 

Round 

1.75 

2.57 

2 

it “ “ and 

diagonal brace.. 

3.25 

1.5 

1.5 

0.54 

4.08 

6 

“ diagonal brace. 

2.75 

1.5 

1.5 

1.37 

10.36 

4 

“ hurter-bar. 

3.0 

1.5 

1.5 

1.0 

7.56 

16 

“ traverse-forks. 

3.0 

1.5 

1.5 

4.0 

30.24 

2 

** traverse-wheels.... 

5.5 

2.5 

Round 

0.92 

15.05 

4 

stops... 

2.5 

1.5 

1.5 

■ 0.83 

6.27 

16 

“ front trans. & rails 

2.5 

1.25 

1.25 

3.33 

17.48 

4 

Hooks for handspikes. 

. / 

4.0 

1.25 

Round 

1.33 

5.44 


4.0 

1.75 

0.5 




or < 

2.0 

.75 

Round 



78 

Nuts (hexagonal). 

1.5 

1.5 

.75 

9.5 

35.91 

2 

Nutsfor traverse-wheel bolts 

2.75 

2.25 

.75 

0.46 

2.60 

2 

Traverse-wheels, (cast iron. ) 

r 

46.0 

1.5 

Round 

7.66 

45.12 

2 

Manoeuvrmg-bars.K 

9.0 

3.25 

1.25 

1.5 

20.47 


Elevating-bar. 

42.0 

1.5 

Round 

3.5 

20.61 

1 

9.0 

2.5 

1.0 

.75 

6.3 

1 

Pair wrenches, — 1 single, / 

21.0 

2.25 

1.0 

1.75 

13.23 


14in.l’g; 1 double, 18in.l 

. 18.0 

1.0 

Round 

1.5 

3.91 


A m /Ml n f . . , . 





2989.31 

























































108 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bill of Iron for one Barhette-Carriage. 

TOP CARRIAGE. 


No. of 
pieces. 


Names of parts. 


Cheek-plates (see drawings) 

Front braces. 

Middle braces. 

Rear braces . 

Sub “ (ang. iron) I 

^ \ rear 

Ends for rear brace. 

Diagonal braces. 


Shoes.(shapes).or | 

Fulcrum for handspike. 

Transoms. 


Brace-transoms. 


Rear transoms, 5-in. trough- 

beams. 

Rear transom ends. 

Trunnion-plates. 

Axle, hammered (shapes) or 


Dimensions of each piece. 

Total 

length. 

Total 

weight. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

74.0 

39.6 

.4 


472.00 

41.25 

6.0 

2.75 



39.25 

6.0 

2.75 

[24.25 

436.50 

65.0 

6.0 

2.75 

J 


21.0 

41.75 

3.25 

3.25 

2.75 

2.75 

}l0.46 

93.26 

6.0 

3.0 

.5 

1.0 

5.04 

54.75 

3.5 

.5 

9.12 

53.62 

16.0 

3.75 

2.25 

2.66 

75.41 

69.0 

4.25 

1.0 

11.5 

164.22 

6.0 

2.5 

1.5 

.5 

6.30 

44.0 

4.5 

.75 

7.33 

82.97 

40.75 

4.5 

.75 

6.8 

76.97 

10.0 

5.5 

.75 

1.66 

22.01 

35.5 

6.0 

5.0 

5.91 

191.70 

6.0 

3.25 

.5 

1.0 

16.38 

33.0 

3.25 

.75 

5.5 

45.04 

44.0 

3.125 

Round 

3.66 

93.55 


The remainder of the bill the same as for the 8-inch columbiad. 

CHASSIS. 

The same as S-inch, except as follows: 

The length of the hurter-bar is 43.25 in.; of the 4 transoms, 46.00 in. 

A2-pounder Barhette- Carriage. 

The same as the 8-inch, with the addition of 2 pieces, 12 in. long, 4.875 
Wide, .5 in. thick; omit one piece of the rear transom of top carriage. 

^2-pounder Barbette-Carriage. 

The same as the 8-inch, except as follows: 

TOP CARRIAGE. 

The length of the 2 transoms is 33 inches; of the rear transom, 24.6 
inches, (omit one piece;) of the axle, 33 inches. 

CHASSIS. 

The length of the hurter-bar is 31 inches; of the front transom, 31.6 
inches; of the 3 transoms, 35 inches. 


2\-pomider Barhette-Carriage. 

Add to the bill of iron for a 32-pounder, 2 pieces, 12 inches long, S.25 
inches wide, 1.25 inches thick. 

































BILLS OF IRON. 


109 


Bills of Iron for one S-inch Casemate-Carriage. 

TOP CARRIAGE. 


.o u 

S-s 

P o* 
>5 


Names of parts. 


2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 


Cheek-plates. 

Front braces "j 

Middle braces > (_! beams. 

Rear braces J 

Sub-braces (angle-iron) | 

Ends for rear brace. 

Diagonal braces. 

Shoes......shapes, or | 

Fulcrum for handspike. 

Transoms. 

Brace transoms.| 

Rear transom (5-in-trough-beam) 

“ “ ends. 

Trunn ion-plates. 

Axle (hammered),...shapes, or 

“ stops. 

Lincb-pins. 

Axle-boxes, (brass,) see drawing 
washers (cast iron) 

Arc-supports. 

Elevating-arc (brass). 

Elevating-screw. 

Elevating-screw box (brass).... 


Dimensions of each piece. 

Total 

length. 

Total 

weight. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

64.0 

32.0 

0.4 


363.00 

33.5 

6.0 

2.75 

) 


32.5 

6.0 

2.75 

V 20.12 

362.25 

54.75 

6. 

2.75 

J 


16.5 

36.5 
6.0 

3.25 

.3.25 

3.0 

2.75 

2.75 

0.5 

1 8.83 
^ 1.0 

78.76 

5.04 

42.0 

3.5 

0.5 

7.0 

41.16 

32.0 

3.5 

2.25 

5.33 

130.03 

38.0 

3.25 

1.0 

6.33 

69.12 

6.0 

2.5 

1.5 

.5 

6.30 

38.0 

4.5 

.75 

6.33 

71.65 

38.0 

4.5 

.75 

6.33 

71.65 

10.0 

5.5 

.75 

0.83 

11.50 

30.5 

6.0 

5.0 

2.54 

82.35 

6.0 

3.25 

1.5 

1.0 

16.38 

34.0 

3.25 

.75 

5.66 

46.35 

38.0 

3.125 

Round 

3.16 

80.77 

4.25 

1.0 

Round 

0.71 

1.83 

3.5 

1.25 

.5 

0.58 

1.24 






'e.’o ’ 

1.75 

.375 

1.0 

2.20 

30.0 

13.0 


.2 



2.375 

Round 

1.08 

15.54 

•*•••«** 

. 







, Total.... 

Cast iron 

1585.70 




“ brass 



The rest of the bill is the same as for the 8-inch Barbette, omitting 4 transom- 
bolts, 4 elevating-bed bolts, and 8 nuts. 

42-joc7r. Casemate- Carriage. 

The same as the 8-inch, with the addition of 2 pieces, 12 inches long, 
4.875 wide, and 0.5 thick. 

Z2-pdr. Casemate-Carriage. 

The same as the 8-inch, except the lengths of the following pieces: 


TOP CARRIAGE. 

2 transoms, 33 inches; 1 rear transom, 25.5 inches; 1 axle, 33.0 inches. 













































110 


ORDNANCE MANUAL, 


Bills of Iron for one ^-inch Casemate-Carriage. 

CHASSIS. 



--j 




Total 

Total 

"o 

u « 


Dimensions of eacn piece. 

length. 

weight. 1 

o a> 
fO 9 

Names of parts. 






S .2 
§ P. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. J 

2 


162.0 

5.375 

9. 

27.0 

1338.00 

1 

T^Tiirf Ar-hn.r.. 

36.0 

4.0 

1.0 

3.0 

13.44 

2 

Coiinter-biirt,er.s,.,_............... 

7.0 

5.25 

1.0 

1.16 

20.46 

8 

“ rivets. 

3.0 

.875 

Round 

2.0 

4.00 


3.0 

36.0 

.75 

6.0 

Round 

1.0 



1 

Urent tra.nsnm ... 

3.0 

20.16 

3 

Transoms. 

40.0 

5.5 

.75 

10.0 

138.60 

2 

Jljagona.l braees... 

67.0 

4.0 

.625 

9.5 

79.80 

2 

Front traverse-wheel forks, f 

11.5 

6.5 

1.5 

1.91 

52.94 


shapes, or \ 

16.0 

6.5 

1.25 

2.66 

61.45 

2 

Rear traverse-wheel forks, shapes, 







or 

38.0 

5.5 

1.25 

6.33 

145.22 

1 

Tongue.shape, or 

65.0 

6.5 

1.0 

5.41 

118.15 

12 

Rolls for transoms. 

2.75 

1.5 

1.5 

2.75 

20.79 

8 

“ front transom. 

3.25 

1.5 

1.5 

2.16 

16.33 

4 

“ « diagonal brace. 

2.5 

1.5 

1.5 

.83 

6.27 

4 

“ “ hurter-bar. 

3.0 

1.5 

1.5 

1.0 

7.56 

4 

“ ‘‘ tongue and transom.... 

3.25 

1.5 

1.5 

1.08 

8.16 

28 

‘‘ traverse-fork. 

3.0 

1.5 

1.5 

7.0 

62.92 

4 

“ “ traverse-wheel. 

5.5 

2.5 

Round 

1.83 

29.94 

8 

Hooks for handspikes. 

( 

4.0 

1.25 

Round 

2.66 

10.88 

2 

4.0 

2.0 

1.5 

1.75 

.75 

1.5 

.75 

.75 

.5 




or < 



68 

( 

Nuts, (hexagonal,). 

8.5 

32.13 

4 

Nuts for traverse-wheel bolts. 

2.75 

2.25 

Round 

0.46 

2.60 

2 

Front traverse-wheels (cast iron:) 
Rear traverse-wheels (cast iron :) 






2 

Manoeuvring-bars.| 

46.0 

9.0 

1.5 

3.25 

Round 

1.25 

7.66 

1.5 

45.12 

20.47 

1 

Pair wrenches. ^ 

21.0 

18.0 

2.25 

1.0 

1.0 

Round 

1.75 

1.5 

13.23 

3.91 






Amount, 2262.53 



I 


2f2-pdr. Casemate- Carriage. 

The same as the 8-inch, except the lengths of the following pieces: 

CHASSIS. 

1 hurter-bar, 31 inches; 1 front transom, 31 inches; 3 transoms, 35 
inches. 

24-j9c?r. Casemate-Carriage. 

The same as the 32-pdr. with the addition of 2 pieces, 12 inches long, 
3.25 wide, 1.25 thick. 


























































GARRISON-GIN. 


Ill 


CHAPTER FOURTH. 

MACHINES, ETC., FOR SIEGE AND GARRISON SERVICE. 

Field and Siege Gin. (Plate 16.) 

Wood. —2 legs; 1 pry-pole; 3 braces; 6 assembling-pins; 1 windlass; 5 
handspikes. 

Iron. —6 rivets and burrs No. 2 B, for the tenons of the braces. 

1 tongue., fastened to the head of the left leg by 3 rivets. 

2 head-straps, fastened over the head of the legs by 4 No. 3, S screws 
2 inch No. 14. 

1 assembling-bolt No. 4 A, for the head of the legs ; 2 washers, fastened on 
the outside; that on the left leg by the tongue-rivets; that on the righ* by 
2 screws inch No. 14. 

2 sheaves, (cast brass;) 1 sheave-bolt; 1 key; 2 oval washers, fastened to 
the legs by 4 screws IJ inch No. 14. 

1 key-bolt for pry-pole; 1 chain, 8 links No. 2; 2 rings No. 2 A. 

1 eye-pin No. 2, screwed in the right side of the right leg. 

2 journal-boxes, (brass;) 4 bolts No. 4 A; 2 screws 2^ inches; 2pawls, 
held by the upper journal-box bolt; 4 washers ; 4 nuts. 

2 gudgeons, let in the ends of the windlass, fastened by 2 iron pins. 

2 bands for windlass, fastened by 6 screws. 

2 handspike-sockets, (brass;) 2 pawls; 2 springs, held in place by 2 plates 
fastened to the socket by 6 screws. The socket turns freely on the gudgeons. 

2 ratchet-wheels, fastened to the gudgeons by 2 keys. 

2 bands for the foot of the legs; 4 nails No. 1 C. 

3 bands for the pry-pole,—1 on the foot, 2 on the head; 6 nails No. 1 C. 

Z points, driven into the lower ends of the legs and pry-pole. 

1 handle for the pry-pole; 2 washers, let in and held by 6 screws 1\ inches 
No. 14. 

1 tongue for the pry-pole, fixed in the head by 2 rivets and burrs No. 3 B. 

Single Pulley and Block. 

1 sheave; 2 straps; 1 cross-head; 1 hook; connected by 2 bolts No. 4 A, 
and 1 bolt No. 5 A ; 3 nuts. 

Garrison- G in. 

Wood. —2 legs; 1 pry-pole; 11 cleats for pry-pole, fastened by 22 naiU 
No. 2 C ; 1 windlass. 


10 


112 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Iron.— 6 hands, one for each end of the legs and pry-pole, fastened by 
18 nails No. 3 C. 

2 braces, fastened to the legs by 4 holts No. 5, and 4 Iceys; 8 washers, 
fastened‘to the legs by 32 nails; 4 key-chains, each of 4 links No. 1, and 
2 rings No. 1 B. 

4 eye-pins No. 1, screwed into the legs above the bolt-holes. 

1 clevis; 1 clevis-holt No. 10, fastened to the head of the pry-pole by 1 
iron pin; 2 keys; 2 chains; 12 links No. 1, and 2 rings No. 1 B each; 2 
eye-pins No. 1. 

2 journal-boxes, (brass,) let into the legs and fastened by 2 bolts No. 4 A, 
and 2 bolts No. 4| A; 4 washers ; 4 nuts; 4 screws, 2^ inches. 

2 pawls, held by the upper journal-box bolts. 

2 gudgeons, let into the ends of the windlass; 2 iron pins. 

2 bands for windlass; 6 screws. 

2 hand.pike-.ockcU, •. 

2 ratchet-wheels, j 

3 points, driven into the lower ends of the legs and pry-pole. 

1 handle for the pry-pole; 2 washers, let in the pry-pole and held by 8 
screws inch No. 14. 

Pulley-Blocks. 

They are made with one, two, three, or four sheaves. 

Iron. —2 straps ; the ends are bent over the cross-heads. 

. 2 cross-heads; 2 eyes, riveted in the cross-heads : the ends of the cross¬ 
heads are cut with a screw-thread; 4 nuts. 

1 hook, welded into the eye of one of the cross-heads. 

The partition has two tenons on each end, which are let into the cross¬ 
heads. 

The sheaves, of cast brass. 

1 sheave-bolt No. 5 A; 1 nut. » 

Casemate-Gin. (Plate 17.) 

, It is made like the garrison-gin, differing from it only in the dimensions 
of some parts. The pry-pole has but 6 cleats for steps. The handspike- 
socket, ratchet-wheel, pawl-bolt, and pry-pole handle are the same as those 
of the garrison-gin. 

Sling-Cart. (Plate 18.) 

Wood. — \ axle-tree; \ bolster ; \ pole; 2 hounds ; \ pole-prop. 

Iron. —1 lower axle-skean; 2 upper axle-skeans, let into the axle-tree and 
axle-arms, and fastened by 6 rivets No. 3, and 2 bands on the ends of the 
axle-arms. 

2 washer-plates for axle-hooks, let into the rear of the axle-tree, and fa,st- 


SLING-CART WHEEL. 113 

cned by 8 nails No. 3 C, 2^ inches; 2 axle-hooks pass through Uie axle-tree 
from tlie rear ; 2 nuts ; 2 washers. 

2 washer-plates for bolster-hooks, let into the front of the bolster and 
fastened by 8 nails No. 3 C, 2 inches; 2. bolster-hooks*pdiss through the bolster 
from the front; 2 nuts and 2 washers. 

2 stirrups, let in the bolster and axle-tree, which they hold together by 2 
bridles and 4 nuts No. 4. 

1 bed-plate for the screw, (cast iron,) let into the top of the bolster and 
held by 2 bolts No. 4 C; 2 nuts. 

1 hoisting-screw: the lower end is square, and has 2 hooks. 

1 nut for the screw, (brass,) round, with 2 square feathers on opposite 
sides. 

1 handle for the screw, fits on the nut, and has 2 round branches. 

2 rivets and burrs No. 3 B, for the small end of the pole. 

1 pole-strap, fastened to the end of the pole by 12 nails No. 3 C, 2 inches, 
and 3 bolts No. 2 A; 3 nuts. The strap forms an eye for attaching the pole 
to a limber. 

2 bolts No. 5 B, for connecting the hounds with the bolster and axle-tree; 
2 nuts. 

3 bands for the hounds and pole, fastened by 18 nails No. 3 C, 2\ inches. 

2 bolts No. 4 A, for the hounds and pole; 4 washers ; 2 nuts. 

1 pole-staple passes through the pole from the under side, and is held by 
2 nuts No. 7; 2 washers; and, at its middle, by 1 eye-bolt No. 4; 1 nut. 

1 cascable-chain; 16 links No. 5; 1 ring; 1 hook: the ring traverses on 
the bar of pole-staple. 

1 eye-pin for pole-prop socket, passes through the pole from the under 
side, and held by 1 washer and 1 nut No. 3; 1 pole-prop socket; \ ferrule, 
fastened to the prop by 2 rivets No. 2. 

1 pole-prop chain; 16 links No. i ; 1 ring No. 1 A ; 1 toggle ; 1 eye-pin No. 
1, screwed into the pole. 

2 shoulder-washers for axle-tree. 

2 linch-washers, with drag-hooks. 

2 linch-pins. 

1 sling-chain; 2 trunnion-chains. 

Sling-Cart Wheel. (Plate 18.) 

Wood. —1 nave; 16 spokes; 8 fellies; 8 dowels. 

Iron. —4 nave-bands, fastened by 12 nails No. 3 C, 2 inches long. 

1 tire, made in one hoop; 8 tire-bolts No. 4 C ; 8 washers ; 8 nuts. 

2 nave-boxes, (cast iron.) 


* The axle and bolster hooks serve for fastening the lashing chains or ropes to relieve the 
itrain on the screw when the weight is slung. 



114 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


The sling-cart is capable of transporting a 10-inch columbiad. It is used 
with a field-limber. 

Trunnion-Chains. (Plate 18.) 

The trunnion-chains are three in number, for light or heavy weights. 
They are made of the patent looped-link chain. A pair is required to carry 
a gun. One is passed under each trunnion and hooked on the head of the 
screw of the sling-cart. 

No. 1. Composed of 1 chain 59 inches long, the ends joined by 1 ring. 

No. 2. Composed of 2 chains, each 59 inches long, the ends joined by 1 
ring. 

No. 3. Composed of 2 chains, each 47 inches long, the ends joined by 1 
ring, having 3 branches, two for the ends of the chains composing the pair, 
and the third for the hook of the screw. 

Thickness of the iron composing the link, .5 inch. 

Length of iron for the connecting-ring, 23 inches for No. 1, 24 inches for 
Nos. 2 and 3. 

Size of iron for connecting-ring, 1.375 inch round. 

Weights. —No. 1, 27 lbs.; No. 2, 53 lbs. ; No. 3, 61 lbs. 

Sling- Chain. 

The sling-chain is composed of 69 links, 1 ring at one end, and 1 hook at 
the other. The links are made of .75-inch round iron, and are 5 inches long. 
The ring is of 1-inch iron, and 6 inches diameter, (exterior.) Whole length 
of chain, 256.25 inches. 

Hand Sling-Cart. 

This cart is convenient for the transportation of light weights to short 
distances. It should not be used habitually for weights of more than 4000 lbs.; 
but a 24-pdr. or 32-pdr. gun may occasionally be transported a short dis¬ 
tance. It is made entirely of iron, except the pole, which is of oak. 

BODY. 

1 axle-tree; 1 upper pole-strap, welded to the middle of the axle-tree. 

1 under-strap for the pole, fastened to the axle-tree by 1 bolt No. 2 E. 

3 bolts No. 3 D, for connecting the pole with the upper and lower strap; 
3 nuts. 

2 rivets No. 3 B, for the rear end of the pole. 

\pole-strap and eye,^ fastened to the small end of the pole by 6 rivets No. 3. 

1 handle, held in place in the hole by a shoulder on one side and 1 key on 
the other. 


* The eye is used for connecting the sling-cart occasionally with a limber, or for attaching a 
horse to it, whilst the pole is held up by hand. 



IIAND-CART. llO 

2 braces, fastened to the pole by 1 bolt No. 2 A and 1 nut, and to the axle- 
tree by 2 nuts No. 3. 

1 hook, fastened to an eye in the axle-tree by 1 bolt No. 4 A; 1 nut. 

2 shoulder-washers; 2 linch-washers ; 2 Imch-pins. 

WHEEL. 

1 nave, (cast iron ) 10 spokes, with a round tenon for the nave, and a flat 
bearing for the tire. 

1 tire, shrunk on the ends of the spokes and fastened by 40 rivets No. 3. 

Casemate- Truck. 

The casemate-truck is designed for transporting guns in casemate-gal¬ 
leries or through posterns. 

Wood.—2 rails; 3 transoms, framed to the rails by tenons and mortises. 
1 handle. 

Iron.—1 rear transom-plate and ring for drag-ropes, let into the under 
side of the transom and rails, and fastened by 4 nails No. 2 C, 3J in. 

1 front transom-plate and ring for drag-ropes, fastened by 6 nails No. 2 
C, 3J in. 

6 bolts for the rails and transoms. No. 4 B; 6 nuts. 

2 rear fork-plates, fastened to the under side of the rails by 4 nails No. 2 
C, 3J in. 

2 forks ; 2 bolts fi<r rear wheels; barbette chassis traverse-wheel forks. 

1 fork-socket for front wheel; is round, and let in the front transom. 

1 fork; 1 bolt for front wheel, the same as for the rear wheels, the upper 
part of the stem made conical. 

1 fork-plate for front wheel: it has an eye to connect it to the. tongue. 

1 tongue; 1 tongue-bolt No. 4 A; 1 nut. 

3 truck-wheels: the traverse-wheels of the barbette chassis. 

Hand:- Cart. 

It is used for the transportation of light stores to short distances. 

Wood. —1 bolster iov axle-tree; 2 lower side rails; 3 cross-bars, framed 
into the side rails: the front bar is round, and serves for a handle; 2 upper 
side rails ; 2 end rails, halved into the side rails and fastened by 4 screws ; 
6 side studs ; 6 end studs, framed into the rails and cross-bars, and fastened 
by wooden pins; 5 boards for bottom, sides, and ends. 

Iron. —18 screws No. 14, 1^ inch, to fasten the bottom boards tc bolster 
and cross-bars; 48 screws to fasten the side and ends to the studs. 

1 axle-tree, fastened to the bolster by 2 bolts No. 2 B; 2 nuts. 

2 props, fastened to the side rails by 4 bolts No. 1 B; 4 nuts. 

2 shoulder-washers, let into the ends of the naves. 

2 linch-washers ; 2 linch-pins. 

lOf 


116 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


WHEEL. 

Wood. —1 nave; 12 spokes; 6 fellies. 

Iron.—2 nave-hands, fastened by 6 nails. 

1 tire, held by 6 tire-holts No. 1 C; 6 washers; 6 nuts. 

1 nave-hox, wrought iron, welded. 

Store- Truck. 

This truck is used for moving boxes in store-houses and in embarking and 
disembarking stores. 

Wood.—2 rails, rounded at the ends for handles. 

4 cross-hars, framed into the rails and fastened by wooden pins. 

2 holsters, nailed to the under side of the rails. 

Iron. —1 shoe, fastened to the upper side of the rails by 4 holts No. 1 C; 
4 washers ; 4 nuts. 

1 axle-tree, fastened to the rails by 2 holts No. 1 C; 2 nuts. 

2 guard-plates, let into the rails under the shoe and held by the axle-tree 
bolts. 

2 truck-wheels, (cast iron.) 

2 shoulder-washers. 

2 linch-washers. 

2 screws with square heads for the ends of the axle-tree, to hold the 
wheels on. 

2 props, fastened to the rails by 4 holts No. 1 B; 4 nuts. 

Lifting-Jack. 

The lifting-jack is a geared screw with a projecting foot at its lower end, 
for lifting heavy weights. 

Wood. —1 hed; 1 handle. 

Iron. —2 rivet-holts No. 2 A, to strengthen the bed; 4 washers; 2 nuts. 

2 eye-plates for the braces, let into the ends of the bed, and fastened by 
4 screws, 2-inch, and 1 screw, 1-inch, No. 16. 

1 stand, (cast iron;) 4 stcadying-points, screwed into the bottom of the 
stand. 

2 braces, fastened to the stand, at the upper end, by 2 holts No. 2. 

^ 1 screw, same size and pitch as the elevating-screw for casemate-car¬ 
riage ; 1 foot; 1 plate, fastened to the foot by 3 screws, 1^ inch, No. 14. 

1 nut; 1 pinion for the hoisting-screw, (brass,) like those for the case¬ 
mate elevating-screw. 

1 shaft for pinion: is kept in place by 1 screw-pin, let in the stand. 

1 crank, held to the shaft by 1 nut No. 4; 1 wooden handle, fastened by 
1 washer; 1 nut No. 2. 

1 cap-plate, let into the head of the stand one-eighth of an inch, and 
fastened by 4 holt-screws No. 1. 


JACKS.—PLATFORMS. 


117 


Hydraulic Jack. 

The hydraulic jack is used for the same purposes as the lifting-jack, and 
may replace it to great advantage, being much more powerful, more port¬ 
able, and more convenient in use. Being a patented invention, it is pro¬ 
cured ready-made. The most convenient size is that of 10 tons’capacity, 
of which the following are the 

Dimensions. —Height, 25.5 inches; lift, 10 inches; largest diameter, 9 
inches; length of foot, 4 inches; length of lever, 26.5 inches. 


Weight of jack, without lever.112.5 pounds. 

“ lever.4.75 “ 


Lever-Jack. 

The lever-jack is an adjustable fulcrum, with a long lever. 

Wood. —1 stand; consists of 2 uprights framed into 1 bed, and fastened 
by 2 wooden pins ; 1 transom; 1 long lever, 15 feet long. 

Iron. —1 transom-bolt No. 4 A connects the transom and uprights; 2 
washers;. 1 nut. 

1 fulcrum-pin, inserted in holes in the uprights at any required height. 

1 chain, 15 links No. 4 and 3 rings No. 2 A; 1 eye-pin No. 1 fastens the 
fulcrum-pin to the stand. 

2 lever-plates, (cast brass,) fastened to the large end of the lever by 6 
screws No. 16, 2^-inch, to prevent the lever from slipping on the fulcrum 
pin. 

Platform for Siege-3Iortars. 

Wood. —6 sleepers; 18 deck-plank, held together by 72 dowels. There 
are 4 dowels in one edge of each plank, fitting into 4 holes in the edge of 
the next plank. The dowels are held fast by fox-wedges. 

Iron. —12 eye-bolts fit into holes in the front and rear planks, passing 
through the sleepers, to prevent the planks from slipping on the sleepers. 

Platform for Siege-Guns. 

Wood. —12 sleepers; 36 deck-plank, held together by 174 dowels; 1 hurter; 
6 stakes. 

Iron. —12 eye-bolts fit into holes in the front and rear planks, passing 
through the sleepers, to prevent the planks from slipping on the sleepers. 

Hand-Barrow. 

Wood. —2 side rails: the ends are rounded and form the handles. 

Dope netting joins the side rails, passing through holes in the side rails. 

Pintle-Cross, for Temporary Batteries. 

Wood. —2 cross-pieces, halved into each other in their middle at right 




m 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


angles to oacli other; 1 pintle-holstery fastened to the cross hy 4 octagonal 
pins, 1 inch thick. 

Iron. —1 bolster-plate, (cast iron,) fastened to the bolster by 4 holts; 4 
washers ; 4 nuts ; 1 pintle. 

A circular platform of planks is required for the wheels of the chassis 
to traverse on. 


Pent-Houses for Barbette-Carriages. 

The pent-house is a covering of thin boards, framed together, to protect 
the wooden barbette-carriages from the weather. 

It is made in several separate pieces, which can be readily put together 
or taken apart. 

The pent-houses for the columbiad barbette-carriages are similar to each 
other, differing only in their dimensions. Those for the other barbette- 
carriages are of a different pattern, but similar to each other. 


■ Pent-Houses for the Columbiad-Carriages. 

Wood.—1 body, composed of 2 sills, 2 sides, 1 roof, 1 rear and 1 front 
end. 

1 front chassis-cover and 1 rear chassis-cover, each in one piece. 

Iron. —8 eye-pins; 8 eye-pin washers; 8 keys ; 8 chains ; 8 wire staples ; 
4 long hooks; 14 hooks, (short;) 36 staples; 4 handles for ends. 


Pent-Houses for the other Barbette-Carriages. 

Wood. —1 body, composed as for the columbiad barbette. 

1 chassis-cover; 1 tongue-cover. 

Iron.—4 long hooks; 2 short hooks; 12 staples; 8 eye-pins; 8 eye-pin 
washers; 8 chains; 8 keys; 8 wire staples; 4 handles for ends. 

TO PUT ON THE PENT-HOUSE. 

On the columbiad-carriage .—Place the gun over the pintle; depress the 
muzzle about five degrees, so that the chase shall fit in the circular cut 
mady in the front end and roof. Lay the sills across the chassis in front 
and in rear of the top-carriage; place the tenons of the sides in the mor¬ 
tises of the sills; put on the roof and hook it to the sides; place the ends 
and key them; put on the chassis-covers and hook them. 

On the other barbette-carriages .—the gun “in battery;” remove the 
wheels; place them upon the cliassis in rear of the axle and resting against 
the top carriage; chock them with their linch pin and washer, and pro¬ 
ceed to put on the body as on the columbiad-carriage. 


DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OP MACHINES, ETC. 119 


PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF MACHINES, ETC , 
FOR SIEGE OR GARRISON SERVICE. 


Sling-Carts and Trucks. 





-e 


t 

(I) 





Large 

Sliug-Ca 

Hand 

Sling-Ca 


Ca8emat( 

Truck. 

Store- 

Truck. 

Length from rear of wheel to front 1 
end of pole.in. I 


242.4 

160.75 

*74.75 

*141.5 

*66.5 

Length of axle-tree. 


92. 

75.50 

45.5 

4 42.5 

24.15 

Height of wheels. 


96. 

72.0 

36.5 

15.0 

12.0 

Distance between the wheels 
the ground. 

on 1 

..in. j 


62.75 

60.4 

36.35 

29.6 

19.75 


\ one wheel. 

..lbs. 

714 

440 

34. 


18.5 


body. 


700 

240 

113 


42. 


screw. 


98 





Weight of ■ 

handles. 


77 





cart complete, without 1 
sling-chains.lbs. j 


2302 

1115 

181 

600 

80 


trunnion - chain 

and 1 

I 

61 

27 





rings.. 

.lbs. J 

r 

53 





sling-chain. 


84 






* Whole length of body and handles. t Width of body. 


Gins. 



Field and 
Siege. 

Garrison. 

Case¬ 

mate. 

Length of legs. 


175.5 

256.5 

172.5 


' 1 leg. 


148. 

280. 

272. 

213 


1 pry-pole. 

.lbs. 

71. 

293. 

292. 

208 


1 windlass, oak. 

.lbs. 

187. 

310. 

310. 

264 


braces. 

.lbs. 

33. 

104. 

104. 

82 

Weight of ■ 

gin, complete. 

.lbs. 

615 

1267. 

1250. 

979 


1 single block. 

.lbs. 

35 

Ash. 

Pine. 



1 double block. 



72 



1 triple block. 

.lbs. 


90 



[ 1 fall. 

....lbs. 

32 

*110 

t83 


* 120 feet, 5-inch hemp rope. 


t 90 feet. 





































































120 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 


Lifting-Jaclc and Lever-Jach. 



Lifting-Jack. 

Lever-Jack. 

Stand. 

Lever. 

Length. 


20. 

24. 

180. 

Breadth. 

i ( 

12. 

14. 

6.5. 

Height. 

a 

29.2 

30. 


Weight. 


160. 

100. 

150. 


DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF PLATFORMS. 
For Guns and Howitzers. 


Names op Pieces. 

Siege. 

Ricochet. 

No. of Pieces. 

Length. 


Thickness. 

Weight. 

No. of Pieces. 

Length. 

Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 



In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

ITurter. 

1 

108. 

5.0 

3.5 

51 

1 

96. 

8. 

8. 

174 

Sleepers. 

12 

108. 

6.0 

3.5 

608 

3 

108. 

6.5 

5.5 

147 

Deck-planks. 

36 

108. 

5.0 

3.5 

1854 

• •• 


• •• 



Planks... 

••• 

• «« 

• •• 


••• 

2 

128. 

13. 

2.25 

166 

I’lank. 

••• 

• •• 



••• 

1 

84. 

13. 

2.25 

60 

Pieces of plank. 


*•« 

• •• 

• •• 


1 

30. 

13. 

2.25 

21 

Stakes (securing). 

6 

48. 

3.5 

2.0 

70 

18 

48. 

1.25 

1.25 

32 

Stakes (implements) 

4 

32. 

2.0 

1.0 

10 

4 

32. 

2.0 

1.0 

10 

Eye-bolts (iron). 

4 

14. 

0.75 

Round 

8.5 

••• 

• •• 

• •• 



Platform, complete.. 

... 


• •• 

... 

2601.5 1 

... 

... 

... 

... 

600 


For Mortars. 


Names op Pieces. 

Siege. 

Rail. 

No. of Pieces. 

Length. 

Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 

No. of Pieces. 

• 

Length. 

Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 



In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 


In. 

In. 

In. 


Sleepers. 

6 

96 

6.0 

3.5 

230 

3 

60 

11.5 

.85 


Deck-planks. 

18 

108 

5.0 

3.5 

927 

• •• 





Rails. 



• •• 

• •• 

• •• 

2 

84 

10.0 

10.0 


Stakes (securing).... 

6 

48 

3.5 

2.0 

70 

14 

48 

8.5 

3.0 


Stakes (pointing) ... 

4 

48 

1.0 

1.0 

• •• 

4 

48 

1.0 

1.0 


Eye-bolts. 

12 

11 

0.75 

Round 

••• 






Platform, complete.. 

... 

... 

... 

... 

... 

... 

... 

... 

... 

... 


Wooden platform for columbiad-carriages weighs 3904 lbs. 
























































































121 


DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF BLOCKS, ETC. 

Traverse- Circles. 



No. of 
Pieces 
in the 

Size of Pieces. 

Bolts. 

Weights of 

Outer or 
Rear. 

Inner or 
Front. 

Inner or 
Front. 

Outer or 
Hear. 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

d 

Kind. 

Inner 

Circle. 

Outer 

Circle. 

Bolts and 

Nuts. 

Total. 




In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 



Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 


For barbette-carriage.) 
centre pintle . i 

2 

8 

5. 

1. 

2.25 

1.75 

32 

No. 4 11. 

152 

547 

23. 

722. 

For barbette-carriage, 1 
front pintle.j 

... 

3 

3.5 

.5 

... 

... 

18 

ti 

... 

145 

16.5 

161.5 

For casemate-carriage... 

2 

3 

3.5 

.5 

... 

... 

21 

a 

57 

123 

15. 

195. 


Dimensions and Weights of Blochs, Rollers, etc., for Manoeuvres. 


Names. 

O 

>5 

Length. 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Weight. 

Total 

Weight. 

Remarks. 



In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 


Long roller.... 
Short roller... 

2 

3 

42. 

12. 

6. 

7. 

Round 

Round 

25.0 

12.0 

50.0 

36.0 

( A groove.25 in. 
-I deep in the 
( middle. 

Half roller. 

2 

46. 

6. 

6. 

31.0 

62.0 

Top rounded 3 in. 

Bint*If .. 

16 

20. 

8. 

8. 

26.0 

416.0 

Half block. 

6 

20. 

8. 

4. 

13.0 

78.0 


Quarter block. 

2 

20. 

8. 

2. 

6.5 

13.0 

• 

Gun-chocks ... 

6 

3.6 

2.75 

2.5 

0.375 

2.25 

Wedge-shaped. 








f Section a trian- 

Wheel-chocks. 

6 

7. 

6. 

3. 

2.25 

13.5 

gle. Top round¬ 
ly ed J in. 

Roller-chocks 

6 

7. 

5. 

2, 

1.0 

6.0 

Skid. 

2 

72. 

8. 

8. 

97. 

194. 


Shifting-plank 

1 

67. 

12. 

2.25 

48. 

48. 

r Ends bevelled on 
\ opposite sides. 

Trace-rope . 

1 

360. 

2.25 

Round 

7.5 

7.5 

Trunnion-loops 

2 

18. 

1.5 

Round 



End spliced. 






















































122 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 


Bills of Timber for Gins and Sling-Cart. 


Names op Parts. 


FIELD AND SIEGE GIN. 

Legs. 

Pry-pole. 

Windlass. 

f Upper. 

Middle. 

Lower. 


GARRISON-GIN. 

Legs and f Large end ... 
pry-pole | Small end.... 

Two bevel-blocks. 

Windlass. 

Cleats. 


CASEMATE-GIN. 

:::::: 

Windlass. 

Cleats. 


SLING-CART. 


Axle-tree.. 

Roister.. 


Hounds.. 

Tongue 

f Large end. 


] Small end. 

Two f 

Naves. 

wheels 1 

Spokes . 

Fellies. 


No. of pieces. 

ROUGH DIMENSIONS 

OF EACH PIECE. 

Long. 

Wide. 

Thick. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

2 

180 

6.5 

5.5 

1 

180 

5.5 

5.5 

1 

68 

9. 

9. 

1 

48 

4.75 

2.75 

1 

72 

4.75 

2.75 

1 

102 

4.75 

2.75 

1 3 

264 1 

9. 

9. 1 

i 

1 

6.5 

6.5 J 

1 

40 

10. 

9. 

1 

104 

11. 

11. 

11 

12 

4.25 

3. 

1 2 

180 1 

9.0 

9.0 1 

J 

1 

6.5 

6.5 J 

[i 

180 1 

9. 

9 * 1 

i 

1 

6.5 

6.5 J 

1 

101 

11. 

11. 

6 

12 

4.25 

3. 

1 

102 

11. 

9. 

1 

66 

9. 

9. 

2 

80 

9. 

5. 

ii 

198 1 

7.5 

^ } 

J 

1 

5. 

5, J 

2 

21 

19. 

Round 

32 

48 

5.25 

2.75 

16 

39 

9. 

5.5 


CONTENTS. 

Kind of Wood. 

Each 

piece. 

Total. 

Sup. ft. 

Sup. ft. 


44.69 

89.38 

1 Spruce or 

37.81 

37.81 

j ash. 

38.25 

38.25 

Oak. 

4.35 

4.35 

] 

6.53 

6.53 

> Oak plank* 

9.25 

9.25 

J 


185.57 

•C 

113.21 

339.63 

Spruce. 

25. 

25.00 


87.39 

87.39 

Oak. 

1.06 

11.66 

463.68 

Oak plank. 

100.33 

200.66 

1c 

f Spruce. 

77.03 

77.03 

j 

84.88 

84.88 

Oak. 

1.06 

6.36 

368.93 

Oak plank. 

70.13 

70.13 

Oak. 

37.13 

37.13 

Do. 

25. 

50. 

Do. 

48.13 

48.13 

Do. 

41.34 

82.68 

Do. 

4.81 

153.92 

Do. 

13.4 

214.4 

Oak plank. 


656.39 


Bills of Lumber for Platform for Siege Guns and Mortars. 

For one siege gun or hoicitzer, yellow pine or oak : 

49 pieces, 114 in. long, 6 in. wide, 4 in. wide, 19 ft. each. 931ft. 

For one siege mortar, yellow pine or oak : 

6 pieces, 102 in. long, 6 in. wide, 4 in. thick, 17 ft. each. 102 ft 

“ 6 “ 4 « 19ft. . 342 


Total 


444 ft, 
































































BILL OF IRON. 


123 


Bill of Iron for Field and Siege Gin. 


Parts. 

Width. 1 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

Chain, No. 2. 

In. 

0.2 

In. 

Round 

In. 

42. 

Lbs. 

0.36 


llivets and nails. 

.375 

Round 

129. 

3.95 


Bolts, No. 3, and keys for 
gudgeons. 

.625 

Round 

71. 

6.03 


Key-bolt. 

.75 

Round 

10. 

1.22 


Bolts, No. 6, eye-pin, and 
handle. 

1. 

Round 

27. 

5.87 


Sheave-bolt. 

1.25 

Round 

16. 

5.45 


Bolts for pulley-block.... 

1.5 

Round 

8. 

3.92 


Cross-head for pulley- 
block. 

2.5 

Round 

3.5 

4.77 


Nuts, No. 3. 

1.25 

.625. 

10. 

2.18 


Bands. 

1.5 

.25 

212. 

22.26 


Nuts, No. 4. 

1.5 

.75 

5. 

1.57 


Hook for pulley-block.... 

1.75 

1.75 

12. 

10.29 

Hammered. 

Washers, No. 3. 

2. 

0.125 

18. 

1.26 


Bevel washer. 

2. 

.625 

3. 

1.05 


Gudgeons and points. 

2. 

2. 

14. 

15.68 


Oval washers. 

2^5 

o!i25 

13. 

1.14 


Head-straps. 

2.5 

..31 

32. 

7. 


Straps for pulley-block... 

2.5 

.5 

30. 

10.50 

Hammered. 

l*ry-pole tongue. 

3.5 

1. 

12. 

11.76 

Journal-boxes. 

3.5 

1.75 

24. 

41.16 


Tongue-plate. 

5.5 

0.5 

16. 

12.32 

Hammered. 

Journals. 

3.0 

Round 

18. 

35.34 


Bands for windlass. 

4.0 

0.375 

64. 

26.88 


I’ry-pole handle. 

1.125 

Round 

22. 

6.07 

- 


1.25 

1.25 

24. 

10.50 


Hatchets. 

8.0 

1.25 

16. 

44.80 

Or 2 round shapes, 

Three sheaves for pulleys 




24. 

hammered. 

Brass. 


11 










































124 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bill of Iron for one Garrison or Casemate Gin. 


Parts. 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 


In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lhs. 


Key-chains, No. 1. 

0.15 

Round 

7.5 

0.52 

This bill includes 

Kings. 

0.2 

Round 

2.5 

0.27 

the materials for 

Kivet-bolts, No. 1. 

0.5 

Round 

1.66 

1.08 

one double and 

Pin for clevis-bolt. 

0.75 

Round 

0.41 

0.60 

one triple pul¬ 

Eye-pins. 

0.875 

Round 

0.83 

1.66 

ley-block 

Bolts, No. 5. 

1. 

Round 

3.33 

8.69 


Bolts, No. 3, for pawls... 

1.25 

Round 

0.70 

2.86 


Braces and clevis. 

1.5 

Round 

22.5 

132.52 


Clevis-bolt. 

1.75 

Round 

2.25 

18.02 


Bolt-heads, No. 5, and 






points for legs. 

2. 

Round 

4. 

41.88 


Nails, No. 3. 

0.375 

0.375 

9.41 

4.42 


Nuts, No. 1. 

1. 

0.5 

0.16 

0.26 


Keys for braces. 

1.25 

0.125 

1.16 

0.60 


Nuts, No. 3. 

1.25 

0.625 

2.54 

6.65 


Eyes for pulley-blocks 






and pawls. 

1.25 

1.25 

4. 

21.0 


Keys for clevis-bolt. 

1.5 

0.125 

1.16 

0.73 


Nuts, No. 4. 

1.5 

0.75 

0.75 

2.83 


Hooks for blocks. 

1.75 

1.75 

1.83 

18.83 

Hammered. 

Washers, No. 3. 

2. 

0.125 

0.33 

0.27 


Collars for points. 

2. 

1. 

2. 

13.44 


Journals. 

3! 

Round 

1.5 

35.34 


Washers for handle. 

3. 

0.188 

0.5 

0.94 


Washers, No. 5. 

3.25 

0.188 

2.16 

4.40 


Bands for windlass. 

4. 

0.375 

5.33 

26.86 


Lower bands for legs. 

4. 

0.25 

5.08 

17.06 


Cross-heads for blocks... 

4. 

1.25 

2.33 

39.14 

Hammered. 

Upper bands for legs. 

6. 

0.25 

4.12 

20.76 


Partitions for blocks. 

8. 

0.25 

2.75 

18.48 


Straps for blocks. 

8. 

0.37 

5. 

50.40 


Pry-pole handle. 

1.125 

Round 

1.8 

5.96 

- 

Two ratchets. 

8.0 

1.25 

1.33 

44.80 

Or 2 round shapes, 






hammered. 





541.37 


Two journal-boxes. 




13. 

) 

Five sheaves. 




60. 

V Cast brass. 





73. 

) 



















































BILL OF IRON 


125 


Bill of Iron for one Sling-Cart. 


Parts. 

Width. 

Thicku. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 


In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 


Pole-prop chain, No. 1. 

0.16 

Round 

3.75 

0.26 

• 

Kings, No. 1. 

0.2 

Round 

0.31 

0.03 


Kivets, No. 2. 

0.26 

Round 

0.50 

0.08 


Chain, No. 6, and rivets. No. 3. 

0.376 

Round 

9.06 

3.33 


Pole-rivets. 

0.6 

Round 

0.50 

0.32 


Bolts, No. 4. 

0.76 

Round 

4.42 

6.50 


Eye-pin, No. 1... 

0.876 

Round 

0.14 

0.28 


Bolts, Nos. 2 and 6, and rings. 

1. 

Round 

9.91 

25.86 


Pole-staple. 

1.26 

Round 

4.5 

18.41 


Bolt-heads, No. 4, and eye-pin*. 

1.6 

Round 

1. 

5.86 

*Pole-prop. 

Screw-handle. 

1.76 

Round 

5.33 

42.69 


Bolt-heads, No. 5. 

2. 

Round 

0.50 

5.23 


Nails, No. 3. 

0.375 

0.375 

12.04 

5.66 


Toggle for pole-prop chain. 

0.6 

0.25 

0.16 

0.06 


Axle-washers, upper skeans, nuts. 






No. 2, and chain-hook. 

1. 

0.5 

11.25 

18.90 


Burrs for pole-rivets. 

1.125 

0.25 

0.18 

0.17 


Nuts, No. 3. 

1.25 

0.625 

0.10 

0.26 


Bolster-hooks. 

1.25 

1.25 

2.33 

12.23 


Axle-bands. 

1.3 

0.2 

2.50 

2.17 


Nuts, No. 4. 

1.5 

0.75 

3.25 

12.28 


Hook for sling-chain. 

1.5 

1. 

1.33 

6.70 

Hammered. 

Axle-hooks. 

1.5 

1.5 

2.50 

18.90 


Pole-prop ferrule. 

1.75 

0.375 

0.66 

1.45 


Linch-pins. 

1.75 

0.625 

0.83 

3.04 


Washers, No. 3. 

2. 

0.125 

0.33 

0.27 


Bands for hounds and pole. 

2. 

0.25 

10. 

16.80 


Brow-bands for naves. 

2. 

0.375 

16.33 

41.00 


Lower skean and stirrups (in part)... 

2. 

0.5 

10. 

33.60 


Bridles. 

2. 

0.625 

1.58 

6.63 


Stirrups and pole-straps. 

2. 

0.75 

4.83 

24.34 


Nuts, No. 5. 

2. 

1. 

0.66 

4.43 


Upper skeans. 

2.25 

0.5 

0.66 

2.49 


Nuts, No. 7. 

2.25 

1.25 

0.37 

3.49 


Washers, No. 4. 

2.5 

0.188 

4.58 

7.19 


End bands for naves. 

2.5 

0.375 

13.82 

43.52 


Lower axle-skean—body. 

3. 

0.5 

3.41 

17.18 


Hoisting-screw (in one piece). 

3. 

3. 

3.83 

115.81 

Hammered. 

Washers, No. 6. 

3.25 

0.188 

0.54 

1.10 



3.5 

0.625 

1.25 

9.18 


Socket of screw-handle. 

3.5 

2.25 

1. 

25.88 

Hammered. 

Washers, No. 7. 

4. ' 

0.25 

0.66 

2.21 


Washers for axle and bolster hooks. 

4.5 

0.375 

2.33 

13.18 


Two wheel-tires. 

4.5 

0.875 

50. 

661.00 

In 4 pieces. 

Lower axle-skean—middle part. 

6. 

0.5 

1. 

10.08 






12.30.04 


Bed-plate for screw. 




42. 

[ Cast iron. 

NilVG . 




60. 






102. 


Nut for hoisting-scrcw. 




14. 

Cast brass. 




































































126 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Bill of Lumber for one %2-Pdr. Gun or 8-tVi. Sea- Coast Howitzer 

Pent-House. 


Names of Parts. 

i 

o. 

ROUGH DIMENSIONS 

OF EACH PIECE. 

CONTENTS. 

Kind of 


■s 

d 

Long. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Each 

piece. 

Total. 

wood. 

MAIN HOUSE. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

Sup. ft. 

Sup. ft. 


Sides. 

32 

74 

6. 

.75 

3.08 

98.56 


Roof. 

32 

25 

6. 

.75 

1.04 

33.28 


Front door. 

12 

68 

6. 

.75 

2.83 

33.96 


Rear door. 

10 

49 

6. 

.75 

2.04 

20.40 


Side and roof strips ... 

9 

87 

3. 

1.5 

2.72 

24.46 

IVbite 

Door-strips. 

4 

62 

3. 

1.25 

1.61 

6.46 


Rafters. 

3 

39 

7. 

1.5 

2.84 

8.53 

pine 

Roof front-piece. 

1 

42 

18. 

1.25 

6.56 

6.56 

or cy- 

Roof back-piece. 

1 

39 

6. 

1. 

1.67 

1.67 


Fascias. 

2 

86 

7. 

1. 

4.18 

8.36 


Axle pocket-sides. 

4 

26 

6. 

1. 

1.08 

4.33 


“ “ fronts. 

2 

24 

10. 

1. 

1.66 

3.33 


“ “ caps. 

2 

11 

8. 

1. 

.61 

1.22 


Sills. 

2 

62 

3. 

4. 

5.17 

10.34 

' Yellow 

Front posts. 

2 

78 

3. 

3. 

4.87 

9.75 

pine, 

Back and middle posts 

4 

60 

3. 

3. 

3.75 

15. 

286.21 

chest¬ 
nut, or 
oak. 

REAR HOUSE. 







Sides . 

10 

57 

6. 

.75 

2.37 

23.70 


Roof. 

22 

34 

6. 

.75 

1.41 

31.02 

White 

Back. 

5 

66 

6. 

.75 

2.75 

13.75 

Roof-strips. 

4 

56 

4. 

1.25 

1.94 

7.77 

pine 

Back strips and braces 

2 

120 

3. 

1.25 

3.12 

6.24 

or cy¬ 

Front rafter. 

1 

61 

9. 

1.25 

4.76 

4.76 

press. 

Rear rafter. 

1 

62 

16. 

1.25 

8.61 

8.61 

95.85 

- 

TONGUE-COVER. 








Sides . 

8 

50 

6. 

.75 

2.08 

16.64 

White 

Side strips. 

1 

120 

3. 

1.25 

3.12 

3.12 

Roof. 

2 

51 

9. 

1. 

3.19 

6.37 

pine 

Rafters. 

2 

14 

9.5 

1.25 

1.15 

2.31 

or cy¬ 

Back. 

1 

19 

17. 

1.25 

2.80 

2.80 

31.24 

press. 






























































BILL OF IRON. 


12 


Bill of Lumber for one S-in. Columhiad Barbette Pent-House. 


Names or Parts. 

No. of pieces. 

ROUGH DIMENSIONS 
OF EACH PIECE. 

CONTENTS. 

Kind of 
wood. 

Long. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Each 

piece. 

Total. 

MAIN HOUSE. 











In. 

In. 

In. 

Sup. ft. 

Sup. ft. 



Sides. 

32 

75 

6 

.75 

3.12 

99.84 



Roof. 

32 

31 

6 

.75 

1.29 

41.28 



Doors. 

24 

49 

6 

.75 

2.04 

48.96 


White 

Side strips. 

6 

86 

3 

1.5 

2.69 

16.13 


Roof-sfrips. 

4 

86 

4 

1.25 

2.99 

11.94 


1^ pine 

Door-strips. 

4 

62 

3 

1.25 

1.61 

5.45 


or cy- 

Rafters. 

3 

52 

9 

1.25 

4.06 

12.18 


press 

Fronts. 

2 

54 

12 

1. 

4.5 

9. 



Fascias. 

2 

86 

7 

1. 

4.18 

8.36 



Sills. 

2 

66 

3 

4. 

6.5 

11. 

1 

Yellow 

End posts. 

4 

62 

3 

3. 

3.875 

15.5 


- pine, 

Middle posts. 

2 

80 

3 

3. 

5.05 

10.10 

J 

chest- 







289.74 


nut. 

FRONT AND REAR HOUSES. 








oak. 

Sides. 

3G 

28 

6 

.75 

1.17 

42.12 



Roofs. 

36 

37 

6 

.75 

1.54 

55.44 



Ends. 

12 

70 

6 

.75 

2.91 

34.92 



Roof-strips. 

8 

45 

4 

1.25 

1.53 

12.23 


White 

End strips. 

2 

32 

3 

1.25 

1.10 

2.20 


pine 

Side strips. 

12 

28 

3 

1.25 

.94 

11.25 


or cy- 


4 

45 

3 

1.25 

1.56 

6.25 


press. 

Braces. 

2 

72 

3 

1.25 

2.50 

5. 



Front roof-rafters. 

2 

66 

17 

1.25 

9.74 

19.47 


• 

Back roof-rafters and ends 

6 

66 

12 

1.25 

6.87 

41.25 









230.13 




Note.—A n allowance of ^ should be made for waste, and ^ for small bills. 


Bill of Iron for one Barbette Pent-House. 


Size op Ikon. 

Number 
of pieces. 

Length of 
each piece. 

Total 

length 

required. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

In. 

In. 


In. 

In. 

Lbs. 


1.25 

.375 

8 

4.5 

36 

4.71 

Eye-bolts. 

2. 

.125 

8 

2. 

16 

1.12 

Eye-bolt plates. 

.625 

Round. 

8 

7.25 

58 

4.92 

Door-handles. 

.375 


6 

7. 

42 

1.29 

Long hooks.* 

375 

a 

2 

5. 

10 

.31 

Short hooks. 

.25 


16 

4. 

64 

.92 

Staples.f 


•8 additional pieces for columbiad-carriages. additional pieces for columbiad-carriagea 

IVS 







































































12S 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


CHAPTER FIFTH. 

ARTILJERY IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 

NOMENCLATURE, DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS. 

Rammer-Hea ds. 

Ramker-heads are made of ash, maple, birch, beech, elm, gum, or other 
tough woods; the head is bored f of its length with a hole 0.25 inch less 
than the diameter of the staff, which enters with a tenon. The staff is 
driven into the head and fastened with ajsm of hard wood 0.3 inch diame¬ 
ter: the neck has a copper band 0.5 inch wide and 0.05 inch thick, fastened 
with 3 copper nails. For dimensions, see page 138. 

Sponge-Heads. 

Sponge-heads are made of elm or poplar, &c. The head is bored f of 
its length with a hole 0.25 inch less than the body of the staff, which is 
inserted in a tenon and fastened by 2 hard-wood 0.3 inch diameter. 

Rammer, ladle, and sponge heads should be saturated, when new, with 
linseed oil, to prevent splitting from alternate wetting and drying in 
service. 

For the woven woollen sponge the diameter of the head is 1 inch less* 
than the calibre of the piece. 

Sponges. 

Sponges are made of coarse, well-twisted woollen yarn, woven into a 
warp of strong hemp or flax thread, after the manner of Brussels carpet; 
the loops are 0.75 inch long. 

They are woven in webs with selvages between them, which being cut, 
the sponges are sewed to fit formers of the same dimensions as the sponge- 
heads. One end of the sponge is drawn together with strong twine, and a 
tuft of woollen yarn is inserted at the centre of the gather or folds; a 
circular piece of strong canvas is stitched inside of the bottom; the other 
end, after receiving the sponge-head, is nailed to it around the staff with 
6 copper nails, 1 inch long; 3 copper nails should also be driven into the 
bottom of the sponge, to secure it to the head. 

Similar sponges are made by working the yarn with needles into canvas 
bags; but the wove sponges are equally good, and less expensive. 


LADLES.—WORMS.—STAVES. 129 

Sponges are likewise made of sheep-skin alum-dressed, with the wool 
on; but they are inferior to those made of yarn. 

For dimensions of sponges, see Table of sponge-heads, page 138. 

Sponge- Covers. 

They are made of Russia duck. 

The interior diameter is equal to the calibre of the piece. A hem 0.5 
inch wide around the top, receives a cord 0.2 inch diameter, by which the 
mouth is drawn together and tied around the sponge-stalf: a loop of can¬ 
vas 0.75 inch wide is sewed on the end of the cover, to draw it otf by. 

The covers are marked in black with the calibre of the gun. 

Ladle-Heads. 

Ladle-heads are made of the same kinds of wood, and are fastened to 
the staves in the same manner, as rammer-heads. 

Ladles. 

Ladles are used for siege, garrison, and sea-coast guns only. They are 
made of sheet copper No. 18. 

Towards the mouth of the ladle the copper is spread a little, so as to 
increase the diameter of the ladle 0.3 inch : the corners are rounded with 
a radius of from 2 inches to 3.5 inches. To stiffen the ladle, the copper 
is planished after being bent and brazed. The ladle is attached to the 
head by 6 to 10 copper nails, 1 inch long, driven in two rows around the 
body, about 1 inch apart. 

Worms. 

There are two sizes of worms, one for siege or garrison guns, and the 
other for field guns. They are fastened to their staff by 2 iron rivets, .25 
inch in diameter. 

Staves. 

Staves for implements are made of tough ash. 

The diameter of the tenon is 0.25 inch less than that of the staff; its 
length, § of that of the head into which it is inserted. For worms it is, 
pointed to fit the conical form of the socket. 

For field-guns, field, siege, and mountain howitzers, and mortars, the 
rammer and sponge heads are on the same staff; for other pieces, on sepa¬ 
rate staves. 

For the coehorn mortar, the body of the staff forms the rammer and 
sponge-head. 

For lengths of staves, see page 138. 

For other cannon than those of the patterns described in Chapter I., staves 
may be made of such a length that the finished implement shall be 18 
inches lunger than the bore of the piece. 


130 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Anvil-hlock, for portable forge, is of tough oak or other hard wood: it 
has 1 band, 8 inches wide around the top: 1 iron pin fastens the anvil to 
the block: 2 rings fastened by 2 staples serve for handles. Dimensions, 

19 inches high, 4.4 inches diameter at top; 10.5 inches by 7.5 inches at 
bottom. Weight 19 lbs. 

Axe, felling: — blade'with, steel edge, length 7.25 inches; width of top 
3.5 inches, of edge 4.75 inches ; thickness at top 0.75 inch, at the eye 1.25 
inch; size of the eye 2.25 inches by 0.75 inch; handle (hickory) 27 inches 
long. Weight 6 lbs. 

Basket, for mortar-implements; of strong wicker-work, 18 inches in 
diameter, 12 inches deep. Weight 4 lbs. 

Breech-sight: the base is a plate of brass 4.5 inches long, 0.6 inch wide, 
curved to fit the base-ring ; the scale and slider are similar to those of the 
pendulum hausse, except that a hole .05 inch diameter is made in the plate 
instead of a notch to sight through ; the brass is .1 inch thick when finished, 
made of No. 10 or 11 sheet brass; the sights are graduated for no disparts, 
a front sight equal in height to the dispart being screwed into the swell of 
the muzzle ; in columbiads, into the seats provided for the purpose between 
the trunnions; the scales are computed for the patterns of guns having a 
base-ring; in the 24, 32, and 42 pdrs. mounted in casemate (a muzzle-sight 
being inadmissible) the scale is computed for a sight placed at the front end 
of the second reinforce. Weight 0.3 lb. 

Bill-hook, (iron, with steel edges ;) blade, whole length, 8.25 inches; width 
in the middle 3 inches, near the shank 2.7 inches; thickness 0.25 inch; 
hook 1 inch long; shank 8 inches long; handle (hickory) 7.5 inches long. 
Weight 2 lbs. 

Broom, for mortar-batteries, (hickory or birch.) Weight 3.75 lbs. 

Budge-barrel, for use in forts and batteries ; staves (oak) 0.4 inch thick; 
bottom (oak) in 1 or 2 pieces, 0.4 inch thick; 4 hoops (sheet copper No. 18) 
48 inches long, 1.1 inch wide, and confined to the barrel each by 5met5 0.2 
inch diam.; they are joined by 2 rivets, or brazed together; height of barrel 

20 inches; exterior diameter,—at ends 13 inches, at bilge 15 inches; cover 
(bag leather) 18 inches high and 40 inches wide, secured to the barrel under 
the upper hoop by 5 nails and by the 5 rivets through the hoop ; 2 cords 0.6 
inch diam., 6 feet long, passing through holes in the cover at 1.5 inch from 
the top, to draw the mouth together; the ends of the cords pass through 
a cap or hood 9 inches deep, sliding on the cords. Weight 15.5 lbs. 

Coal-sack, for portable forge, is made of strong leather; it is closed at 
the top by a leather strap passing through slits in the sack; diameter 14 
inches, height 18 inches. 

Chock, for casemate-carriage; small wedge, with a handle on one side. 
Weight 1.4 lb. 

* Drag-rope: 4-inch rope, 28 feet long, with a thimble worked in a loop at 


IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 


131 


one end, dirxAfi thimble and hook at the other end; (Shandies, wood, 12 inches 
long, 1.5 inch in diameter, fastened in the rope at the distance of 4 feet 
apart, and at the same distance from the ends of the rope. Weight 16.5 
lbs. 

Forge-bucket, for the portable forge, is of sheet iron stiffened at top by 1 
band .5 inch wide; it is furnished with 1 handle fastened into 2 ears 1.6 
inch long; 7 inches high, 6.8 inches diameter. 

Fuze-cutter: a steel chisel, with wooden handle, for cutting the Bormann 
fuze. 

Fuze-extractor: the inner screw and its stem are made of steel, and riveted 
into the handle, which is of iron ; the stem is contained in a holloxo screw of 
steel, which is worked up and down by means of an iron nut with 2 handles ,—• 
the screw being prevented from turning by a slot and a feather in the frame; 
the nut is kept in place by 4 iron set-screws, the points of which enter into 
a groove in the nut; the frame is of cast brass. Weight 3.53 lbs. 

In using this fuze-extractor, the inner stem is screwed into the fuze or 
plug to be extracted, by means of the upper handle, and it is lifted out by 
turning the nut of the hollow screw. 

Fuze-setter, (brass;) the handle, upper end slightly rounded; the cup 2.1 
inches diameter; depth 0.3 inch; whole length 5 to 6 inches. Weight 
2.66 lbs. 

Fuze-mallet, (dog-wood or oak,) in one piece; head 5.5 inches long, 4 
inches diameter; handle 7.5 inches long, 1.25 inch diameter. Weight 
2.75 lbs. 

Fuze-saw, (tenon saw;) 10-inch blade. Weight 0.75 lb. 

Funnel, for filling shells, (copper or tin;) diameter of funnel 3.3 inches; 
diameter of pipe 0.7 inch ; length of pipe 2 inches. Weight 0.32 lb. 

Gunner's gimlet: iron wire 0.175 inch diameter, formed with a ring 2 
inches diameter at the head; the other end terminating in a gimlet-point. 
Weight 0.08 lb. 

Gunner's callipers: made of sheet brass, with steel points; the gradu¬ 
ations show the diameters of guns and of shot, linear inches, degrees of 
the circle, &c. Weight 0.5 lb. 

Gunner's haversack, (bag-leather;) 2 sides 13 inches high, 13 inches wide 
at bottom, 14 inches at top of flap ; end and bottom gussets 5 inches wide; 
flap 8 inches deep, with a strap 7 inches long passing through a buckle sewed 
to the front side; shoulder-belt 1.5 inch wide, one part 12 inches long, with 
a buckle No. 4 and loop; the other 36 inches long. Weight 1.86 lb. 

Gunner's perpendicular: this is made of sheet brass ; the lower part is 
cut in the form of a crescent, the points of which are made of steel; a 
small spirit-level is fastened to one side of the plate, parallel to the line 
joining the points of the crescent, and a slider is fastened to the same side 
of tne plate, perpendicular to the axis of the level. The instrument is 


132 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


dseful in marking the points of sight on siege guns and mortars, when the 
platform is not perfectly level. Weight 0.6 lb. 

Gunner’s pincers: made of iron, with steel jaws 1 inch wide; whole 
length 10.5 inches. ‘ Weight 0.85 lb. 

Gunner’s quadrant^ (wood;) a graduated quadrant of 6 inches radius, 
attached to a rule 23.5 inches long; it has a plumb-line and hoh^ which arc 
carried, when not in use, in a hole in the end of the rule, covered by a 
brass plate. Weight 0.84 lb. 

Gunner's quadrant, (brass;) a graduated quadrant, Cinches radius, attached 
to a rule 22 inches long; it has an arm carrying a spirit-level at its middle, 
and a vernier at its movable end; the other end is secured to the centre 
of the quadrant by a rivet, around which the arm moves. Weight 2.25 lbs. 

Gunner's sleeve, for mortars, (serge or flannel.) Weight 0.25 lb. 

Lanyard: the lanyard, for pulling off the primers, is a piece of strong 
cod-line (about .2 inchdiam.) 12 feet long ; to one end is attached a small 
iron hook, with an eye for the line, and to the other end a wooden toggle .75 
inch diameter, and 4 inches long. Weight 0.1 lb. 

Maul, for driving pickets; head (elm or hickory) 6 inches diameter, 8 
inches long; handle (ash) 1^ inch diameter, 24 inches long, with an iron 
band on each end, 1 inch wide, ^ inch thick. Weight 10 lbs. 

Me7i's harness: 4-inch rope, 18 feet long, with thimbles and a hook like the 
drag-rope; instead of handles, 10 loops made of strips of bag-leather 5 
feet long, 2.75 inches wide, are fastened to the rope in pairs, each pair 
being secured in place by two knots worked on the rope ; the first pair of 
loops at 3 feet from the hook, the others at a distance of 3^ feet apart. 
Weight 23 lbs. 

Pass-box, (white pine, 0.75 inch thick;) interior dimensions 7 inches 
square by 14 inches long; one side turns on 2 hinges, and is fastened with 
a brass hook and a staple; a wooden handle is set diagonally on one end. 
Weight 7 lbs. 

Pickaxe; iron, pointed at both ends with steel; length of each blade 6.5 
inches; width of edge of axe 3 inches; handle (hickory) about 1.5 inch by 
1.25 inch, and 30 inches long. Weight 6.5 lbs. 

Pendulum hausse. 

The scale is made of sheet brass No. 13. At the lower end is a brass bulb, 
filled with lead. The slider is of thin brass, and is retained in any desired 
position on the scale by means of a brass set-screw with a milled head. 
The scale is passed through a slit in a piece of steel, with which it is con¬ 
nected by a brass screw, forming a pivot on which the scale can vibrato 
laterally; this slit is made long enough to allow the scale to take a vertical 
position in any ordinary cases of inequality of the ground on w^hich the 
wheels of the carriage may stand. The ends of this piece of steel form 
two journals, by means of which the scale is supported on the seat attached 


PENDULUM IIAUSSE. 


las 

to the gun, and is at liberty to vibrate in the direction of the axis of tho 
piece. 

The seat is of iron, and is fastened to the base of the breech by 3 screws^ 
in such a manner that the centres of the two journal-notches shall be at a 
distance from the axis equal to the radius of the base-ring. 

A muzzle-sight, of iron, is screwed into the swell of the muzzle of guns, 
or into the middle of the muzzle-ring of howitzers. The height of this 
sight is equal to the dispart of the piece, so that a line from the top of the 
muzzle-sight to the pivot of the hausse is parallel to the axis of the 
piece ; consequently, the vertical plane of sight passing through the centre 
line of the scale and the top of the muzzle-sight will be also parallel to the 
axis, in any position of the piece; the hausse will, therefore, always 
indicate correctly the angle which the line of sight makes with the axis. 

The seat for suspending the hausse on the gun is adapted to each piece, 
according to the varying inclination of the base of the breech to the axis. 
The hausse, the seat, and the muzzle-sight, are marked for the kind of gun 
to which they belong. The hausse, when not in use, is carried in a leather 
pouch suspended to a shoulder-strap. 

The graduations on the scale are the sines of each quarter of a degree, 
to a radius equal to the distance between the muzzle-sight and the centre 
of the journal-notches, which are, in all cases, one inch in rear of the base¬ 
ring. Weight of hausse and case .65 lb. 


Graduations. 



FOR GUNS. 


FOR HOWITZERS. 

• 


6-Pdr. 

12-Pdr. 

12-Pdr. 

Model 

1857. 

12-Pdr. 

24-Pdr. 

32-Pdr. 

12-Pdr. 

Moun¬ 

tain. 

Kadius of base-ring... 
Height of muzzle-sight 
Distance between the 
muzzle-sight and , 
the centre of the 
journal-notches ... j 

In. 

5.15 

1.025 

59.7 

In. 

6.5 

1.33 

77.3 

In. 

5.5 

1.25 

66.0 

In. 

5.0 

0.9 

53.35 

In. 

6.0 

1.125 

65.2 

Id. 

6.9 

1.3 

75.05 

In. 

3.8 

0.35 

33.41 

1° . 

1.042 

1.349 

1.152 

0.931 

1.138 

1.310 

0.583 

no 

2.084 

2.698 

2.303 

1.862 

2.275 

2.619 

1.166 

3°. 

3.124 

4.046 

3.451 

2.792 

3.412 

3.928 

1.753 

4° . 

4.164 

5.392 

4.604 

3.722 

4.548 

5.235 

2.331 

50 . 

5.203 

6.737 

5.752 

4.650 

5.683 

6.541 

2.912 





-- 



























184 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Priming-wire ; iron wire 0.175 inch diameter, formed with a ring 2 inches 
diameter at the head, and pointed; length of stem, for siege and garrison 
guns, 14 inches ; length for field-guns, 8 inches. Weight 0.08 lb. for gar¬ 
rison guns. 

Powder-measures ; they are made of sheet copper, from No. 16 to No. 20. 
The bottom is made with a flanch .1 inch deep, turned downwards, and it 
is brazed or soldered to the sides. 


Interior Dimensions. 


Contents. 

Diameter 
and height. 

Weight. 

Contents. 

Diameter 
and height. 

Weight. 

Lbs. oz. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

oz. 

In. 

Lbs. 

0 1 

1.337 


2 

0 

4.240 


0 2 

1.685 


2 

8 

4.571 


0 4 

2.122 

0.3 

3 

0 

4.857 

1.6 

0 8 

2.673 

0.5 

4 

0 

5.346 


1 0 

3.368 

0.75 

4 

8 

5.560 


1 4 

3.628 


6 

0 

6.120 


1 8 

3.855 


8 

0 

6.736 



Prolonge; 3.5 inch hemp rope of 4 strands; on one end, a toggle and 3 
round links in a thimble; on the other end, o. ring-link and thimble; whole 
length of rope 18 feet; the toggle of round iron 0.75 inch diameter, 7.5 
inches long, with an eye in the centre ; toggle-rings of 0.5 inch round iron; 
the ring that enters the thimble is 3 inches, the other two 3.1 inches exterior 
diameter; thimbles 1.1 inch interior diameter; prolonge-rings of 0.6 inch 
round iron, 4.5 exterior diameter; the link 3 inches exterior diameter; the 
ii-on for link is 0.5 inch diameter. Weight 12.5 lbs. 

Plummet, for mortars ; line and bob. Weight 1 lb. 

Pointing-wire, for mortars, (iron wire No. 7,) 20 inches long. Weight 
.08 lb. 

Quoin, for siege-mortars, (oak;) length 19.5 inches; height 7.85 inches ; 
handle 6 inches long. Weight 7 lbs. 

Scraper, for siege-mortars, (iron ;) handle 0.5 inch by 0.3 inch square, 27 
inches long; one end formed like a spoon; the other, a scraper. Weight 2.3 lbs. 

Spatula, for mortars, (ash or hickory;) handle 16.5 inches long; blade 6 
inches ; square end 3 inches long. Weight 0.75 lb. 

Shell-hooks, (iron ;) 2 branches 0.5 inch diameter, in shape of an S, joined 
by a rivet; upper end of the branches connected by 2 small rings, 1.25 inch 
diameter, and 1 large ring 3.4 inches diameter; straight points, to insert 
into the ears of the shell, 0.5 inch diameter, 0.75 inch long; whole length 
of branches 12.48 inches. Weight 2 lbs. 

Screw-jack, for field service; the stand, (cast iron;) the hoisting-screw ; 















IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 


135 


the nut; 2 handles; the cap-plate, fastened on the top of the stand by 4 
screws ; height of the stand 19 inches ; length of screw 15 inches; handles 
7.25 inches each. Weight 25 lbs. 

Shovel; blade sheet iron, pointed with steel; length 12 inches; width 
10.5 inches; handle (ash) 1.5 inch thick at bottom, and 1.25 inch at top; 
length 45 inches; ring 1.5 inch diameter, secured by a strap to the handle 
at 9 inches from the upper end. Weight 4.75 lbs. 

Sponge-bucket, for field-gun carriages; it is made of sheet iron No. 13; 
the top and bottom are turned over the sides and fastened each by 4 rivets ; 
diameter 7.8 inches ; height 9 inches. 

ThQ float is of wood, fastened by 2 rivets to a cross-bar; it is put in before 
the top is fastened on; the handle of the float is fastened to it with 2 rivets, 
and it is connected with the bail of the bucket by a chain ; the bail is fast¬ 
ened to the bucket by 2 ears, each held by 3 rivets; a toggle, which is fast¬ 
ened to the bail by 2 links and a swivel, serves to attach the bucket to tho 
eye of the axle-strap on the gun-carriage. Weight 10 lbs. 

Tar-bucket; the bucket is made of sheet iron No. 13, like the sponge- 
bucket ; the cover is fastened to the top by a rivet on which it turns, and 
it is kept closed by shutting over a stud riveted into the top; the ears are 
fastened to the bucket each by 3 rivets; a ring, for suspending the bucket 
on its hook, is connected with the ears by 2 chains; diameter of bucket 
7.2 inches; height 8 inches. Weight 7 lbs. 

Tarpaulins are made of cotton duck, not painted; they are of three sizes; 
large, 15 feet by 12 feet; small, 6 feet by 10 feet, and 5 feet square. Weight 
35.75 lbs., 12.25 lbs., and 5.25 lbs,, respectively. 

Tompions, for 8-inch siege-howitzers and mortars, and 10-inch mortar,, 

Thumbstall, (buckskin ;) cushion, stuffed with hair, 2.5 inches long, 1 inch 
thick; the tffrap 3 inches long; the 12 inches. Weight .003 lb. 

Tow-hook, (iron;) handle 0.4 inch diameter, 13 inches long; hook 1 inch; 
the other end forms a hammer 0.6 inch diameter, 2 inches long. Weight 
0.6 lb. Used for unpacking ammunition-chests. 

Tube-pouch ; the sides 4.25 inches high, 7.25 inches long; 2 ends 0.9 inch 
wide at bottom, 2 inches at top; the inner cover; the flap, 8 inches deep, 
with its strap, and brass button attached to the bottom of the pouch ; 2 loops 
for the belt to pass through; the belt 1.37 inch wide and 42 inches long, 
with a buckle No. 6 and loop at one end; the priming-wire and gunner’s 
gimlet are carried with the tube-pouch in the loops, attached by a twine, 
or in small loops on the inside of the flap. Weight 0.95 lb. 

Vent-cover, for field-pieces without locks, (leather;) 6 inches long, 4 
inches wide, with a copper pin riveted to it, 0,175 inch diameter, and 2 
inches long; 2 straps 1 inch wide, with buckles; the length of the strap 
varies with tlie size of the piece; in permanent batteries sheet lead may 

be used for veut-covers. Weight 0.6 lb. 

12 


136 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Vent-punch ; the body (steel wire) 0.175 inch diameter, 4.3 inches long ; 

0.175 inch thick, 1 inch octagonal, with a hole 0.2 inch diameter in 
the middle. Weight 0.08 lbs. 

Watering-bucket, for field service, made of sole-leather; the bottom is of 
two thicknesses, fastened to each other with 25 copper rivets, and to the 
sides with 61 rivets; the side seams fastened with 28 rivets, all 0.5 inch 
long ; a rim of sheet copper No. 24, is fastened on the upper edge with 14 
copper rivets; 2 ears for the bail, fastened each with 4 rivets 0.62 inch long; 
the bail is of round iron 0.5 inch thick ; interior diameter of the bucket at 
top 12 inches, at bottom 10 inches; height 9 inches. Weight 8 lbs. 

Water-bucket, for the travelling-forge ; the staves and the bottom are of 
oak; there are 16 staves, and the bottom is made of not more than 2 pieces ; 

3 hoops, made of hoop-iron No. 16; each hoop is joined together with 2 
rivets No. 1, and fastened to the bucket with 2 rivets; 2 ears let into the 
sides, and fastened each by 1 rivet; the bail has a link connected with it by 
a swivel; diameter at top 11 inches, bottom 10.25 inches; height 11 inches. 
Weight 10 lbs. 

Water-bucket, for garrison-service ; it is made in a similar manner with 
the preceding, except that the bail has no link and swivel attached to it; 
diameter at top 10.25 inches, bottom 13.5 inches ; height 11 inches. Weight 
10 lbs. 

Wiper, for the chambers of mortars; tow cloth, 1 yard square. 

Handspikes. 

Handspikes should be made of the best hickory, or, where it cannot be 
had, of the toughest young oak;‘it should be free from knots. 

Trail handspike. — Irons: 1 stop, passing through the lower end, clinched 
and filed down smooth—it projects 0.3 inch; 1 strap, carrying 1 ring No. 

2 A, fastened near the small end by 1 rivet. 

Shod handspike. — Irons: 1 shoe, fastened to the lower end by 3 rivets. It 
is particularly useful in the service of mortars. 

Manoeuvring handspike is used for garrison and sea coast carriages. For * 
mechanical manoeuvres it is 84 inches long, and weighs 12 lbs. 

Gin handspike is used in the service of gins. The large end is round, 
and fits into the socket of the windlass. 

For Mountain howitzer.—Irons: 1 stop, like that for field-carriages ; 1 strap, 
fastened at the small end by 2 rivets, forms a loop on the end; 1 loop of 
rope, 15 inches long, passing through 2 holes in the middle of the hand¬ 
spike, is useful in placing the gun on the pack-saddle. 


HANDSPIKES.—BARS 


137 


Handspikes. 


Dimensions. 

For 

Field 

Carr’ge. 

Trail. 

For 

Prairie 

Carr’ge. 

Mount. 

How¬ 

itzer. 

Manoeuvring. 

Shod. 

Gin. 

. r whole. 


53. 

36. 

45.58 

66. 

62. 

66. 

Length of < square part ... 





19. 

9.75 


(conical part.. 


9.5 

«••••••« 

«••••••• 

35. 

38.25 

12. - 

Distance of farthest side of stop from 







the larpe end. 


9.0 


8.9 




Distance of middle of strap from the 







small end. 


9.0 

•••••••• 

. 

•••••*•* 

•••••••• 

.. 

r upper end. 


1.5 

1.3 

1.65 

1.8 

1.75 

1.6 

TV. , ! lower end.ti._.j. 


2.2 


1.65 



2.78 

Diameter < , . 

largest. 


3.0 

1.8 

2.0 

•••••••• 

••••••*• 

3.25 

[lower end of round ...in. 

•••••••« 

.. 

•••••••• 

3.0 

2.5 


Size of lower end of square part ..in. 

. 

. 

. 

2.36 

3X2.5 


“ upper end “ 

“ ..in. 

. 

. 

. 

3.0 

3X2.5 


Weight. 


7.25 

2.25 

5.0 

8.25 

12.0 

11.25 


Bars. 


Dimensions. 

For Iron Carriages. 

Wooden Case¬ 
mate-Carriages. 

Manoeu¬ 

vring. 

Ele¬ 

vating. 

Pinch. 

Truck. 

Roller. 

T iVv <• f whole.inches 

Lcng 0 1 gquare part.inches 

. - f small end.inches 

Diameter of } . 

Width at large end.inches 

. .mcllGS 

58.5 

12. 

1. 

...... 

1.25 

30.75 

53. 

12. 

1. 

“*’.9* 

1.5 

19.’ ’ 

54. 

6. 

1.25 

*r.*25 

2.0 

3.5 

27.5 

42. 

*T.’i 

1.1 

34. 

”o.’85 

1. 

Length of heel.inches 

Weight.Ihs. 

18.5 

7. 


























































138 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Dimensions and Weights of Implements. 






COLUMBIADS. 





10-in. 

8-in. 


Kind of Implement. 











U 


C 






a> 


a> 





d 

a 


s 






cd 

km 







o 

p; 

o 


Sponge and Staff.... 

f Length. 

Weight. 


118. 

12. 

128. 

11. 

118. 

10.25 

128. 

10. 



Length. 


128. 


128. 


Finished 

Rammer and Staff. 

Weight.-. 


9.75 


8.4 


Implements. 







Ladle and Staff.. 

’Length. 

(Weight. 







Worm and Staff.. 

Length. 







Weight. 


1.75 

125.66 

115.33 

1.75 

125.00 

125.33 

1.75 

125.86 

115.33 

1.75 

125.86 

125.33 

’ Diameter. 



^ rammer. 


Staves.-i 

Length for.■ 

sponge. 








ladle. 








worm. 






Rammer- 


Length. 


7. 


6.4 


heads. 

Diameter.. 

r Body. 


6.13 


5.6 



Neck. 

—.in. 

3. 


3. 


Sponge-heads. 


Length. 


8. 

8. 

8. 

8. 



Diameter.. 


9. 

7. 

7. 

5.4 

Sponges, woollen, weight. 





Sponge-covers 

.^ 

Length. 

Weight. 






Duck, 30 m. wide, required for 100 covers. 








Whole length. 


. 




Ladle-heads. ■ 

Diameter.. 

^ above shoulder. 






below shoulder. 








j_neck. 







. 

Whole length. 







Ladles..• 

Length of band, developed. 






Width of scoop, developed. 







Width of band (included in whole length). 












Casemate. 





10-in. 

8-in. 

42-pr. 

32-pr. 

Height of front sight. 



O 

Q 



Breech-sight 

Radius of base-ring . 
Height for 0°. 



16. 

O. 

13. 

1 70 

0.0 

12.2 

0.5 

11.7 

for guns of 

“ 1°. . 

n Qi 

o 

Jl.oo 

1.15 

model of 

o 




U.oO 

U.yo 

0.94 

1841 and 

® « 3°. 



0 7Q 

o ct 



1844. 

> 

o 




^.0 

^.oo 

2.83 


« 5°. 



A PL*; 

A OO 



.—-- 






4.ol 

4.72 

















































































































































DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF IMPLEMENTS 


139 


Dimensions and ^yei<J^lts of Implements. —Continued. 


Gdns. 

Howitzers. 

Fiei,I)-Guns and 
Howitzers. 


u 

•c 

u 

•o 

c 

•c 

c 

u 

<D 

'O 

d 

d 

9 

to 

d 

o 

hH 

oS 

lun. 

How. 

.s i 


a 

c 

c 

a 

a 

OQ 





W . 

a s 


9 

p 

p 

a 

p 


CQ 


U 

d U 


C3 -r 



A 


9- 

p. 


a 

Q 

o. 


•c c. 

p f 




4 

00 

« 



'A* 

^•14 





CO 

Cl 

rH 

rH 

rH 

00 

00 



CO rH 



128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

-] 

5.6 

80. 

. 


49.0 


10.25 

10. 

9.65 

8.7 

7.8 

10.25 

8.5 


3.7 

6. 



••• 


128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 




195 . 

83.5 

J 

77. 

... 


9.75 

8.4 

8.15 

8. 

7.35 

9.75 

7.0 

. 



4.5 

... 


128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 







••• 


13.75 

13.15 

12.4 

10. 

7.8 









128. 

128. 

12S, 

128. 

128. 





87. 

72. 

••• 


7.5 

7.5 

7.5 

7.5 

7.5 

•••••• 




4.25 

3.6 

••• 


1.75 

1.75 

1.75 

1.75 

1.75 

1.75 

1.75 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.65 


125.66 

125.86 

126.07 

126.23 

126.17 

125.66 

105.86 

t .'ll 67 

75.67 

91.67 

73.17 

40.0 


125.33 

125.33 

125.33 

125.33 

125.5 

125.33 

105.33 


78.171 


111.66 

113.01 

113.47 

115.‘13 

117.36 







• •• 


123. 

123. 

123. 

123. 

123. 


•••••• 

•••••• 


82.6 

67.5 

• •• 











69.t 




7. 

6.4 

5.8 

5.3 

5.5 

7. 

6.4 

5.5 

5.5 

5.5* 

4.t 

4.0 


6.13 

5.6 

5.1 

4.64 

4. 

6.13 

5.6 

4. 

4. 

4.* 

3.24t 

3.21 


3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

2.5 

3. 

3. 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5* 

2.5t 

2.5 


8. 

8. 

8. 

8. 

7.5 

8. 

8. 

7.5 

7.5 

7.5* 

7.5+ 

5. 


6.0 

5.4 

4.8 

4.3 

3.6 

6. 

5.4 

3.6 

3.6 

3.6* 

2.7t 

2.5 


0.7 

0.65 

0.5 

0.4 

0.35 





0.35 

0.25 

• •• 


12. 

12. 

12. 

11. 

11. 





11. 

9. 



0.28 




•••••• 






0.14 



35. 

32. 








32. 

20. 

... 


7. 

6.4 

5.8 

5.3 

4.6 







... 


6.7 

6.1 

5.5 

5. 

4.3 

. 

. 





... 


6.6 

6. 

5.4 

4.9 

4.2 







• •f 


3. 

3. 

3. 

-3. 

2.5 







... 


16.5 

15.35 

14.1 

13.1 

11.2 









20.75 

18.85 

16.95 

15.4 

13.2 







... 


14. 

12.8 

11.6 

10.6 

9.2 







... 


2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

2.0 







... 


Bart 

)ette. 











24-pr. 

42-pr. 

32-pr. 

24-pr. 

18-pr. 

10-in. 

S.C.II. 

8-in. 

S.C.II. 

8-in. S. 

24-pdr. 

how’r. 

12-pr. 

6-pdr. 

12-pr. 

how. 


4.6 

3.8 

3.5 

2.9 

2.94 

3.125 

2.85 

0.9 

1.05 

1.33 

1.025 

0.9 

.«« 

10.7 

12.2 

11.7 

10.7 

9.88 

13.25 

11.1 

9.125 

6.9 

6.5 

5.15 

5.0 

... 

2.7 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

... 

.93 

2.0 

1.96 

1.94 

1.95 

1.91 

1.61 

0.886 

1.07 




... 

2.8 

6.02 

5.87 

5.82 

5.85 

5.74 

6.03 

2.64 

3.21 

4.046 

3.124 

2.792 


4.6S 

10.06 

9.8 

9.71 

9.76 

9.58 

8.4 

4.44 

5.35 

6.737 

5.203 

1 4.65 

*• 


* The same for 13-in. and 10-in. mortars, heavy, 
f The same for 10-in. and 8-in. mortars, light. 

J For the Ti-pdr. gun, model 1857. 




























































































































































































140 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Worms. 


1 

Dimensions. 

Siege and 
Garrison. 

Field. 

Length of socket and neck. 

In. 

5.5 

In. 

5.5 

Length of one branch from neck to point (developed).... 

16. 

13. 

Depth of socket. 

4.5 

4.5 

Exterior diameter of socket at top. 

1.75 

1.5 

Diameter of neck. 

0.8 

0.7 

Thickness of the iron of the socket. 

0.125 

0.125 

Diameter of branches at the neck (tapering to a point).. 

0.6 

0.5 

Length of socket and worm, complete. 

9.5 

9. 

Diameter of worm, complete (exterior circle). 

4. 

3. 

C Length. 

7. 

6. 

Size of iron for worms... Width. 

3. 

3. 


0.5 

0.5 

Weight of worm.lbs. 

1.75 

1.5 


Sponges for 

Mortars. 






c 

d 

S 



■a| 

'3> 

o 




"d 

a 

o 

o 




cj 

Ih 




a 

*X 

1 




o 

rH 

Length of finished sponge and rammer. 


44. 

34. 

18. 

Weight “ “ “ “ “ 

.lbs. 

3.2 

2. 

0.8 

Length of stafi", including tenon. 


39.67 

30.17 

18. 

Diameter of stafif. 


1.5 

1.5 

1.5 


Preservation and arrangement in Store. 

Implements collected together according to kind and calibre, in a dry 
place, arranged on shelves or racks, in bundles or bunches, or in boxes, 
according to their nature, with marks and labels showing the kind and 
number of the articles. 

Sponges, rammers, ladles, and worms, complete, placed on pins in a vertical 
frame, or suspended vertically or horizontally, by racks or hooks, from tho 
joists, supported so as not to bend. When in separate parts, the heads 
piled on shelves or on the floor, and the, staves tied up in bundles, accord¬ 
ing to kind and calibre. 

The woollen sponges should be preserved from moths by means of cam¬ 
phor, pepper, &c., or by being sealed up in strong paper bags. 

Handspikes in square piles, heads and points alternating. 



































TIMBER FOR IMPLEMENTS. 


141 


Leather equipments, hung on pins or hooks, in dry and cool rooms. 

All wood painted, except tool-handles; iron either painted or oiled. 
See Chapter VII. 


Bills of Timber for 100 Implement-Heads. 


Kind. 

Rammer-IIeads. 

Sponge-Heads. 

Ladle-Heads. 

U 

C0 

0 

• • o’ 

a 

DO 

a 

a 

6 

1 

3 

O' 

M 

A 

a 

5 

a 

<o 

fl 

a 

O 

u 

0 

P 

O’ 

CG 

"So 

a 

o 

kI 

a 

a> 

a 

a 

42-pounder. 

32-pounder. 

24-pounder. 

18-pounder. 

12-pounder. 

6-pounder. 

In. 

6.625 

6.125 

5.75 

5.125 
4.5 

3.75 

Feet. 

66 

60 

53 

50 

50 

40 

Sup. ft. 
241.40 
187.58 
146.02 
109.44 
84.37 
46.87 

In. 

6.5 

6. 

5.25 
4.75 
4.125 

3.25 

Feet. 

72 

72 

72 

72 

68 

68 

Sup. ft. 

253.5 

216.0 

165.37 

135.37 
96.42 
59.85 

In. 

7.25 

6.5 

6. 

5.5 
4.75 

Feet. 

66 

60 

53 

50 

50 

Sup* ft. 
289.09 
211.25 
159.0 
126.04 
94.01 


Plank for 100 Implement-Staves. 


Kind. 

Number of 
planks. 

Dimensions. 

Contents. 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness.' 

Length. 

Each 

plank. 

Total. 

Siege and garrison. 

/12-pounder.... 
.\ 6-pounder.... 

17 

17 

17 

In. 

14. 

12.5 

12.5 

In. 

2. 

1.75 

1.75 

In. 

132 

102 

84 

Sup. ft. 

25.66 

15.49 

12.76 

Sup. ft. 

436.22 

263.33 

216.92 


















































142 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


CHAPTER SIXTH. 

ARTILLERY HARNESS AND CAVALRY EQUIPMENTS. 

ARTILLERY HARNESS. (Plate 21.) 

The construction of the field-carriages requires a harness different, in. 
some respects, from that of common wagons. The limber having no sweep- 
bar, the pole is supported directly by the wheel-horses, by means of a 
chain which connects the hames with the pole-yoke of the limber; and, 
in order to diminish the weight at the end of the pole, the leading-bars are 
dispensed with, the traces of the leaders being attached to those of the 
wheel-horses. 

The same harness is perfectly adapted also to the siege-carriages; but, 
as these are arranged for draught in the ordinary manner, common wagon- 
harness may be used with them if necessary. 

Leather. 

Leather is generally divided into two kinds: 1st, that which is tanned 
and undergoes no further preparation ; and, 2d, that which is tanned and is 
afterwards curried. The former includes all made from the heavier skins 
of the larger animals, as buffaloes, oxen, and cows, into thick, strong sole- 
leather, and the latter that made from the thinner skins of horses, cows, 
calves, sheep, etc., into harness, bridle, upper, bag, or pouch leather, which 
differ from each other only in thickness, the first being the thickest. 
There are other kinds besides these, designated from the mode of prepara¬ 
tion, as tawed leather, such as white kid or sheep skin, prepared with 
alum and salt; buckskin and leather, so called from the fact that the 
buffalo and deer skins were first most commonly dressed in this way; 
patent leather, that which has been varnished. It is sometimes distin¬ 
guished by its color, as black, fair, or russet leather. Leather which has 
been a long time in tanning is to be preferred to that which has been pro¬ 
duced more rapidly. The quality is judged of by its appearance ; a cross- 
section should be glistening and marbled, without any white streaks in 
the middle. It should be firm, compact, and pliant. 

The actual strength of leather depends more on its quality than on its 
thickness. That made from bulls’ hides should be rejected: it is thick and 
supple, but, like that made from the legs and flanks of other skins, it is 


BUCKLES.—LOOPS. 


143 


spong3', without strength or endurance, and, if only slightly rumpled, the 
hair-side presents a shrivelled appearance, which it retains. 

The different parts of harness, except straps and the like, are cut out 
by means of patterns. The seams are made with strong waxed thread, in 
double stitch, with about eight stitches to the inch: those along an edge 
are from 0.15 to 0.2 inch from the edge. The ends of the thread should 
be securely fastened before they are cut off. The awl used should be small 
for the thread. 

Bucklesy Loops, &c. 

The buckles of the bridle and stirrup leather, and the loops for the cloak 
and valise straps on the driver’s and valise saddles, are cast brass, with 
rollers ; and the hook and loop on the pommel of the valise-saddle is brass- 
plated. They are designated by numbers. (See table, page 164.) All other 
buckles, loops, and staples are of wrought iron japanned, (black.) The 
iron buckles are all made with rollers; the tongues are the same size as 
the sides of the buckles. 

Straps, or other pieces which have buckles or iron loops attached to 
them, are doubled on a length generally equal to twice their width, to 
receive the buckle or loop, which is fastened by two seams. The double 
end is shaved down. 

Standing-loops are placed close to the buckles. Their ends are shaved 
down, brought together, and fastened between the two parts of the strap, 
if it is doubled, by the same seam. These loops are usually of the same 
leather as the strap. 

The tongue-holes for buckles are made with a punch corresponding to 
the size of the tongue. Their distance apart is generally equal to the 
width of the strap, and the first hole is at double that distance from the 
end of the strap. This end is shaved down and reduced in width, to 
facilitate its entrance into the buckle. ^ 

Note. —A layer is a piece of leather sewed upon another piece, to 
strengthen it. 

A chape is a piece used to fasten a buckle or loop to a strap or oth^r 
piece of leather. 

A billet is a strap which enters a buckle. 

A safe is a piece of leather placed under a buckle, etc., to prevent it 
from chafing. 

Composition. —A complete set of artillery harness is composed as fol¬ 
lows :— 

Head-gear. Driver's saddles, the same for all the near horses. Valise- 
saddles and valise, common for all the off horses. Draught harness, differ¬ 
ing according as it is intended for the wheel or lead horses. One whip is 
allowed to each driver, and one leg-guard to each driver of wheel-horses 


144 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Head- Gear. 

The head-gear is made of strong, black bridle-leather^ not less than 0.1 
inch thick. The buckles of the bridle are brass-plated or cast brass ; of the 
halter, iron. 

Bridle of the near Horse. —It is composed of the headstall, bit, and 
pair of reins. 

Headstall. — One crown-piece, the ends split form 2 billets forthe buckles 
of the cheek-straps and 2 billets for the buckles of the throat-lash. 

1 brow-band: the ends, doubled and sewed, form loops for the crown- 
piece to pass through; 2 ornaments, (brass,) circles 1.8 inch in diameter, 
raised in the centre, on a circle of leather 2.25 inches in diameter, fast¬ 
ened on the loop of the brow-band by passing the end of the brow-band, 
before being sewed, through an iron wire loop soldered to the ornament, 
the iron loop passing between the two billets of the crown-piece. 

1 throat-lash, with 1 buckle No. 10 B and 1 standing-loop at each end. 
2 cheek-straps: each has 1 buckle No. 8 B and 1 billet sewed to the lower 
end, flesh-side to flesh-side, with 2 standing-loops, to attach it to the bit; 
at the upper end 1 buckle No. 8 B, with one standing and one sliding loop 
to fasten it to the crown-piece. 

Bit, (iron forged and brass-plated.)—2 cheek-pieces, curved in shape of 
S, and pierced at top with an eye, to receive the cheek-billet and a hole 
for the curb-chain: at its lower end an eye for the reins, and near the 
mouth-piece a stud, through which is inserted a ring No. 2 for the reins ; 

1 mouth-piece: its ends pass through the cheek-pieces, and are riveted and 
rounded; 1 cross-bar, riveted to the cheek-pieces; 1 curb-chain, (iron 
tinned,) of 13 links, diminishing in size from the middle towards the end: 
it is attached to the right cheek-piece by an <0-coldshut, and to the left 
cheek-piece by a hook. ^ 

Bits are made of three sizes, in the width between the cheek-pieces,— 
viz., 4| inches, 5 inches, and 5^ inches; about three-fifths being of the 
medium size. 

Reins. —2 reins: each rein has a buckle No. 8 B and a billet sewed to 
one end, flesh-side to flesh-side, with 2 standing-loops, for attaching it to 
the bit; the reins are united by a buckle No. 8 B, with 1 standing and 1 
sliding loop on the short rein, to receive the billet of the other; the near 
rein is shorter by 12 inches than the off one. 

Bridle for the off Horse. —The same as the bridle for the near horse, 
with the addition of 1 coupling-strap, which has 1 billet and 1 buckle No. 8 B 
sewed on each end, with 1 standing-loop at one end and 2 standing-loops at 
the other; it is attached to the off ring of the bit, and passes through the 
near ring. 

Halter.—1 crown-piece, having a billet at each end for the bucFiles of 


driver’s saddle. 


145 


the cheek-straps; 2 cheek-straps^ —each has 1 buckle No. 6; 1 standing and 
1 sliding loop at one end, the other end is sewed to 1 iron loop No. 3; 1 
brow-band, the ends doubled and sewed, form loops for the crown-piece 
and throat-lash to pass through; 1 nose-band, the ends sewed to the same 
loops as the cheek-straps ; 2 chin-straps: each is made of one piece doubled 
and sewed together with two seams the Avhole length: it holds in the fold 
at one end the square iron loop of the cheek-strap, and at the other, the 
rear, 1 square iron loop No. 3; 1 throat-strap, made of one piece doubled 
and sewed together with two seams the whole length, forming at the upper 
end a loop to receive the throat-lash, and holds in the fold at the other end 
the square iron loop of the chin-straps; 1 throat-lash; 1 buckle No. 8; 1 
standing and 1 sliding loop at the end, on the near side: it passes through 
the loops in the brow-band and throat-strap. 

1 hitching-strap, feet long; 1 buckle No. 6; 1 standing-loop; 1 billet, 
sewed to the buckle-end by the same seam which holds the buckle. 

Driver s Saddle. 

It is composed of 1 saddle-tree; 1 seat; different parts of leather, etc., of 
the body of the saddle; 2 saddle-skirts; 2 stirrups; 1 girth. 

Saddle-Tree.—Wood, (beech or ash.)—The saddle-tree consists of 1 
pommel, made of two pieces, notched or halved together at the top of the 
hollow of the pommel, and glued; 1 canile, formed of two pieces in the 
same manner ; 2 side bars, with notches to receive the pommel and cantle, 
to which they are nailed with 8 nails, each, 4-penny. 

Before the irons are put on the tree, it is entirely covered with raw hide, 
applied green, sewed on with thongs of the same, and through the side 
bars near their junction with the pommel and cantle, in front and rear of 
each. 

Grooves are made in the under side of the side bars to receive the 
thongs, that they may not project and chafe the horse’s back. 

Iron.—2 stirrup-bars, the front end riveted to the pommel and the rear 
end to the side bar; 2 iron staples No. 1, driven through, one from the 
front of the pommel, and the other from the rear of the cantle, and 
clenched. 

Seat. _1 girth-webbing, the middle of its length nailed double on the 

pommel over the hollow: the two ends separated and stretched strongly 
and nailed on the front of the cantle. 1 canvas, (strong hemp,) to cover 
the webbing, stretched across the girth-webbing, the ends nailed on the 
side bars and on the edge of the pommel and cantle; 1 cotton drilling, 
drawn over the canvas and nailed in the same way ; cotton batting, stuffed 
between the linen and the cotton drilling; 1 leather lining, pasted under¬ 
neath the webbing and canvas 


146 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Paets in Leather, etc., of the Body of the Saddle. —The front of 
pommel and rear of cantle are covered with leather glued to the wood 
and nailed close to the side bars. The ends of the side bars are covered 
with harness-leather, which is fastened by nails close to the pommel and 
cantle and by 2 finishing-nails on each end of side bar, driven through 
from the upper side; 1 seat of goat-skin morocco, lined with sheep-skin, 
stufied with cotton, quilted, and bound round the edges with light 
morocco, fastened to the side bars by three finishing nails on each side; 
1 pommel-cover, (bridle-leather,) sewed to the front of the seat, tacked to 
the lower part of the pommel, glued on the upper part, and sewed to the 
leather on the front of pommel by a seam along the top edge of pommel; 
1 cantle-cover, sewed to the rear end of the seat, the lower part tacked to 
the side bars, the upper part glued to the cantle and sewed to the leather 
on the rear part of the cantle by a seam around the edge of the cantle; 
1 pommel-moulding, (brass,) covering the seam, fastened by 2 iron and 2 
brass nails; 1 cantle-ornament, (brass,) shape of a shield, fastened by 3 
brass nails; 1 pommel-ornament, (brass,) shape of a shield, fastened by 3 
brass nails; 2 loops'^o. 7 B, for cloak-straps, driven through the side bars 
in rear of the cantle, and riveted; 2 billets for trace-loop pass through 
the skirts and are nailed to the upper side of the side bars; 1 collar-strap 
billet, sewed to the loop on the front of the pommel. 

Skirts.—2 skirts, (thick harness-leather,) fastened to the under side of 
the side bars with glue; the upper end is turned over the side bars and 
sewed at front and rear to the covering of ends of side bars. 

Stirrups. —2 stirrups, (cast brass;) 2 stirrup-straps pass over the 
etirrup-bars; 1 buckle No. 4, with 3 standing-loops, sewed to the thin end 
of the strap, which is doubled and stitched on a length of 8 inches, where 
it passes through the eye of the stirrup. 

Girths. — \ girth, (light bridle-leather,) made in two parts of unequal 
lengths: each part is made of double thickness by folding the leather in 
the direction of its length, bringing the two edges together in the middle 
and Listening them with a seam the whole length. The long part has a 
buckle No. 4, and chape, with 3 standing-loops; it passes through the 
skirt from underneath, and is nailed to the upper side of the side bars on 
the oft’ side. The short part has a billet sewed to it; it is nailed, in the 
same manner as the long part, on the near side. 


Valise-Saddle. 

The valise-saddle, placed on the oflf-horse, is used to carry the driver’s 
valise, but in case of emergency can be used to ride upon. It is com¬ 
posed of 1 saddle-tree; 1 seat; different parts of leather, cjc., of the bodg of tht' 
saddle; 2 saddle-skirts ; 1 girth 


VALISE. 147 

Saddle-Tree.—Wood.— The same as that of the driver’s saddle, except 
in the dimensions. 

Iron. —1 hook for the reins, (brass-plated,) with loop for billet of the 
collar-strap attached, is driven through the pommel from the front, and 
clenched; 1 iron staple No. 1, for the crupper-strap, driven in the cantle 
from the rear, and clenched. 

4 brass loops No. 7 B, for valise-straps, driven one in each end of the 
side bars, and riveted. 

Seat.—1 leather seat, stretched and nailed to the pommel, cantle, and 
side bars; 1 cotton drilling, drawn over the leather seat and nailed in the 
same way; cotton hatting, stuffed between the cotton drilling and leather 
seat. 

Parts tn Leather, etc., of the Body of the Saddle. —The same as 
for the di-iver’s saddle, with the addition of 2 valise-straps, each has 1 
buckle No. 8, 1 standing and 1 sliding loop; 1 crupper-strap, made of two 
thicknesses, stitched, embracing in the fold at one end the iron loop on the 
cantle, and at the other end an iron loop No. 5, with roller for the back 
strap of the crupper. The same crupper answers for either saddle. 

Skirts. — The same, except in dimensions, as those for the driver’s 
saddle. 

Girths.— 1 girth, (leather,) has 1 buckle No. 6, and 3 standing-loops, 
fastened to a layer; the girth is sewed to the near skirt of the saddle ; 1 
billet sewed to the off-skirt. 


Valise. 

The valise is cylindrical, 18 inches long, with a flat bottom. 

Valise, (thick bridle-leather.)—1 body; 1 body-lining, (cotton ticking,) 
pasted to the body; 2 ends, made of 2 thicknesses of leather, sewed to¬ 
gether with one seam near the outer edge; 2 end-linings, (cotton ticking,) 
pasted to the ends; 1 inner flap, with 6 slits for wire staples sewed to the 
body, covering the mouth of valise; 1 strap, 1 chape and buckle No. 9, 
sewed to the opposite ends of body; the strap passes through the iron 
staples and holds down the inner flap ; 6 iron-wire staples No. 3 pass 
through the body, are bent and held in place by a strip of leather sewed 
over their ends; 3 chapes and buckles No. 9, and 3 standing-loops, sewed 
to the body for the billets on the cover; 2 handles, (leather, rounded,) sewed 
into the ends between the two thicknesses; 2 loops, 1 inch wide, sewed to 
the bottom of the body, for the valise-straps to pass through; 1 cover; 1 
cover-lining, larger than the cover, sewed to it around its outer edge, form¬ 
ing a pocket: it has an opening in the middle, which is closed with strings; 
1 binding, thin leather, sewed around the edge of cover; 3 billets, sewed to 
the cover to fasten it down. 


13 


148 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Dr might-Harness. 

The Collar.— Collars are made of two sizes,—17 inches and 20 inches r 
the measure taken on the inside of the breast. 

1 rim, (bi’idle-leather,) sewed to the belly, stuffed with uncut straw. 

1 belly, (upper-leather,) made in two pieces, which lap and are sewed 
together at bottom, stuffed with straw cut into pieces not more than ^ of 
an inch long; 2 chapes and buckles No. 8, 2 billets, sewed to the open ends 
of the collar and used only to vary the size of the collar; 1 pad, (black 
sheep-skin,) stuffed with deer’s hair, to protect the horse’s neck from being 
chafed by the collar-straps; 3 loops, sewed to the pad; two pass over the 
ends of the collar, and the collar-strap passes through the other. 

The Hames, iron, (painted black.)— Two branches, curved; 2 double-joint 
loops for trace-tugs, attached to the branches by means of a bolt passing 
through a stud forged on the branch: they turn freely on the bolt, and also 
admit free motion in the opposite direction; 2 links, for holding up the 
breast-strap, welded into the eyes of the joint-loop bolts; 2 rings No. 3, 
for trussing-straps, welded into the rectangular eyes at the upper ends of 
the branches; 1 clasp, made fast to the off branch, connects the branches at 
their lower ends; 1 chain and toggle, (3 links No. 4,) welded into the eye of 
the clasp, connects the pole-yoke to the hames ; 2 loop-rings, 1.75 in. diame¬ 
ter, sewed in the trace-tugs, for the trace-chains to pass through. 

Leather. —Two safes, sewed round the branches under the joint-loops, to 
protect the collar from being chafed by the trace-tugs; 2 trace-tugs, 0.63 
inch thick, made of four thicknesses of leather stitched together with 
three seams, embracing in the fold the joint-loop at one end and the loop¬ 
ring at the other. 

Two trussing-straps, each with 1 buckle No. 8, 1 standing and 1 sliding 
loop. They pass through the rings in the rectangular eyes of the branches 
to truss up the harness. 

1 hames-strap, with 1 buckle No. 6 and 2 standing-loops, connects the two 
branches at the top; 1 collar-strap, having 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 standing- 
loop, passes round the hames-strap and is buckled to the billet on the 
pommel of the saddle, to keep the collar in place. 

Traces. 

Traces are composed of a leather trace with a chain and toggle attached 
to each end. They differ only in the length of the leather trace. 

Leather trace, 0.63 inch thick, made of three thicknesses of leather 
sewed together their whole length, with two seams; 2 iron loops riveted to 
the ends of the leather trace with 3 rivets, each 0.25 inch diam. Front- 
trace-chain made of iron .3 inch diameter, 5 links and 1 toggle, attached 
to the leather trace by the iron loop. 


BREECHING. 


149 


Rear trace-chain.—Thirteen links, four rings, (oval,) and one toggle, of the 
Bame-sized iron and attached in the same manner as the front trace-chain. 

Belly-band.— Two trace-loops, made by doubling the leather and sewing 
the branches together near one end; 1 buckle No. G and 1 standing-loop em¬ 
braced in the stitched end of the trace-loop; 1 iron loop No. 5, embraced 
and playing loose on the bottom of the trace-loop; 1 belly-strap with 1 
buckle No. 6 and 1 standing-loop, sewed to tlie iron loop of trace-loop on the 
off side ; 1 belly-strap billet sewed to the iron loop of trace-loop on the near 
side and buckling to the belly-strap; 1 loin-strap, each end passes into the 
buckle of the trace-loop to hold up the traces. The loin-strap for the wheel- 
horse has 1 layer sewed under its middle, forming a loop througli which 
passes the back-strap of the crupper: it is shorter than the loin-strap for 
the lead-horse ;, 2 trace-loops with 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 standing-loop, formed 
as above described. 

Crupper.— 1 dock, formed of a single piece 3.5 inches wide and 14 inches 
long, doubled lengthwise and made round, not stuffed : it has 1 buckle No. 9 
and 1 standing-loop sewed to each end; 1 body, the rear end is split into 2 
billets for the buckles of the dock, the other end is sewed to the end of the 
back-strap ; 1 layer 10 inches long, 1 buckle No. 6, and 4 standing-I oops sewed 
on the front end of the body, leaving an opening in rear of the back-strap 
for the hip-strap to pass through; 1 short layer, inserted under the long 
layer and in rear of the opening for the hip-strap; 1 back-strap, sewed in 
between the body and the long layer, passes through the loop of loin-strap 
of wheel-harness, through the iron loop on the saddle, and returns to the 
buckle on the body of the crupper; 1 sliding-loop holds the two parts of the 
back-strap together near the saddle. 

Breeching. 

1 breech-strap, (thick harness-leather;) 1 Hjy^'r, thick leather, sewed to the 
breech-strap its whole length with 2 seams ; 1 buckle No. 3 and 3 standing- 
loops at each end sewed in the fold of the breech-strap and layer; 2 iron 
loops No. 5 and chapes sewed to upper side of breech-strap; 4 tugs for hip- - 
straps, made of two thicknesses of leather, sewed together with 2 seams: 
each has 1 buckle No. 6 and 3 standing-loops, and embraces in the fold at the 
other end the buckle or loops of the breech-strap; 4 safes sewed on the 
inside of the tugs; 1 hip-strap, split at each end into two billets, which 
buckle into the tugs of the breech-strap ; 1 breast-strap, 0.63 inch thick in 
the middle, .5 inch at the ends, made of three thicknesses, sewed together 
with 3 seams: it passes through the iron links on the hames and the trace- 
loops attached to the saddle, and buckles to the breech-strap; 1 pole-strap, 
0.5 inch thick, made of three thicknesses of leather sewed together with 
two seams; 1 buckle No. 3, and 3 standing-loops, sewed in the folds at one 
end. 


150 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Pole-Pad. 

It is placed on the end of the pole to prevent the lead-horses from being 
injured by the pole. 

Iron.—1 ring, 2.3 inches diameter, 1 inch wide, 0.2 inch thick, with 2 
holes for bolt; 1 bolt with small hole for key. 

Leather. —1 cylindrical body, 1 end, circular, with hole for pole sewed 
to the body; 1 end, pressed convex, sewed to the other end of body after 
it is stuffed; 1 wner cylinder, the open end sewed in the hole of the circular 
end; 1 inner cylinder end, 1 reinforce-cylinder end sewed together and 
slipped over the closed end of inner cylinder; 2 stay-straps, sewed to the 
body, near the bolt-hole, and nailed over the end of inner cylinder; hair 
stuffed in between the inner cylinder and body. The body is pressed in 
against the iron ring where the bolt passes through it. 

The pole-pad should be taken off from the pole and placed under cover, 
when the carriage is not in use. 

Whip. 

1 stock, (raw hide.) about 30 inches long. The raw hide is first covered 
with India-rubber cloth ; 1 leather cover, sewed over the India-rubber cover¬ 
ing, with a loop in the end well secured ; 1 lash, (thread,) tied to the leather 
cover; 1 loop for the hand, nailed to the butt of whip with 2 tacks. 

Leg- Guard. 

1 body (strong kip leather;) 2 layers, sewed to the upper and lower part 
of the body with four seams; 4 leg-straps, 4 buckles No. 10 and 4 standing- 
loops, sewed to the body: the billet-ends pass through slits in the body; 
1 foot-strap, sewed to’the bottom of the body, at both ends; 1 plate, (iron,) 
0.1 inch thick, riveted to the body with five rivets. 

Nose-Bag. 

1 body, (strong linen or cotton duck;) 1 bottom, (harness-leather,) 6 inches 
diameter, 4 inches deep, pressed in a mould, sewed to the body; 1 head- 
strap with 1 buckle No. 8 and 1 standing-loop, sewed to top of the bottom, 
and fastened by 2 copper rivets No. 1; sewed to the top of the body and 
to an inside leather washer by the same seam, and fastened by 1 copper 
rivet No. 1; 1 head-strap billet, sewed to the top of the bottom, and fastened 
by 2 copper rivets No. 1; sewed to the top of the body and to an inside 
leather washer by the same seam, and fastened by 1 copper rivet No. 1. 
Width of bag at top, 15 inches; whole height, 15 inches. 


HEAD-GEAR. 


151 


PACK-SADDLE AND HARNESS FOR MOUNTAIN ARTILLERY. 

The mountain howitzer and its carriage are either carried on pack- 
mules, or the gun is mounted on the carriage and drawn by mules harnessed 
to it. 

The ammunition, forge, and tool chests are carried on pack-mules; or, 
when the roads are good, may be carried in common carts. 

The equipment is the same whether the gun and carriage are packed or 
drawn, except that the lashing-girth and lashing-rope are not required for 
draught. 

Composition. —The harness complete is composed of the head-gear, the 
pack-saddle, —which is common for packing the gun-carriage or chests,— 
the crupper, the breeching, the breast-strap, and the lashing girth and rope. 

Head- Gear. 

The head-gear is made of black bridle-leather. The buckles and loops 
are iron, japanned, (black.) 

Bridle. —1 crown-piece: one end is split into 2 billets, and the other into 
1 billet and 1 buckle-strap, for the cheek-pieces and throat-lash; 1 buckle 
No. 10, and 1 standing-loop, sewed to the throat-lash; 1 buckle No. 10, 
and 1 standing-loop, sewed to the top of the crown-piece for the billets 
of the winker-straps. 

1 brow-band: the ends, doubled and sewed, form loops for the crown-piece 
to pass through. 

2 check-straps: each has 2 buckles No. 8, and 5 standing-loops; one end 
buckles to the billet of the crown-piece, and the other to the bit. 

2 winkers, made of two thicknesses of leather, sewed together by a seam 
around the edge; 2 winker-straps, sewed to the top of the winkers, and 
fastened to the buckle on top of the crown-piece. 

1 leading-rein: made of a single strap; one end is sewed to the ring on 
the right end of the bit, the other end passes through the left ring, and 
has 1 wooden toggle, sewed in a loop at its extremity, and 1 leather washer 
on the inside of the toggle. 

Tub Bit.— It consists of 1 bar and 2 rings, 2.25 inches, made of wrought 
iron, and tinned. 

Halter. —The halter is the same as that used for field artillery, (page 
144.) 

Pack-Saddle. 

It is composed of the tree, the parts of leather, ^c., of the body, i\\Q pad 
t^nd girths. 

Saddle-tree.—Wood, (ash, oiled.)—2 arcs, each made of three pieces, 
halved into each other, glued and fastened together with 6 screws No. 14, 1 

13* 


152 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


inch, in the front arc, and 8 screws No. 14, 1 inch, in the rear arc : a circular 
notch is cut in the top of the arcs, for the gun; 2 transoms, fastened to the 
arcs by bolts, which pass through their entire length : each transom has a 
circular notch cut in it for the trunnions of the gun; 1 cross-bar, let into the 
transoms, and fastened to them by 2 screws No. 16, 2| inch, in each end: 
a circular notch is cut on top of the cross-bar, for the gun; 2 inner side 
bars, let in flush with the inside of the arcs, and fastened by 3 screws No. 
14, 1^ inch, in each end; 2 outer side bars, mortised into the arcs; 2 round 
bars: a round tenon on each end passes through the lower end of the arcs, 
and is fastened by 1 screw No. 16, 2^ inch, which also strengthens the 
bearing-notch for the ammunition-chests. 

Iron. —1 front arc-plate, with hooks on the ends, fastened to the front of 
the front arc by the assembling-bolts and by 2 rivets No. 2 B; 1 staple, 
riveted to the middle of the front arc-plate; 1 rear arc-plate, with hooks 
on the ends, fastened to the rear of the rear arc by the assembling-bolts 
and by 2 rivets No. 2 B; 1 staple, riveted to the middle of the rear arc- 
plate ; 2 assembling-bolts No. 1, octagonal heads and nuts, connect the 
front and rear arcs; 4 staples for lashing-straps, fastened to the arcs by 2 
rivets, each No. 2 wire. 

Parts of Leather, etc., of the Body.— 2 pieces of hemp webbing, 2.5 
inches wide, stretched from the front to the rear arcs at the top of the hollow, 
and nailed to the inside of the arcs with tacks; 1 cover, (black bridle-leather,) 
stretched over the hemp webbing, the inner side bars and round bars, and 
nailed to the inner side of the arcs: a strip of thin leather is put under 
the heads of the tacks; 2 flaps, (harness-leather,) folded round the round 
bars, and sewed to the lower ends of the cover and arc-lining; 2 arc-linings, 
(harness-leather,) nailed to the side of the front and rear arcs, the lower 
ends sewed to the flaps; 4 lining-straps, nailed to the inner side bars and 
round bars; 2 thill-straps, with 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 standing-loop, pass 
over the round bars and form loops for the shafts of the gun-carriage. 

6 girth-billets, sewed to the inside of the flaps, three on each flap: 
they pass through slits in the flap to the outside; 4 iron loops No. 4, for 
breeching and breast-straps, embraced in the leather loops, sewed to the 
inside of the flaps and passing to the outside through slits ; 4 lashing- 
straps, with 1 buckle No. 8, and 1 standing-loop, fastened to the inside of 
the lower end of the arc by 1 screw No. 14, 1 inch; 4 billets for lashing- 
straps, fastened to the outside of the arcs, near the top, by 1 screw No. 14, 
1 inch, and 1 staple, each; 2 shoulder-strap tugs, with 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 
sliding-loop each, fastened to the front of the front arc by 1 screw No. 14, 1 
inch, and 2 nails, 10-oz.; 1 loop and toggle, fastened with 1 leather thong 
to the iron loop on the front arc-plate; 2 safes, nailed to the outside of the 
outer side bars. 

Pad.— 1 top, (sheep-skin ;) 1 side and end, (sheep-skin,) sewed to the top 


CRUPrER.—LASHING-ROPE. 


153 


and lining; 1 lining, (strong canvas,) stuffed "with straw and hair, and 
quilted. It is fastened to the arc-lining and flaps with 10 leather thongs. 

Girth, (hemp webbing,) 7^ inches wide.—6 buckles No. 8, and 6 stand¬ 
ing-loops, embraced in the ends of leather loops, sewed to the girths. 

Crupper. 

1 dock with 1 buckle No. 10, and 1 standing-loop, sewed to each end: it is 
made of a single piece of leather, rounded; 1 body, split at one end into 2 
billets for the dock; 1 back-strap, sewed to the body at one end, with 2‘ 
seams, leaving an open space for the passage of the loin-strap : the other 
end passes through the staple on the rear arc-plate, to 1 buckle No. 6, and 
3 standing-loops, sewed in between the body and back-strap; 1 sliding-loop 
on the back-strap, near the saddle. 

1 loin-strap passes between the body of the crupper and the back-strap, 
to the buckle of the tugs on the breech-strap. 

Breeching. 

1 breech-strap; 2 side-straps, sewed at one end to the breech-strap, the 
other end passes through iron loops on the pack-saddle, or through the 
staples on the shafts when the harness is used for draught, into 1 buckle 
No. 4, and 4 stand-loops, sewed between the breech-strap and side-strap; 
2 tugs, for loin-straps; each tug has 1 buckle No. 6, and 3 standing-loops, 
sewed to one end—the other end embraces 1 iron loop No. 5, which is 
fastened to the breech-strap by 1 chape; 2 safes, sewed to the under side 
of the tugs, with 2 seams, the length of the tug. 

Breast- Strap. 

1 front strap ; 2 side straps, one end sewed to the front strap; the other 
end passes through the iron loop on the flap of the pack-saddle, or through 
the staples on the shafts, when the harness is used for draught, back to 1 
buckle No. 4, and 3 standing-loops, sewed between the front strap and side 
strap; 2 shoulder-straps, sewed at one end to the front strap, the other 
end passes to the tugs on the front arc. 

Lashing Girth and Rope. 

1 girth, (thick leather,) the ends folded and sewed with 3 seams; 2 iron 
hooks, the bar embraced in the loop formed at the end of the girth. , 

1 lashing-rope, (2J-inch rope,) 10 feet long; it is used in connection with 
the girth, to secure the pack to the saddle; weight, 1.06 lb. 

Packing the Mountain Howitzer. 

The howitzer is placed on the pack-saddle, the muzzle to the front, in 
the recesses cut in the bows and transoms: it is lashed with the lashing-rope. 


154 


OUDNANCE MANUAL. 


The shafts are placed upside-down on the same pack-saddle, the cross-bar 
on the neck of the cascable: the shafts are lashed with the bow-straps. 

The carriage is placed on the pack-saddle, the axle-tree against the front 
face of the front bow: it is fastened by the lashing-rope. The wheels are 
placed on the same pack with the carriage, one on each side, the small end 
of the nave against the pack between the bows, one of the spokes rest¬ 
ing on the arm of the axle-tree: they are lashed with the bow-straps. 

The ammunition-chests are suspended with chains, on hooks, on each 
side of the pack, and lashed with lashing-ropes. 

TO PLACE THE HOWITZER ON THE SADDLE. 

Three men load the howitzer on the mule. Introduce the rammer-head 
into the bore; place the loop of the handspike over the cjj-scable; carry 
the piece to the saddle, approaching by the croup ; raise it and place it in 
its bed. Three men load the carriage, taking hold of it by the arms of 
the axle-tree and by the end of the trail. 

Four men load 2 ammunition-chests, and hook the 4 chains at the same 
time. 

The load ought to be fastened securely, so as to form, as it were, a part 
of the animal, and should be raised as little as possible above the mule’s 
back. 


HORSE EQUIPMENTS. 


155 


HORSE EQUIPMENTS FOR THE CAVALRY SERVICE. 

A complete set of horse equipments for cavalry troops consists of 1 bridle^ 

1 watering-bridle, 1 halter, 1 saddle, 1 pair of saddle-bags, 1 saddle-blanket, 1 
surcingle, 1 pair of spurs, 1 curry-comb, 1 horse-brush, 1 picket-pin, and 1 
lariat; (1 link and 1 nose-bag, when specially required.) 

Head- Gear. 

All the leather is black bridle-leather, not less than 0.1 inch thick, and 
the buckles are malleable iron flat bar-buckles, blued. 

BRIDLE. 

It is composed of 1 headstall, 1 bit, 1 pair of reins. 

Headstall. —1 crown-piece, the ends split, forming 1 cheek-strap and 1 
throat-lash billet on one side, and on the other 1 cheek-strap and 1 throat- 
lash, with 1 buckle No. 11 A; 2 chapes, and 2 buckles No. 10 A, sewed to the 
ends of cheek-pieces to attach the bit; 1 brow-band: the ends, doubled and 
sewed, form 2 loops on each end, through which the cheek-straps, throat- 
lash, and throat-lash billet pass. 

Bit, (shear steel, blued.)—2 branches, S-shaped, pierced at top with an 
eye for the cheek-strap billet, and with a small hole near the eye for the 
curb-chain, terminated at the bottom by 2 buttons, into which are welded 

2 rings No. 5 for the reins. The lower curve of the branch is tangent to 
the line through the axis of the mouth-piece and the centre of the eye. 1 
mouth-piece, curved in the middle: its ends pass through the branches, and 
are riveted to them; 1 cross-bar, riveted to the branches near the lower 
ends; 2 bosses, (cast brass,) bearing the number and letter of the regiment 
and the letter of the company, riveted to the branches with 4 rivets; 1 curb- 
chain hook, steel wire No. 10, fastened to the near branch; 1 curb-chain, 
steel wire No. 11, curb-chain links 0.7 inch wide, with 1 loose ring in the 
middle, fastened to the q/T branch by an S-^iook, cold-shut; 1 curb-strap, 
(leather,) fastened to the curb-chain by 2 standing-loops. 

1 curb-ring for bit No. 1 replaces the curb-chain and curb-strap. They 
are of 2 sizes: No. 1, interior diameter 4 inches; No. 2, 3.75 inches,—the 
number marked on the outside of the swell. Three-fourths of the bits of 
this kind to have the large ring, one-fourth the small ring. 


There are four varieties of bits; they are all alike below the 

mouth- 

piece. 






No. 1. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

No. 4. 

Height of arch. 

2.25 

2. 

1.5 

0.5 

Opening of arch. 

0.8 

1.1 



Distance of eye from axis of mouth-piece... 

1.5 

2.25 

2.25 

2.25 

Diameter of mouth-piece at shoulder. 

0.5 

0.5 

0.5 

0.66 





ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


li)6 

Distance from axis of mouth-piece to axis of cross-bar, 5 inches. 

Distance from centre of button to the axis of cross-bar, 0.5 inch. 

Length of mouth-piece in all bits, 4.5 inches; square tenon of mouth* 
piece, .35 inch. 

At centre of arch, .325 inch vertical thickness, 0.45 inch horizontal. 
Thickness of branch at mouth-piece, 0.225 inch. 

Reins. —2 rems, sewed together at one end,—the other ends sewed to the 
rings of the bit. 

WATERINQ-BRIDLE. 

The watering-bridle is composed of 1 bit and 1 pair of reins. 

Bit, (wrought iron, blued.)—2 mouth-piece sides, united in the middle by 
a loop-hinge: their ends are pierced with 2 holes to receive 2 rings No. 1 
for the reins; 2 chains and toggles, 3 links, each 1 inch X inch, welded 
into the rein-rings. 

Reins. —2 reins, sewed together at one end,—the other sewed to the rings 
of the bit. 

HALTER. 

2 cheek-pieces, sewed, one end to 2 square loops No. 2 A, and the other to 

2 cheek-rings No. 1 A; 2 for the toggles of the watering-bridle, 

sewed to the cheek-pieces near to the square loops; 1 crown-piece, sewed to 
the 0 ^ cheek-ring; 1 buckle No. 7 A. chape, sewed to the near cheek-ring; 
1 nose-band, the ends sewed to the square loops; 1 chin-strap, the ends 
sewed to the square loops, and passing loose through the hitching-strap 
ring; 1 throat-strap, folded on itself, making two thicknesses, and forming 
at top a loop for the throat-band to pass through, and embracing in the 
fold at the other end 1 bolt, which holds 1 hitching-strap ring; 1 throat-band 
passes loose through the loop in the throat-strap, and sewed to the cheek- 
rings ; 1 hitching-strap, 6^ feet long; 1 buckle No. 6 A, and 1 standing-loop ; 
1 billet, sewed to the buckle end by the same seam which holds the buckle. 

Saddle. 

All the leather is black bridle or harness leather, and the buckles are 
malleable iron blued. 

The Saddle is composed of 1 tree, 2 saddle-skirts, 2 stirrups, 2 stirrup- 
leathers, 1 girth and girth-strap, 1 surcingle, 1 crupper. 

Saddle-tree. — Wood, (beech.)—1 pommel, made of 2 pieces framed to¬ 
gether at top and glued; 1 cantle, formed of 2 pieces, like the pommel; 2 
side bars, (poplar,) each made of 3 pieces glued together: they are glued 
to the pommel and cantle, and fastened by 2 rivets No. 1, 2 burrs, and 4 
nails, —the burrs let in on the under side; 1 strap-mortise in the pommel; 

3 strap-mortises in the cantle. 

There are three sizes of trees, varying in the length of the seat: 


HORSE EQUIPMENTS. 


157 


No. 1, 11 inches length of seat, 15 per cent., 
No. 2, 11^ “ “ “ 50 “ 

No. 3, 12 “ “ “ 35 “ 


to be ma.^ked on the pom¬ 
mel-ornament. 


Iron. —1 pommel-arc^ .1 inch thick, with 3 small holes on top, fastened to 
the side bars by 4 rivets No. 1; 1 pommel-plate, .1 inch thick, semi-circular, 
fastened to the front of the pommel by 4 rivets No. 1; 1 cantle-arc, .1 incii 
thick, with 3 small holes on top, fastened to the sidebars by 4 rivets No. 1; 

1 cantle-plate, .1 inch thick, fastened to the rear of tlie cantle by 4 rivets 
No. 1; 2 stirrup-loops, hinged in 2 iron straps, which are fastened to the 
side bars by 6 rivets No. 1. 

The tree is painted with one coat of white lead. It is covered with raw 
hide, put on wet and sewed with thongs of the same, and held in place by 
stitches through the wood along the junction of the pommel and cantlo 
with the side bars. The seams are made on the edges of the side bars, 
where they will not chafe the horse nor rider. 

2 rings, held by staples driven into the front ends of side bars; 2 foot- 
staples for coat-straps, fastened to the front of the pommel by 4 brass screws 
No. 6, I inch ; 2 crupper-rings, (japanned black,) fastened by staples driven 
into the rear ends of side bars ; 2 foot-staples, fastened to the rear of cantle 
by 4 brass screws No. G, | inch; 1 guard-plate; 1 pommel-ornament, shield¬ 
shaped, (sheet brass,) fastened to the pommel, each by 3 brass screw-pins; 
6 guard-plates, fastened to the cantle by 12 screw-pins; 2 foot-staples, fast¬ 
ened on the back strap by 4 brass screws No. 6, f inch; 1 saddle-bag stud, 
fastened on the back strap to the cantle-arc by 2 copper rivets No. ^ C. 

2 SADDLE-SKIRTS, (thick liamess-leather,) fastened to the side bars by 
38 brass screws No. 6, f inch; 2 stay-loops for the saddle-bag straps, sewed 
to the rear edge of the skirts. 

2 STIRRUPS, (hickory or oak,) made of one piece bent, the ends sepa¬ 
rated by 1 transom and fastened by 2 iron rivets No. 2 B, 4 burrs each; 2 
leather hoods, (thick harness-leather,) fastened to the stirrups by 12 copper 
rivets No. ^ and burrs, —distance of hood from rear of stirrup, 6 inches; 2 
stirrup-straps—2 buckles No. 5 A; 2 sliding-loops— through the stirrup- 
loops and through a hole cut in the skirt; 2 stirrup-leathers, (thick harness- 
leather;) 2 standing-loops. 

Girth.— 2 girth-straps pass over the pommel and cantle-arcs, to which 
they are fastened by 4 copper rivets No. ^ C and 4 burrs: they are fastened 
to the side bars by 4 brass screws No. G, f inch: the ends are sewed into 

2 D-rings No. 1 A ; 2 girth-billets, sewed to the straight side of the D-rings ; 
1 girth, 4.5 inches, (blue woollen webbing;) 1 chape, 1 buckle No. 2 A, 1 
standing-loop, and 1 safe on the oflF end, and 1 chape, 1 buckle No. 4 A, 1 
D-ring No, 1 A, 1 standing-loop, and 1 safe on the near end; 1 standing loop 
on the middle. 


158 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


b COAT-STRAPS, 6 huchUs No. 11 A, 6 stops: they pass through the mor¬ 
tises in the pommel and cantle and the foot-staples. 

Carbine-Thimble. —1 strap; 1 buckle No. 10 A sewed to the socket: the 
thimble is buckled to the D-ring on the off side of the saddle. 

Surcingle, 3.25 inches, (blue woollen webbing.)—1 chape, 1 buckle No. 

4 A, and 1 standing-loop on one end, and 1 billet on the other; 1 billet-lining, 
sewed over the end of webbing to the billet; 2 standing-loops near the 
buckle end. 

Crupper.—1 dock, made of a single piece and stuffed with hair, the ends 
sewed to the body of the crupper; 1 body, split at one end, has sewed to it 

1 chape and 1 ring No. 3 A; 2 back-straps: each has 1 buckle No. 10 A and 

2 sliding-loops: they pass through the rings of the side bars and the ring 
on the body of the crupper. 

Saddle-Bags. 

The saddle-bags are composed of 2 pouches and 1 seat, the ends of the 
seat sewed to the pouches. Each pouch has 1 back, sewed to the gusset 
and upper part of inner front with a v)elt; 1 gusset, sewed to the back 
and to 1 outer and 1 inner front with a welt; 1 flap, sewed to the top of the 
back and to the seat by 2 seams; 1 flap-billet, sewed to the point of the 
flap; 1 chape and 1 buckle No. 11 A, sewed to the outer front; 1 billet and 
] buckle No. 11 A, sewed to the chape. The seat is sewed to the pouch 
by the same seams which join the flap to the back of the pouch. It has 2 
holes for the foot-staples, and 1 hole for the saddle-bag stud; 2 key- 
straps, sewed to the seat near its ends; 4 lacing-thongs for the pouches. 

Saddle-Blanket. 

To be of pure wool, close woven, of stout yarns of an indigo-blue 
color, with an orange border 3 inches wide, 3 inches from the edge. 
The letters U. S., 6 inches high, of orange color, in the centre of the 
blanket. Dimensions, 75 inches long, 67 inches wide. Weight, 3.1875 
lbs.; allowance in weight, 0.1875 lb. 

Spurs, (brass.)— 2 spurs; 2rowels; 2 rivets', 2 spur-straps, 19 inches long; 
2 roller-buckles No. 11 B ; 2 standing-loops. 

Length of heel—for No. 1, 3^ inches; for No. 2, 3^ inches, 1 inside mea- 
Widthofheel “ 1, 3|- “ “ 2, 3 “ J , sure. 

Length of shank to centre of rowel, 1 inch. 

Diameter of rowel, 0.85 inch. 

Weight of pair of spurs and straps, .57 lb. 

IIoRSE-BRusH. —1 body, (maple;) Russia bristles; 1 cover, glued and 
fastened to the body by 8 screws No. 3; 1 hand-strap, (fair leather,) fast¬ 
ened to the sides of the body by G screws No. 5; 2 leather washer^ under 
the heads of screws. 


INSPECTION OF HARNESS. 


150 


Dimensions. —Body, 9.25 inches long, 4 inches wide, .5 inch thick; cover, 
0.1 in. thick; bristles project.9 in. ; hand-strap, 2 in. wide. Weight, .57 lb. 

Currycomb, (iron, japanned black.)—1 body, (sheet iron, 0.4,) the top and 
bottom edges turned at right angles, forming 2 rows of teeth ; 3 double rows 
of teeth riveted to the body by 6 rivets ; 1 cross-bar, riveted across the top 
by 2 rivets; 1 handle-shank, riveted to the body by 3 rivets; 1 handle, 
(wood,) turned and painted, passes over the shank, and is held by the 
riveted end of the shank; 1 ferrule, sheet iron. 

Dimensions. —Length 4 inches, width 4.75 inches, thickness .75 inch; 
length of handle, 4 inches. Weight .75 lb. 

Picket-pin, (iron, painted black.)—The parts are, the body, the neck, 
the head, the swell, the point, 1 lariat-ring around the neck, 8-shaped, the 
larger opening for the lariat. 

Dimensions. —Length, 14 in. ; diameter at swell, 4 in. from point, .75 in.; 
at neck, .5in.; at head, 1 in. Lariat-ring, .2-in. wire, welded. Int. dia¬ 
meter, 1 inch. Weight of pin, 1.25 lbs. 

Lariat. —Best hemp l^-in. rope, 30 ft. long, of 4 strands, an eye spliced 
in one end, the other end whipped with small twine. Weight, 2.38 lbs. 

Link. —1 strap, embracing in the fold at one end 1 spring-hook, and at 
the other 1 buckle No. 10 A and 1 billet. Weight, .2 lb. 

Nose-bag, same as that described page 150. 

Inspection of Harness and Horse Equipments. 

The inspection is made before the parts are assembled. For the conve¬ 
nience of the inspector, the different parts are arranged in separate piles. 

Materials.— The quality of the materials is first examined. 

The leather should be firm, elastic, vnxii pliable, and should be smooth and 
shaved to a firm surface on the flesh-side. If it feel hard and horny to 
the hand, or, being bent, it cracks in the grain, or, when cut, it exhibits a 
hard and shining texture, it is an indication that the leather has not been 
tanned sufficiently, and it should be rejected. Leather which has been 
tanned with hemlock should not be received. The traces, the breast-strap 
and pole-strap, and straps generally, should be made of the strongest 
leather, and the saddle-skirts of the thickest leather. 

The malleable iron parts should be tested by taking some pieces and bend¬ 
ing them back and forth to see that they have the requisite toughness. 

Workmanship.— The saddle-trees should be inspected before they are 
covered, that it may be seen that the proper kind and quality of wood has 
been used, that the framing of the parts is well done and secured, that the 
surface is smooth, the angles rounded, and that the irons are properly 
fastened. 

No old or brash wood should be used. 

Examine the edges of the different parts of leather, that they are well 

14 


IGO 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


blacked and rubbed smooth; that the seams are at the proper distances 
from the edges, according to the width of the parts; that the splices and 
laps are of the proper length; that the stitching is neatly done with a uni¬ 
form length of stitch; that the thread is well waxed, and the ends, when¬ 
ever they occur, secured with a double knot. 

Examine the collars, that they are stuffed compactly. Especial care is 
to be taken to see that no lumps or irregularities occur on the belly, or 
part which comes ngainst the shoulders of the horse. 

See that the billets pass freely through the loops, that the holes are 
punched at the proper distance from each other in the central line of the 
billet, and that they just admit the tongue of the buckle with ease and no 
more. 

Observe the rollers of such buckles as have them, that they work freely, 
and are sufBciently stiff* not to be flattened. 

See that the seams of the raw hide covering the tree are well made and 
will not chafe the horse or rider; that the skirts are thinned down where 
they are fastened to the trees, the screw-heads are well sunk, and there is 
as little unevenness at this place as possible; that the stirrups are well 
riveted at top, and the wood is not split by the rivet. 

Examine the bits, that they are made of the proper materials; that the 
mouth-pieces are forged solid; that they and the cross-bars are firmly fitted 
to the cheek-pieces; that the curb-rings work freely and are properly 
shouldered to keep them in place; that the watering-bits are free from 
cracks or flaws at the joint of the mouth-piece. 

See that the blueing is, in all cases, of a uniform dark-blue color, free 
from any yellow tinge. 

The general characteristics of all the work should be neatness and 
strength. 

All the parts are finally measured and verified, to see that they conform 
in shape and dimensions to the established patterns. 

Preservation of Harness in Store. 

The store-houses should be well ventilated, not too dry, but free from 
dampness. The different articles should be arranged according to kind 
and class, separated or in bundles according to their nature, so placed as 
to touch each other and the walls as little as possible, having a free circula¬ 
tion of air about them:— saddles on trestles or bars— collars hung on pins— 
hames with their straps, and traces with chains and hooks, hung up; the 
traces hanging vertically— side-pipes and belly-bands piled on the floor or 
on shQ\\QS—surcingles and breast-straps stretched on rucks—halters, bridles, 
reins, &c., hung up in bundles of five or ten— hames-straps, collar-straps, &c., 
hung up in bundles of ten or twenty— bits, curb-chains, trace-hooks, in boxes. 

All these articles should be examined and cleaned at least four times a year. 


HORSESHOES AND NAILS. 


161 


The leather articles are brushed and greased with neaVs-foot oil, as often 
as their condition requires: if they have a reddish hue, mix a little lamp¬ 
black with the oil. First brush the leather carefully, then pass over it a 
sponge wet with lukewarm water; grease it slightly on the hair-side, apply¬ 
ing the oil with a soft brush before the leather is quite dry. In general, 
new leather is not greased until it has been in store three years, unless it 
should be found to require it. Iron parts which are not japanned or tinned, 
or from which the coating is rubbed off, are greased with tallow. 

Horseshoes and Nails. 

The principal parts of the shoe are the two faces, the two edges, the inner 
and outer; the toe, the front part; the quarters uniting the toe with the 
heels,— the fullering, the crease in which the nail-holes are made: there 
are generally eight holes; the calks, projections at the extremities of the 
heels on the lower face: they serve principally to prevent the horse from 
slipping: they should be used with caution; the clip, a kind of claw on 
the outer edge of the shoe, generally on the toe of the hind foot, some¬ 
times on the outer quarter, in which case a small one is made on the inner 
one: they are used to keep the shoe in place and to guard the hoof; the 
bevel, the concavity of the upper face, that the iron may in no case rest on 
the arch of the sole of the foot. 

The hind shoes are generally a little thicker and broader at the toe than 
the front shoes. The front shoes are punched nearer the toe, the hind 
shoes nearer the heels. 

The principal parts of the nail are the head, the body, and the point. 
The head ought to fit into the fullering; the blade near the head should 
not be too thin: it has a slight curve near the point, that it may turn 
out instead of going into the foot. Reject those nails that are split or 
have flaws. 

Soft iron is best adapted for horseshoes. 

Horseshoes made by machinery are generally furnished to the artillery. 
There are four sizes,—viz.:— 

Dimensions and Weights of Horseshoes. 



fNo. 1. 

Length, 5.75 

Width, 

4.5 

Weight, 0.875 


2. 

“ 6.0 


4.75 

a 

1.0 

Front shoe. - 

3. 

“ 6.25 

a 

5.75 

a 

1.1875 


4. 

“ 6.5 

a 

5.1 

a 

1.4375 

1 

[ 1 - 

“ 5.25 

a 

4.0 

a 

0.875 


2. 

“ 5.5 

a 

4.2 

a 

1.0 

Hind shoe. i 

1 3. 

“ 5.5 

a 

4.25 

a 

1.1875 

I 

L 4. 

“ 6.1 

a 

5.75 

a 

1.4375 


r 

112 nails. 



a 

1.0 

Horseshoe-nails.. ^ 

1 8. 

140 “ . 



a 

1.0 







X62 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


General Directions for Shoeing Horses. 

The shoe should be forged to fit the form of the foot: it should project 
on the outside at the end of the heel about its thickness, beginning at the 
last hole; should be flush with the hoof at the toe and on the inside; the 
heels generally short and thin. The holes in the outer quarter should be 
farther from the edge, and in the inner quarter nearer the edge; in the 
front shoe nearer the toe, and in the hind shoe nearer the heel. Make the 
lower face of the shoe perfectly flat, and try it on an iron table. The shoe 
should bear equally all around on the wall of the foot, and not at all on 
the sole. 

A judicious preparation of the foot for the shoe is of the greatest im¬ 
portance, strict attention being paid to its peculiarities. 

Cut away the wall no more than is necessary to make the shoe fit; pare 
the sole and the frog very sparingly; in using the buttress, place it flat on 
the foot, and cut off the hoof evenly. The whole thickness of the wall 
should be left perfectly flat for the bearing of the shoe, which should 
never rest on the sole. The bars should never be pared except in cases 
of contracted feet, and then with judgment. 

Do not apply the shoe to the foot when too warm ; keep it there but 
for a short time. Drive the nails in the sound hoof and rivet them solidly, 
all at the same height. 

In rasping the rivets, do not touch the wall of the foot: it weakens the 
foot. When a nail binds, draw it out and take another. If the horse 
suddenly jerks his foot after a blow of the hammer, withdraw the nail 
immediately. 

Shoes should not be allowed to remain on more than five weeks, when 
they should be removed, the useless hoof pared oflF and the shoe replaced 
if it be still good. This should be regulated by the length of the hoof 
rather than by the wear of the shoe. In removing shoes, take care to 
raise the clenches first, that the crust may not be torn or portions of the 
nail left in the hoof. It is better to remove the shoes one at a time as the 
new shoe is ready to be put on. 

Rough-shoeing ditfers from ordinary shoeing only in the form of the 
nails, the heads being longer and more pointed. 

The shoe used in all other services is to be preferred to that in use in 
ours. It has no fullering, but each hole is countersunk to receive the 
head of the nail, which is less apt to be broken off, as it is well sup¬ 
ported on all sides: the shoe is not weakened by fullering. 


HARNESS, 


163 


Harness required for each Horse. 



Saddle-horse. 

WUEELERS. 

Leaders. 

Weight. 

Near 

Side. 

Off 

Side. 

Near 

Side. 

Off 

Side. 







Lbs. 

Halter. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3.0 

Bridle. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3.0 

C( 111 pi in Of .strap... 



1 


1 

0.5 








Driver’s sa.ddlp. 

1 

1 


1 


16.25 

Valise-sa.ddle. 



1 


1 

7.78 

VnlisR... 



1 


1 

4.5 

Collar and collar-strap. 

• •• 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4.25 

Haines and strap and 2 turning-straps 

• •• 

1 

1 

1 

1 

9.25 



1 

1 



9.75 

1 air of traces. 1 Leading. 




1 

1 

11.75 

Trace-loops and belly-band. 

• • • 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1. 

, , f Wheel... 


1 

1 



0.75 

Loin-straps and trace-loops, j y^p.,dinfr 




1 

1 

0.875 

Crupper. 

... 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0.75 



1 

1 



3.6 

. . . . 


1 

1 



4.75 



1 




2.00 

Whip. 


1 


1 


0.35 

Nose-bag. 

• •• 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1.12 

Pole-strap (on the carriage-pole). 

... 

1 

1 



2. 

Pole-pad “ . 

• •• 





1.5 



Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 


( For each horse. 

• •• 

59.82 

54.0 

51.60 

47.77 


Weight. < 



■y-' 


V ' 


( Set for 2 horses. 

••• 

113.82 

99.37 





















































































164 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 


Buckles, Loops, Rings, and Staples. 




Interior 

Dimensions. 

The Frame. 

o 


DeeigDatioii. 






Remarks. 



Width. 

Length. 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

E.S 

S 




Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 



fNo. 1 B 

2.5 

1.3 

.4 



For the carbine-sling. 

With roller. 


No. 2 A 

2.0 

1.1 

.25 

Round. 

.25 


No. 3 

1.75 

2.5 

.4 

U 




No. 4 

1.5 

0.9 

.2 

u 


Those marked A are made 


No. 4 A 

1.5 

1.0 

.25 


.25 

of malleable iron; B, made 


No. 4B 

1.5 

1.6 

.3 

.18 

.24 

of brass. 


No. 5 A 

1.375 

2.0 

.325 

.175 

.25 

Size of round for strap, .3X -2 








inch. 

Buckles. • 

No. 6 

No. 7 A 

1.25 

1.125 

.8 

2.0 

.2 

.3 

Round. 

.175 

.25 



No. 8 

1.0 

.8 

.16 

Round. 




No. 8 B 

1.0 

1.2 

.25 

.125 

.2 



No. 9 

.88 

.7 

.16 

Round. 




No. 10 

.75 

.6 

.15 





No. 10 A 

.75 

1.35 

.225 

.125 

.2 



No. 10 B 

.75 

.9 

.2 

.11 

.14 



No. 11A 

.625 

1.15 

.2 

.125 

.175 



No. 11 B 

.625 





With roller. 


No. IB 

) 1.9 
; 1.6 

1.4 

.185 

Round. 



No. 2 A 

1.6 

1.2 

.3 

.25 




No. 3 

1.5 

1.25 

.25 

Round. 



Loops. - 

No. 4 

1.4 

0.9 

.175 

(ft 




No. 4B 

1.4 

1.1 

.185 

ftft 




No. 5 

1.25 

.8 

.2 

ftft 




No. 6 B 

1.125 

.5 

.185 

ftft 




[ No. 7 B 

1.0 

.45 

.2 

ftft 


Cast with a shank. 

D-rings. ■ 

f No. 1 A 

1.85 

1.85 

.325 

.25 



I.N0.2B 

1.125 

.8 

.185 

Round. 




fNo. 1 

1.7 

Round. 

3. 

ftft 




No. 1 A 

1.7 

U 

.25 

ftft 




No. 2 

1.3 

H 

.15 

ftft 


Plated with brass. 

Kings. 1 

No. 3 

1.25 

ii 

.13 

ftft 



No. 3 A 

1.25 

ii 

.2 

(ft 




No. 4 

1.1 

a 

.18 





[No. 5 

1.0 

a 

.21 





("No. 1 

1.25 

2.3 

.2 

Round. 



Staples. - 

• No. 2 A 
.No. 3 





Diameter 
of Foot. 



.9 

.88 

.3 

.6 

.2 

.1 


.4 

Foot-staples,held by screws. 







Diameter 
of Head. 


Halter-bolt. 

1.2 


.25 

Round. 

.4 

Diameter 





c 



Foot. 




of Knob. 


Saddle-bag stud. 

0.4 

1. 

.225 

Round. 

.4 




Eye. 






Link-hook. 

1.1 

.2 

.4 

1.75 


Made of iron wire, doubled. 











































HARNESS, 


165 


Dimensions of the Drineipal Leather Parts of A.rtillery IlarnesSj 
with the Number and Size of Buckles. 


Parts. 


Halter. - 


Crown-piece 
Cheek-straps 
Brow-band .., 
Nose-band ... 
Chin-straps,.., 
Throat-strap 
Throat-lash.. 


Bridle. 


' Crown-piece. 

Throat-lash. 

Brow-band. 

Cheek-straps. 

Billets for cheek-straps. 

Items, . 

Billets for reins. 

Coupling-straps. 

Billets for do. | 


Driver’s 

Saddle. 


Skirts. 

Billet for collar-strap. 

Stirrup-leathers. 

Trace-loop billets. 

Girth-billet. 

Girth, ( fltort part.... 
’ long part. 


Valise- 

Saddle. 


' Skirts. 

Girth. 

Girth-billet..... 

■ Trace-loop billet. 

Billet for collar-strap. 

Crupper-strap. 

Valise-straps. 


Valise. 


' Body.. 

Ends. 

Inner flap. 

■ Strap for flap. 

Cover. 

Buckle-straps. 

Billets for buckle-straps. 


Number. 

Width. 

II 

Length. 

Buckles. 

Cut. 

Fin¬ 

ished. 

No. 

Width. 


In. 

In. 

In. 


In. 

1 

1.25 

30. 

30. 



2 

1.25 

12.5 

8. 

2 

1.25 

1 

1.25 

21. 

15. 



1 

1.25 

18.5 

14. 



2 

1.25 

12. 

5.25 



1 

1.25 

13.5 

6.25 



1 

1. 

44. 

42. 

1 

1. 

1 

1.75 

26. 

26. 



1 

.75 

23. 

19.5 

2 

.75 

1 

1. 

23. 

16. 



2 

1. 

12.5 

8.5 

4 

1. 

2 

1. 

10. 

10. 



1 

1. 

66. 

64. 

1 

1. 

1 

1. 

46. 

44. 

2 

1. 

2 

1. 

11. 

11. 



1 

1 

1. 

1. 

64.1 

26.1 

84. 

2 

1. 

1 

1. 

10. 

10. 



2 

14. 

24. 

24. 



1 

1.25 

14. 

12. 



2 

1.5 

65. 

56. 

2 

1.5 

2 

1.25 

18. 

18. 



1 

1.5 

22.1 




1 

2.8 

20. J 

OO. 



1 

2.8 

38. 

38. 

1 

1.5 

2 

10. 

21. 




1 

2. 

30. 


1 

1.25 

1 

2. 

20. 




2 

1.25 

18. 

18. 



1 

1.25 

14. 

12. 



1 

1.25 

10.5 

4.5 


- 

2 

1. 

48. 

46. 

2 

1. 

1 

18. 

25. 




2 

6.25 

7.25 




1 

4. 

16. 




1 

.88 

18. 

18. 

1 

.88 

1 

10. 

20.3 




3 

.88 

4. 

2. 

3 

CO 

00 

3 

.88 

7.5 

7.5 















































































166 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Dimensions of Leather Parts of Artillery Harness. —Continued. 


Parts. 


( Body. 

Leg-Guard. < Foot-strap. 

( Leg-straps 


Collar and 
Hames. 


'Collar-billets ... 

Trace-lugs. 

Trussing-straps 
Harness-strap... 
Collar-strap. 


Traces 

AND 

Straps. 


' Wheel-traces.... 
Leading-traces. 
Trace-loops. 

Belly-band. 


("Wheel... 
L Loin-straps... j 

[ Loops.... 


Crupper. 


r Dock. 

J Body. 

1 Layer for body. 
[ Back-strap.. 


Breeching. ■ 


' Breech-strap. 

Layer for breech-strap. 

Tugs. 

Safes. 

Hip-strap. 

Breast-strap. 


Number. 

Width. 

Length. 

Buckles. 

Cut. 

Fin¬ 

ished. 

No. 

Width. 


In. 

In. 

In. 


•In 

1 

17. 

20.5 




1 

.88 

14. 

14. 



4 

.75 

26. 

24. 

4 

0.75 

2 

1. 

11. 

11. 

2 

1. 

2 

1.75 

17. 

7. 



2 

1. 

34. 

32. 

2 

1. 

1 

1.25 

21. 

18. 

1 

1.25 

1 

1.25 

15. 

9. 

1 

1.25 

2 

1.75 

50. 

50. 



2 

1.75 

96. 

96. 



2 

1.25 

21. 

9. 

2 

1.25 

1 

1.25 

31. 

25. 

1 

1.25 

1 

1.25 

16. 

13. 



1 

1.25 

48. 

48. 



1 

1.25 

60. 

60. 



1 

1.25 

6. 

6. 



2 

1.25 

23. 

10. 

2 

1.25 

1 

3.5 

14. 

14. 

2 

.88 

1 

1.75 

20. 

20. 

1 

1.25 

1 

1.25 

10. 

10. 



1 

1.25 

31. 

31. 



1 

2.5 

48. 

42. 

2 

1.75 

1 

1.75 

50. 

42. 



4 

1.25 

13. 

6. 

4 

1.25 

4 

2.25 

6. 

6. 



1 

2.5 

48. 

48. 



1 

1.75 






Leather, etc., required for 1 set of Wheel and 1 set of Leading Har¬ 
ness, for 2 Horses each. 


Harness-leather.7 sides. 

Bridle “ .4 “ 

Collar “ .2 “ 

Goat (morocco) skins. 1 

Sheep-skins, russet.2 

‘ ‘ black. 1 

Hemp webbing.3 yds. 

Cotton ticking.3 “ 

“ drilling.2 “ 


Tow linen. 1 yd. 

Cotton batting.2 lbs. 

Deers’ hair.^ “ 

Bye straw.24 “ 

Tacks, assorted.4 M. 

Finishing-nails. ^ gross. 

Shoe-thread. 2 lbs. 

One side of collar-leather 
makes. . ..14 whips. 

































































Dimensions of Leather Parts of Cavalry Equiimients. 


DIMENSIONS OF PARTS OF CAVALRY EQUIPMENTS. 


167 


be 9 

•E E-o 

T3 -w O 00 

C C ca 

O.J= geo 

a rH 


In Prt 

I = 

3 cr* 

Si £ 


<< 1 : 

:: :<j :::::: ; 

:::::: 


::: rH :::::: : 

i : : : : : irH 

d o i • 

IZIqIICZ.!. 



: : : : : : : : : i 

:::::: :^ 


Cu be 
o a 

s-c 

iM Ol 


HH : i : : : 

• * * • • 

: i : :H i i 

: : Hifj : : : 


: ! : 

• • • • rH 

^ • J 


I 11— r z I 

: : : *0 : : : 


o d • • • • • 

c : ; : d I I 

; : d • i : 

I I I d * • r 

: : : : d 

: : : : : 

: : : : S^ : : 

• : ^ : : : 

: : :^ : : : 

: : : 


^ s: 

S3 

£ 


O lO (M O >0 t-- 


O OOi*OOOaO CO to COrHC5^COtOO^OOC003.-(r-'C»--l'l'-OOi-l 

Ol—l too r^GOl-1f—i *0 <C0 


^ l-iOOO.,OC^, lOC^tO 

SJ'>i ciooco'+'-J ci j-i o6 00 ai •># eo'^<e4cootocoo6i»oSc4.o-ttdQOiOi 
^ ITS T-l i-( to to I-H (N 1-1 r-l rH (N 00 rl I-H r-(r-l tO (M CO 


00 .O uo .TO 

9 Ol lO »0 »0 d *0 I- .to 
JS l~t-0^tOt~CO 01 


.to O .to .to 

«.*. .to .to .to I' Ct 04 

O404t^i~ to eo.to ojoiojco .totq 
Ir-tr-t * *.0 H^rHCOC4r^r^rHrH04 


.to .to O .O 


•}39 

aao joj s)XB(I 

JO jaqiun^ 


rH rH 01 I-I IN 09 09 09 09 rH rH rH iH rH r-l rH rH iH rH 09 09 09 09 0909 rH rH rH rH tO rH 


s| 

fl a 

Qj ^ 00 .a 

■?- 

a :a V ^ m ij 

^ ^ »P a Q 

2 S .-3 3 3 J 2 

o MMQOPhW 


J- o © 




.3 
O. 3. 


O. - 

9.2 2 i? 
^ ^"o S ^ 
^3 .3 00 

9 5t o 9 H 

9 c M » •- 
js t- o p ja 
OO SCO 


3- r- ^ — 

e8 3 “ 

^ s 

® .3 


u u 

to GO 

be ijo 

C 3 

5 !3 


^H ® ® 9 

iS'g cT^ 3,3 

3.i ^ I J ^ 

8 3, A i, A 

_ ^ s a a p 

a 5* 9 5 «5 o s 


3,-“ T 

HI iTi ir 9 ,tj. 

£ =: c/2 CO tn o; M 

£ A 












































































































































































Dimensions of Leather Parts of Cavalry Equipments. —Continued. 


168 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


bo 

i? 


m 

O 

o 

hJ 

d 

o 

QQ 

o 


N 

• pH 

CC 


QQ 

5 




l- 


O 

<D 


CO 

Oi 


-< : : 

: l< 

CO : : 

: : rH 

d : i 

: : d 

35 : 3 

; :35 


Zl 
§'3 
12; 2 


to 

c 


bo 

a 

Q 


CO 

u 


o 

• fH 

02 


^ : 
o 3 

: :< : 
: ; o 3 

• • # • 

• • • • 

: : : 

• ••• #•••• 

• • • • j • # ♦ # • 

• • • • • • • • • 

: : : : 

• ♦ • • • ^H ^H 

rH : 

i I rH : 

: : : 

• • • • vM • • • • • 

• # • • • • • • • 

: : : : : rn i-h 

d i 

: : d I 

: d d : : : 

• • • # ^ • • • • ♦ 

• • • • ^ • • • • • 

: : : r : o o 

^ : 

; : 

: <4 ^ ; I ; 

• • • • • • • « • 
♦ • « • 1 • • • ♦ • 

• • • • • h-^ 

1 1 : : i<* <i 


OJ S 

't; 
fl s 

^2; 2 






OQ 

O 

NN 

CO 

w 


bD 

fl 

a< 

Hi 


'd 

gC 

fl 


•4.^ 

•d 

ti 


(N 

^ *-• 

QQ m 

Oj ^ 

;a OJ r 

fl 2 ^ 
lT! d 


'M 


»C O »0 lO O O 4^5 

CO 00 O O c4 p-1 iO t-I rjl -t CO ■^* I-H o 00 »0 O CO Oi t-^ rjl CO o 

C< i—i O CO r^ rH 


CQ 

G >40 40 »C 4 d 4^30000 ^ O 

^01 ^404f5l0 40 ^ 40 40 ^ ^ '^l040^Tt<4040 

2 o 6 c 4 cO'rti 400 C 4 l'^CDt-^COCO»Oi-^- 5 ll»OCOOCOCO'^CO »0 05 COl-^C 5 t-^ 40 kOi- 3 dC <5 
®^rHrHCOr^ 40 COrH rH rH 


OD 

C) lO 
rd 40 l- 


40 40 

40 O* 40 40 40 l^ 

^ ^ ^cq 

COf-^rH * *«^C<lc 4 rHrHC 0 C 0 rHC 0 


40 40 40 40 

40 I— 40 40 40 <N 40 »d 

iOl-> COOi OOOC(M 40 i> 101 t^CCCOcOO^<M 
* * rH c4 O ' Oi CO* Oi 05 * 1-3 


*;as 

euo joj s^aud 

JO aaquin^^ 


rHrHrHrHrH(MC 1 rHiHrHrHrHrHrHiHrH 01 ^rHrHrHrHC^C^ 01 O 1 C^C^C^C^C^C^C^ 


oo 

H 

P 4 



dS 

£u 

• • 

• « 

• • 

t 22 

bo 

•o ^ 

C 

• « 

_ • 

3 04 

d 


*T 

bj) : 
fl • 

: o 
: o 

• pH 

d 


v: (V 




d 

^ ^ o . 

■S'- 


di O 
20 


CD ^ 

ce' 


I 

>> 

<i> 


•4^ 4^ 

c d 
o o 


^ S-t U 

w 5 S 
= 5 



Q< d<>d d 
ce ^ o ^ 

SS S«a 

^ d d 

k Sa4 


o 

d 

o 

Ph 



02 02 


- 


-4-' 

OQ 

• 

O 

H 

< 

C 

«? 


U 

1-^ 



o 

q 

02 

◄ 

OQ 

































































































































































































PAINTS, LACKERS, ETC. 


169 


CHAPTER SEVENTH. 

PAINTS, LACKERS, ETC. 

COMPOSITION AND PREPARATION. 

The proportions are given for 100 parts by weight of prepared colors, 


&c., when not otherwise designated. 

A gallon of linseed-oil weighs. 7.5 

“ spirits of turpentine. 7.25 

“ Japan varnish. 7. 

“ sperm-oil. 7.12 

“ neat’s-foot oil. 7.63 

Boiled Oil. 

Raw linseed-oil. 103. 

Copperas. 3.15 

Litharge..*. 6.3 


Put the copperas and litharge in a cloth bag and suspend it in the 
middle of the kettle. Boil the oil 4^- hours, with a slow, even fire, so that 
it may not be burned; then let it stand and deposit the sediment. 

Dryings. 

Mixture of copperas and litharge taken from the boiled oil 60 


Spirits of turpentine. 56 

Boiled oil. 2 


The mixture taken from the boiled oil to be ground, and mixed with the 
turpentine and oil. 

Putty. 

[For filling cracks in loood.) 


Spanish whiting, pulverized. 81.6 

Boiled oil. 20.4 


Alade into a stiff paste. If not intended for immediate use, raw oil should 
be used, as the putty made with boiled oil hardens quickly. 

Another kind of putty for the same purpose is made by mixing fine sifted 
oak-sawdust with linseed-oil which has been boiled until it assumes a 
glutinous consistency. 

^YIiite Paint. 

For inside work. 

80 . 

14.5. 


White lead, ground in oil 
Boiled oil. 


For outside work. 

. 80 

. 9 


















170 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Raw oil. 9 

Spirits of turpentine. 8 .. 4 

Grind the white lead in the oil, and add the spirits of turpentine. 

New wood-work requires about 1 lb. to the square yard for three coats. 


Lead Color. 


White lead, ground in oil. 75. 

Lampblack. 1. 

Boiled linseed-oil. 23. 

Litharge. 0.5 

Japan varnish. 0.5 

Spirits of turpentine. 2.5 


The lampblack and the litharge are ground separately upon the stone, 
in oil, then stirred into the white lead and the oil; the turpentine ana 
varnish are added as the paint is required for use, or when it is packed in 


kegs for transportation. 

Black Paint. 

Lampblack. 28 

Litharge. t . 1 

Japan varnish. 1 

Linseed-oil, boiled. 73 

Spirits of turpentine. 1 


Grind the lampblack in oil; mix it with the oil, then grind the litharge 
in oil and add it, stirring it well with the mixture. The varnish and tur¬ 
pentine are added last. The paint is used for the iron-work of carriages. 

Olive Paste. 


Yellow ochre, pulverized. 68. 

Lampblack. 1.1 

Boiled oil.. 37. 

Spirits of turpentine. 0.4 


Make a thick paste with the ochre and oil, in a paint-pot, and with the 
lampblack and oil in another; grind them together in small portions, and 
keep the mixture in a tin vessel. 


Liquid Olive Color. 

Olive paste. 

Boiled oil. 

Spirits of turpentine. 

Dryings. 

Japan varnish. 

Stirred together in a paint-pot 


61.5 

29.5 

5.5 

3.5 

2 . 

























PAINTS, LACKERS, ETC. 


171 


Liquid Olive Color. 


Yellow ochre (French). 46. 

Boiled oil (raw, 45). 40. 

Litharge. 6 

Lampblack. 2 

Spirits of turpentine. 5 

Japan varnish. 2 


Brown Paint, for Iron Carriages. 

Iron paint. 

Spirits of turpentine. 

Brainard’s Paint, 

Dissolve 10 lbs. of shellac in 10 gals, of boiling water, adding 30 oz. of 
Bal-aeratus. Mix this solution with an equal quantity of paint prepared 
in the usual manner. This paint is economical and durable. 


Paint for Window-Glass. 

Add .25 oz. of best chrome green to 1 lb. sugar of lead, ground fine, in 
sufficient linseed-oil to moisten it; mix to the consistency of common 
paint, and apply it with a soft brush. No drying-material is required. 
The glass should be well cleaned before the paint is applied. 

The above quantity is sufficient for about 200 ft. of glass. 

Whiting and Prussian blue may be used for the same purpose. 


Grai/ or Stone Color, for Buildings. 

1st coat. 2d coat. 

White lead, in oil. 78. 100. 

Boiled oil. 9.5 . 20. 

Raw oil. 9.5 . 20. 

Spirits of turpentine. 3. 

Turkey umber. 0.5 

Lampblack. 0.25. 0.25 

Yellow ochre. 3. 

Mixed like the lead color. 

A square yard of new brick-work requires, for two coats, 1.1 lb. ; for 
three coats, 1.5 lb. 

Cream Color, for Buildings. 


White lead, in oil. 

French yellow. 

Japan varnish. 

Raw oil. 

Spirits of turpentine 


Ist coat. 


2d coat. 


66 . 66 , 

3.33, 

1.33, 
28. . 

2.25, 


70. 

3.33 

1.33 
24.5 

2.25 


15 





























1725 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


A square yard of new brick-work requires, for first coat, 0.75; for 
second coat, 0.3 lb. 

Yellow - Wash for Buildings. 

Dissolve 1 lb. of pulverized copperas in 8 gals, of water; let it stand 
twenty-four hours, stirring it two or three times from the bottom; use 
this for slaking the lime, and thinning it to the consistency of ordinary 
whitewash; add hydraulic cement equal in quantity to the lime used, 
and of clean sand |-gal. to 15 gals, of wash. Stir it frequently, to prevent 
the sand from settling. 

The walls should be first well cleaned of dust and thoroughly wet from 
the rose of a watering-pot, and the wash applied immediately after, begin¬ 
ning at the top, laying on the coat horizontally and finishing it vertically. 

Before leaving the work, at any time, finish the course to a joint in the 
wall, to prevent making a mark in the color where the two courses join. 

This wash has been known to last for fifteen years without requiring 
renewal. 

For a gray or stone color, add lampblack previously deadened with 


whiskey. 

LacTcer for Iron Ordnance. 

1. —Black lead, pulverized. 12 

Red lead. 12 

Litharge. 6 

Lampblack. 5 

Linseed-oil. 66 

Boil it gently about twenty minutes, during whitfh time it must be con¬ 
stantly stirred. 

2. —Umber, ground. 3.75 

Gum shellac, pulverized. 3.75 

Ivory-black. 3.75 

Litharge. 3.75 

Linseed-oil. 78. 

Spirits of turpentine. 7.25 

The oil must be first boiled half an hour. The mixture is then boiled 
24 hours, poured off from the sediment, and put in jugs, corked. 

3. —Coal-tar (of good quality). 2 gals. 

Spirits turpentine. 1 pint. 


The turpentine to be added in small quantities during the application 
of the lacker. 

In applying lacker, the surface of the iron must be first cleaned with a 
scraper and a wire brush, if necessary, and the lacker applied hot, in two 















LACKERS. 


irs 


thin coats, with a paint-brush. It is best done in summer, when the metal 
is heated by the sun’s rays, with gloves made of sheep-skin, the wool 
turned outwards, cut .4 inch long, the thumb alone being free. 

Old lacker should be removed with a scraper, or by scouring, and not 
by heating the guns or balls, by which the metal is injured. 

About 5 gallons of lacker are required‘for 100 field-guns and 1000 shot; 
about 1 quart for a sea-coast gun. 

Lacher for Iron Ordnance^ (used in the British service.) 


Anti-corrosion. 40 lbs. 

Grant’s black, ground in oil. 4 “ 

Red lead, as a dryer. 3 “ 

Linseed-oil. 4 gals. 

Spirits turpentine. 1 pint. 


This mixture when well stirred and incorporated will be fit for use; but 
as by long keeping in this state it becomes hard, no more should be mixed 


than may be required for immediate use. 

■Anti-corrosion .—Slag from iron-foundries, pounded. 12 

Chalk. 12 

Soot, common. 1 


Lacher for Small Arms, or for Water-Proof Paper. 


Beeswax. 13 lbs. 

Spirits turpentine. 13 galls. 

Boiled linseed-oil. 1 gall. 


All the ingredients should be pure and of the best quality. Heat them 
together in a copper or earthen vessel, over a gentle fire, in a water-bath, 
until they are well mixed. 

Lacher for bright Iron- Worh. 


Linseed-oil, boiled. 80.5 

Litharge. 5.5 

White lead, ground in oil. 11.25 

Rosin, pulverized. 2.75 


Add the litharge to the oil; let it simmer over a slow fire 3 hours ; strain 
it, and add the rosin and white lead; keep it gently warmed, and stir it 
until the rosin is dissolved. Apply it with a paint-brush. 

Planton*s Composition, for Wood or Iron. 

Rosin, pulverized. 48 

Shellac, “ 2 

Charcoal or cannel coal, pulverized...#. 16 

Spirits turpentine. 4 





















174 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


The shellac may be replaced by double the quantity of beeswax. The 
rosin and shellac are melted in an iron vessel over the fire; the charcoal 
is then added and stirred briskly until the whole is well intermixed, after 
which the turpentine is added and stirred until it is well incorporated with 
the other ingredients. 

Blade StaiHj for Wood, 


Copperas. 1 lb. 

Nutgalls. 1 “ 

Sal ammoniac.25 “ 

Vinegar. 1 gall. 


Stir it occasionally, and it will be ready for use in a few hours. 

Clean and make smooth the surface, filling the cracks with black putty, 
which should be allowed to harden. Apply the stain two or three times, 
and leave it a day or two to dry; then rub it with boiled oil until it is 
polished. 

The stain will be of a bluish color till the oil is applied. 

This forms a cheap and durable preservative for wood. 

Yarni&li for Holsters, Scahhards, <&c., (or Patent Leather.) 

{For first and second coats.) 


Prussian blue, in lumps. 4. 

Sugar of lead. 0.7 

Aqua fords. 0.7 

Linseed-oil, boiled. 70. 

Spirits turpentine. 24.6 


The ingredients, except the turpentine, are boiled together in an iron 
kettle eight hours, when the mixture will assume a brilliant black color. 
When the varnish is nearly cool, stir in the turpentine. The kettle in 
which the varnish is made should be of a capacity to hold double the quan¬ 
tity of varnish to be boiled. 

{For the third or finishing coat, — Copal Varnish.) 


Gum copal (in clean lumps). 26,5 

Boiled linseed-oil. 42.5 

Spirits turpentine. 31. 


This varnish is made in a copper vessel, smallest at top, in the form of a 
still. 

Put the copal in the vessel, set it on a charcoal fire for one hour, in 
which time it will melt, and all the watery particles will evaporate. Add 
the oil while the copal is warm, but not boiling hot. When nearly cool, 
add the turpentine, which will give it a proper consistency for use. 

For 5 lbs. copal and the proper proportions of oil and turpentine, the 
vessel should hold 6 gallons. 














PITCH CEMENT. 


175 


Japan Varnish. 


Litharge. 4 

Boiled oil. 87 

Spirits turpentine. 2 

lied lead. 6 

. Umber. 1 

Gum shellac. 8 

Sugar of lead. 2 

AVhite vitriol. 1 


Japan varnish is generally purchased from the paint-sellers. It is made 
by boiling over a slow charcoal fire, for five hours, all the ingredients, 
except the turpentine and a small portion of the oil; the latter is added as 
required, to check the ebullition and allay the froth which rises to the 
surface. It must be continually stirred with a wooden spatula, and great 
care is necessary to prevent it from taking fire. 

The turpentine is added after the varnish is nearly cool, and it is stirred 
well in. The varnish must be put in demijohns, or close cans, and kept 
tightly corked. 

Dye for Blacking Belts. 


Extract of logwood. 2 lbs. 

Broken nutgalls.5 lbs. 

Pyrolignate of iron.5 pint. 

Soft water. 1 gall. 


The logwood and nutgalls are boiled in the water till the logwood is dis¬ 
solved. When cold, add the pyrolignate of iron. Stir it well and let it 
settle. When clear, decant it free from sediment and keep it well corked. 

The pyrolignate of iron is made by dissolving iron-filings in pyroligneous 
acid,—as much as the acid will take up. 

The addition of the logwood is not essential. 

A solution of copperas may replace the pyrolignate of iron, but it is not 
so good. 

Kit. 


Composition .—9 rosin, 6 pitch, 6 beeswax, 1 tallow. To be melted to¬ 
gether and poured into water; then worked with the hands until it becomes 
soft and pliable. 

Pitch Cement. 


Lbs. 


Beeswax. 0 

Pitch. 2 

Rosin. 1 

Turpentine. 1 

Brick-dust. 0 


Oz. 

3 


9 


15 * 



















176 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


The materials for the cement are melted successively over a slow fire, 
and the brick-dust is stirred in last. 

Grease for Carriage-Wheeh. 

Hogs’ lard, softened, (if fresh,) by working it. 

If this cannot be procured, tallow or other grease may be used; if hard, 
it should be melted with fish-oil. 

About 1 lb. of grease is required for four wheels. 

BootKs Patent Grease for Pailway Axles. 


Water. 1 gall. 

Clean tallow. 3 lbs. 

Palm-oil. 6 “ 

Common soda. J lb. 

Or, Tallow. 8 lbs. 

Palm-oil. 10 “ 


To be heated to about 210°, and to be well stirred until it cools down to 

70°. 

Quantity of Paint required for a Carriage. 


Kind of Carriage. 

Lead 

color. 

Olive. 

Black. 

Field-gun carriage and limber, with implements. 

Lbs. 

6 

Lbs. 

10 

Lbs. 

0.75 

Caisson, with limber and implements, &c. 

8 

15 

0.8 

Forge, with limber. 

6 

10 

1. 

Battery-wagon, with limber. 

7 

13 

0.9 

Casemate-carriage and chassis, wooden. 

7 

14 

0.75 

Barbette-carriage and chassis, wooden. 

6 

11 

1. 


A priming of lead color and two coats of olive color are applied to new 
wood-work, and 1 coat of lead color and 1 of black, to the iron-work. 





















SMALL ARMS. 


*1 

It I 


CHAPTER EIGHTH. 

SMALL ARMS, SWORDS, SABRES AND ACCOUTREMENTS. 

SMALL ARMS. 

The small arms adopted for service are: 

The rifle musket, model 1855. 

The rifle musket, model 1842. 

The cadet musket, model 1858. 

The rifle, model 1855. 

The rifle, model 1842, reamed out to .58 inch. 

The pistol carbine, model 1855. 

No model has yet been adopted for a carbine for the cavalry service; 
several diff’erent patterns are now in the hands of the troops for trial. 

A repeating pistol is issued to the cavalry and to the light artillery. 

Rifle musketj model 1855. (Plates 24, 25, 26.) 

NOMENCLATURE. 

Barrel. —Muzzle; hayonet-stud and front sights breech, flats, bevels and 
oval, cone-seat, vent, vent-screw, cone-screw thread, vent-screw thread, 
rear-sight mortise, rear-side screw-hole, bore, grooves, lands. The ex¬ 
terior shape of this barrel tapers with a gentle re-entering curve from the 
breech to the muzzle. That portion of the flat in rear of the cone-seat is 
parallel to the axis of the bore. 

Breech-screw. —Plug with threads, (16 to the inch,) tenon, shoulders, 
tang, tang-screw hole, bevel. 

Rear-sight, (steel.)— Base', fence, oflfsets, ears, screw-hole, joint, groove 
for barrel, steady-pin; 1st leaf: body, ears, screw-holes, sight-notch, 
graduation-mark ; 2d leaf: body, tenon, screw-hole, sight-notches, gradua¬ 
tion-marks; joint-screw: stem, head, slit, and thread. 

Base-screw. —Stem, head, holes, thread. 

Tang-screw. —Shoulder. 

Cone, (steel.)—Screw-thread, shoulder, square, nipple, vent. 

Bayonet. — Blade, (steel;) point, face-flute, back-flutes, edges of back and 
blade, bevels, elbow, neck; Socket, (iron:) muzzle-end, bridge-end, bridge, 
mortise, shoulder for clasp, stop-pin; Clasp, (iron:) body, studs, bridge, 
groove, stop, clasp-screw. 

Lock. — Lock-plate ; front and rear ends, sides, cone-seat notch, bolster, 
main-spring notch, chamfer, bevel, magazine, (mouth, throat, and body,) 
5 holes for the pivots of the main-spring and bridle, arbor of the tumbler, 


178 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


cover-c.itch, and cover-hinge stud, 7 screw-holes, 3 mortises for sear- 
spring stud and cover-hinge, 1 slot for feeding-finger; hammer: body, 
crook, head, comb, checking, countersink, cutter, slit, tumbler-hole; 
tumbler, (steel:) body, friction-shoulder, arbor, square, pivot, swivel-arm, 
swivel-slot and pin-holes, half-cock notch, cock-notch, screw-hole; bridle: 
body, eye, pivot, 3 holes for tumbler-pivot, sear-screw, and bridle-screw; 
bridle-screw; sear, (steel:) body, eye, nose, tang, screw-hole; sear-screw; 
sear-spring, (steel:) blade, (upper and lower branch and elbow,) eye, stud- 
screw hole; sear-spring screw; main-spring, (steel:) blade, upper and lower 
branch and elbow, hook, pivot, tang; swivel, (steel:) body, axis, 2 holes 
for tumbler-pin and finger-pivot; tumbler and swivel-pin; feeding-finger, 
(steel:) eye, pivot, crook, curve, point; finger-spring, (steel:) eye, long 
and short branch, elbow. 

Magazine-cover. —Body, hinge, jaws, rivet, rivet-holes, chamfer, thumb¬ 
nail notch and catch-notch; stud: head-rivet hole, stem, and countersink- 
rivet, (hexagonal in shape;) cover-catch, (steel:) head, notch, foot, screw- 
liole; cover-catch screw. 

2 side screws. 

In all the screws the parts are:—the stem, the head, the slit, and the 
thread. 

The bottom of the slit of the larger screws is concave; the base-screw 
of the rear sight has 2 holes in the head, instead of a slot, in order that it 
may not be removed by the ordinary screw-driver. 

Mountings. — Tipper and lower bands: body, creases, letter U, to desig¬ 
nate the upper from the lower edge; middle-band: body, creases, letter 
U, stud, hole for swivel-rivet; middle-band sioivel: wire, eyes, rivet; 
band-springs, (steel:) stem, wire, shoulder; side-screw washers: counter¬ 
sink, hole for screw; guard; guard-plate: body, bolsters, trigger-stud, 2 
holes for guard-bow, 2 for wood-screws, and 1 for trigger-screw; guard- 
bow: body, pillars, stems with their screw-threads, swivel-stud, piece and 
hole, 2 nuts for stems, swivel, and rivet; trigger: blade, tang or finger 
piece, hole for screw; trigger-screw: 2 tvood-screws for guard-plate; butt- 
plate: body, toe, heel, hollow, corners, tang and screw holes ; 2 wood-scretvs 
for butt-plate; box-plate: the lid and the strap joined by a hinge and rivet; 
screws: 3 box-plate and 1 for spring; Z springs: 1 for box-plate; catch: 
1 for box-plate ; rivets: 2 for catch. 

Ramrod, (steel.)—Stem, swell, head, cup, screw; stop, (iron:) for rod. 

Stock, (black walnut.)— Butt: comb, handle, head, facings, first and 
second reinforce, chase, shoulders for bands and tip; grooves for barrel 
and ramrod; beds for tang and tenon, lock, washers, guard-plate, nuts for 
guard-bow and trigger-stud, butt-plate, and band-springs and tip; mortises 
for the trigger, and stop; ro^-holes for the rod, the side screws, tang- 
screws, guard-screws, butt- late screws, band-springs, and tip-rivet 




SMALL ARMS. 179 

Tip^ (malleable iron.)—Recess for stock, groove for rod, rivet-hole, and 
shoulder. 

The patch-box was added July 9, 1859. 

The muskets made at this time have not the self-priming lock nor the 
patch-box. 

Rijle Musket, model 1842. (Plate 26.) 

(For nomenclature see Ordnance Manual, 1850.) 

This arm differs from the original model in the following particulars:— 
The bore is grooved; it has a rear sight similar to that for the new musket. 


Cadet Musket, model 1858. 

The parts are identical with the rifle musket of 1855, except the barrel, 
the stock, the bayonet, and the rammer. 

Rifle, model 1855. (Plate 26.) 

Barrel. —Muzzle: bayonet-stud, front sight, (brass,) breech, flats, bevels 
and oval, cone-seat, vent, vent-screw, cone-screw thread, vent-screw thread, 
rear-sight mortise, rear-sight screw-hole, bore, grooves, bands. The ex¬ 
terior of the barrel has a uniform taper from the breech to the muzzle. 
That portion of the flat in rear of the cone-seat is parallel to the axis of 
the bore. 

Breech-screw. —Plug with threads, (16 to the inch,) tenon, shoulders, tang, 
tang-screw hole, bevel. 

Rear-sight. —Similar to that of the rifle musket, 1855. 

Tang-screw. —Shoulder. 

Cone. —Same as for rifle musket. 

SwoKD Bayonet. — Blade, (steel,) shoulder, back, edge, bevel, point, 
curvature, groove— tang, rivet-hole, rivet. 

Hilt, (brass.)— Gripe —ridges, back, beak, slot for stud, slot for guide, 
hole for finger-piece, hole for spring-screw, hole for rivet, (tang,) mortise 
for tang. Finger-piece —head, notch. Finger-piece spring —blade, screw- 
hole, boss. Finger-piece spring-screw. Guard-rivet, guard —long and short 
branch, knobs, muzzle-socket. 

Lock. —The same as the rifle musket, 1855. 

Mountings. —Similar to those of the rifle musket, 1855. 

Ramrod. —Similar to that of the rifle musket, 1855. 

Stock and tip. —Similar to that of the rifle musket, 1855, except the 2d 
reinforce of stock. 

Rifle Model of 1842. 

(For nomenclature see Ordnance Manual, 1850.) 


180 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Pistol Carhine, 1855. (Plate 26.) 

Barrel. —Muzzle, front sight, breech, breech-pin threads, flats, beyels and 
oval, cone-seat, vent, vent-screw, bore, grooves, lands. This barrel tapers 
with a straight line from breech to muzzle. The portion of the flat in rear 
of the cone-seat is parallel to the axis of the bore. 

Breech-screw. —Plug, with threads, (16 to the inch,) tenon^ shoulders, 
tang, tang-screw hole, bevel-sight mortise. 

Cone. —Same as for rifle musket. 

Rear sight, (steel.)—Base, ears, joint-screw, screw-hole, 1st, 2d, and 3d 
leaves, 4 sight-notches, eye-joint, screw-holes. 

Tang-screw. —Shoulder. 

Lock. —Same as for rifle musket, 1855, except in size, which is reduced 
to conform to a magazine capable of holding one-half a strip of primers. 

Mountings, (brass.)— Band, swivel, and spring, correspond to the middle 
band, swivel, and spring of the rifle musket, 1855. 

Guard-plate. — Butt-cup: screw-hole, tang. Butt-strap: holes for catch- 
spring and hook, tang, strap, and guard-plate screws, shoulders for breech- 
screw tang, and butt-cup tang, reinforces for hook, and catch-spring. 
Cup-screw : head, eye. Swivel-ring. The remaining mountings are similar 
to the corresponding parts of the rifle musket, 1855. 

Ramrod, (steel.)—Head (iron) riveted on, cup, foot with a female screw. 

Ramrod-swivel. —Two side bars, screw, cross-bar, riveted into the side 
bars. 

Stock, (black walnut.)—Butt, handle, curve, facings, reinforce, chase; 
shoulders for band and tip, grooves for barrel and ramrod; beds for tang and 
tenon, lock, washers, guard-plate, nuts for guard-bow and trigger-stud, 
butt-plate, band-spring, tip, butt-cup and strap, butt-piece cap, and catch¬ 
spring, hook-nut; mortises for trigger, hook and catch-spring; holes for 
rod, tip-rivet, band-spring, side-screws, tang-screw, cup-screw, strap-screw, 
butt-plate screws, and cap-screws. 

Butt-piece. — Plate, 2 wood screws; cap, hollow, upper and lower tang, 
screw-holes, 2 wood-screws, cavity for pistol handle, hook, stem, nut; 
spring-catch, screw, head, blade; finger-piece, loop for spring, screw-thread, 
rivet and nut. 

Appendages. 

Wiper .—Model, 1855. It answers for all arms. It is composed of the 
body, prongs, and screw-hole for rod. 

Ball-screw. —Body, tang, screw-hole for rod, screw to draw the ball. 

Screw-driver. —Cone-wrench, blades, rivet, collets for rivet. 

Spring-vice. —Bolster-slide, slide-mortise, slide-screw, thumb-screw. 

Band-spring and tumbler-punch .—Punches, collets, rivets. 

Tompion, (maple.)—Head, body, slot. 


SMALL ARMS. 


181 


To 'make the Barrel. 

The barrel is made from a short, flat bar of iron, which is first formed 
into a hollow cylinder and then welded and drawn out to the required size, 
length, and taper, by passing it through a series of rolls for that purpose. 

Materials. —Best refined iron, free from slag and other impurities, of 
uniform texture, without hard spots: in plates 14 inches long, b\ inches 
wide, .5625 inch thick; the edges are so bevelled that they shall form a 
close joint when the plate is formed into a cylinder. English iron, Marshall 
brand, is generally used. Best bituminous coal for the reverberating fur¬ 
nace, (Cumberland, Broad top.) Best anthracite coal for the forge, (Hazle¬ 
ton, lump.) Bure sand for the bottom of the furnace, (New Jersey.) 

Utensils.—1 pair of rolls for bending the plates into cylinders. They 
have 5 grooves, of different sizes; 3 of them have tongues, 2 are open. 

1 pair of rolls for welding and shaping the barrel. They have 9 grooves, 
of different sizes, 2 of them parallel and 7 taper: it has an iron frame to 
hold the end of the mandrel. The rolls make 36 revolutions per minute. 

2 sets of steel mandrels, of 8 each set, with an egg-shaped bulb on each 
end, varying in size from .71 inch to .46 inch in diameter. 

1 small mandrel, 3 feet long, 1 mandrel 6 inches long. 

1 straightening-table, iron. 1 straightening-machine, with 2 dies the length 
and the shape of the barrel worked by an excentric which opens the dies 
J inch and makes 60 revolutions per minute. 

2 trip-hammers, with dies. 

To form the cylinder. —The plates are put into the furnace and raised to a 
white heat, and then passed through the rolls, each groove in succession. 
The first groove forms the plate into a trough-shape; the second and third 
grooves contract it gradually; the fourth turns the two edges inward, and 
the fifth completes the cylinder. The operation is performed at one heat. 

A day's work. —3 men can form 450 cylinders in 10 hours. 

To weld and shape the barrel. —The fireman places two cylinders in the 
furnace, and brings them to a welding-heat; the foreman thrusts the largest 
mandrel through one of them while yet in the furnace, and, taking it to the 
rolls, puts the mandrel through the frame, introduces the end into the 
first groove, and the cylinder is drawn over the bulb of the mandrel, which 
is held by the collar. 

The first assistant, standing on the opposite side of the rolls, catches the 
barrel as it passes through, with a pair of tongs, and hands it to the second 
assistant, who stands on the same side as the foreman, and receives it with 
a small, short mandrel, which he thrusts into the barrel, and straightens it 
by striking it two or three times on the flat table. He then replaces it in 
the furnace, and it is raised to a welding heat a second time. The foreman 
takes out the other cylinder and proceeds with it in the manner just 


182 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


described. When the barrel is brought to a welding-heat the second time, 
the foreman takes it with the next smaller mandrel and passes it through 
the second groove, by which the barrel is reduced in diameter and 
lengthened: it is straightened as before, and returned to the furnace. 

The third and remaining grooves taper so as to give the barrel the shape 
of a frustum of a cone, each succeeding groove reducing the size of the 
barrel and making it longer. The rolls are of such size that a single revo¬ 
lution takes the barrel through; as they continue to revolve without 
stopping, it requires care and dexterity on the part of the foreman to insert 
the barrel in the grove at the proper time, bringing the end against the 
shoulder in the large part of the groove. 

The barrel is so much chilled by passing over the mandrel, that it is 
necessary it should be straightened and reheated before passing it through 
the next groove: a high red heat is required. 

After the barrel has been passed through the first eight grooves with 
their corresponding mandrels, it is taken with tongs and passed twice 
through the last groove, for the purpose of making it round and smooth. 

To straighten the barrel .—The foreman inserts the muzzle end of the barrel 
in the dies and turns it around gradually, when the dies are open, pushing 
it farther into the dies until its whole length is embraced by them. The 
barrel then receives the pressure of the dies from ten to fifteen times, 
when it will be found to be straight. 

To attach the cone-seat .—The cone-seat is swaged to the proper shape 
under the trip-hammer, and then welded to the barrel, the dies of the trip¬ 
hammer and the short mandrel in the end of the barrel preserving the 
form of the barrel and the cone-seat. 

A day's work .—4 men can form and weld from 75 to 80 barrels in 10 
hours. 

The barrel is next bored, turned, straightened, and proved. 

The stock is turned, the lock and guard-bow are let in, and the grooves 
for the rammer and barrel are cut by machinery, and made ready for the 
other mountings. 


INSPECTION OF SMALL ARMS. 


183 


Principal Dimensions, Weights, etc. of Small Arms. 


Dimensions. 

Rifle Muskets. 

Rifles. 

Pistol 

Carbine. 

1855. 

1842. 

Cadet, 

1855. 

1855. 

1842. 

1855. 



In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 


Diameter of bore. 

0.58 

0.69 

.58 

0.58 

0.58 

0.58 


Variation allow’ed, more.. 

0.0025 

0.015 

.0025 

0.0025 

0.0025 

0.0026 


Di.Hmeter at muzzle. 

0.78 

0.85 

.78 

0.90 

0.90 

0.82 

Barrel..... • 

Diameter at breech be- 








tween flats. 

1.14 

1.25 

1.14 

1.14 

1.15 

1. 


Length without breech- 








screw. 

40. 

42. 

38. 

33. 

33. 

12. 

Bayonet.—L ength of blade. 

18. 

18. 

16. 

21 7 

21.7 


Ramrod.—L ength. 

39.60 

41.70 

37.60 

33.00 

33.00 

12. 

Stock, with butt-plate and tip...len 2 th 

52.85 


50. 




Arm. 

' Length without bayonet.. 

55.85 

57.80 

53. 

49.3 

48.8 

17.6 


With bayonet fixed. 

73.85 

75.80 

71. 

71.8 

71.3 


COMPLETE. 

With butt-piece.. 



28.2 


^Number. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3.’ 


Twist, uniform, 1 turn in 

6 ft. 

6 ft. 

6 ft. 

6 ft. 

6 ft. 

4 ft,. 

Grooves ... • 

Width. 

0.30 

0.36 

0.30 

0.30 

0.30 

0.30 


Depth at muzzle. 

.005 

.005 

0.005 

.005 

.005 

.005 


Depth at breech. 

.015 

.015 

.015 

.013 

.013 

.008 


Weights. 









Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Barrel, without breech-screw. 

4.28 

4.19 

4.125 

4.8 

4.8 

1.4 

Ix)CK, with side screws. 

.81 

.95 

.81 

.81 

.55 

.6 

Bayonet. 


.72 

0.64 

.62 

2.15 

2.15 


Butt-Plate . 


.375 

0^34 

.25 

Arm, \ 

'Without bayonet. 

9.18 

9.51 

8.50 

9.93 

9.68 

3.56 


With bayonet. 

9.90 

10.15 

9.12 

12.08 

11.83 


complete, j 

W’ith butt-piece. 


5.09 








INSPECTION OF SMALL ARMS. 

All the materials used in the manufacture of arms must be of the best 
quality, and they should be tested by the inspectors, according to the 
methods indicated in Chapter XIV. 

The wood for gun-stocks should be seasoned at least three years and kept in 
a dry place two years before being worked; it must be free from knots and 
sap, and no wood which is brash, or light, or worm-eaten, or in any degree 
decayed, or which is cut across the grain at the handle of the stock, or 
which is kiln-dried, should be used or received. 

The following rules for inspection apply to all small arms, whether made 
at the national armories, or by contract at private establishments. 

The attention of the inspecting officers should be directed as much as 
possible to the operations of the workmen in the course of the fabrication 
of arms. 

Each component part is first inspected by itselff and afterwards the arm 
m a finished state. 

The materials and the forms and dimensions of all the parts must conform 

16 

































































184 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Btrictly to tliose of the established patterns; the workmanship and finish 
must be equal to those of the model arms, and the several parts must be 
browned, blued, case-hardened, or polished as in the standard model. 

The forms and dimensions of the parts are verified by means of the 
standard gauges. (See p. 315.) 

Inspection of Barrels. 

The first inspection of the barrel is made in the forged or cone-seated 
stage; the second in the 3d bored stage ; the third in the ground stage ; the 
fourth in the proved stage ; fifth in filed stage ; the sixth in the 6th 
bored stage; the seventh in the rifled stage; and the eighth in the breeched 
stage. 

In these inspections, the inspector will verify the barrel with proper 
gauges for each stage; he will see that the thread for the breech-screw in 
the barrel is well cut, and the bayonet-stud firmly brazed on; that the ex¬ 
terior and interior dimensions of the barrel are correct; that there are no 
interior hammer-marks, ring-bores, cinder-holes, flaws, cracks, or other 
defects which will not disappear in the finishing; and that the thread of 
the breech-screw is accurately cut. 

The barrels rejected for defects that cannot be remedied will be stamped 
on the upper side, in a line with the vent, with the mark of condemnation, 
which will be in all cases the letter C. If the defect is of such a nature 
as not to prevent the use of the barrel for a shorter arm when cut ofif, the 
mark will be made on the defective part. 

Proof. —The barrels which pass this inspection will then be proved by 
being fired twice, with the following charges: 


Kind of Barrel. 

1st charge. 

2d CH.ARGE. 

Size of Ball. 

Size of 
Wad. 

Thickness of 
paper. 

Powder. 

Balls. 

Wads. 

Powder. 

Balls. 

1 

Weight. 

Diameter. 

Square. 


Grs. 

No. 

No. 

Grs. 

No. 

No. 

Grs. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

lUfle musket, model 1855 

280 

1 

2 

250 

1 

2 

500 

0.57 

32. 

.01 

Cadet rifle musket, 1858.. 

280 

1 

2 

250 

1 

2 

500 

0.57 

32. 

.01 

Bifle, model 1855. 

280 

1 

2 

250 

1 

2 

f 5574 
(2781 

0.57 

32. 

.01 

Pistol carbine. 

255 

1 

2 

200 

1 

2 

450 

0.57 

32. 

.01 


One wad is placed on the powder and the other on the ball, and the 
charge is well rammed with a copper rod. The wad occupies, when 
rammed, about f inch in the length of the barrel. 

The barrels are closed for proof proving-plugs having vents in them. 
Musket-powder will be used for proving the barrels of muskets; the 




























INSrECTION OF BARRELS. 


185 


povrder must be of the best quality, giving not less than the standard 
initial velocity; it must be proved immediately before being used, unles'i 
it shall have been proved 'within one year and the inspector has no reason 
to suppose that it has become deteriorated. 

The measures for the proof-charges should be of a conical form, with 
the mouth as small as may be convenient, in order that there may be less 
variation in the quantity of powder. 

Before commencing the proof of barrels, the inspector will satisfy him¬ 
self as to the quality and proof of the powder, the size of the balls and 
of the wads. 

The inspector will observe the greatest caution in having the barrels 
properly loaded; for which purpose, after they are placed on the proving- 
bed, he will pass a ramrod into each barrel, to verify the accuracy of the 
charge. 

After the discharge he will again pass the ramrod into each barrel, and 
those which have missed fire will be pricked and primed and discharged, 
before proceeding to the second proof-charge'. 

After the second proof-charge, the inspector will examine the barrels 
which have burst, and note the cause of defect, whether in the materials 
or workmanship. 

He will then examine those which have not burst, and he will mark, as 
condemned, any which are evidently defective; the others will receive the 
proof-stamp, viz.: V for viewed, P for proved, with the eagle’s head under 
them, placed on the left square of the barrel, opposite the cone-seat. The 
barrels will be immediately washed clean, in hot water, and dried, after 
which they will be again carefully examined. 

They will now be inspected in the interior and on the exterior; the in¬ 
spector will reject such as are too large in the bore, and such as have 
holes, cross-cracks, scales, seams, or ring-bores; he will examine the 
brazing of the bayonet-sttld, and see that the barrel is not notched too 
deep, or indented inside. 

The barrels, having been reduced to their ultimate dimensions, straight¬ 
ened, and completely finished, are again strictly inspected, to verify the 
straightness of the bore, the exterior and interior diameters, their weight, 
(which should not vary more than 1 ounce from the standard weight,) the 
taps for the breech-screw and cone, the size, position, and direction of the 
vent. 

The straightness of the barrel may be ascertained by holding it up to 
the light and reflecting a straight edge on the different parts of the bore, 
by which means an experienced eye readily detects any inaccuracy in the 
bore. The small or standard plug should pass freely through the whole 
length of the barrel, including the threads for the breech-screw, and the 
bore should not admit the large or limit plug. 


186 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


The grooves should be carefully examined to see that they are formed ac¬ 
cording to the pattern, and that they are even and uniform throughout. 

The hreech-screws will be examined to see that they are of the proper di¬ 
mensions, are sound in every part, and have good threads; they are case- 
hardened. The screw must be tried in the barrel, to see that it occupies 
all the threads in the tap of the barrel, and that it is not loose after enter¬ 
ing three threads. 

The vent should enter the bore of the barrel clear of the end of the 
breech-screw. 

3Iarks. —Barrels condemned for defects detected after proof or at any 
time in the course of inspection, are marked with the letter C, struck in 
deeply; those finally received are stamped, in addition to the pi'oof-mark, 
with the year of fabrication on the top of the barrel, in the direction of 
the axis of the barrel, ending at .25 inch from the breech. 

Cones. 

Verify the dimensions, exterior and interior, and the thread of the screw. 
See that the upper part of the cone is properly hardened and free from 
cracks or flaws. 


Locks. 

Examine all the limbs, to see that they are sound, well filed, and of the 
proper form. 

Hammers .—Verify the dimensions and form carefully with the proper 
gauges; see that they are properly case-hardened, especially in the head, 
knife-edge, and cup for the cone. 

Tumblers must be verified separately, with great care, and their hard¬ 
ness tested. 

Feed-Finger and Spring must be examined that they are of right length 
and curve. 

Springs. —The strength of the lock-springs, as indicated by the weights 
they require to bend them up to the cock-notch without causing them to 
belly or bend beyond a straight line, is as follows : 

Main-spring of rifle musket, 1855, 70 to 75 pounds. 

“ cadet “ 70 to 75 “ 

“ pistol carbine, 70 to 75 “ 

Sear-spring of each, about 20 “ 

Spring-proof, Ho. 1.—Shows when the main-springs are evenly tempered, 
and will weigh from 70 to 75 pounds without bending beyond a sti'aight. 
line, setting, or breaking, by bringing them to the standard mark. 

Spring-proof, Ho. 2.—The main-springs are all required to stand in the 
position of full cock, in a spring-proof which holds 35 at one time, in the 


INSPECTION OF SMALL ARMS. ISJ 

same position as they are held in the lock, for twelve hours, to test their 
sti'ength and soundness. 

Screws. —Examine the forms of the stems and heads of all screws and 
the cutting of the threads, and gauge them; see that they are properly 
hardened. 

Lock-plates. —Verify with the proper gauges the form and dimensions, 
the accuracy of the position of the holes and the threads of those which 
are tapped; see that the plate is sound and free from cracks and flaws, 
especially about the tumbler-hole, and that it is well hardened. 

Finished locks. —The locks having been put together, see— 

1. That they are clean in the inside. 

2. That the sear works freely when the sear-screw is driven as far as 
it will go, and that the nose is sufiiciently strong and falls properly into 
the notches of the tumbler. 

3. That the bridle has no cracks or flaws about the holes for the tum¬ 
bler-pivot and screws. 

4. That the springs are well bent and of good proportions, that the 
fixed branches fit close to the lock-plate, and that the movable branches 
swing clear of it, without having too much play. 

5. That the slits of the screw-heads are not defective. 

G. That the arbor and pivot of the tumbler fit accurately in their holes. 

7. That the hook of the tumbler does not fall below the edge of the 
lock-plate when the cock is down. 

8. That the notches of the tumbler are sound and smooth, and that 
the tumbler fits and turns well. 

9. That the main-spring swivel is sound, by snapping the hammer 
several times on the bare cone. 

10. That the feed-finger and spring are the proper length and the slot 
of the proper form, by running out a part of a coil of primers and observ¬ 
ing that they are cut off in the middle between two primers ; and that the 
feed-finger rises at half-cock sufiiciently for the easy insertion of the 
primer. 

11. That the hammer fits well on the square of the tumbler, and that 
it does not rest on the lock-plate when screwed up tight, and that it has 
the proper set in relation to the cone. 

12. That all the parts work well together. 

Marks. _The place and year of fabrication are stamped on the face of) 

the lock-plate,—the year in rear of the hammer, and the name of the place 
in front of the magazine, with the letters U. S, over it: an eagle is stamped 
on the magazine-cover. 

Finished arm. —The initials of the finish inspector and of the master 
armorer are stamped on the rear end of the face of the stock, opposite tha 
lock, with italic letters. 

im 


188 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Mountings. 

The forms and dimensions are verified with the appropriate gauges and 
patterns. The trigger should be well fitted to the guard-plate, with as 
little lateral play as is consistent with its free movement. The form, size, 
and threads of the screws should be carefully examined. I'he letters U. S. 
are marked on the tang of the butt-plate. 

Ramrods. 

The temper of the rod is tested by springing it in four directions, with 
the point resting on the floor. The musket ramrod should bend 6 inches 
from a right line joining the ends; the rod should spring back perfectly 
straight, without setting. Its soundness and freedom from flaws and cross 
cracks are ascertained by the sound it gives when suspended by one end 
and gently struck with a piece of metal, and by passing it over the edge 
of a block of wood or the closed jaws of a vise, pressing down the ends at 
the same time and turning the rod, so as to present every side successively 
to inspection. Rifle and pistol rods are subjected to the last tests only. 
The diameter of the rod and the tap of the screw for the wiper are verified 
with the proper gauges. The length is also verified. 

Bagonets. 

The form and dimensions of the bayonet are verified with the proper 
gauges; the temper is tried by springing the bayonet attached to the 
barrel, the point resting on the floor. In case of doubt, the temper of 
the bayonet is definitely proved in the following manner: 

Two iron staples are fixed in a piece of oak plank on a workbench, 16| 
inches apart; one of them serves as a bridge, and has notches to receive 
the blade,—the other serves as a staple for holding the point of the bayonet 
close to the plank: the bayonet is fixed on a bai’rel, to the butt of which 
is fastened a brass ball weighing G pounds; so that, by inserting the point 
of the blade in the staples, the face and back resting alternately on the 
bridge, the blade sustains a weight of 9 pounds, which springs it about | 
of an inch. In this situation the blade is also examined to detect flaws 
and cross-cracks. It should not remain bent after this trial. 

The inspector then seizes the blade near the point and strikes the elbow 
smartly on the workbench, to ascertain that the welding is sound. 

If the proof shows no defects, he verifies the dimensions and bore of the 
socket and the accuracy of the channels. He examines the dimensions of 
the clasp, to see that it fits well to the shoulder; that it turns evenly, with¬ 
out binding in any part; that the stop is well placed and firmly set; that 
the clasp-screw and its thread in the stud of the clasp are well cut; that 
the elbow has the proper form and dimensions. 


INSPECTION OF SMALL ARMS. 


189 


Marks. —Bayonets are marked on the face of the blade, near the neck, 
■with the letters U. S. ; those rejected for defects that cannot be remedied 
are marked "with the stamp of condemnation. 

Stocks. 

The examination of the stock will be directed— 

1. To the quality of the wood; that it has good straight grain, is well 
seasoned, and free from sap and worm-holes. 

The degree of seasoning is indicated by the smell of the wood at a fresh- 
cut place ; by the appearance of the lock and barrel, &c. when removed 
from the stock: they will be rusted by unseasoned wood; by rolling a thin 
shaving between the fingers: it will crumble if the wood be well seasoned, 
otherwise it will be tough and will bend. 

The medium weight of a well-seasoned musket-stock is 2 pounds; a stock 
made of good walnut will not weigh less than 1 pound 13 ounces. 

2. To the workmanship: that it is free from splits, especially about the 
barrel-groove and heading; that it has not been split and glued up ; that 
the grooves and beds are of the proper forms and dimensions; that the 
roundings for the bands are smooth and accurate; that the handle and 
comb are of the proper size and form; that the stock has the proper/aZZ 
or crook, and is of the right length; that the holes are well drilled, and 
that those for the wood-screws have good threads. 

In examining the bed of the lock, see— 

1. That all the edges are sharp and smooth. 

2. That the beds of the sear-screw and sear-spring screw are not bored 
down to the trigger or to the breech-screw. 

3. That the beds of the main-spring and main-spring screw do not 
penetrate to the barrel. 

4. That the hole for the tang of the sear is as small as possible, so that 
the sear shall not be wood-bound. 

5. That the wires fit well in their holes. 

Marks. —The stocks inspected are marked on the left side with the stamp 
of approval (the initials of the inspector’s name) or of condemnation, as 
the case may be. 

Appendages. 

Ball-screws and wipers are examined by screwing them on a piece of ram¬ 
rod furnished with a handle, to verify the accuracy of the screw-thread; 
the temper of the branches is tested by pressing the points on a piece of 
hard wood, in which proof they should spring back to their proper form. 

Screw-drivers:, by inserting the blades in a vise, or in a slit made for the 
purpose, and twisting them with the hand. Test the strength and size of 
the cone-wrench by putting it on a square socket and wrenching it by 
hand. 


190 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Other implements are examined by applying the appropriate patterns, 
&c., and their soundness may be further tested by striking them a smart 
blow with a hammer. 


Finished Anns. 

Finished arms offered for inspection must be taken entirely to pieces, 
and each part must be examined as above directed; if the parts have been 
previously inspected, see that they have sutfered no subsequent injury. 
This being done, the arms will be put together and examined in their com¬ 
plete state. Some of the arms in every lot should be put together by the 
inspector himself. 

The inspector will examine the finished arms on every side, to see that 
the parts are well fitted together: he will verify the principal dimensions 
and forms by means of the appropriate gauges and patterns. 

Barrel .—The diameter of the bore must be verified with the standard 
and limit gauges. The barrel should enter the groove of the stock to the 
depth of half its diameter, and should bear well in the whole length of 
the groove, particularly at the breech. The vent should be accurate in its 
dimensions, position, and direction, and a wire should be passed into the 
vent through the cone and cone-seat, to see that they are free. The cone 
should be examined, to see that it is sound. The shoulders of the breech- 
screw should fit close to the end of the barrel, and it must be free from 
cracks or flaws about the tang-screw hole; the tang-screw should be 
perp'endicular to the tang. The bore of the barrel should be clean and 
bright. 

Ramrod .—The fitting of the groove is ascertained by dnawing and re¬ 
turning the rod smartly several times, to see that it holds well and does 
not stick too tight; the pistol-carbine ramrod should hold more firmly 
than that of the musket; the ramrod must bear on the rod-stop, and in 
that position its head should not project beyond the end of the barrel; 
it should fill the groove well; the open part of the groove should be in 
the centre of the stock, the covered part in the middle of the thickness of 
the stock, between the outside and the bottom of the barrel-groove, and 
the rod should not interfere with the front side-screw. 

Bayonet .—The socket of the bayonet should be a little below the muzzle 
of the barrel at the upper end. Woi’k the clasp, to see that the ramrod 
does not interfere with it, that it bears well on the shoulders, that the clasp- 
screw holds well, that the stock is firmly fixed, and that the clasp moves 
evenly, without binding; the blade of the bayonet should set outwards a 
little toward the point. To try the strength and temper of the bayonet 
when fixed, spring it smartly in four directions, toward the back and face 
and each edge, resting the point on the floor, and grasping Ihe butt of the 
stock with the right hand and the middle of the barrel with the left. 


INSPECTION OF SMALL ARMS. 


191 


Examine the fitting of the bayonet to the barrel, and see that the inside of 
the socket is clean and free from rust, and that the bayonet-stud is well 
brazed and of the right dimensions. 

Lock .—Examine carefully the action of the lock; snap the hammer on 
the cone, to see that it fits well. Let the hammer down several times, to 
judge of the working of the lock. See, also: 

1. That the interior parts are not wood-bound. 

2. That the hammer stands off (0.02 inch) from the lock. 

3. That it does not go off at half-cock when the trigger is pulled hard. 

4. That it goes neither too hard nor too easily when cocked. 

5. That it does not stop at half-cock. 

6. That the trigger is steady at cock and half-cock, and free when the 
hammer is down. 

7. That the fall of the hammer is not stopped by the heel of the tumbler 
before it touches the cone. 

8. That the hammer has sufficient sweep; that it falls evenly, without a 
jerk, and that the knife-edge passes freely over the plate. 

Examine the soundness of the hammer at the tumbler-hole. 

In examining a finished lock by itself, observe the rules laid down above; 
see that the lock-plate fits accurately in its bed, and that the wood around 
it is full and sound. 

Mountings .—The front part of the trigger at half-cock should be nearly 
perpendicular to the surface of the guard-plate; the slit for the trigger 
should be of the exact width, so that the trigger shall have no lateral 
motion. 

It is important that the guard-plate should bear firmly on the wood in 
every part; as, otherwise, by driving the tang-screw too hard, the trigger 
might be brought too close to the sear and the action of the lock be thus 
interfered with. 

The butt-plate should be well fitted in the centre of the stock. 

The bands should fit smoothly at the shoulders and closely to the stock 
and barrel, but not so tight as to require a great effort to remove them. 
The band-springs should not be too deeply set; they should spring back 
freely when pressed down; the holes for the wires should not interfere 
with the barrel or ramrod grooves. 

All the mountings should fit smoothly to the stock. The stock should 
have the proper fall or crook, which is ascertained by applying the pattern 
and by trying the piece in the position of aiming. 

By sighting along the barrel, it will be seen whether it is well stocked, 
whether the bands, the front and rear sights, and the bayonet, are well 
set. 

See, also. Inspection of arms in service. 


192 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


General Directions. 

Tlie inspector is not restricted to the particular examinations above men¬ 
tioned ; he will make any other examinations which he may deem necessary 
to ascertain the quality of any part of the arms and their conformity to the 
standard models; if he discover or suspect any attempts on the part of 
the workmen to cover or conceal serious defects, he will subject the arms 
to the most severe scrutiny, in order to detect such defects. 

In the inspection of contract arms, the inspector will judge of the quality 
of materials and workmanship by the rules which govern in like cases at 
the national armories ; that is, he will reject such arms or parts of arms as 
would be condemned at the national armories, and he will receive such as 
would be approved at the national armories,—without exacting, in any case, 
more rigid conditions than are enforced at those establishments. 

The ordnance officer charged with the inspection of arms, or the master 
armorer at a national armory, will cause at least one in twenty of each lot of 
arms passed by a sub-inspector to be taken to pieces in his presence, and 
he will examine them strictly, agreeably to the foregoing directions, before 
affixing his stamp of approval on the finished arms, all of which must be 
examined by him. 

Marks .—As a general rule, every part condemned on inspection will be 
indelibly marked with the letter C, and every principal part approved will 
be marked with the initials of the inspector’s name. Care must be taken 
that the marks of approval are not stamped so deep as to be injurious. 

Finished arms approved in inspection will be marked on the left face of 
the stock with the initials of the name of the principal inspector, and the 
year of inspection. 

Report of Inspection of Barrels. 

After the inspection of each lot of barrels the inspector will make a state¬ 
ment, showing: 

1. The number of barrels offered for proof. 

2. The number rejected before proof. 

3. The number burst in proof. 

4. The number rejected after proof, for flaws, cross-cracks, or other 
defects. 

5. The number received after the proof and inspections. 

6. The number rejected on inspection of the finished arm. 

These statements furnish the materials for the reports of inspection 
required by the Ordnance Regulations. 

Browned Arms. 

The barrels of rifles are browned at the armories before being received 
for the service; the locks, ramrods, band-springs, triggers, and screws ai'g 


BROWNING ARMS. 


193 


not browned. The parts of these arms should be thoroughly inspected 
before browning, and the finished arm after being browned. 

INSTRUCTIONS FOR BROWNING ARMS. 

Materials for Browning-Mixture. 

11 oz. spirits of wine. 

11 oz. tincture of steel. 

1 oz. corrosive sublimate. 

11 oz. sweet spirits of nitre. 

1 oz. blue vitriol. 

^ oz. nitric acid. 

To be mixed and dissolved in 1 quart of soft water; the mixture to be 
kept in glass bottles, and not in earthen jugs. 

Previous to commencing the operation of browning, it is necessary that 
the barrel or other part should be made quite bright with emery or a fine 
smooth file, (but not burnished,) after which it must be carefully cleaned 
from all greasiness; a small quantity of pounded lime rubbed well over 
every part of the barrel is the best for this purpose. Plugs of wood are 
then to be put into the muzzle of the barrel and into the vent, and the mix¬ 
ture applied to every part with a clean sponge or rag. The barrel is then 
to be exposed to the air for twenty-four hours ; after which time it is to bo 
well rubbed over with a steel scratch-card or scratch-brush, until the rust is 
entirely removed; the mixture may then be applied again, as before, and 
in a few hours the barrel will be sufficiently corroded for the operation of 
scratch-brushing to be repeated. The same process of scratching off the 
rust and applying the mixture is to be repeated twice or three times a day 
for four or five days, by which time the barrel will be of a very dark 
brown color. 

When the barrel is sufficiently brown and the rust has been carefully 
removed from every part, about a quart of boiling water should be poured 
over every part of the barrel, in order that the action of the acid mixture 
upon the barrel may be destroyed and the rust thereby prevented from 
rising again. 

The barrel, when cold, should afterwards be rubbed over with linseed-oil 
or sperm-oil. It is particularly directed that the steel scratch-card or 
scratch-brush be used in the place of a hard hair-brush, otherwise the 
browning will not be durable nor have a good appearance. 

The browning-mixture is applied to other parts of arms in -the same 
manner as to the barrels. 

About 6 quarts of browning-mixture are required for 1,000 barrels. 


194 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Varnish for browned iron. 

' Shellac. 1 oz. ' ‘ 

Alcohol. 1 quart. 

To remove old browning: Plug the vent and the muzzle of the barrels; i 
immerse the browned parts for one hour in boiling lime-water or lye, to j 
remove the varnish or grease; wipe them, and put them in vinegar, in a ' j 
wooden trough, for half an hour or an hour, when the browning may be . j 
rubbed off with a rag. 

PACKING SMALL ARMS. 

Box for 20 Rifle Muskets. (Plate 27.) 

The box is made of well-seasoned white pine boards 1 inch thick; the 
sides and bottoms lap over the ends. 4 corner-pieces, (yellow pine,) 2.25 inches 
wide, 1.25 inch thick; the width of the corner-piece is placed against the 
end of the box; a rabbet is cut in each piece to receive the ends of a board 
4.5 inches wide and .125 inch thick, which forms the inner lining of the im¬ 
plement-pocket. 2 end-linings, between the corner-pieces, 8.75 inches deep, 
leaving vacant spaces above them, between the corner-pieces, 4.5 inches 
deep, for the implements. They are fastened to the ends, each with two 
nails. 

Interior dimensions of the box. —Length between the end-linings, 59.25 
inches; width, 16 inches; depth, 13.25 inches. 

The ends are fastened with nine 8-penny nails in two rows, in each corner- 
piece. Each side is fastened with five 12-penny nails in each end, three 
10-penny nails, and one 2-inch screw No. 14, (above the nails,) in each 
corner-piece. The bottom is fastened to each end and lining with twelve 
10-penny nails, and to each side with ten 10-penny nails and two 2-inch 
screws. The top is fastened with two 2-inch screws to each end and four 
to each side. Two holes are bored in each end, 6 inches apart and 8 inches 
from the bottom, to receive rope beckets, .5 inch thick and 18 inches long, 
which are inserted and fastened by a knot countersunk in the end, before 
the linings are nailed on. 

4 bayonet-clamps, each 1 inch thick; two of them are 1 inch deep; the 
others, 1.5 inch. They have each ten notches on the under side to receive 
the blades of the bayonets, and they are fastened to the bottom of the box 
each with 2 screws, except when the box is lined with tin. The small 
clamps are placed 6 inches apart, in the clear; the large ones, 12.5 inches 
apart for the model of 1855, and 5 inches apart for the model of 1842. 

4 muzzle-clamps, 1 inch thick and 2.25 inches wide, 16 inches long; each 
clamp has 5 holes for the muzzles of the barrels and 5 for the heads of the 
ramrods. 






PACKING SMALL ARMS. 


195 


4 butt-clamps, each 1.85 inch thick and 2.20 inches wide: each clamp 
has 5 sloping notches, 1 inch deep, 1.55 inch wide at the top, and 1.8 
inch at the bottom for the model of 1842, and 1.45 inch wide and 1.7 
inch at the bottom for the model of 1855, to receive the butts of the 
muskets. 

On the back of the upper corner a rabbet, .25 inch deep and .45 inch wide, 
is cut to receive a corresponding projection or tongue on the middle-clamp: 
this serves to hold the pieces together, and thereby save the necessity of 
grooves on the sides of the box. 

2 middle-clamps, each 1.85 inch thick, 1.10 inch wide in front; a pro¬ 
jecting square lip, .25 inch deep by .45 inch wide, on the lower rear corner, 
to fit into the rabbet of the butt-clamp. 

2 top-clamps, each 1.85 inch thick and 3 inches wide: the cover of the 
box presses on them and keeps the muskets tight in place. A lip is made 
on these clamps to fit into the butt-clamps, as described in the butt- 
clamps. 

Note. —The rifle-musket (model 1855) is 1.85 inch shorter than that 
•of 1842. For this reason an extra end-piece, 1 inch thick, with cleats 
nailed upon each end, 2 inches wide, .85 inch thick, is placed in one end 
of the box previous to putting in the muskets. This forms a pocket for 
the tompions. 

To pack a hox of Muskets. 

Unfix the bayonets and let down the hammers. 

The small bayonet-clamps being fastened down, place the points of the 
bayonets in their notches, the bayonets lying on the edge of the blade; 
then put in the large clamps and screw them down. 

Place the lower tier of ten muskets; the muzzles and ramrods in the 
holes in the lower end-clamps, the butts resting on the opposite clamp ; 
put two lower butt-clamps in over the butts of the lower tier of muskets, 
and over them the two middle-clamps. Place the upper muzzle-clamps in ; 
insert the upper tier of muskets like the lower; put in the upper butt- 
clamps and the top-clamps. 

Put the implements in the pockets provided for them, and screw on the 
cover. 


Packing-Box for twenty Rifles. (Plate 27.) 

Kifles are packed in the same manner as muskets, the box being made 
like the musket-box, except in its dimensions, and changing the bayonet- 
clamps, and adding 2 end cleats and 2 steel springs; 1 rai/>fHn each side. 

Interior dimensions of rifle-box.—hangih between the end-linings, 50.2 
inches; width, 16.5 inches; depth, 13.5 inches. 

17 


196 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


When small arms are to be sent on a long sea-voyage, the packing-boxes 
are provided with tin linings securely soldered, so as to exclude all 
dampness. 

The cla 7 nps for the bayonets are held down by tin loops soldered to the 
sides of the tin lining, and bent over the clamps and screwed to them after 
the bayonets are in place. 

Two strips of wood, 1.8 inch wide and I inch thick, are placed on 
each side.of the box, their ends resting in notches cut in the ends of the 
top-clamps. 

A tin cover is then placed upon these pieces, and the edges of the lining 
are bent over it and soldered. 

To open the box, a soldering-iron and thin knife are required to open 
the soldered joint, and the cover is removed. 


Weights of boxes of Arms packed. 


20 muskets and appendages, model 1855, 280 lbs. 

20 “ “ “ “ for sea-voyage, 

20 “ “ “ 1842, 285 lbs. 

20 “ “ “ “ for sea-voyage, 

20 rifles “ “ 1855, 321 lbs. 


301 lbs. 
300 lbs. 


Packing Arms with Straw. 

In the field, or under other circumstances, when the proper arm-chests are 
not on hand, it may sometimes be necessary to pack arms in this manner. 

The interior dimensions of a box for 20 muskets may be the same as for 
the regular packing-box. 

The straw should be long, perfectly dry, and free from dust; rye straw 
is the best; hay should not be used: about 25 pounds of straw are re¬ 
quired to a box. 

To prepare the musket for packing .—Oil it; let down the hammer, pass the 
bayonet up to the socket into the guard-bow, on the right side, in front of 
the trigger. Make a rof>e of about 40 straws, slightly twisted, and 40 
inches long; wrap it about the musket, commencing on top of the hammer, 
going round the bayonet below, again over the hammer and round the piece 
in front of the guard, then over the socket of the bayonet near the neck, 
.and wrapping the rest around the handle of the stock. 

Lay a bed of straw 2 inches thick in the bottom of the box ; in the middle 
and at G inches from the ends, place three cushions of straw 6 inches thick 
and 12 inches wide. Put in a tier of 10 muskets crossing each other, the 
butts re-jting alternately against the ends of the box, the guards upper¬ 
most, and the hammers bearing on the cushions. Put small trusses of 
straw under the upper and middle bands, by raising the muskets at ono 
end and then pressing them down between the others. Pack, between the 


PRESERVATION OF ARMS IN STORE. 


197 


butts, ■svads of straw 8 inches long, made of a handful of straws folded in 
three; cover the guards and guard-bows with the ends of the straw that 
form these wads, which will be still about 12 inches long. Put in another 
tier of 10 muskets in the same manner, making the cushions 4 inches 
thick. Pack the implements in straw in the vacant spaces. Fill the box 
with straw, so that the cover shall require strong pressure to keep it 
down. Put two hoops round the box, at 18 inches from the ends. 

Other arms, swords, etc., are packed in a similar manner. 

Arms should not be wrapped in paper, unless it be oiled, as it attracts 
moisture more readily than straw does. 

PRESERVATION OF ARMS IN STORE. 

Arrangement and Manner of Storing Arms. 

Arms are kept at the arsenals either in the boxes in which they are re¬ 
ceived from the armories, or in racks. 

Those of each kind are kept separate, and they are arranged according 
to the model, the place and year of fabrication, and the time when they 
were last cleaned. 

New arms are kept distinct from those which have been repaired. 

Each parcel should have a label, indicating the kind, number, model, 
date of their receipt in store and of their being last cleaned. 

The manner of keeping arms at the arsenals is determined by the chief 
of the Ordnance Department, according to the peculiar circumstances of 
each case, and racks are constructed for them only in pursuance of special 
authority from the Ordnance Office; without such authority they are kept 
in boxes. The form and arrangement of the racks vary with those of the 
room in which they are placed, so as to use the space to the best advantage 
and give light and air to every part of the room. The usual arrangement 
of racks for muskets is to establish two rows of double racks, two tiers 
high, perpendicular to the length of the room, leaving alleys around the 
room next to the walls, and in the centre, if necessary. The bayonets are 
passed through the middle-band swivel, the socket covering the top of the 
ramrod. Other racks of a similar kind may be made for rifleSy carbinesy 
&c. Pistols are suspended by the guard-bows, on hooks driven into the 
faces of the musket-racks, or into the joists, or into strips attached to the 
walls of the building. 

When there are neither racks nor boxes prepared, the arms are stored 
in dry rooms, arranged in rows apart from the walls, standing on their 
muzzles and supported by frames to prevent them from pressing too much 
on each other. The bayonet should be unfixed and passed through the 
swivel. They should be covered with tarpaulins or cloths, if necessary, to 
protect them from dust. 


198 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Arms of peculiar kinds, and arms to be repaired, are kept separate from 
others; as also arms unserviceable or condemned to be broken up. 

Limbs and spare parts intended for repairs of arms should be kept in 
store by themselves, in a dry place, classed according to the kind of arms 
and to the model and year of fabrication, and labelled accordingly. 

MasJcet and rifle barrels and other long barrels, standing on their muz¬ 
zles; the piles covered from the dust with tarpaulins supported so as not 
to touch the barrels. Pistol-barrels, bayonets, and other small parts, in 
drawers or boxes, properly labelled. Stocks, in square piles, in the attic 
or upper story of the building. 

Care of Arms in Store. 

Arms when received at an arsenal should be unpacked and carefully ex¬ 
amined, to detect any damage suffered in transportation; they should be 
cleaned and oiled, if they require it. Those arms which are not to be 
placed in racks should be returned to the boxes, laid in loosely but safely, 
and the cover slightly fastened down, so that they can be readily examined. 

All arms in store should be frequently examined, to see that they do not 
become rusty. Those which are found to bo rusted should be immediately 
cleaned and again oiled. Browned arms, if afi’ected with specks of rust, 
should be rubbed hard with linseed-oil; and if the appearance of the 
browning indicate that the acid is not neutralized, care should be taken 
to examine the arms again within a short time, as it may be found neces¬ 
sary to remove and renew the browning; but this operation should not be 
performed without special authority from the chief of the Ordnance De¬ 
partment, on the report of a duly-authorized inspector. 

Arms which are to be repaired should be oiled and taken care of in the 
same manner as sei’viceable arms. Irreparable arms, the parts of which 
can be used for repairs, should be oiled. Similar remarks apply to spare 
parts for repair of arms. 

Sperm-oil should be used for greasing arms. 

Empty boxes, from which the arms in racks are taken, should be kept, 
with all the parts belonging to them, in the attics or other dry situations. 

The store-houses for arms should be aired in clear, dry weather. 

Issuing Arms. 

The Ordnance Eegulations prescribe the manner of issuing arms to the 
troops, under the various circumstances of service, and to the States, for 
arming the militia. 

All arms issued from an arsenal should be carefully examined before 
delivery, cleaned, and put in good order ; if intended for transportation, 
they should be oiled, if necessary, after cleaning, and carefully packed. 


PRESERVATION OF ARMS IN SERVICE. 


199 


PRESERVATION OF ARMS IN SERVICE. 

The officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers should be instructed 
and practised in the nomenclature of the arms, the manner of dismounting 
and mounting them, and the precautions and care required for their pre¬ 
servation. 

Each soldier should have a screw-driver and a wiper, and each squad 
of ten a band-spring and tumbler punch, and a spring-vise. No other 
implements should be used in taking arms apart or in setting them up. 

Ill the inspection of arms, officers should attend to the qualities essential 
to service, rather than to a bright polish on the exterior of the arms. Tho 
arms should be inspected in the quarters at least once a month, with the 
barrel and lock separated from the stock. 


Taking Arms to Pieces. 

To take apart the rifle musket, model 1855 :— 

1. Unfix the bayonet. 

2. Put the tompion in the muzzle of the barrel. 

3. Draw the ramrod. 

4. Turn the tang-screw. 

5. Take off the lock: to do this, first put the hammer at half-cock, then 
unscrew partially the side screws, and, with a slight tap on the head of 
each screw with a wooden instrument, loosen the lock from its bed in the 
stock; then turn out the side screws, and remove the lock Avith the left 
hand. 

G. Remove the side screws, taking care not to disturb the washers. 

7. Take off the upper band. 

8. Take ofi" the middle band. 

9. Take off the lower band. 

10. Take out the barrel. 

In doing this, turn the musket horizontally, with the barrel downward, 
holding the barrel loosely with the left hand beloAV the rear sight, the 
right hand grasping the stock by the handle; and if it does not leave the 
stock, tap the tompion in the muzzle gently against the ground or floor, 
Avhich will loosen the breech-end from the stock. This is preferable to 
lifting the barrel out by the muzzle, because if the tang of the breech- 
screw should bind in the wood, the head of the stock would be liable to be 
split by raising the muzzle first. 

The foregoing parts of the rifle musket are all that should usually be 
taken off or dismounted. 

The soldier should never dismount the hand-springs, guard, side screw, 
washers, hutt-plate, rear sight, cone, and cone-seat screw, except when an 

17;if 


200 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


officer considers it necessary. The breech-screw should be taken out only 
by an armorer, and never in ordinary cleaning. The lock should not bo 
taken apart, nor tlie bayonet-clasp taken off, except when absolutely 
necessary in the opinion of an officer. If proper and regular care be taken 
of the arm, this will be very seldom, necessary. 

The parts which are specially assigned to be dismounted by an expe¬ 
rienced armorer will be stated in their regular order following No. 10, viz.: 

11. Unscrew the cone, keeping the Avrench well down on the square of 
the cone, to prevent the corners from being injured. 

12. Take out the cone-seat screw. 

13. Take out the upper, middle, and lower band-springs, using a wire 
punch of proper size. 

14. Take out the side screws.* 

15. Take out the guard, using care to prevent injuring the wood at each 
end of the guard-plate. 

10. Take out the side-screw washers with a drift punch. 

17. Take out the butt-plate screws with the largest blade of the screAV- 
driver, and remove the butt-plate. 

18. Remove the rear sight by turning out the leaf-spring screw, which 
will release the sight fi'om the barrel. 

19. Turn out the breech-screw by means of a “breech-screw wrench” 
suited to the tenon of the breech-screw. No other wrench should ever be 
used for this purpose, and the barrel should be held in clamps fitting 
neatly the breech. 

ORDER IN AVHICU THE LOCK IS TAKEN APART. 

1. Cock the piece, and put the spring-vise on the main-spring; give the 
thumb-screw a turn sufficient to liberate the spring from the swivel and 
main-spring notch. Remove the spring. 

2. The sear-spring screw. Before turning this screw entirely out, strike 
the elbow of the spring with the screAv-driver, so as to disengage the pivot 
from its mortise; then remove the screw and spring. 

3. The sear-screAV and sear. 

4. The bridle-screw and bridle. 

5. The tumbler-screw. 

G. The tumbler. This is driven out Avith a punch inserted in the screw- 
hole, which at the same time liberates the hammer. 

7. Detach the main-spring swivel from the tumbler with a drift-punch. 


* The guard, butt-plate, and side screw licads have concave slits, for which the screw-driver 
is adapted: this lessens the danger of the stock being marred by accident or carelessness ia 
letting the screw-driver slip out while in the act of turning the screw. Great care should be 
observed to prevent injury in this particular. 




DISMOUNTING ARMS. 201 

8. Take out the feed-finger and spring. The magazine-cover should 
never be taken oflf except when absolutely necessary. 

9. The catch-spring and screw. 

Assemhling Aj'his. 

The lock and the musket are put together in the inverse order of 
taking them apart. 

THE LOCK. 

1. The catch-spring. 2. The feed-finger and spring. 3. The main 
spring swivel. 4. The tumbler and hammer. 5. The tumbler-screw. G. 
Bridle .and screw. 7. Sear and screw. 8. Sear-spring and screw. 
9. Main-spring. 

Before replacing the screws, oil them slightly with good sperm-oil, 
putting a drop on the point of the screw; also on the arbor and pivot of 
the tumbler; between the movable branches of the springs and the lock- 
plate ; on the hook and notches of the tumbler. After the lock is put 
together, avoid turning the screws in so hard as to make the limbs bind: 
to insure this, try the motion of each limb before and after its spring is 
mounted, and see that it moves without friction. 

THE MUSKET. 

1. The barrel. Drop the barrel into its place in the stock, and squeeze 
it down with the hand; give the butt of the stock a gentle tap against the 
floor, to settle the breech-end of the barrel against the head of the stock. 

2. Put on the lower band with the letter U upward, being careful not to 
mar the stock or barrel in sliding it into its place; apply the thumb to the 
band-spring, to see that it plays freely. 

3. Put on the middle band ; and, 

4. The upper band, in the same manner. 

5. The lock. Half-cock the hammer; take the lock in the right hand, 
with the main-spring and sear toward you, holding the stock with the left 
hand by the swell, with the butt between the knees. Enter the lock fairly 
into the lock-bed, taking care to keep the arm of the sear clear of the 
trigger; press the plate well down into the wood, and then turn the 
musket over, holding the lock and stock together with the left hand. 

6. With the right hand, turn in the side screws, after having touched 
their screw-threads with-oil. Observe that the point of the rear-screw is 
flat, and should not project beyond the plate, to interfere with the ham¬ 
mer. The front screw has a round point. 

7. Turn in the tang-screw, after having oiled the screw-thread. Be 
careful to see that each of these screws are turned firmly home, but not 
forced. Observe that the lock plays freely, without friction, and that no 
limb is bound by the wood. 

8. Beturn the ramrod. 


202 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


9. Refix the bayonet, after having oiled the clasp and socket to prevent 
chafing. 

10. Replace the tompion. Oil the stock well with ^perm or linseed oil; 
let it stand a few hours, and then rub it with a woollen rag until the wood 
is perfectly dry. Repeat this from time to time, and it will produce a 
polish which moisture will not atfect. 

Linseed-oil is the best for this purpose, and it should be used while the 
arm is dismounted. 


Cleaning and Care of Arms. 

TO CLEAN THE BARREL. 

1. Stop the hole in the cone with a peg of soft wood; pour a gill of 
water (warm, if it can be had) into the muzzle; let it stand a short time, 
to soften the deposit of the powder; put a plug of soft wood into the 
muzzle, and shake the water up and down the barrel well; pour this out 
and repeat the washing until the water comes out clear; take out the peg 
from the cone, and stand the barrel, muzzle downward, to drain for a few 
moments. 

2. Screw the wiper on to the end of the ramrod, and put a piece of dry 
cloth or tow round it, suflBcient to prevent it from chafing the grooves of 
the barrel; wipe the barrel quite dry, changing or drying the cloth two 
or three times. 

3. Put no oil into the vent, as it will clog the passage, and cause the 
first cap to miss fire; but, with a slightly-oiled rag on the wiper, rub the 
bore of the barrel and the face of the breech-screw and immediately 
insert the tompion into the muzzle. 

4. To clean the exterior of the barrel, lay it flat on a bench or board, to 
avoid bending it. The practice of supporting the barrel at each end and 
rubbing it with a strap or buff-stick, or with the ramrod or any other in¬ 
strument, to burnish it, is pernicious, and should be strictly forbidden. 

5. After firing, the barrel should always be washed as soon as prac¬ 
ticable; when the water comes off clear, wipe the barrel dry, and pass 
into it a rag moistened with oil. 

As rust and dirt are produced by exploding caps or primers, although 
DO charge be fired, the parts of the barrel and cone exposed should be 
carefully wiped and oiled after such practice. 

Fine jlour-of-emery cloth is the best article to clean the exterior of the 
barrel. 

TO CLEAN THE LOCK. 

Wipe every part with a moist rag, and then a dry one; if any part of 
the interior shows rust, put a drop of oil on the point or end of a piece 
of soft wood dipped into flour of emery; rub out the rust clean and wipe 
the surface dry; then rub every part with a slightly-oiled rag. 


CLEANING OF ARMS. 


203 


'When a lock has, from any cause, become gummed with oil and dirt, it 
may be cleaned by being boiled in soap-suds ur in pearlash or soda water, 
to loosen the thick oil; but heat should never be applied to any part of 
it in any other way. 

TO CLEAN THE MOUNTINGS. 

For the mountings, and all of the iron and steel parts, use fine flour of 
emery moistened with oil, or flour-of-emery cloth. 

For brass, use rotten-stone moistened with vinegar or water, and keep 
free from oil or grease. Use a hard brush, or a piece of soft pine, cedar, 
or crocus-cloth. 

Remove dirt from the screw-holes by screwing a piece of soft wood into 
them. 

Wipe clean with a linen rag, and leave the parts slightly oiled. 

In cleaning the arms, great care should be observed to preserve the 
qualities essential to service, rather than to obtain a bright polish. 

Burnishing the barrel (or other parts) should be strictly avoided, as it 
tends to crook the barrel, and also to destroy the uniformity of the ex¬ 
terior finish-of the arm. 

It is not essential for the musket to be dismounted every time that it is 
cleaned; for, after firing it in fine weather, or when there has been no 
chance for the wet to get between the barrel and the stock, it can be per¬ 
fectly cleaned in the following manner:— 

Put a piece of rag or soft leather on the top of the cone, and let the 
hammer down upon it; pour a gill of water into the muzzle, carefully, so 
that it does not run down the outside ; put a plug of wood into the muzzle, 
and shake the gun up and down, changing the water repeatedly until it 
comes out clear. When clear, withdraw the leather, and stand the musket 
on the muzzle a few moments; then wipe out the barrel, (as given in the 
second rule for cleaning,) and also wipe the exterior of the lock and the 
outside of the barrel around the cone and cone-seat, first with a damp rag, 
and then with a dry one, and lastly with a rag that has been slightly oiled. 
In this way, all the dirt due to the firing may be removed without taking 
out a screw. 

If, however, the hammer be observed to work stiff, or to grate upon the 
tumbler, the lock must immediately be taken off and the parts cleaned 
and touched with oil. 

To change the cone, when it is broken or worn out.—After removing the 
old cone, enter the new one carefully with the fingers, before using the 
wrench, in order to avoid bruising the thread in the barrel. 

It is very important to use no other implements than those before men¬ 
tioned. By using nails to drive out the wires, their holes are enlarged. 
The main-spring should never be heated for the purpose of either raising 


204 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


or lowering its temper; this destroys the elasticity of the spring, and the 
lock no longer gives fire. 

The notches of the tumbler, the main-spring swivel, and, in general, all 
the joints of the lock, should be frequently oiled, after first wiping off the 
hard grease and the dust. 

Browned arms are cleaned by rubbing them hard with an oiled rag until 
the oil is well incorporated with the browning, or by rubbing them with 
beeswax on a rag or cork. 

Rifled arms should not have the ramrod sprung in the bore with unneces¬ 
sary force. It batters the head of the rod, and wears injuriously the 
grooves. The soldier should let the rod slide down gently, supported by 
the thumb and finger; and the inspecting ofl&cer can satisfy himself of the 
condition of the bottom of the bore by gently tapping with the rod. The 
face of the breech can be polished, after washing, by means of a cork 
fixed on the wiper or ball-screw; the polished surface can be seen if the 
muzzle is turned to the light. 

Besides all the precautions in dismounting, remounting, and cleaning, 
which have been pointed out in the foregoing pages, habitual care in 
handling the arms is necessary to keep them in good and serviceable con¬ 
dition. 

In ordering arms on parade, let the butt be brought gently to the ground, 
especially when the exercises take place on pavements or hard roads. 
This will save the mechanism of the lock from shocks, which are very in¬ 
jurious to it, and which tend to loosen and mar the screws and split the 
wood-work. 

In stacking arms, care should be taken not to injure the bayonets by for¬ 
cibly straining the edges against each other. The stack can be as well 
secured without such force being used. 

No cutting, marking, or scraping in any way the wood or iron should 
be allowed; and no part of the gun should be touched with a file. Take 
every possible care to prevent water from getting in between the lock, or 
barrel, and stock. If any should get there, dismount the gun as soon as 
possible, clean and oil the parts as directed, and see that they are per¬ 
fectly dry before reassembling them. 

TO PLACE A COIL OF PRIMERS IN THE MAGAZINE. 

Let down the hammer; open the magazine, by pulling back the head of 
the cover-catch with the thumb-nail of the left hand, while the thumb-nail 
of the right hand is pushed under the cover at the bottom. Remove the 
covering-paper from the coil of primers; separate any parts that may 
happen to stick together; unwind about one inch; place the coil in the 
magazine, and the free end of it in the groove, flat side toward the cone, 
and one primer beyond the end of the feed-finger; close the magazine. 


INSPECTION OF ARMS IN SERVICE. 


205 


Should an exploded primer fail to ignite the charge, there must bo 
moisture, or some obstruction, in the vent; or the gun may be improperly 
loaded. After a night in a damp place, a drop of moisture sometimes 
collects in the vent, and, unless removed, prevents the first primer, or cap, 
from igniting the charge. 

If, by accident, a coil of primers become softened by dampness, it can 
be made good again by a short exposure to a dry, warm atmosphere. 

Should the cocking of the hammer fail to feed out properly the primer, 
open the magazine, and notice, while working the hammer, the cause of 
the difl&culty. It can generally be readily corrected. 

INSPECTION OF ARMS IN SERVICE, OR WHICH HAVE BEEN IN 

SERVICE. 

Implements. —Standard and limit gauges for the bore, limit-gauges for 
the exterior of the barrel, and a screw-plate with taps for the holes of the 
lock-plate. 

The following are the principal points to be attended to in the inspection 
of arms:— 


TJie arms heing taJcen to pieces and cleaned. 

Barrel.— Defects for which the barrel must he condemned as unfit for service. 
The large gauge entering the whole length of the barrel. The small or 
standard gauge not entering, unless the diminution of the bore be caused 
by the barrel being indented or bent,—defects which may be remedied. A 
diminution of the exterior diameter at the breech or at the muzzle, so as to 
enter the small receiving-gauges : this diminution is 0.1 inch at the breech; 
0.03 inch at the muzzle for arms with bayonets, and 0.045 inch for arms 
without bayonets. A diminution of more than 0.25 in the length of a pis¬ 
tol-barrel, or 0.5 inch in the length of other barrels. Splits, cross-cracks, 
and other serious defects, caused either by bad workmanship or by use. 

Examine the barrel carefully, to see if it have any of the above defects, 
and, if so, mark them with a file, when not very apparent. See if the 
bayonet-stud be broken or too much worn, if the cone-seat be perfect, and 
its thread in good order and the vent unobstructed. If the breech-screw 
be not tight after entering 5 or 6 threads, or if it can be screwed down by 
hand without the use of a wrench, if the threads be not sharp and sound, 
if the plug do not fill up the whole box of the female screw, if the tang 
be broken or cracked at the screw-hole, or if, when the breech-screw is in, 
the tang be not even with the upper surface of the barrel, a new breech- 
screw is required. 

Cone.—E xamine the chamfered end of the cone, to see that it be not 
broken or bruised; examine also the thread and the vent. 

Bayonet. —A bayonet is considered unserviceable if the blade be 1 inch 


206 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


loo sliort. See if it be sound and perfect in all its parts, and if it fit the 
barrel; also, if the clasp be in good order and turn freely. 

Lock. —See if the fixed branches of the springs fit close to the lock- 
plate, if the movable branches be clear of it, and if any of the parts be 
wood-bound. 

Have the springs and the bridle of the tumbler renewed when their 
pivots are broken. There should be an equal space between the lock- 
plate and the sear, the tumbler and the hammer. 

If the sear rub on the plate, have it adjusted. The friction of the 
tumbler may be caused by the bridle being badly pierced, in which case 
renew the bridle. If the hammer rub on one side only, have it adjusted; 
if it rub everywhere, the ai’bor of the tumbler does not project sufficiently, 
and the tumbler should be renewed. If the notches of the tumbler be 
broken, or the edges too blunt, have them dressed; if^the hook of the 
tumbler project beyond the edge of the lock-plate when the hammer is 
let down, the tumbler should be renewed. The arbor and the pivot of the 
tumbler should-fit well in their holes. Examine the sear closely, and have 
it renewed when the nose is too thin or is worn on the side next the lock- 
plate, although it may be perfect on the exterior. If the hammer be not 
steady, the tumbler should be renewed. Try the action of the hammer, 
to see that it explodes the cap with certainty. 

Renew the lock-plate when the holes are too much worn to be dressed 
over. Renew every limb that is broken or cracked, the screws which are 
too much worn, or of which the stems are bent or the slits too much 
enlarged. 

IMountings. —See if the parts be complete and sound. 

If the tang-screw do not fit tight in the screw-hole of the guard-plate, 
renew whichever part is defective. 

Ramrod.— See -if it be sound and have a good thread and be of the 
proper length; otherwise, replace it. 

Stock. —Examine carefully the bed of the lock, and the holes for the 
band-springs. Press the thumb against the facings, to see if they be split 
at the holes for the side screws, and renew the stock if it be split there 
or at any other part to an injurious extent. 

The arms complete 

Are inspected according to the rules before laid down for the inspection 
of finished arms; due allowance being made for the necessary wear in 
service. 

REPAIRS OF ARMS AT ARSENALS. 

When arms which have been in the hands of the troops are turned into 
store at an arsenal, they should be inspected by a master armorer, under 
the supervision of an officer, and classed as follows:— 


REPAIRS AT ARSENALS. 


207 


1. Serviceable arme. 

2. Arms requiring repairs. 

3. Irreparable arms. 

Arms requiring repairs are classified according to their kinds and models 
and to the extent of the repairs required. Each arm should be marked 
with a number, and the requisite repairs should be noted on the register 
of inspection, to guide the workmen and to govern the issue of spare parts 
required for repairs. 

Repairs prohibited .—The following repairs being always imperfect, the 
parts requiring them should be replaced:—Cutting otf a barrel; brazing a 
patch on a barrel; brazing a tang on the breech-screw ; brazing a bolster 
on a lock-plate; reaming out the hole for the arbor of the tumbler; 
brazing a piece for a tumbler-hole or a shoulder on the hammer ; hammer¬ 
ing in the edge of the hole to make it fit tight on the square of the tum¬ 
bler ; putting a pivot to a tumbler; twisting the square of the tumbler to 
increase the sweep of the hammer; straightening the arbor; brazing a 
ramrod; splicing a stock. 

The spare parts furnished from the armories are in general finished, 
hardened, and tempered, including the breech-screw. 

Fitting new parts.—To adjust a neio lock, the flat of the barrel should not 
be filed, but the bolsters of the lock-plate should be ground. 

The barrel should not be touched with a file when it has been injured 
by rust. In replacing the bayonet-stud, avoid cutting too deep into the barrel 
and producing a projection inside ; try the small gauge in the barrel after 
the operation. In fitting a new bayonet, dress out the groove of the socket 
and ream out the socket if necessary. 

Braze sights and bayonet-studs only, and no other pieces; the solder is 
composed of two parts of brass and one of zinc, without any tin. 

Irreparable Arms. 

Arms are considered irreparable when both the barrel and stock are unfit 
for service; or when the arms require very extensive repairs and the parts 
can be made useful for repairs of other arms. They can be broken up 
only by special authority; and they should therefore be oiled and pre¬ 
served, in order to be submitted to an inspector, as prescribed in the Ora 
nance Regulations. 

When arms are broken up, the parts are classed either as serviceable, 
reparable, or unserviceable; those of the last class should be turned into 
store as scrap iron or steel, ^c. 

STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF MUSKET-BARRELS. 

To test the strength of musket-barrels, model 1855, they have been fired 
with an increasing number of cartridges, until the force of the explosion 

18 


208 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


of the first two cartridges was unable to drive out the other charges, and 
the gas escaped through the vent, leaving the barrel uninjured. 

The strength of the barrel, therefore, furnishes every requisite security 
against the accidents of service and the want of care on the part of the soldier. 

Experience has shown that a musket-barrel may be fired 25,000 times 
without becoming unserviceable. 

Barrels which are condemned in service are almost always the result of 
accident, very rarely from enlargement of the bore or from the diminution 
of the exterior dimensions. 

The following trials of the strength and durability of the French musket- 
barrel are taken from the Aide-Memoire. They refer to the smooth-bore 
musket: It is to be observed that the charge of the French musket was 
formerly 162 grains Troy, priming included, (or 146 grains, exclusive of 
priming,) and is therefore considerably greater than our present service- 
charge. 

In experiments made in 1806, barrels reduced 0.13 inch at the breech 
bore a double and triple charge with one ball, or 2 cartridges placed one 
over the other. 

Other trials were made in 1829, at the manufactory of Mutzig, on arms 
sent there for repairs, which had been a greater or less time in the hands 
of the troops. They furnished the following results:— 

1st. When a musket-barrel is charged with a single cartridge, placed 
in any part of it, or with 2 or even with 3 cartridges, inserted regularly, 
without any interval between them, there is no danger of bursting; with 4 
cartridges inserted regularly over each other, or with 2 or even 3 cartridges 
placed over each other with slugged balls, (or balls driven in, as in a rifle,) 
there is danger only in case of some defect of fabrication, or some deterio¬ 
ration in the barrel; with more than 4 cartridges inserted regularly one 
over another, or with 2, 3, and 4 cartridges with intervals between them, 
it is not safe to fire. 

2d. No danger of bursting is occasioned by leaving a ball-screw in the 
barrel. There may be danger from a plug of wood driven tight into the 
muzzle, when the barrel has been loaded with 2 cartridges; or from a cork 
rammed into the barrel to a certain distance from the charge, with another 
cartridge over it. 

Snow, clay, and sand, which may be accidentally introduced into the 
barrel, are not dangerous, if they lie close to the charge; but they are so 
when there is a space between them and the charge; in this case sand is 
the most dangerous, then clay and snow. 

Balls or pieces of iron inserted over the charge were not attended with 
danger when placed close to the charge, even when their weight amounted 
to 1J lb.; but there is danger from a piece of iron, 0.5 inch square, weigh¬ 
ing lb.; if placed 20 inches or more from the breech. 


SPARE PARTS OP MUSKETS. 


209 


3(1. A barrel ■with a defect wbich might have escaped the inspector at 
the armory, bore the explosion of 3 cartridges, regularly inserted. After 
mutilation, -which may have caused a reduction of metal in some parts, it 
may still be used without danger. 

Finally, the diminutions of exterior diameter which may be produovd in 
ordinary service are never sufficient to be dangerous. In these trials, bar¬ 
rels originally 0.272 inch thick at the breech did not burst when loaded 
with 2 cartridges, until the thickness was reduced to 0.169 inch, and with 
1 cartridge to 0.091 inch. 


Sj>are Parts required for the repair of 1,000 Rifle Mushets, and also 
1,000 Cadet Rife 3Iuskets, during one year in the field. 


Tip for stocks. 

Tip-rivets.. 

llamrod-stops.. 

Stocks. 

liutt-plates. 

Ilutt-plate screws.. 

Guard-plates.. 

Guard-bows.. 

Guard-bow swivels.. 

“ “ “ rivets, 

“ “ “ nuts.. 

Triggers. 

Trigger-screws. 

Guard-screws. 

Sight-bases. 

Sight-leaves. 

Sight-leaf springs. 

“ “ “ screws, 

Sight-joint pins.. 

Sight-slides... 

Sight-slide springs. 

“ “ rivets. 

Leaf-sight base. 

First leaf. 

Second leaf. 

Joint-screw. 

Base-screw. 

Front sights. 

Breech-screws. 

Cones. 

Vent-screws. 

Barrels. 

Tang-screws. 

Upper bands. 

Middle “ . 

Lower “ . 

Upper band springs. 

Middle “ “ . 


Nos. 

10 

20 

10 

50 

5 

25 

10 

10 

75 

100 

50 

25 

25 

75 

100 

100 

100 

150 

150 

100 

150 

300 

50 

50 

50 

50 

100 

25 

20 

75 

125 

2 

50 

50 

30 

30 

30 

80 


Lower band springs.. 

Middle band swivels. 

“ “ “ rivets.... 

Lock-plates. 

Magazine-cover studs. 

Magazine-covers. 

“ “ rivets. 

“ “ catches. 

“ “ “ screws 

Feeding-springs. 

“ “ screws. 

“ fingers. 

Main-spring swivels. 

“ “ “ rivets.... 

Hammers. 

Tumblers. 

Tumbler-screws. 

Bridles. 

Bridle-screws. 

Sears.'.. 

Sear-screws. 

Sear-springs. 

“ “ screws. 

Main-springs. 

Side-screw washers. 

Side-screws. 

Ramrods. 

Bayonets. 

Bayonet-clasps. 

Bayonet-clasp screws. 


Nos. 

30 

75 

100 

8 

50 

75 

100 

75 

100 

300 

150 

100 

20 

50 

75 

75 

125 

25 

125 

40 

125 

125 

125 

125 

60 

200 

100 

75 

100 

100 


APPENDAGES. 

Wipers. 

Screw-drivers. 

Ball-screws. 

Spring-vises. 

Tompions. 

Band-sp. and tumbler-punch. 


75 

25 

25 

25 

100 

25 














































































210 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Spare Parts for 1,000 Rifles {flodel 1855 ) one year in the field. 


Barrels. 

Vent-screws. 

Eear-sights. 

Breech-screws .... 
Tang “ 

Cones. 

Locks. 

Lock-plates. 

Hammers. 

Tumblers. 

“ screws. 

Bridles. 


“ screws. 

Sears. 

“ screws. 

Sear-springs. 

“ “ screws. 

Main-springs. 

“ “ swivels. 

“ “ “ rivets. 

Feed-fingers. 

“ “ springs. 

“ “ “ screws. 

Magazine-covers. 

“ “ studs. 

“ “ “ rivets.... 

“ “ catches. 

“ “ “ screws 

Side-screws. 

Upper bands with swivels. 

“ band swivels and rivets. 

“ “ springs. 

Lower bands. 


N 08 . 


Nos. 

2 

Lower band springs. 

20 

30 

Side-screw washers. 

30 

20 

Guard-plates. 

10 

10 

“ bows. 

20 

30 

“ “ nuts. 

40 

50 

“ “ “ swivels and 


2 

rivets . 

50 

5 

Triggers. 

10 

25 

“ screws. 

10 

20 

Guard-plate screws. 

50 

100 

Butt-plates. 

2 

20 

“ “ screws. 

20 

50 

Box-plates with catches. 

5 

20 

“ “ screws. 

10 

50 

“ “ springs. 

10 

50 

“ “ “ screws. 

10 

50 

Bamrods. 

50 

50 

“ stops. 

10 

40 

Stocks. 

30 

40 

Screw-drivers. 

50 

40 

Wipers. 

50 

100 

Ball-screws. 

10 

100 

Spring-vises. 

10 

20 

Tumbler and wire punches.... 

10 

20 

Bullet-moulds. 

5 

20 

Swages for balls. 

6 

100 

Sword bayonets... 

30 

100 

Tompions. 

20 

100 

Sword bayonet lock-pins. 

25 

10 

Sword bayonet lock-pin springs 

50 

50 

Sword bayonet lock-pin spring 


30 

screws. 

50 

10 









































































armorer’s tools. 211 


Numher and hind of Armorer’s Tools required for any nuniher of 
workmen, from 1 to 12 , at an Armory or Arsenal, for Repairs, Ac. 


Number of Workmen. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

TOOLS. 













Awls, Stocker’s. 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

Axes, hani. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Augers, armorer’s. 

6 

6 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

Anvils. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Bending-tools. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Balances. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Bayonet-proofs. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Bevels. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Bick-irons. 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

Bits, assorted. 

20 

20 

20 

24 

24 

24 

28 

28 

28 

30 

30 

30 

“ auger. 

6 

6 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

12 

12 

“ Stocker’s. 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

20 

20 

20 

24 

24 

24 

Braces, iron. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Braces and bits. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Brands, U.S. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Brushes, dust. 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

6 

G 

G 

G 

“ tool. 

1 

1 

. 2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

G 

Buff, sticks. 

3 

3 

3 

G 

G 

12 

12 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

Burrs. 

6 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

Burnishers. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

o 

2 

2 

2 

Cutter, boxes. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

“ dies. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

“ jumpers. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

o 

Cutters, smith’s. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ graduated ma¬ 
chinist’s . 








1 

1 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Callipers. 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Chargers. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Chisels, turning metal... 

6 

6 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

“ “ wood... 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

“ cold. 

3 

6 

9 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

3G 

“ Stocker’s. 

6 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

“ smith’s. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Clamps, iron. 

0 

G 

G 

G 

6 

6 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

Combs, screw. 

6 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

Comb, grinder’s. 

6 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

Countersinks. 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

8 

8 

8 

14 

14 

IG 

Chucks, scroll. 

' 1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Cutting-otf tools. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

rk 

Crucibles. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

o 

2 

2 

2 


2 

Cone-boxes. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Cans, tin. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 








































































2L2 


ORDNANCE MANUAL, 


Numher and kind of Armorer’s Tools, c£t.—C ontinued. 


Number of Workmen. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

TOOLS. 

Dies, screw-cutting. 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

“ milling. 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

“ trimming. 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

“ shaving. 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

o 

O 

3 

3 

“ tilt-hammer. 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

Drilling-collars. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Drill-presses, portable... 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Drill-stocks. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Drills, pivot. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

“ assorted. 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

Dividers. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Dogs, turning. 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Files, assorted. 

12 

24 

36 

48 

60 

72 

84 

96 

108 

120 

132 

144 

Formers, forger’s. 

Flatters, forger’s. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Floats, Stocker’s. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Fullers and sets. 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Furnaces, portable. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Gauges, sc. cutting. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

“ graduating. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ sliding. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ assorted. 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

“ wire. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Glue-pots. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Gouges, Stocker’s. 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

^4 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

Grindstones, small. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

‘ ‘ large. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Gravers. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Hammers, set. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ copper. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ hand. 

1 

1 

‘l 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Heading-tools. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

Hods, iron. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Jumper boxes. 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

“ dies. 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

Jigs, drilling. 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

“ filing. 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

“ tapping. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

'6 

“ milling. 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

“ shaving. 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Knives, drawing. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ stocking. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Ladles, iron. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Levellers, iron. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 









































































armorer's tools. 213 


Kumher and hind of Armorer^s Tools, Ac. —Continued. 


Number of Workmen. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

TOOLS. 

Pleasures, tape. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ tin. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Mills. 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

Mandrels, forger’s. 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

“ assorted . 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

“ boring. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ band. 

6 

6 

G 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

G 

G 

Moulds, grind-wheel. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ bullet. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Oil-cans. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Oilers. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

8 

3 

3 

3 

Oil-cups. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Oil-stones. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Pans, copper vitrioling.. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ tin. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ annealing. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ sheet iron. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Pincers. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Pliers. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Planes, Stocker’s. 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

Powder, canister. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Plugs, calibre. 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

“ proving. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Punches, assorted..' 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

“ handled. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

“ spring. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Pails, wood. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

“ iron washing. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Pots, water. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Ptods, wiping. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

o 

“ rifling. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Riflers. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Reamers. 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

Rules, carpenter’s. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Rests, filer’s. 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Racks, movable. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Stands, straightening bis. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Scales, graduated. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ standard. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Scales and weights. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Saws, hand. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ metal circular. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ hack. 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

6 

G 

G 

6 

“ Stocker’s. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ whip. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 








































































ORDNANCE MANUAL 


2U 


Number and kind of Armorer's Tools, &c. —Concluded. 


Number of Workmen. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

TOOLS. 

Shovels, smith’s. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ steel. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Screw-drivers. 

6 

6 

8 

8 

10 

10 

12 

12 

14 

14 

16 

16 

Screw-plates. 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

Screw-stocks. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Scribers. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Sets, assorted. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Saw-sets. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Shears, hand. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ bench. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Sledges. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Sows, cast iron. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Soldering-copper. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Spoke-shaves. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Spring-proofs. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Squares, 2-feet. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ assorted. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

“ trying. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Stakes, iron. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

. 7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

“ lead. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Stamps, letters. 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

“ figures. 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

“ eagles. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Straight-edges. 

1 

1 

1 

• 1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Swages. 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

55 

Swage-boxes. 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

“ dies. 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

“ jumpers. 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

“ bullet. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Trimmers. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Taps, metal. 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

37 

Tongs, grinder’s. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

“ smith’s. 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

Trowels, mason’s. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Tunnels, tin. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Trucks, hand. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Tool-cases. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Target, iron. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Vises, barrel. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

“ bench . 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

“ hand. 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

6 

6 

“ foot . 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

Wheels, polishing. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

G 

6 

6 

6 

Wrenches, patent. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

“ assorted. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 















































































VERIFYING GAUGES. 


215 


List of Verifying Gauges for the Rifle Musket, Model o/1855. 

Each set of gauges is distinguished by the term “Rifle Musket, U. S./’ 
and the number to correspond with those contained in the following list, 
with descriptions. 


No. 

1 


3 

4 


5 


61 


5 | 


6 

61 

7 

7 | 

8 

9 

10 

11 


FOR BARRELS. 

Calibre- Gauge : 

Measures the size of the bore, .58 inch diameter. 

Groove-Gauge, No. 1: 

Measures the depth of the groove at the muzzle, .585 inch. 

Groove-Gauge, No. 2: 

Measures the depth of the groove at the breech, .595 inch. 

Dimension-Gauge, No. 1: 

Shows the distance between flats, vertical diameter, position of top, 
left-hand bevel and oval, size of tenon at shoulder, ends of the 
two flats, and one bevel. 

Dimension- Gauge, No. 2; 

Shows the exterior diameter of the barrel at the butt, at 1.5 inch, 
2.5 inches, 5.5 inches, 9.875 inches, 21.5 inches, 33.25 inches, 
from rear end of barrel, and at top and bottom of bayonet-socket, 
and the length of the bayonet-socket. 

Calliper- Gauge: 

Corresponding with No. 5. 

Barr el-Holder: 

Holds barrel and marks the above points for measurement. 

Receiving- Gauge: 

Shows dimensions of barrel at butt, position and form of cone-seat, 
direction and position of tap for cone-screw, position of vent- 
screw, shape of tang, and position of tang-screw hole. 

Rear-Sigkt Mortise Gauge: 

Shows the position, depth, width, and bevel of mortise, and the 
position, size, and depth of rear-sight screw-hole. 

Gauge for Counterhore of Barrel: 

Shows length and diameter of the counterbore. 

Tap-Gauge for Barr el-Thread: 

Shows length, depth, and width of thread. 

Bayonet-Stud and Barrel-Muzzle: 

Shows the heiglit of stud, distance of stud from muzzle, and dia¬ 
meter of barrel at 3.03 inches from the muzzle. 

Front-Sight Gauge: 

Shows height, length, and form of sight. 

Barrel, Sight, and Rod Gauge: 

Shows position and''mortise, screw-hole for rear sight, length of 
barrel, position of front sight, length of ramrod. 

Die- Gauge for Breech-Screw : 

Shows size and commencement of thread, length of body, diameter 
of the body. 






216 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 


FOR BARRELS. — Continued. 


11 ^ 


12 

13 


14 


14i 

15 


16 

17 


18 


19 

20 

21 


22 


Limit-Gauge for Breech-Screw: 

Shows maximum size of thread, limit of entrance of pin, diameter 
and length of stem. 

FOR LOCKS. 

Receiving- Gauge for Lock-Plate : 

Shows the form of the lock-plate, and thickness. 

Ijock-Plate Gauge: 

Shows thickness of plate and bevel, thickness of plate, notch for 
main-spring, thickness of bolster and plate, height of bolster-bod^, 
and height at notch. 

Tumbler-Gauge: 

Has a receiving cavity to show the form of tumbler, diameter of 
arbor and square, thickness of body, length of arbor and square, 
taper of square, size of pivot, position of swivel-pin hole and 
swivel-slot. 

Tumbler-Gauge, No. 2 : 

Tests the thread in the tumbler. 

Bridle- Gauge: 

Shows the form of the bridle, position of the pivot and stud, thick¬ 
ness of body, and thickness at eye. 

Sear-Gauge: 

Receiving cavity shows form of sear, height and form of tang, free¬ 
ing of sear, thickness of tang, width of nose, and width at eye. 

Hammer- Gauge: 

Shows form of hammer and position of hole for square of tumbler, 
with a drift for size of tumbler-hole, and form of knife-edge. 

Dimension- Gauge: 

Shows thickness of body at tumbler-hole and bevel, thickness of 
body, profile of comb, width of comb and shape of back, curve 
of front of comb at start of body, thickness and curve of head, 
curve of top of comb, depth and size of countersink, crook of 
body. 

Lock Screw-IIole Gauge: 

Shows position of all holes on the inside of the lock-plate. 

Magazine- Gauge : 

Shows position and form of magazine, position and size of finger¬ 
spring screw-hole, and position of hinge-stud. 

Magazine-Gauge, No. 2: 

Shows depth of magazine, depth and width of magazine-throat, 
position and size of hinge-stud, size and depth of mortise above 
and below stud. 

Main-Spring Gauge: 

Shows the curve of long branch, freeing of spring, shape of spring 
at hook, position of pivot and relative position and thickness of 
the two branches, length of short branch, shape of tang, width 
of hook, width of long branch opposite extremity of short branch, 
width of body, curve of bend, form of slot for swivel. 


* 













VERIFYINQ GAUGES. 


217 


No. 

22J 


23 


24 


25 


26 

27 


FOR LOCKS. — Continued. 

Main-Spring Gauge, No. 2 : 

Shows the thickness of long branch close to the hook, opposite the 
end of short branch, close to stud, thickness of short branch close 
to tang, opposite to stud, and at centre of tang, and height above 
top of tang-slope. 

Sear-Spring Gauge: 

Shows spread of spring, length of arm, size of stud and freeing of 
small branch, position of stud and pin-holes, thickness of metal 
at eye, width at small end, width of metal at body, width of body 
adjoining eye. 

Tap- Gauge for Lock-Screws, Trigger, Vent, and Bayonet- Clasp Screws: 

Shows the length, diameter, and thread of each. 

Cover-Catch, Feed-Finger Spring, and Lock-Swivel Gauge: 

Shows the profile of the cover-catch, length and thickness of foot, 
body, and head, shape of head, finger-spring, shape and width 
at bend for screw, shape and position of swivel-pin holes, position 
and size of arms, length of arms, and thickness of body. 

Feed-Finger Gauge: 

Shows form of finger, position of stud, length, thickness at stud, 
thickness of body, width of finger. 

Magazine-Cover Gauge: 

Shows form of cover, position of catch-notch, thumb-nail notch, 
position and distance between jaws, size of rivet-hole, thickness 
of jaws, round of jaws, chamfer of cover, thickness, diameter of 
jaws. 


1 


2 

3 

4 


5 


LEAF-SIGHT, MODEL OF 1859. 

Gauge for Base, No. 1: 

Shows the profile of side of base, thickness of fence and distance 
between fences, length of base inside, width and form of curve 
at rear end, length of curve and position of screw-hole and steady- 
pin on under side, thickness of head, body, and diameter of the 
screw, length of screw. 

Gauge for Base, No. 2: 

Shows the position of the screw and steady-pin holes and slot for 
the tenon, as in the barrel. 

Gauge for First Leaf: 

Shows the length, width, and thickness, thickness of ears, distance 
between ears, and position as assembled. 

Gauge for Second Leaf: 

Shows the form of the side of the 100-yard range, form of the side 
of 300-yard range, width of leaf, thickness, width of joint, and 
position as assembled ; showing the form and position of notches, 
and the angle of inside and outside of leaf. 

Gauge for Joint-Screw: 

Shows the length, diameter and thickness of head, diameter of body, 
and size of thread. 






218 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

30 

81 


82 


33 


34 

35 

36 

37 


38 


39 


40 


41 

42 


MOUNTINGS, ETC. « 

Butt-Plate Gauge, No. 1: _ ^ ^ i V 

Receives the plate and shows its form, position of screw-holes, po- |j} 
sition and size of notch for patch-box. 

Butt-Plate Gauge, No. 2 : ^ y; 

Shows thickness of heel, thickness of toe, thickness at corners, ^ 
thickness of body, lateral curve across body, lateral curve across 
tang, longitudinal curvature of bottom of plate. 

Butt-Plate and Guard-Screw Gauge: ! 

Shows form of head and reinforce, diameter and length of stem, the 
shape of thread. 

Band- Gauge: 

Shows width and thickness of body, width and thickness of swivel- 
stud for middle band and guard-bow stud, round of stud, thick-: 
ness of swivel and stud, size of swivel-wire. 

Band-Mandrel Gauge, No. 1: 

Shows interior of upper band. 

Band-Mandrel Gauge, No. 2: 

Shows interior form of middle band. 

Band-Mandrel Gauge, No. 3 : 

Shows interior form of lower band. 

Guard-Plate Gauge: 

Receives the plate and shows its form, position of stud for trigger 
and slot, position of screw-holes, position of guard-bow holes and 
tang-screw hole. 

Guard-Plate and Bow-Gauge: 

Shows diameter of trigger-stud, thickness of plate at bolsters, thick¬ 
ness of body, shape of exterior, profile across bolsters, position 
and size of trigger-slot, width and shape of upper and lower sides 
of bow, taken at the middle, width of swivel-joint, diameter of 
collar, diameter of stem, thickness at middle of bow, diameter 
between collar and swivel-stud, diameter of nut, thickness of 
nut, relative position of swivel-stud, collar, stem, and screw, 
screw-thread. 

Trigger- Gauge: 

Receiving-slot, showing thickness and shape of blade, curve of fin¬ 
ger-piece, position and size of pivot-hole, curve of under side of 
finger-piece, and thickness of metal at finger-end. 

Band-Spring Gauge: 

Receiving-slot, showing size, form, and set of spring and position 
of wire and shoulder, three gauges for lengths of wire, thickness 
at shoulder, thickness of stem, width of stem, and diameter of 
wire. 

Washer-Gauge: 

Shows countersink for screw-head, size of the hole for screw, dia¬ 
meter of washer, thickness of washer, and depth of countersink. 

Side and Tang Screw Gauge: 

Shows diameter of head of side screw, diameter of stem, diameter 
of thread, length of both side screws, countersink for the shoulder 








VERIFYING GAUGES. 


219 


No. 


43 


44 

45 

46 

47 

48 


49 


60 


501 

51 


MOUNTINGS, ETC. — Continued. 

of tang-screw, diameter of head, of stem, of thread, and length 
of screw. 

Rod-Stop- Gauge : 

An iron pattern, complete. 

BAYONET. 

Receiving- Gauge : 

Shows length, width, and set of blade. 

Socket- Gauge, No. 1: 

Shows exterior diameter of socket below bead, and diameter of bead. 

Socket-Gauge, No. 2 : 

Shows exterior diameter of socket at top and bottom. 

Mandrel- Gauge : 

Shows form of socket at lower end, size of cut for stud, length of 
socket, size of grooves, position of clasp. 

Blade- Gauge : 

Shows curve of front flute, the thickness of metal at commence¬ 
ment of front flute, at 71 inches and 141 inches from widest point 
of blade. 

Dimension- Gauge: 

(To be applied before the clasp is put on.) 

Shows position and size of socket at clasp-stud, position and size 
of clasp-stud, relative position of bridge-bead and clasp-stud, 

j distance from top of slot to top of socket. 

Neck-Gauge: 

(To be applied before the clasp is put on.) 

Shows lower curve of neck, upper curve of neck, diameter of neck, 
and relative position of neck, bead, and bridge. 

Neck-Gauge, No. 2: 

Shows curves of junction of neck and socket. 

Blade- Gauge : 

Shows profile of back of blade at the commencement of back flutes, 
at termination of bevel, at middle of blade, and 1 inch from point 
of blade, and the width of blade at the above-mentioned points. 


52 


521 


RAMEOD. 

Rod-Gauge: 

Shows profile of head, neck, and swell for 6|- inches, diameter of 
head, diameter at 2.5 inches, diameter at 5 inches, diameter of 
body at 7 inches, 18.5 inches, 30 inches from large end, diameter 
at start of thread, and form of cup; the thread same as in model 
of 1840; length, 39.025 inches. 

Rod-Holder: 

Marks points at 2.5 inches, 5, 7,18.5, and 30 inches from large end, 
at start of tJiread, and gives true length of rod. 

19 






220 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

53 


54 

55 


56 

56J 

57 


58 


59 

60 


65 


66 

67 

68 


STOCK. 

Profile- Gauge: 

Shows the curve or shape, length, position of bands, tip, and shape 
of butt. 

Bayonet- Clasp Mandrel- Gauge: 

Shows exterior and interior size of clasp when the screw is in its 
place. 

Clasp-Dimension Gauge: 

• Shows thickness of body, thickness at bridge, width of stud, width 
of body at notch, position of screw-hole, round of stud, receiving- 
tool for form and size of finished clasp, with position of bridge 
and notch. 

Tip-Gauge: 

Shows circular cut for barrel, cross-section of base of Up, with cut 
for rod-groove, profile of under side and barrel at end. 

Tip-Gauge, No. 2: 

Shows inside of tip. 

Cone~ Gauge : 

Shows size and thickness of collar, thread for screw, size of body, 
size of bottom of cone, size of tip, profile, size of top, throat, and 
lower part of vent-hole, upper surface, square and diameter of 
collar. 

Screie-Driver Gauge: 

. Long branch: shows form of edge, form of end, width across centre 

' below rivet, size of wrench, thickness of head, of body, of wrench, 
of end of blade. 

Short branch: shows thickness of body, width of body, width of end, 
thickness of end, size of rivet-hole. 

Wiper: 

Shows the diameter of branches, thickness of head, form of head, 
size of thread. 

Ball-Screw: 

Shows length and form of screw, diameter of collar, diameter of 
body, size of thread for rod. 

Barrel- Gauge: 

Shows the number of threads and length of body for breech-screw, 
to be applied in the barrel. 

Tip-Screw Gauge: 

Shows the length, size of head, body, thickness of head and thread. 

Stock- Gauge: 

Shows thickness across end of centre of butt and bed of lock-platc, 
at the bands and tip, at flats near tang, and at end of box-mortise. 

Receiving- Gauge: 

Shows the form, size, and length of the stock, the shoulders for the 
butt end of the barrel, the bands, and the tip. 

Gauges for Rife, Model of 1855 . 

Nos. 1 to 4, 6, 7, 11 to 27, 30 to 38, 85, 37 to 43, and 57 are the 
same as for the rifle musket. 







VERIFYING GAUGES. 


221 


No. 

6 

8 

9 

10 

34 

8G 


52 


53 

56 

61 


62 


63 

64 

65 


66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 



GAUGES FOR RIFLE, MODEL OF 1855.— Continued. 

Barrel- Gauge: 

Shows the diameter of the barrel at the muzzle and other points in¬ 
dicated by No. 65. 

Bayonet-Stud Gauge: 

Shows length of stud, distance from muzzle to lower end of stud, 
thickness and form of stud 
Front-Sight Gauge: 

Shows height and form of front sight. 

Sight- Gauge, No. 2: 

Shows the position of the front sight and of the mortise and screw- 
hole for the rear sight. 

Band-Mandrel Gauge, No. 1 : 

Shows interior of upper band. 

Band-Mandrel Gauge, No. 3: 

Shows interior of lower band. 

Ramrod- Gauge: 

Shows profile of head, neck, and swell, and diameter of head, neck, 
swell, and body. 

Profile Stock-Gauge: 

Shows length and curve of stock, and position of bands and tip. 
Tip-Gauge: 

Shows length of tip and exterior form at upper and lower end. 
Box-Spring Gauge: 

Shows length, width, and thickness of spring, and position of rivet 
and screw holes. 

Box-Cover Gauge: 

Shows profile of cover and position of screw-holes and rivet-hole 
for spring. 

Box-Cover Gauge, No. 2: 

Shows curve of top and thickness of cover. 

Ramrod-Holder: 

Shows gauging-points for ramrod. 

Barrel-Holder: 

Shows gauging-points of barrel. 

SWORD BAYONET. 

Shows profile of back of blade and back of hilt. 

Shows width and thickness of blade. 

Shows width and thickness of hilt. 

Shows profile of back and front of hilt and guard. 

Shows position and depth of slot in hilt. 

Finger-Piece Gauge: 

Shows the diameter and length of body, diameter, length, and form 
of head, and thickness and length of finger-piece spring. 

Tompion- Gauge: 

Shows length of head and body, diameter of head, neck, collar, and 
body. 




222 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


SWORDS AND SABRES. 

NOMENCLATURE. 

Cavalry Sabre. (Plate 28.) 

Blade. —Shoulder, back, edge, bevel, point, curvature, large groove^ 
small groove; tang, riveting. 

IIiLx.— Pommel, (brass,) notch for the guard, back, rivet-cap, hole for 
the tang of the blade; gripe, wooden body, (birch or maple,) leather cover¬ 
ing, (calf-skin blackened,) wires, (brass,) notch, for the guard, ridges, 
shoulder, hole for the tang of the blade. 

Guard.— Front branch, hook; back branch; middle branch; plate, mortise 
for the tang, flange, bead, lip. 

Scabbard, (sheet steel.)— Body, back, front, sides, holes for the rivets; 
mouth-piece, rim, springs, rivet-holes; 2 rivets; 2 bands, knob, eye for the 
ring; 2 rings; tip, front branch, back branch. 

Light Cavalry Sabre. 

The nomenclature the same as the cavalry sabre. 

This sabre differs from that above in being shorter and lighter. 

Light Artillery Sabre. (Plate 28.) 

The nomenclature is the same as the cavalry sabre, with the following 
exceptions:— 

Blade. —Has but one groove. 

Hilt.— Guard, one branch terminating in a scroll; the plate has 2 
countersinks,—one for the gripe, the other for the scabbard. 

Scabbard.— Spring, fastened to the back by 1 rivet. 

Foot Artillery Sword. (Plate 28.) 

Blade. —Straight, two-edged, narrower near the hilt than in the 
middle; body, (or blade proper,) shoulder, shoulder-rounding, ridges, 
point, bevels, edges; tang, its rounding and riveting, three holes for the 
gripe-rivets. 

Hilt, (brass, in one piece.)—Cross, knob and panel of the cross, mortise 
for the tang, gripe, fillet, necks, swell, knob with an eagle on each side, 
bolster and hole for the tang-rivet, grooves and ridges, three holes and 
bolsters for the gripe-rivets; 3 rivets, (iron.) 

Scabbard, (harness-leather, jacked, blackened, and varnished.)— Body, 
edges, inner and outer sides; mountings, (brass;) ferrule, stud, bead, cap; 



officers’ swords. 22‘6 

4afes, (buff-leather;) 4 nails for the ferrule and safes; tij), bead, knob; 4 
nails for the tip. 

Kon-Commissioned Officer’s Sword. (Plate 28.) 

Blade, (straight, cut and thrust.)—Back, edge, groove, bevel, point. 

IIiLT. — Pommel, (brass,) notch for the hook of the guard, rivet-cap, 
shoulder for the ferrule, hole for the tang; 2 ferrules; gripe, wooden body, 
hole for the tang; covering, (sheet brass,) grooves and ridges. 

Guard, (in one piece.)— Branch, hook and its shoulder; .flange, 
bead; knob. 

Scabbard, (leather.)— Ferrule and hook, (brass;) tip, (brass,) body, front 
branch, back branch. 

This sword is for the non-commissioned officers of foot troops. 

Musicianis Sword. 

The same as the non-commissioned officer’s sword, without the guard- 
plate, and with a blade six inches shortei*. 

Sahre for Staff and Field Officers. (Plate 28.) 

Blade.— Shoulder, back rounded, edge, bevel, point, tapering nearly 
equal from edge and back, curvature slight; large groove, small groove; 
tang, riveting; etched vine on back; letters “U.S.,” guns, drums, colors, 
and rays on left side; eagle, guns, colors, and rays on right side 

Hilt.— Pommel, (brass, gilded,) notch for guard, scrolled back, rivet- 
cap, hole for the tang of the blade; gripe, wooden body, (birch or maple,) 
seal-skin covering, (blackened,) wire, (fine brass, richly gilded,) notch for 
guard, ridges, shoulder, hole for the tang of the blade. 

Guard.— Front braiich, hook; back branch; middle branch ; letters “U.S.” 
and open scroll-work between branches; plate, (brass, gilded,) bead, flange, 
scroll, lip, mortised for tang of blade and for strap of sword-knot. 

Scabbard, (sheet steel, browned.) — Interior lining well-seasoned bass¬ 
wood ; bodg, back, front, sides, holes for screws; mouth-piece, (brass, 
gilded,) rim; 2 bands, (brass, gilded,) knob, eye for the ring^ screws, and 
screw-holes; 2 rings, (gilded;) tip, (gilded,) screw, screw-hole, front and 
back branch. 

Sword for Offeers of the Staff and Staff Corps. (Plate 28.) 

Blade. —Straight, two edges, with an arris in the middle between the 
edges; etched scrolls, colors, and shield on the left side; eagle, guns, 
colors, and scrolls on the right side; tang, riveting. 

IIiLT, (brass, chased and gilded.) — Pommel, an inverted frustum of a 
cone, with an eagle chased on one side. 


224 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Guard. — Trinopal branch, chased, mortise for the sword-knot, shoulder 
for the lowei’ ferrule; fixed shell, bearing an eagle and flags, chased; 
movable shell, plain; button for the spring; cross-bar. Gripe, (black horn,) 
wrapped spirally with gold cord; 2 ferrules, chased. Weight of sword, 
1.2 lb. 

Scabbard, (steel or leather.)—The steel scabbard has 2 brass bands and 
rings, gilded and chased; tip; mouth-piece, (brass.) The leather scabbax’d 
has brass ferrule and hook-tip. Weight of steel scabbard, 0.69 lb. 


Sword for Foot Ojficers. (Plate 28.) 

The nomenclature is the same as for the stafl" officer’s sword, except as 
follows:— 

Blade.— Etched, guns, colors, and rays on the left side; shield, colors, 
and rays on the right side. 

Guard.— It has no middle branch nor letters. 

Scabbard, (sole-leather, jacked, fluted, blackened, and varnished.)—• 
Body, back, front, sides, holes for screws ; mouth-piece and top band united, 
(brass, gilded,) rim, band, knob, eye for ring, screw, and screw-hole; 
band., (brass, gilded,) knob, eye for ring, screw, and screw-hole; 2 rings, 
(gilded;) tip, (brass, gilded,) fluted, screw and screw-hole, front and back 
branches. 


Sabre for Cavalry Officers. 

The same as the cavalry sabre, or light cavalry sabre, with gilt mount¬ 
ings. 


Principal Dimensions and \Veiglits of Swords and Sabres. 


Dimensions. 

Cavalry 

Sabre. 

Light 

Cavalry 

Sabre. 

Light 

Artillery 

Sabre. 

Foot 

Artillery 

Sword. 

Non-Com. 

Officer’s 

1 Swoi'd. 

Musician’s 

Sword. 

Staff 

Officer’s 

Sabre. 

Foot 

Officer’s 

Sword. 

"Whole length of the sword or 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

sabre in its scabbard. 

43.25 

42.35 

38.6 

26. 

38.75 

32.75 

39.4 

37.85 

Length of the blade proper. 

36. 

34.80 

32. 

19. 

32.0 

26.0 

32.4 

32.2 

Length of the scabbard. 

37.25 

36.05 

33. 

20. 

32.8 

29.0 

32.2 

.31ii33 

Width of the blade in the middle 

1.1 

1. 

1.06 

1.8 

0.72 

0.72 

1.1 

1.1 

Versed sine of the curvature of 









the blade in the middle. 

1.5 

1.42 

2.32 




0.4 

0.4 

Versed sine of the curvature of 








the blade in proof. 

7.5 

7.20 

6.5 


6.5 




Weights. 








Weight of the sword or sabre com¬ 

Ibs.oz. 

lbs. oz. 

Ibs.oz. 

Ibs.oz. 

Ibs.oz. 

lbs. oz. 

Ibs.oz. 

lbs. oz. 

plete. 

4 8 

3 7 

4 li 

3 3 

2 5 


3 101 

f 3 OJ 

Weight of the finished blade. 

1 9 

1 6 


1 9 



\2 15i 

Weight of the scabbard. 

2 2 

1 4 


10 



1 9i 

fl oi 








\1 Oi 






































PROOF AND INSPECTION OP SWORDS AND SABRES. 225 


Proof and Inspection of Swords and Sabres. 

1st. The dimensions and form of the blade are verified by comparing it 
•with the model, and by applying the appropriate gauges and patterns, for 
the length, width, and thickness at several points, and the curvature, if any. 

2d. The blade is then proved, as follows:—1st. The point is confined by 
a staple, and the blade is bent on each of the flat sides over a cylindrical 
block, the curvature of which is that of a circle 35 inches diameter, the 
curvature of the part next the tang being reduced by inserting a wedge 
0.7 inch thick at the head, and 14 inches long. 2d. It is struck twice, 
on each of the flat sides, on a block of oak wood, the curvature of which 
is the same as the above. 3d. It is struck twice on the edge and twice on 
the back across an oak block 1 foot in diameter. 4th. The point is placed 
on the floor and the blade bent until it describes an arc having the versed 
sine indicated in the above table. After these trials, the blade is examined 
to see that it is free from flaws, cracks, or other imperfections, and that it 
is not set ,—that is to say, does not remain bent. 

The blade of the artillery sword is proved by striking each of the sides 
and edges twice on a flat block of hard oak wood. 

The stamp of approval or condemnation is placed on the side of the 
blade, below the tang. 

3d. The form, dimensions, and workmanship of the mountings are ex¬ 
amined and compared with the model. After the blade is mounted, the 
sword is again examined, and it is struck four times on a hard block of wood, 
to test the strength of the mountings. The quality of the brass mountings 
may be tested by breaking a certain number, not more than 4 in each 
hundred, which should be taken from the pieces rejected for erroneous 
dimensions. 

4th. The form, workmanship, and finish of the scabbards are examined 
and compared with the model, and their fitting to the blades tested. The 
sewing of leather scabbards, and the fastening of the ferrules and tips, will 
be particularly examined. 

Steel scabbards are proved by letting fall on them, from a height of 18 
inches, an iron weight of two pounds, 1 inch square at the base: 1st, on 
one side, just above the upper band; 2d, on the same side, 6 inches from 
the tip; 3d, on the opposite side, just above the lower band. In this proof 
the scabbard should not remain indented. The nature of the material 
(whether iron or steel) may be tested, if there be any doubt, by using 
nitric acid, which will leave a black spot on the steel but not on the iron. 


226 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Packing Swords and Sabres. 

Packing-boxes for swords and sabres are made on the same principles as 
those for muskets and other small arms, being furnished with packing- 
boards, or partitions, made with grooves to receive the scabbards near the 
hilt and near the point; the swords are placed in their scabbards, with the 
hilts and points alternately toward each end of the box,—except the artil¬ 
lery swox’ds, two of which are placed in the length of the box, their points 
resting on a packing-boai’d in the middle. 

Kurtiber packed in a box. 

30 cavalry sabres, 50 artillery swords. 

50 artillery sabres. 50 infantry swords. 


Cleaning Swords and Sabres. 

The iron and brass parts of swords and sabres are cleaned in the same 
manner as those of muskets. When the oil on the blade of a sword is 
dried up, it will leave a spot which may be removed by covering it with 
oil and rubbing it smartly, after a short time, with a linen rag. When a 
leather scabbard has become wet, draw the blade, and dry the scabbard 
slowly without heating it; wipe the blade dry, and pass an oiled rag over 
it and the scabbard before returning the blade. Oil the blades of arms in 
store, and also the scabbards, especially on the seams. 


Sjyare Parts reqgdred for Repairs q/1,000 Swords or Sabres for 
one year in the field. 


Parts. 


Gripes. 

Gripes and ferrules. 

Heads. 

Guards. 

P>odies for leather scabbards 

Mouth-pieces and springs. 

Ferrules and stud-hooks. 

Upper bands and rings. 

Tips. 

.Lower bands and rings. 


Cavalry 

Sabre. 

Light 

Non-com .Officer’a 

Artillery 

or Musician’s 

Sabre. 

Sword. 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 



100 

50 

50 

75 

50 

50 

100 

50 

50 



































INFANTRY ACCOUTREMENTS. 


227 


ACCOUTREMENTS. 

Infantry Accoutrements. 

Cartridge-box,* for .58-in. ball, (black bridle-leather,) inner cover, (light 
upper-leather,) with end pieces sewed to it to cover the ends of the box; 
flop, "with a button-hole strap sewed near the bottom ; brass button, riveted to 
the bottom of the box; implement-pocket, (light upper-leather,) sewed to the 
front of the box, with a. flap, strap, and loop; 2 loops on the back of the box, 
near the top, for the shoulder-belt to pass through; 2 upright loops for the 
waist-belt to pass through, sewed, and riveted with 1 copper rivet No. 8 
at each end; 2 roller-buckles No. 9, (japanned black,) for the shoulder- 
belt, sewed to the bottom of the box; 2 tins, each with 1 lower division, 
open in front, to contain 1 bundle of 10 cartridges, and 2 upper divisions, 
one to contain 6 and the other 4 cartridges. The edges of the tin are 
turned over and soldered down to prevent them from cutting the car¬ 
tridges. All the tin linings should be made to slide freely in the boxes. 

Cartridge-box for .69-inch ball. It is like the above, except in dimen¬ 
sions, for which see page 230. 

Cartridge-box for. G9-inch round ball. The same as the above, except 
in dimensions. 

Cartridge-box plate, (brass.)—Oval, 3.5 inches by 2.2 inches, with 
the letters U. S. stamped on it; 2 eyes of iron wire, for fastening the plate 
to the flap of the box. 

Cartridge-box belt, (black buflf-leather.)—Width, 2.25 inches; length, 
65.5 inches, clear of the 2 billets for buckles, which are each 4.25 inches 
long and 0.875 inch wide. 

Cartridge-box belt-plate, (brass.)—Circular, 2.5 inches diameter, 
stamped with an eagle; 2 eyes, of iron wire. 

_ Cap-pouch, (black bridle-leather.)—Length and depth, 3 inches; width, 
1.25 inch; inner cover, with end pieces; flap, made of the same piece as 
the back, with a button-hole strap at the bottom; brass button, riveted 
under the bottom of the pouch; 2 loops, sewed to the back, 2.25 inches 
long, to admit a waist-belt of 2 inches; lining, a strip of sheep-skin, with 
the wool on, 1.5 inch wide, glued with fish-glue, and sewed to the back, at 
the mouth of the pouch. 

Cone-pick, (steel wire No. 18.)—1.5 inch long, with a ring handle 0.5 
inch diameter; it is carried in a loop in the inner left-hand corner of the 
cap-pouch. 

Bayonet-scabbard, (black bridle-leather.)—Length, including the fer- 


* New boxes have been ordered to be made, with a view of substituting two small boxes 
for the one large one. 



228 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


rule and tip, for the bayonets of the model of 1855 and 1840, 19.5 inches; 
for model 1820, 18 inches; ferrule and tip, brass; frog, (black buff-leather,) 
sewed and riveted with 2 copper rivets No. 8 to a socket of black leather 
which is fastened to the top of the scabbard; the frog slides on the waist- 
belt. 

Waist-belt, (blackbuff-leather.)—Width, 1.9 inch; length, 38.5 inches; 
a loop at one end. 

Waist-belt plate, (brass.)—Oval, 3.5 inches long by 2.25 inches wide, 
stamped with the letters U. S.; 2 studs and 1 hook, (brass.) 

Gun-sling, (russet bag-leather.)—Width, 1.25 inch ; length, 46inches; 1 
standing and 1 sliding loop ; hook, (brass,) fastened to the sling with 2 brass 
rivets No. 15 wire. 

Sword shoulder-belt, for non-commissioned officers, (black buff- 
leather.)—Width, 2.3 inches; length of short branch, 17 inches; long 
branch, 40 inches; 1 standing-loop on long branch; frog for sword. 

Shoulder-belt plate. —Like the cartridge-box belt-plate, except in 
having 3 hooks, instead of eyes. 

Sergeant’s and musician’s waist-belt, (black buff-leather.)—Length, 
36 to 40 inches; width, 1.9 inch; 1 brass hook on one end, fastened with 3 
brass wire rivets No. 15; 1 brass loop sewed to the other end, to connect with 
the plate. 

Sergeant’s waist-belt plate. —The same as the sabre-belt plate. 

Scabbard for non-commissioned officer’s sword, (light bridle- 
leather,) jacked, blacked, and varnished.—1 ferrule, (brass,) with 1 hook 
(cast brass) riveted to it by 2 brass wire rivets No. 15, fastened to the scab¬ 
bard with glue and 4 wire rivets No. 15; 1 tip, (brass,) fastened to 
the scabbard with glue and 4 brass wire rivets No. 15. 

Scabbard for the musician’s sword. —The same as that for the non¬ 
commissioned officer’s sword, except in length. 

Rifle Accoutrements. 

The same as for the infantry accoutrements, except the waist-belt for 
the sword-bayonet and the sword-bayonet scabbard. 

Waist-belt for sword-bayonet, (shoe-leather, dressed on the flesh- 
side.)—Length 42.5 inches, width 2.4 inches ; 1 billet .9 inch wide, sewed on 
the inside at each end to hold the clasps in place; 1 pair clasps, 2 parts, 
(brass,) to slide on the belt; 2 loops, with eyes, (brass,) to slide on the 
‘ belt; frog for sword-bayonet scabbard, with 1 billet; 1 brass buckle No. 
10, and 1 standing loop. 

Sword-bayonet scabbard, (black bridle-leather.)—Length, including 
ferrule and tip, 23 inches; I ferrule and 1 tip, (brass;) 1 loop (brass) on the 
ferrule for the frog-billet to pass through. 


ARTILLERY ACCOUTREMENTS. 


229 


Cavalry Accoutrements. 

Cartridge-box for carbine. —Like the infantry cartridge-box, except in 
dimensions. 2 loops are placed upright on the back of the box, to receive 
a 2-inch waist-belt. Special Ifoxes are made for the carbines now on trial 
in the hands of troops. 

Cap-poucii. 'It,. X* .1, • 1 

_ y —The same as for the infantry. 

Cone-pick, j •' 

Sabre-belt, (buff-leather.)— Waist-helt, length 3G to 40 inches, width 
1.9 inch ; 1 square loop No. 4G, 2 D rings No. 2 B, (brass,) for attaching the 
slings and the shoulder-strap; 1 hook^ (brass,) riveted on one end by 3 brass 
wire rivets No. 15; 1 loop, (cast brass,) sewed on the other end to connect 
with the plate; 1 shoulder-strap, 41 inches long, 1.125 inch wide, with 2 
hooks, (brass ;) 2 sabre-slings, 1.125 inch wide; front sling 17 inches long, 
rear sling 34 inches; 4 studs (brass) for slings; 1 sabre-hook, (brass wire 
No. 7.) 

Sabre-belt PLATE, (cast brass.)—Bectangular, 3.5 inches long, 2.2 inches 
wide, with an eagle surrounded by a wreath, (German silver;) 1 slot at one 
end, to receive the belt. 

Sword-knot, (buflf-leather.)— Strap 1 inch wide, 3G inches long; one end 
of the strap is fastened to a tassel 3 inches long; the other end is passed 
through the tassel after going round the guard of the sabre, and is fastened 
by one of the tags of the tassel; 1 sliding-loop. 

Carbine-sling, (buff-leather.) — Length 5G inches, width 2.5 inches; 1 
buckle and 1 tip, (brass,) swivel and D with roller, bright iron, 2.62 inches 
wide; link and hook, iron ; guard-spring, steel. 


Artillery Accoutrements. 

FOR light artillery. 


Sabre-belt, (black buff-leather.)—Length 36to 40inches, width 1.9inch; 
2 leather chapes sewed on the outside of the belt for attaching 2 brass loops 
No. 6, for the slings; 2 sabre-slings and 4 brass studs, like those for the 
cavalry sabre-belt; 1 sabre-hook, (brass wire No. 7;) 1 loop (cast brass) 
sewed on one end to connect with the plates; 1 hook (brass) riveted to the 
other end with 3 brass wire rivets No. 15. 

Sabre-belt plate, i 
Sword-knot. j 


FOR FOOT ARTILLERY. 

Sword-belt, (buff-leather,) made in three pieces, 1.9 inch wide, con¬ 
nected together by 2 loops (brass) No. 1 B. Long branch 24 inches long; 
frog-piece 4.5 inches; short branch 4 inches; 1 frog, 3.5 inches deep, 2.5 
inches wide at top, and 2.3 inches at bottom, suspended to the loops by 2 
slings 1.3 inch wide and 3.5 inches long; 1 loop (cast brass) sewed on one 


230 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


end to connect with the plate; 1 hook (brass) riveted to the other end with 
3 brass wire rivets No. 15. 

Sword-belt plate. —Like that for the cavalry sabre-belt. 

Foot artillery sword-scabbard, (light^ridle-leather,) jacked, black¬ 
ened, and varnished.—Length, including the ferrule and tip, 20 inches; 
width, 2 inches; ferrule (brass) has 1 stud riveted to it, and is fastened to the 
scabbard by 4 brass wire rivets No. 16; 1 tip (brass) fastened to the scab¬ 
bard by 4 brass wire rivets No. 15; 2 safes (black buff-leather) placed on 
the sides of the mouth of the scabbard. 

Inspection of Accoutrements. 

Examine the materials of which they are made. 

The bridle, shoe, sole, calf, and russet leather should be tanned with oak 
bark : reject all that has been tanned with hemlock, as such leather soon 
moulds, and the blacking turns of a reddish color. 

The leather should be of the best quality, uniform in thickness, and free 
from cuts and fly-holes. Flesh split-leather is not admitted. The buff- 
leather should be soft and flexible, free from defects. When freshly cut, 
it should present a bright-yellow surface; a brownish-yellow color indi¬ 
cates that the hide has been burned by the lime in tanning. It should be 
firm without being horny, and not spongy. 

See that the hooks of cast brass are free from flaws, and that the eyes 
are firmly fastened. 

Dimensions of Cartridge-Boxes. 


Infantry. 









Carbine. 





For .58- 

For .69- 

For .69 






balls. 

balls. 

round. 






In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 



I 

r Length. 

6.8 

7.8 

7.2 

7.2 

Interior of box. 

. 

Width. 

1.4 

1.6 

1.6 

1.6 




[ Depth in front... 

5.2 

4.7 

5.8 

5.0 

Inner cover. 


..Width. 

3.8 

4.0 

4.0 


Flap.. 



r at top. 

at bottom. 

8.0 

8.3 

9.0 

9.4 

8.0 

8.5 


Implement-pocket.-< 

f Length. 

(Depth. 

6.2 

3.5 

7.0 

3.7 

6.0 

3.5 



Lower... 

.J 

r Length. 

3.2 

3.8 

3.3 

3.3 


.1 

[ Width. 

2.7 

2,7 

3.0 

2.8 




Depth. 

2.3 

1.9 

2.7 

2.8 

Tins. - 


Small.... ^ 

f Length. 

1.4 

2.2 

1.35 



Upper. - 

[Width. 

1.3 

1.5 

1.35 




Large... j 

r Length. 

2.0 

1.5 

2.0 




[Width. 

1.4 

1.5 

1.35 


Box complete.... 


..Weight.lbs. 

1.07 

1.70 

1.76 














































MATERIALS FOR ACCOUTREMENTS. 


231 


Copper Rivets. 



Head. 

Body. 

Diameter. 

Thickness. 

Length. 

Diameter. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In.’ 

No. 8. 

.45; 

.05 

.5 

.15 

No. 12. 

.8 

.04 

.875 

.1 


Spare Parts for Accoutrements for one year in the field. 

For 1,000 Infantry Accoutrements. 

25 cartridge-box plates. 

60 “ “ belt-plates. 

100 waist-belt plates. 

100 cone-picks. 

For 1,000 Cavalry carbine-slings. 

150 swivels. 

150 swivel-springs. 


MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR MAKING ACCOUTREMENTS. 

Leather. 

19 Infantry cartridge-box belts. 

84 Waist-belts 1.9 in. wide. 

84 Non-com. officer’s sword-belts. 

25 Shoulder sword-belts. 

200 Bayonet-scabbard frogs. 

15 Waist-belts for sword bayonet. 

15 Cavalry sabre-belts. 

20 Light artillery sabre-belts. 

20 Foot artillery sword-belts. 

20 Carbine-slings. 

70 Sabre-knots. 


Either of these can be cut out of 
one hide of buff-leather. 


} Either of these can be cut out 
of one side of heavy upper shoe- 
leather dressed on flesh-side. 


7 Cavalry sabre-belts. 

8 Waist-belts for sword bayonet. 

9 Carbine-slings. 

40 Gun-slings—out of one butt hide of bag-leather. 

11 Infantry cartridge-boxes, except pockets and inner covers, out of 
one side of heavy bridle-leather. 

27 Bayonet-scabbards. 


22 Sword-bayonet scabbards. 

22 Non-com. officer’s sword-scabb’d. 
25 Musician’s sword-scabbards. 

22 Foot artillery sword-scabbards. 
50 Pockets for infan. cartridge boxes. 
50 Inner covers for do. do. 

40 Tops for cap-pouches. 

40 Inner covers for cap-pouches. 

20 


Either of these can be cut out of 
one side of light bridle-leather. 


Either of these can be cut from 
one side of light upper-leather. 





















232 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Thread. 


100 Infantry cartridge-boxes. . 

.1.25 Ibs.^ 



100 Gun-slings. 

. .13 

ii 



100 Cap-pouches. 

. .5 

H 

No. 3. White 

shoe- 

100 Bayonet-scabbards. 

. .3 

ii 

1 

thread, waxed 

with 

100 Sword-bayonet scabbards. 

. .2 

ii 

rosin-wax. 


100 Non-com. officer’s sword-scabbards. 

.3 

ii 



100 Musician’s or foot artillery do. 

. .2 

ii 



100 Carbine-slings.. 

. .08 

lb.' 



100 Non-com. officer’s waist-belts . 

. .08 

ii 



100 Cavalry sabre-belts . 

.4 

ii 

No. 3. Blade 

shoe- 

100 Light artillery sword-belts . 

. .3 

ii 

thread, waxed 

with 

100 Foot artillery sword-belts . 

. .8 

ii 

rosin-wax. 


100 Sword bayonet waist-belts . 

, .7 

ii 



100 Non-com. officer’s sword-belts . 

. .33 

lb.] 

No. 3. Black 

shoe- 

100 Waist-belts . 

. .08 

ii 

. thread, waxed with 

100 Bayonet-scabbard frogs . 

.3 

ii 

beeswax. 



Metals, 

For 100 sets of cavalry sahre-heli mountings. 


100 Sabre-hooks. 

100 Loops. 

200 Rings. 

100 Large hooks. 

200 Small hooks.. 

700 Rivets.. 

400 Studs. 

100 Belt-plates and loops 


4.5 lbs. brass wire No. 7. 
. 4.65 “ do. “ 7. 

6.8 “ do. “ 6. 

. 7. “ sheet brass “ 11. 

. 5. “ do. “ 14. 

. .48 “ brass wire “ 15. 
,22.5 “ cast brass. 

. (See below.) 


For 100 infantry cartridge-hoxes. 

For tinSv,125 sheets single tin, 1 lb. soft solder. 

For buttons, 4,9 lbs. cast brass. For burrs, .33 lb. sheet brass, 400 
copper rivets. 

For 100 cavalry helt-platcs. 

25. lbs. cast brass. 

.2 “ German silver, No. 33. 

.5 “ soft solder. 


For 100 infantry waist-helt plates. 

4.5 lbs. sheet brass No. 31, for plates. 

8. “ “ “ No. 14, for hooks. 

.22 “ brass wire No. 14, for rivets. 

16. “ soft solder. 

For 100 infantry cartridge-hox plates. 

4.2 lbs. sheet brass No. 31, for plates. 

.8 “ iron wire No. 15, for loops. 

14. “ soft solder. 





























f 


WEIGHT OF ACCOUTREMENTS. 233 

For 100 ferrules for hayonet-scabhards. 

3.5 lbs. sheet brass No. 25, for tips. 

6. “ cast brass, for knobs. 

.14 “ copper wire No. 15, for rivets. 

200 copper rivets and burrs No. 8) to attach the frog. 

.2 lb. spelter. 

.3 “ soft solder. 

For 100 sets hooks and rivets for gun-slings. 

2.8 lbs. sheet brass No. 14. 

.18 ‘‘ brass wire No. 15. 

For 100 sets of mountings of waist-belt for sword bayonet. 

100 prs. clasps, cast brass, 21.25 lb. 

200 loops for clasps, sheet brass No. 14, 3.75 lbs. 

200 sliders, cast brass, 14.8 lbs. 

Spelter, .4 lb. 

For 100 buttons and cone-picks for cap-pouches, 

3.2 lbs. cast brass, for buttons. 

.65 “ sheet brass No. 19, for burrs. 

.2 “ steel wire. No. 18, for cone-picks. 

For 100 sets mountings for sword-bayonet scabbard. 

29 lbs. sheet brass No. 24, for ferrules and tips. 

1.75 lbs. cast brass, for loops for ferrules. 

6.25 “ “ for knobs for tips. 

1.4 “ copper wire No. 12, for 800 rivets. 

.4 “ spelter.. 

.3 “ soft solder. 


WEIGHT OF ACCOUTREMENTS. 


100 Infantry cartridge-boxes and plates for .69-in. ball.176 lbs. 

100 Infantry cartridge-boxes and plates for .58-in. ball.167' “ 

100 Infantry cartridge-box belts and plates. 63 “ 

100 Cap-pouches and cone-picks. 13 “ 

100 Bayonet scabbards and frogs. 31 “ 

100 Waist belts and plates, 1.9 inch wide.^. 50 “ 

100 Gun-slings. 15 “ 

100 Non-commissioned officer’s waist belts and plates. 49 “ 

100 Non-commissioned officer’s sword belts and plates (shoulder) 60 “ 

100 Rifle cartridge-boxes and plates for .54-in. ball.118 

100 Rifle waist belts and plates, for bayonet-scabbard. 59 “ 

100 Rifle sword-bayonet scabbards. 49 “ 

100 Rifle-pouches. 43 “ 

100 Rifle-flasks. 81 “ 

100 Rifle flask and pouch belts. 27 “ 

100 Cavalry sabre belts and plates.120 “ 

100 Carbine slings and swivels.110 “ 

100 Light artillery sabre belts and plates. 95 *' 

100 Foot artillery sword belts and plates. 81 






















234 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


CHAPTER NINTH. 

GUNPOWDER. 

Gunpowder for the military service is made by private contractors. It 
is distinguished as musket, mortar, cannon, and mammoth powder. They are 
all made in the same manner, of the same proportions of materials, and 
difler only in the size of the grain. 

MATERIALS. 

The materials required are saltpetre, charcoal, and sulphur. They 
should be of the greatest possible purity, both for the quality of the pow¬ 
der and the prevention of disastrous accidents in the manufacture. 

Saltpetre. 

Saltpetre (nitre, nitrate of potassa) is a transparent, white, crystallized 
Balt, inodorous, anhydrous, of a cooling, pungent, and slightly bitter 
taste. It generally crystallizes in six-sided prisms terminated by six- 
sided pyramids, or in needles deeply striated, and sometimes contains 
mother-water in fissures in the longer axis of large crystals. It is com¬ 
posed of 53.45 nitric acid and 46.55 potassa. Specific gravity, 2.099to2.1. 
Unalterable in common air, it becomes deliquescent in an atmosphere 
nearly saturated with moisture. It melts at about 662° into a limpid, 
oily-looking liquid, and may be cast into moulds, forming a white, compact 
mass. It begins to decompose at about 716°, giving up its oxygen : at a 
white heat the decomposition is incomplete, peroxide of potassium remaining. 
If thrown upon burning coals, it melts and deflagrates violently. It is inso¬ 
luble in absolute alcohol and oils; soluble in water,—more in warm than in 
cold: in dissolving it causes a fall in temperature; it raises the boiling- 
point of water, and increases its density by about 0.0077 for each part of 
saltpetre contained in 100 parts of water. 


100 parts of water at 32° dissolve 13.32 saltpetre, and the solution boils at about 213.8.° 

U (• 

68 

it 

31.75 

it 

it 

tt 

it 

215.6.0 

u a 

104 

it 

63.80 

tt 

it 

it 

tt 

219.2.0 

it it 

140 

tt 

110.70 

tt 

tt 

it 

tt 

222.8.0 

ft it 

176 

tt 

170.80 

tt 

tt 

tt 

ft 

228.2.0 

it it 

212 

tt 

246.60 

it 

it 

if 

it 

235.4.0 

tt it 

240.8 

tt 

335.00 

it 

tt 

tt 

tt 

240.8.0 


A saturated hot solution will consequently lose, in cooling, the greatest 
part of the salt dissolved. 




REFINING SALTPETRE. 


235 


Saltpetre occurs naturally in great quantities, as an efflorescence on the 
surface of the earth, in many of the warm countries,—particularly in India, 
where there is sufficient to supply the wants of the whole world. It also 
occurs as a saline crust in caverns in some parts of the globe; and in the 
vicinity of Monclova, Mexico, it is found in great purity in veins or mines. 

It exists in certain plants, and is formed spontaneously by the decom¬ 
position of animal and vegetable substances when mixed with substances 
containing potash and kept at an even temperature in moist situations. 
On this principle artificial nitre-beds are made, from which large quantities 
of nitre are obtained, in France, Germany, Sweden, Hungary, &c. Salt¬ 
petre obtained from any of these sources may be separated from the 
greater part of the foreign salts and earthy matter by lixiviation with 
wood-ashes and evaporation. The nitrous earth of India yields about one- 
fifth of its weight of nitre; that of the nitre-caves, from one to ten pounds 
of nitre to the bushel. The best artificial nitre-beds afford annually about 
a quarter of a pound of nitre to a bushel of earth. All the saltpetre 
used in the United States for the manufacture of gunpowder is obtained 
from India, whence it is imported in a crystallized state, called crude 
saltpetre^ containing generally from 15 to 18 per cent, of foreign salts, earths, 
and water. 


TEST OF CRUDE SALTPETRE. 

Crude saltpetre was formerly tested by washing it with water saturated 
with saltpetre, which dissolved the other soluble foreign salts without dis¬ 
solving any of the saltpetre itself; the loss in weight by washing was 
taken as the weight of the impurities contained. This process was found 
to occasion serious error, from the fact that when water saturated with 
saltpetre has dissolved a portion of sea-salt, it acquires the property of dis¬ 
solving an additional amount of saltpetre; besides, this mode of testing 
fails when there is present—as there is almost always—the chloride of 
potassium. The process of testing now used in this country, as well as in 
England and India, is that of analysis. The chlorides that the crude salt¬ 
petre contains are precipitated in the form of the chloride of silver by 
adding the nitrate of silver to the solution of a given weight of the sample 
to be tested. The sulphates are precipitated in the form of the sulphate 
of baryta by adding the nitrate of baryta to the solution of a given weight 
of the sample; the amount of these impurities can now be calculated. 

REFININa SALTPETRE. 

The purity of saltpetre used in making gunpowder is of the greatest 
importance, npt only on account of the quality of the powder, but more 
oarticularly as diminishing the chances of explosion in the powder-mills. 

Wash the crude saltpetre in a large shallow pan with about 40 per cent. 

20 -» 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


*23G 

of cold water, stirring it well with rakes. At the end of 12 hours, with¬ 
draw the water, which takes away with it a portion of the chlorides. To 
free the saltpetre from earthy matters and the chloride of sodium, dissolve 
it by means of heat, in the least possible amount of water, in a large copper 
kettle. When it is entirely dissolved, clarify the liquid by pouring in a 
solution of glue in the proportion of Jg- per cent, of glue dissolved in five 
times its weight of water. The glue is added at two different times ; and 
the liquid should be well stirred and the scum removed as it forms on the 
surface. When the scum has nearly ceased forming, check the boiling by 
adding cold water saturated with saltpetre, to precipitate the chloride of 
sodium, which is removed as it falls to the bottom. When the scum has 
ceased forming and the chloride of sodium is no longer precipitated, the 
liquid becomes limpid, and it is permitted to remain several hours, keep¬ 
ing up sufficient heat to prevent it from crystallizing in the kettle. 

Remove the liquid gently, while at a temperature of about 230°, to the 
crystallizing-pans, and stir it continually with wooden scrapers to prevent 
the formation of large crystals. The scrapers in large establishments are 
moved by machinery. Draw the saltpetre, as it forms, to the sides of the 
pans, and when the liquid falls to a temperature of about 70° draw it off 
into other vessels : it will then have given up nearly all its saltpetre. Take 
the saltpetre from the crystallizing-pans to the washing-troughs, and wash 
it twice from the rose of a watering-pot with 50 per cent, of cold water 
saturated with pure saltpetre, the water being permitted to remain on the 
salt each time about two hours, and then drawn off: sprinkle it with 50 
per cent, of pure water, which merely drains through and is carried oflf. 

The saltpetre, after remaining in the washing-troughs three or four 
days, is taken to the drying-reservoirs, where it is dried and stirred 
from time to time with wooden shovels. It is then passed through a brass 
sieve, to separate any small lumps or foreign particles, and is ready for 
packing. It is now like fine sand, and as white as snow. 

A 100-lbs. powder-cask will hold about 132 lbs. of saltpetre. The scum, 
mother-water, washings, etc., are collected, and the saltpetre extracted 
from them. 

TEST OF REFINED SALTPETRE. 

In order to be used in the manufacture of gunpowder, saltpetre should 
not contain more than l-3000th of chlorides. To test this, dissolve 200 
grains of saltpetre in the least possible quantity (say 1,000 grains) of tepid 
distilled water ; pour on it 20 grains of a solution of nitrate of silver con¬ 
taining 10 grains of the nitrate to 1,033 grains of water, that being the 
quantity required to decompose 200-3000ths of a grain of muriate of soda , 
filter the liquid, and divide it into two portions; to one portion add a few 
drops of the solution of nitrate of silver; if it remain clear, the saltpetre 
does not contain more than l-3000th of muriate of soda; to the other 


SULPHUR. 


237 


portion add a small quantity of solution of muriate of soda; if it oecomo 
clouded, the saltpetre contains less than l-3000th. By using the test- 
liquor in very small quantities, the exact proportion of muriate of soda 
may be ascertained. The saltpetre used in our best powder does not contain 
more than l-18000th of chlorides; and that used in the best sporting-powder 
is refined a second time, and contains not more than l-60000th part. 

Charcoal. 

(For general remarks on charcoal, see Chapter X.) 

Of the three component materials of gunpowder, the charcoal has the 
greatest effect upon its quality, owing to the great difference in it, due to 
the kind of wood from which it is made, and to the mode of its preparation. 
Light, friable, and porous charcoal, which burns rapidly and leaves the 
least ashes, is the best adapted for making gunpowder. Charcoal from 
willow and black alder,—chiefly the former,—obtained by distillation in 
cast-iron cylinders, is used for powder for the military service. 

The wood is cut in the spring, when the sap is running freely. Branches 
are selected of three to four years’ growth, not more than three-quarters 
of an inch in diameter, stripped of its bark as soon as cut, and piled in 
dry and airy places. The larger branches are split lengthwise. All dead 
wood is rejected. 

The dried wood is put in upright cast-iron cylinders, which are then closely 
luted. The heat is applied to the outside of the cylinder, and care is taken 
to prevent them from getting too hot. The gaseous and liquid products 
escape by an opening near one end. The progress of distillation is judged 
of by the color of the flame and smoke, and sometimes by test-sticks which 
are introduced through tubes prepared for the purpose. When the distil¬ 
lation is complete, the charcoal is removed into sheet-iron tubs. 

About 35 per cent, of brown coal is produced, by this process, to 100 
parts of dried wood. 

Charcoal should be made only as it is required for immediate use, as it 
absorbs moisture readily from the air. 

When freshly prepared, it absorbs and condenses gases; it heats, and, 
if in a heap of 30 lbs. or more, takes fire spontaneously. 

The specific gravity of freshly-burned charcoal is about .380; when 
triturated in a moist state for a long time under heavy rollers, its specific 
gravity is increased to 1.100 and 1.400. 

Sulphur. 

Sulphur is found in abundance, in the native state, in the neighborhood 
of volcanoes, mixed merely with earthy matters. It may also be obtained 
from the sulphurets of iron and copper, and from other sources, but is not 


238 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


60 pure in this case as the volcanic sulphur. The specific gravity of native 
sulphur is 2.072; that of sulphur which has been fused, 1.99,—which is still 
further diminished by trituration. Sulphur melts at 234° into a trans¬ 
parent and nearly colorless liquid which is lighter than the solid sulphur. 
As the temperature is increased, the sulphur becomes more yellow and less 
fluid; at 482° it is of a dark-brown color, and so thick as to flow with 
difficulty. From 500° to its boiling-point, 788°, it becomes more fluid. 
Sulphur takes fire at a temperature of 560°, and burns with a dull blue 
flame and suffocating fumes. It is soluble in oil of turpentine, and in¬ 
soluble in water and alcohol. 

The supply of sulphur for this country is brought principally from 
Sicily, in the crude state. It contains about 8 per cent, of earthy matter. 

It is refined by distilling it in cast-iron retorts, and collecting the vapors 
in a large chamber, where they are condensed. The temperature of this 
chamber is kept at about 248°, and the liquid sulphur is drawn off, through 
iron pipes in the side of the chamber, into wooden moulds. 

- If the temperature of the chamber be kept as low as 180°, the vapors 
are condensed in a light dust, called flowers of sulphur: in this state the 
sulphur always contains sulphurous and sulphuric acids. 

I’ure sulphur should be of a beautiful citron-yellow color, slightly trans¬ 
parent, should show no acid reaction on test-paper, and should burn 
without any residuum. 

0 Sulphur may be refined, but not so thoroughly, by being melted, skimmed, 
and decanted. 

Manufacture of Gunpowder. 

The buildings in which the different operations are carried on are sepa¬ 
rated from each other, and protected by trees or traverses as far as prac¬ 
ticable. 

There is great diversity in the manipulations of manufacture, not only 
in different countries, but even in different powder-mills of the same coun¬ 
try,—each having some particular mode of its own, which is preferred to 
the rest. The principal operations consist in pulverizing the materials 
very finely, thoroughly incorporating them, pressing them into a cake, 
reducing the cake into grains, glazing the grains, drying and dusting the 
powder. 

Pulverizing .—The saltpetre is usually pulverized sufficiently when it comes 
from the refinery. The charcoal is placed in large cast-iron barrels with 
twice its weight of bronze balls. The barrel has several ledges on the inte¬ 
rior, and is made to revolve from 20 to 25 times in a minute. It is pul¬ 
verized in 2 or 3 hours. The sulphur is placed in barrels made of thick 
leather stretched over a wooden frame, with twice its weight of bronze balks 
from .3 to .5 inch in diameter, and the barrel made to revolve about 20 
times per minute. 


MANUFACTURE OF GUNPOWDER. 


239 


The sulphur is pulverized in four to eight hours. 

Proportions of materials. —All powder for the military service must be 
composed of the following proportions by weight,—viz.: 

76 parts of saltpetre, 14 of charcoal, and 10 of sulphur; 
or, 75 parts “ 15 “ 10 “ 

Incorporating .—The ingredients having been weighed out in the pro¬ 
portions above given, the charcoal and sulphur are put together in a rolling- 
barrel similar to that in which the sulphur is pulverized, and rolled for 
one hour. The saltpetre is then added, and rolled for three hours longer. In 
some mills this operation is omitted. It is now taken to the cylinder, or 
rolling-mill. This consists of two cast-iron cylinders rolling round a 
horizontal axis in a circular trough of about 9 feet diameter, with a cast- 
iron bottom. The cylinders are 6 feet in diameter, 18 inches thick on the 
face, and weigh about 8 tons each. They are followed by a wooden scraper, 
which keeps the composition in the centre of the trough. 

A charge of 75 lbs. in some mills, and 150 lbs. in others, is then spread 
in the trough of the rolling-mill, and moistened with 2 to 3 per cent, of 
water, according to the hygrometric state of the atmosphere. 

It is rolled slowly at first, and afterward from 8 to 10 revolutions of the 
roller per minute, for 1 hour for 50 lbs. and 3 hours for 150 lbs. of com¬ 
position. A little water is added, as the process advances, if the compo¬ 
sition gets very dry,—which is judged of by its color. 

When the materials are thoroughly incorporated, the cake is of a uni¬ 
form, lively, brownish red color. In this state it is called mill-cake. 

The quality of the powder depends much on the thorough incorporation 
of the materials, and burns more rapidly as this operation is more thoroughly 
performed. 

The mill-cake is next taken to the press-house, to be pressed into a hard 
cake. 

Pressing. —The mill-cake is sprinkled with about 3 per cent, of water, 
and arranged in a series of layers about 2 inches thick, separated by brass 
plates. A powerful pressure is brought to bear on the layers, which are 
subjected to the maximum pressure for about 10 to 15 minutes, when it is 
removed. Each layer is thus formed into a hard cake about an inch thick. 

Granulating. —The cake is broken into pieces by means of bronze t oothed 
rollers revolving in opposite directions, their axes being parallel and the 
distance between them regulated as required. Fluted rollers are some¬ 
times used. The pieces are passed through a succession of rollers, each 
series being closer together, by which the pieces are broken into others still 
smaller, which pass over a sieve to another roller, the small grains passing 
through the sieve into a receiver below, until the whole is reduced to the 
required size. The various-sized grains are separated by the sieves be¬ 
tween the different rollers. 


240 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Glazing .—Several hundred pounds of the grained powder, containing 
from 3 to 4 per cent, of water, are placed in the glazing-barrel, which is 
made to revolve from 9 to 10 times per minute, and in some mills from 25 
to 30 times per minute. Usually from 10 to 12 hours are required to give 
the required glazing. In this operation the sharp angles are broken off, 
thereby diminishing the dust produced in transportation, and the surface 
of the grain receives a bright polish. 

Drying .—The powder is spread out on sheets stretched upon frames in a 
room raised to a temperature of 140° to 160° by steam-pipes or by a fur¬ 
nace. The temperature should be raised gradually, and should not exceed 
160°, ventilation being kept up. 

Dusting .—The powder is finally sifted through fine sieves, to remove all 
dust and fine grains. The dust obtained in this and previous operations 
may be worked over to make other powders. 


PaeJeing. 

Government powder is packed in barrels of 100 lbs. each. Powder-barrels 
are made of well-seasoned white oak, and hooped with hickory or cedar 
hoops, which should be deprived of their bark: the cedar is not so liable 
as hickory or white oak to be attacked by worms, and it should therefore 
be used in preference ; or the hoops may be prepared by immersion in a 
solution of corrosive sublimate. The hoops should cover two-thirds of 
the barrel. Instead of a bung on the side, a screw-hole 1.5 inch in 
diameter is made in the head of the barrel, for mortar and musket powder: 
it is closed by a wood screw with an octagonal head which must not pro¬ 
ject beyond the ends of the staves; under the head of the screw is a 
washer of thin leather steeped in a solution of beeswax in spirits of tur¬ 
pentine. This screw-plug renders it unnecessary to take out the head of 
the barrel, and the hoops may therefore be secured with copper nails; for 
transportation, a piece of cloth should be glued over the head of the 
plug. Some barrels have been made with 6 copper hoops, and others 
with 4 copper and 8 or 10 cedar hoops: the copper hoops are 1 inch wide 
and i of an inch thick, fastened with 2 rivets, and nailed each with 3 
copper nails 0.625 inch long. Average weight of a hoop, 2^ lbs. 

Powder-barrels made of strong sheet iron, corrugated, the heads put in 
by folding them over with the metal forming the body, have been made, 
and are now on trial, with prospects of their answering a good purpose. 

It has been found that lining powder-barrels with India-rubber cloth has 
an injurious effect on the powder, in consequence of the affinity of th 
caoutchouc for sulphur. 

The heads of powder-barrels are painted hlach, in order to show the 
marks more plainly in dark magazines. 


DIMENSIONS OF POWDER-BARRELS, 


241 


Dimensions of Powdor-Darrels. 


Whole length. 20.5 inches. 

Length, interior, in the clear. 18 “ 

Interior diameter at the head. 14 “ 

Interior diameter at the bilge. 16 “ 

Thickness of the staves and heads. 0.5 inch. 

Weight of the barrel with cedar hoops. 25 lbs. 


The barrels have generally 12 hoops, 14 to 16 staves, and 2 or 3 pieces in 
each head. The above dimensions are calculated so that with 100 lbs. of 
powder there shall be a vacant space in the barrel, allowing the powder 
to shfike, in order to prevent its caking. The barrel would contain about 
120 lbs. of powder settled by shaking. 

Round powder, for immediate use, may be made in an expeditious 
manner as follows. Fix a powder-barrel on a shaft passing through its 
two heads, the barrel having ledges on the inside; to prevent leakage, 
cover it with close canvas glued on, and put the hoops over the canvas. 
Put into the barrel 10 lbs. of sulphur in lumps, and 15 lbs. of charcoal, 
with 60 lbs. of zinc balls, or of small shot, (down to No. 4, 0.014 inch in 
diameter nearly.) Turn it by hand, or otherwise, 30 revolutions in a minute. 
To 10 lbs. of this mixture thus pulverized add 30 lbs. of saltpetre, and 
work it two hours with the balls ; water the 40 lbs. of composition with 2 
quarts of water, mixing it equally with the hands; granulate with the 
graining-sieve. The grains thus made, not being pressed, are too soft. 
To make them harder, put them into a barrel having 5 or 6 ledges, project¬ 
ing about 0.4 inch, inside ; give it at first 8 revolutions in a minute, increas¬ 
ing gradually to 20. The compression will be proportionate to the charge 
in the barrel, which should not, however, be more than half full. Continue 
this operation until the density is such that a cubic foot of the powder 
shall weigh 855 oz.,—the mean density of round powder; strike on the 
staves of the barrel from time to time, to prevent the adhesion of the 
powder. 

Sift the grains and dry the powder as usual: that which is too fine or 
too coarse is returned to the pulverizing-barrel. 

This powder is round, and the grain is sufficiently hard on the surface ; 
but the interior is soft, which makes it unfit for keeping, and may cause 
it to burn slowly. This defect may be remedied by making the grains at 
first very small, and by rolling them on a sheet or in a barrel, watering 
them from time to time, and adding the pulverized composition in small 
portions; in this way, the grains will be formed by successive layers: 
they are then separated according to size, glazed, and dried. 

It appears from experiments that the simple incorporation of the mate¬ 
rials makes a powder which gives nearly as high ranges with field-pieces 








242 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


as grained powder: the incorporated dust from the rolling-barrel may 
therefore be used in case of necessity. Gunpowder burns at the tempera¬ 
ture of 575° to 600° Fahrenheit. 

In spect ion and Proof of Powder. 

Before powder for the military service is received from the manufac¬ 
turer, it is inspected and proved. For this purpose, at least 50 barrels are 
thoroughly mixed together. One barrel of this is proved by firing three 
rounds from a musket, with service-charge, if it be musket-powder; if 
cannon or mammoth powder, from an 8-inch columbiad, with 10 lbs. and a 
solid shot of 65 lbs. weight and 7.88 inches in diameter; if it be mortar- 
powder, from an 8-inch mortar, with 1.25 lb. and a shell 7.88 inches in dia¬ 
meter, weighing 47.5 lbs. The general character of the grain, and its 
freedom from dust, are noted. 

General Qualities. —Gunpowder should be of an even-sized grain, an¬ 
gular and irregular in form, without sharp corners, and very hard. When 
new, it should leave no trace of dust when poured on the back of the hand, 
and when flashed in quantities of 10 grains on a copper plate, it should leave 
no bead or foulness. It should give the required initial velocity to the ball, 
and not more than the maximum pressure on the gun, and should absorb 
but little moisture from the air. 

Size of Grain. —The size of the grain is tested by standard sieves made 
of sheet brass pierced with round holes. Two sieves are used for each 
kind of powder,—Nos. 1 and 2 for musket, 2 and 3 for mortar, 4 and 5 for 
cannon, and 6 and 7 for mammoth, powder. 

Diameter of holes for musket-powder: No. 1, 0.03 in.; No. 2, 0.06 in. 

“ “ mortar “ No. 2, 0.06 in.; No. 3, 0.10 in. 

“ “ cannon “ No. 4,0.25 in.; No. 5, 0.35 in. 

“ “ mammoth “ No. 6,0.6 in.; No. 7, 0.9 in. 

Musket-powder. —None should pass through sieve No. 1; all through No. 2. 

Mortar-powder. —None should pass through sieve No. 2; all through No. 3. 

Cannon-powder. —None should pass through sieve No. 4; all through No. 5. 

Gravimetric Density. —Is the weight of a given measured quantity. 
It is usually expressed by the weight of a cubic foot in ounces. 

This cannot be relied upon for the true density when accuracy is de¬ 
sired, as the shape of the grain may make the denser powder seem the 
lighter. 

Specific Gravity. —The specific gravity of gunpowder must be not less 
than 1./5. It is important that it should be determined with accuracy. 
Alcohol and water saturated with saltpetre have been used for this pur¬ 
pose ; but they do not furnish accurate results. Mercury, only, is to ue 
relied upon. 

Mercury Densimeter. —This apparatus was invented by Colonel Mallet, 


INSPECTION AND PROOF OF GUNPOWDER. 


243 


of the French army, and M. Bianchi, and consists of an open vessel con¬ 
taining mercury, a frame supporting a glass globe communicating by a 
tube with the mercury in the open vessel, and joined at top to a graduated 
glass tube, which communicates by a flexible tube with an ordinary air- 
pump. Stop-cocks are inserted in the tubes above and below the glass 
globe, and a diaphragm of chamois-skin is placed over the orifice at the 
bottom of the globe, and one of wire-cloth over the upper orifice. 

The operation consists as follows: Fill the globe with mercury to any 
mark of the graduated tube, by means of the air-pump; close the stop¬ 
cocks; detach the globe, full of mercury, and weigh it; empty and clean 
the globe; introduce into it a given weight of gunpowder; attach the 
globe to the tubes; exhaust the air till the mercury fills the globe and rises 
to the same height as before; shut the stop-cocks; take otf the globe and 
weigh it as before. If we represent by a the weight of the powder in the 
globe, by P the weight of the globe full of mercury, by P' the weight of the 
globe containing the powder and mercury, and by D the specific gravity of 
the mercury, the specific gravity of the gunpowder will be expressed by 

the formula d = ^ 3r —- 

1 —Ct 

A mean of two or three results will give the true specific gravity. 

The density of some samples of powder has been brought up to 1.831. 

Initial Velocity. —The initial velocity is determined by means of the 
Ballistic Pendulum, or by Captain Benton’s Electro-Ballistic Pendulum. 
For the method of using this machine, see page 249. 

Musket-powder should give an initial velocity of not less than-feet. 

Mortar-powder “ “ “ “ “ “ - “ 

Cannon-powder “ “ “ “ “ “ - “ 

Strain upov the Gun. —This is determined by Captain Hodman’s press¬ 
ure-piston. For the method of using this instrument, see page 251. 

Mortar-powder should not give a greater pressure than-pounds on 

the square inch. 

Cannon-powder should not give a greater pressure than-pounds on 


the square inch. 

IIygrometric Qualities. —If the powder be made of pure materials and 
have the required density, its hygrometric quality follows as a matter of 
course. It may be determined by exposing the powder to air saturated 
with moisture. For this purpose, samples of about 1500 grains weight 
may be placed in a shallow tin pan, 9 inches by 6 inches, set in a tub the 
bottom of which is covered with water. The pan of powder should be 
placed about one inch above the surface of the water, and the tub covered 
over. In this manner any sample of powder may be compared with an¬ 
other of known good quality. Good powder, made of pure materials, will 
not absorb more than 2| per cent, of moisture in 24 hours. 

21 




244 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Inspection Report. —The report of inspection should show the place and 
date of fabrication and of proof, the kind of powder and its general quali¬ 
ties, as the number of grains in 100 grs., whether hard or soft, round or 
angular, of uniform or irregular size, whether free from dust or not; the 
initial velocities obtained in each fire; the amount of moisture absorbed; 
and, finally, the height of the barometer and hygrometer at the time of 
proof. 

Marks on the Barrels. —Each barrel is marked on both heads (in 
white oil-colors, the head painted black) with the number of the barrel, 
the name of the manufacturer, year of fabrication, and the kind of pow¬ 
der,— cannon, mortar, or musket, —the mean initial velocity, and the press¬ 
ure per square inch on the pressure-piston. Each time the powder is 
proved, the initial velocity is marked below the former proofs, and the 
date of the trial opposite it. 

Analt/sis of Gunpoioder. 

Whatever may be the mode of proof adopted, it is essential, in judging 
of the qualities of gunpowder, to know the mode of fabrication and the 
proportions and degree of purity of the materials. The latter point may 
be ascertained by analysis. 

In the first place, determine the quantity of water that the powder con¬ 
tains, by subjecting it to a temperature of 212°, in a stove or in a tube 
with a current of warm air passing over it, until it no longer loses in 
weight. The difference in weight, before and after drying, gives the 
amount of moisture contained in the powder. 

To determine the quantity of Saltpetre. —In a vessel of tinned copper, 
like a common coflfee-pot, dissolve 1,000 grains of powder, well dried 
before weighing, in 2,000 grains of distilled water, and heat it until 
it boils; let it stand a moment, and then decant it on a piece of filtering- 
paper, doubled exactly in the middle; repeat this operation four times; at 
the fourth time, instead of decanting, pour the whole contents of the vessel 
on the filter; drain the filter, and wash it several times with 2,000 grains 
of water heated in the vessel, using in all these operations 10,000 grains 
of water. After passing through the filters, this water contains in solution 
all the saltpetre, the quantity of which is ascertained by evaporating to 
dryness. Dry the double filter with the mixture of coal and sulphur, and 
take the weight of this composition by using the exterior filter to ascertain 
the weight of that on which the composition remains; this weight serves 
to verify that of the saltpetre and to estimate the loss in the process. 

To determine the quantity of Charcoal directly. —To separate the sulphur 
from the charcoal, subject the powder, either directly or after the saltpetre 
has been dissolved out, to the action of a boiling solution of the sulphide 


PRESERVATION, STORAGE, AND TRANSPORTATION. 245 


of potassium or sodium, which dissolves the sulphur and leaves the char¬ 
coal, the weight of which may be easily determined. 

It is important that the sulphides of potassium and sodium used in dis¬ 
solving the sulphur should .contain no free.potassa or soda; for each of 
these alkalies would dissolve a part of the carbon,—particularly of tho 
brown coal. 

The sulphide of carbon also dissolves the sulphur contained in powder, 
and may be used to determine the weight of charcoal which it contains. 

The charcoal, separated from the saltpetre and sulphur, is dried with 
care and weighed, and should then be submitted to analysis in an appa¬ 
ratus used for burning organic matters. The composition of the charcoal 
may be judged of by comparing it with the results obtained in the analysis 
of charcoal of known quality used in the manufacture of powder. 

To determine the quantity of Sulphur directly .—Mix and beat in a mortar 
10 grains of dry powder, 10 of subcarbonate of potash, 10 of saltpetre, 
and 40 of chloride of sodium; put this mixture in a vessel (capsule) 
of platinum or glass, on live coals, and, when the combination of the 
materials is completed and the mass is white, dissolve it in distilled water, 
and saturate the solution with nitric acid; decompose the sulphate which 
has been formed, by adding a solution of chloride of barium, in which the 
exact proportions of the water and the chloride are known. According to 
the atomic proportions, the quantity of sulphur will be to that of the 
chloride of barium used as 20.12 to 152.44. 

Restoring Unserviceahle Powder. 

WJien powder has been damaged by being stored in damp places, it 
loses its strength, and requires to be worked over. If the quantity of 
moisture absorbed do not exceed 7 per cent., it is suABcient to dry it to 
restore it for service. This is done by exposing it to the sun. 

When powder has absorbed more than 7 per cent, of water, it is sent to 
the powder-mills to be worked over. 

When it has been damaged with salt water, or become mixed with foreign 
matters which cannot be separated by sifting, the saltpetre is dissolved out 
from the other materials and collected by evaporation. 

Preservation, Storage, and Transportation. 

In the powder-magazines the barrels are generally placed on the sides, 
three tiers high, or four tiers, if necessary. Small skids should be placed 
on the floor and between the several tiers of barrels, in order to steady 
them, and chocks should be placed at intervals on the lower skid, to pre¬ 
vent the rolling of the barrels. The powder should be separated according 
to its kind, the place and date of fabrication, and the proof-range. Fixed 


24G 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


ammunition, especially for cannon, should not be put in the same maga¬ 
zine with powder in barrels, if it can be avoided. Fireworks should never 
be stored in powder-magazines. 

In a room 13 or 14 feet wide, the barrels may be arranged in a double 
row in the centre, two alleys feet wide, and 2 single rows 6 to 12 inches 
from the walls: in this way the marks of each barrel may be seen, and 
any barrel can be easily reached. In a room 12 feet wide, an equal num¬ 
ber of barrels may be placed in two double rows, with a central alley of 
3 feet, and 2 side alleys, next the walls, of about 10 inches each. There 
should be an unencumbered space of 6 or 8 feet at the door or doors of the 
magazine. 

Should it be necessary to pile the barrels more than 4 tiers high, the 
upper tiers should be supported by a frame resting on the floor; or the 
barrels may be placed on their heads, with boards between the tiers. 

Besides being recorded in the magazine-book, each parcel of powder 
should be inscribed on a ticket attached to the pile, showing the entries and 
the issues. 

For the preservation of the powder and of the floors and lining of the 
magazine, it is of the greatest importance to preserve unobstructed the 
circulation of air, under the flooring as well as above. The magazine 
should be opened and aired in clear, dry weather, when the temperature of 
the air outside is lower than that inside the magazine. It should not be opened 
in damp weather if it can be avoided. The ventilators must be kept free; 
no shrubbery or trees should be allowed to grow so near as to protect the 
building from the sun. The magazine-yard should be paved and well 
drained. The moisture of a magazine may be absorbed by chloride of 
lime suspended in an open box under the arch, and renewed from time to 
time; quicklime is dangerous, and should not be used. 

The sentinel or guard at a magazine, when it is open, should have no fire¬ 
arms, and every one who enters the magazine should take oflF his shoes, or 
put socks over them : no sword, or cane, or any thing which might occasion 
sparks, should be carried in. 

The windows should have inside shutters of copper-wire cloth. Fire 
should never be kindled near the magazine for the repair of the roof or 
lightning-rod. 

Barrels of powder should not be rolled for transportation; they should 
be carried in hand-barrows, or slings made of rope or leather. In moving 
powder in the magazine, a cloth or carpet should be spread; all implements 
used there should be of Avood or copper, and the barrels should never be 
repaired in the magazine. When it is necessary to roll the powder for its 
better preservation and to prevent its caking, this should be done, with a 
small quantity at a time, on boards, in the magazine-yard. 

In the spring an inspection of the barrels should be made, and the hoopa 


FRENCH GUNPOWDER. 


247 


swept with a brush wherever they can be got at, to remove the insectj 
which deposit their eggs at this season. 

In wagons, barrels of powder must be packed in straw, secured in such 
a manner as not to rub against each other, and the load covered with thick 
canvas. 

In transportation by railroad, each barrel should be carefully boxed, and 
packed so as to avoid all friction. The barrels should have a thick tar¬ 
paulin under them. The cars should have springs similar to those of 
passenger-cars. 

English Gunpowder. 

English gunpowder—particularly their sporting-powder—has long been 
noted for its excellence, which is due to the care taken in selecting the 
best materials, and the skill in combining them. 

The woods used for making charcoal for gunpowder are the black dog¬ 
wood, the alder, and the Dutch white willow. 

The coal is made by distillation in iron cylinders. 

The ingredients are separately reduced to an impalpable powder and 
passed through silk cloths or bolting-machines, then mixed in a tub in 
charges of 42 lbs. each, moistened wdth 2 or 3 pints of water, and incor¬ 
porated in the cylinder-mill for 3^- hours. The iron cylinders of the 
cylinder-mill are G feet in diameter, weigh about 3 tons each, and make 
about 8 revolutions in a minute in a circular iron trough 7 feet in diameter. 
The incorporated material is subjected to a pressure of 75 tons to the square 
foot by means of a hydrostatic press, forming it into pressed cake, which 
is broken by toothed rollers and formed into grains as above described. 
It is glazed by rolling in a canvas cylinder, or large cask, making 40 revo¬ 
lutions per minute, for hours. It is dried in a temperature of 140° to 
150°, raised by means of steam. 

French Gunpowder. 

The charcoal used by the French in making gunpowder is obtained by 
the combustion of black alder in the open air in iron pots. 

At the powder-mills at Saint-Chamas, the charcoal is made by distillation, 
effected by passing a current of steam raised to a temperature of 540° to 
G00° into the iron cylinder containing the wood. Charcoal of an excellent 
quality is said to be obtained in this way. 

The materials are pulverized separately in leathern barrels by means of 
bronze balls, and passed through a sieve to separate any foreign matters 
which may have accidentally fallen in and might cause explosions in tritq- 
ration. 

Two and three-fourths pounds of sulphur and the same of charcoal are 
weighed into a tub, moistened with \ \ quart of w^ater, and mixed by hand 
for 5 minutes. It is then transferred to the composition-tray, IG^ lbs. of 

21 * 


248 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


saltpetre are added, and the tray taken to the pounding-mill. The contents 
are emptied into a mortar and well mixed with the hand for several minutes, 
without further addition of water. 

A pounding-mill contains usually from 16 to 24 mortars and pestles, 
arranged in two parallel rows. The mortars are hollowed out of a piece 
of oak, with bottoms made of a harder wood. The pestle is made of beech, 
and has on its lower end a bronze shoe with its angles well rounded. It 
weighs about 88 lbs., and falls through a height of 16 inches. 

Each pestle gives in the beginning of the pounding from 30 to 40 blows 
per minute, and after 10 minutes the number of blows is increased to 55 
or 60 per minute. The pounding is continued in this way for 12 hours, 
including the stoppages for shifting the charges from one mortar to the 
next,—which is done every hour. These changes are made to mix the ma¬ 
terials more thoroughly, and to break the cakes which form at the bottom of 
the mortars. From the 0th to the 8th change, about J pint of water is added, 
or as much as may be necessary to give to the composition from 7 to 8 per 
cent, of moisture. During the last 2 hours no changes are made, so as not 
to interrupt the formation of cake. The composition is taken out of the 
mortar and dried from 1 to 3 days, till it contains only about 6 per cent, of 
moisture. It is then taken to the house for granulation. This operation 
is performed in a barrel made by stretching two pieces of wire-cloth over 
a wooden frame. The pieces of wire-cloth are placed one over the other,— 
the outer one fastened on by cords so as to be removed at pleasure, and 
replaced by another of different-sized meshes, the meshes being of the size 
of the grain required, of musket or cannon powder. The distance between 
the wires of the inner cloth is .28 inch. Balls of hard wood 2 inches in 
diameter, and 50 or 60 in number, are placed, with the composition to be 
grained, in the barrel, which is made to revolve about 30 times in a minute. 
The caked composition is broken by the balls, and, passing through the wire- 
cloths, falls into a tub beneath. 

The contents of the tub are sifted in sieves which permit the small grains 
arid dust to pass through. 

The powder is moderately glazed by rolling it, while still containing from 
5 to 6 per cent, of moisture, in a barrel from 10 to 30 minutes,—depending 
upon the kind of powder and the amount of moisture it contains. It is so 
conducted that the powder, when dry, should have a gravimetric density 
of between 820 and 860 ounces. 

The powder is then passed through a standard sieve of parchment, and 
is dried either in the open air, spread out on sheets, on tables, or in a 
drying-room, spread on sheets stretched over the top of boxes, into the 
lower part of which heated air is forced and escapes by passing through the 
powder. 

After drying, the powder is again sifted, to remove all dust. 




ELECTRO-BALLISTIC 

PENDULUM. 


249 



Proportions of Ingredients. 






Saltpetre. 

Charcoal 

Sulphur, 



By the atomic theory. 

.... 74.G4 

13.51 

11.85 

In 

THE United 

States: 






For the military service.. 

175 

14 

15 

10 

10 



For sporting. 

....i 

177 

12 

13 

10 

10 

In 

England : 

For the military service.. 


15 

10 



For sporting. 

175 

14 

17 

8 

8 

In 

France; 

For the military service.. 

.... 75 

12.5 

12.5 



For sporting. 


12 

10 



For blasting. 

.... 62 

18 

20 

In 

Prussia : 

For the military service.. 

.... 75 

13.5 

11.5 

In 

Spain : 

For the military service.. 

.... 76.5 

12.7 

10.8 


Captain Benton’s Electro-Ballistic Pendulum .—(Plate 29.) 

Description .—This instrument consists of <a vertical arc of brass graduated 
into degrees and fifths, supported by a tripod with a thumb-screw at each 
foot. Levels are attached to the arc, that it may be kept in a vertical position. 
Two pendulums, with their axes in the same line passing through the centre, 
and perpendicular to the plane, of the arc, swing freely in front of and near 
to tlie arc. To the lower extremity of each is attached a piece of soft iron. 
The bob of the outer pendulum is adjustable. An electro-magnet is attached 
to each end of the horizontal limb of the arc, and holds the pendulums 
horizontal, or at 90° from the 0° or lowest point of the arc, when the soft 
iron of the pendulum is brought in contact with the magnet. The inner 
pendulum has at its lower extremity a movable point projecting toward the 
arc, the head of which is struck by a blunt steel point on the outer pen¬ 
dulum when the two pass each other, leaving a mark on the paper wliich 
is clamped to the arc for that purpose. Wire conductors lead from the 
magnet to the clamp-screws secured to the upright limb, where they are 
readily joined to the wires leading to the batteries and targets. 

The adjustments. —1st. Level the instrument by means of the thumb-screws. 

2d. See that the magnets are in such a position that each pendulum when 
brought up against them is exactly 90° from the lowest point of the arc. 
The magnets are held by clamp-screws to admit of this adjustment. 

3d. Move the bob of the outer pendulum till the times of vibration of the 
two are the same. This is done by connecting the wire of the magnet to 
the poles of the battery, including the disjunctor in the circuit. Bring the 
two batteries to the same strength. Break the currents by means of the 
disjunctor, and see if the two pendulums meet exactly at the zero-mark. 












250 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


The two batteries are known to be of equal strength when the pendulums 
meet at the zero-point, irrespective of the particular battery that works 
them. 

The Disjunctor is an instrument used to test the working of the batteries 
and tell when they are operating with equal activity. There are several 
forms of this instrument, the essential point being to break tlie currents 
exactly at the same time. It is so arranged that by setting the trigger the 
currents are formed, and by pressing it they are broken. It should give 
the same point of meeting of the pendulums in six or eight trials made 
in quick succession. 

To use the Pendulum .—Establish the wires as shown in Plate 29. Insert 
a piece of drawing-paper under the arc, and clamp it. Set the trigger of 
the disjunctor; raise the pendulums against their magnets; press the 
trigger; if the point of meeting is very near tlie 0°, set the trigger again; 
give the caution, “Ready;” raise the pendulum, and “fire.” Read off 
the angle, which must be corrected, if the pendulum on the trial did not 
meet at the 0°, by adding the angle between the 0° and mark, if it be on 
the left, and by subtracting it if it be on the right. The angle thus cor¬ 
rected must be doubled for the time of passage of the projectile between 
the two targets. 

To determine the initial velocity .—Let I be the length of the equivalent 
simple pendulum, and t the time of passing over any one degree beginning 

2 w 1 

at an angle x from 0: then t = - — 

360 y 2 g L cos. x. 

By substituting for z different values, we get the times of passing over 
the different degrees, supposing the velocity to be uniform for the time of 
passing. In this way a table is formed which should give the times for 
the different degrees and tenths of degrees, and the sums of the times to 
each degree. 

The value of I is determined by supporting the inner pendulum on the 
knife-edges, and noting the time required to make 500 or 1,000 vibrations. 
The length of the equivalent simple pendulum is obtained from the relation 
I = t'W, t' being the time of a single vibration as just determined, and P 
being the length of the simple second pendulum at the place of experiment. 

The machine is placed on a solid foundation, about 100 yards from the 
cannon. Grove’s or Bunsen’s batteries are best; Smee’s has been used 
with goed results. The power of the battery must be regulated according 
to the length and size of the wire. Copper wire No. 16 is about the size 
required. If the wire be small and long, the battery must be stronger. 

The first target is placed about 20 feet from the muzzle of the gun, and 
the second from 70 to 120, according to the velocity of the projectile. The 
size of the target is no greater than is necessary to insure its being struck 




Rodman’s pressure-piston. 


251 


every shot, and the distance between its wires is regulated in the same 
manner. For small arms a much finer wire is used to form the target. 

Captain Rodman’s Pressure-Piston. (Plate 29.) 

This instrument is used to determine the pressure of the gas on the sides 
of the bore of a gun. It consists of a housing of wrought iron, with a 
cylindrical shank at one end, chased with the threads of a screw, by which 
it is attached to the gun. This shank has a cylindrical hole through its 
axis, .37 inch in diameter, into which the piston fits closely. The head 
of the piston is terminated by a cutter^ which is forced by the explosion of 
the charge into a piece of wrought copper, leaving a cut or indentation of 
greater or less length, according to the greater or less pressure on the 
sides of the bore. 

The cutter is made broad and thin, so as to make a long cut compared 
with its breadth and depth, that pressures which vary but slightly may be 
distinguished more readily. 

A strong screw, at the opposite end of the housing to the shank, holds 
the disk of copper on the cutter. 

A gas-check, made of thin copper, is set up, by a die and punch, in the 
shape of a hollow, shallow cup. It is placed against the lower end of the 
pistpn, the open end toward the charge of powder. 

A hole, .4 inch in diameter, is drilled into the bore of the gun at the seat 
of the charge; the outer part is counter-bored and tapped so as to receive 
the housing. 

To use the pressure-piston .—Clean and oil the piston and the hole in the 
housing into which it works; insert the piston in the housing; put in the 
gas-check, pressing it down on the piston; place a thin copper washer in 
the hole in the gun, and screw the housing down firmly on it; place a disk 
of copper on the cutter; interpose between this and the head of the screw 
a second disk, and press it down hard on the cutter. 

After each discharge, unscrew the housing, take out the gas-check, clean 
the hole in the gun, the piston and the hole in which it works; renew the 
gas-check as often as required; see that the copper disk is pressed hard 
on the cutter. 

The actual pressure in pounds is determined by placing the cutter in 
the dynamometer, and applying a pressure until a cut is made of the same 
length in a similar piece of copper. 


252 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


LIGHTNING-CONDUCTORS. 

(Condensed from a “Circular Memorandum” issued by General Burgoyne, 
Inspector-General of Fortifications, British Army, from the researches of 
Sir Wm. Snow Harris, F.R.S., 1858.) 

It appears to be established:— 

That metal in a building, whether disposed in the form of a conductor 
or othei’wise, never attracts lightning. 

That, provided the surfaces of metals are not interrupted by bodies 
possessing a less conducting-power, a building entirely of metal will be 
the safest of all, and that such buildings require no further lightning-con¬ 
ductors than connections with the earth, over the masonry foundations on 
which they are often laid. 

That, with regard to a building of brick or stone, the object must be to 
establish a sufficient number of lines of electrical conductors, extending 
from its most elevated and prominent points to the ground, and further 
bring the building into a condition similar to that of a metal building, by 
means of other conductors generally attached to moi'e prominent lines of 
the building itself, such as the ridges, angles, and eaves. 

There is no advantage, but the contrary, in endeavoring to insulate the 
conductors from the building. 

The best material for conductors is copper, either in tubes 1J to 2 inbhes 
diameter, and .125 inch thick, or in plates 3.5 inches wide and .125 inch to 
.2 inch thick. 

All metal surfaces, whether lead, copper, or iron, on ridges, roofs, gut¬ 
ters, or coverings to doors or windows, to be connected by plates of copper 
with the conducting-system. Lead, on account of its low conducting- 
power, cannot be altogether depended upon. 

One or more solid copper rods, to project freely into the air, about 5 
feet above the highest points of the building to which the main conductors 
are applied. The summit of the rod to be pointed; but gold, gilt, or pla¬ 
tinum tops are unnecessary. 

The termination of the conductors below to be led into damp or porous 
soil, when the building happens to stand upon it; but, when the soil is dry, 
two or three trenches to be cut, radiating from the foot of the conductor, 
to a depth of 18 inches or 2 feet, and 30 feet in length, and either the con- 
’ ductor carried along the bottom of the trenches, or old iron chain laid in 
them, carefully connected with the foot of the conductor. The trenches 
to be then filled up to one foot in depth with coal-ashes, or other carbona¬ 
ceous substance, and afterward with earth or gravel. 

If it be possible, in regulating the surface-drainage, to lead a flow of 
water, during the rain which generally accompanies thunder-storms, over 
the sites of the trenches, it will be an additional precaution. 


LIGHTNING-CONDUCTORS. 


253 


Tanks are useless, except where the water flows freely into them from 
the surrounding soil; and even then they are superfluous as appendages 
to the conductors. 

The conductors for a brick or stone magazine with slate roof should 
consist of a sheet-copper strip 4 inches wide and .125 inch thick, covering 
the ridge and securely fixed to it by wrought-copper nails. At each end of 
the ridge a solid copper rod, .5 inch in diameter, is fixed to the conductor 
on the ridge, and projects about 6 feet above the highest point of the 
building; its upper end is pointed. 

Copper strips, 3 inches wide, or copper tubes, 1 inch in diameter, pass down 
the angles of the hip, and are firmly secured to the copper eaves-gutter. 

The descending water-pipes, made also of copper, and fastened to the face 
of the building by copper holdfasts, are connected at their lower end to the 
underground conductor by a piece of copper, 3 inches wide, wrapped around 
the lower end of the water-pipes and riveted to the underground conductor. 

The underground conductor runs out from the building 4 feet, and then 
branches into two parts, each 8 feet long, 2 inches wide, and .125 inch 
' thick. These conductors are about 2.5 feet from the surface of the ground 
at the lower end, and are covered with coal-ashes and earth. 

The copper sheathings on the doors and windows are connected with the 
lower end of the water-pipes by flat copper strips, 2 inches wide, fixed to 
the water-table by copper nails driven into wood plugs about 10 feet apart. 

When tubular conductors cannot be had of sufficient length in one piece, 
they are connected by a union joint, and strengthened by a small pipe or 
ferrule, about 4 inches long, inside the tube, and riveted to each end. 

Buildings which have the eaves-gutters and down-pipes made of tin or 
zinc should have a main conductor communicating directly with the ground: 
it should also be connected with the eaves-gutter, and the down-pipe should 
connect by a metallic communication with the ground, running out some 
distance from the building. 

In case of buildings situate on a dry or rocky soil, especial pains must 
be taken to lay down old chains or other conductors in various directions, 
to a distance of 10 to 15 yards, and from 1 foot to 1.5 foot below the sur¬ 
face of the ground; and, if possible, lead a flow of rain over the surface 
of the ground about or near the conductor. Let the conductor terminate 
in a large surface of moist earth whenever it can be effected. 

If copper be not used for conductors, zinc is the next best material of 
which they can be made. If iron be used, it should be in the shape of g.al- 
vanized wrought-iron pipe, not less than 2 inches in diameter, firmly 
screwed together in joints of extra thickness. 

Copper tube, of a thickness of from .125 to .2 inch, is always to be pre¬ 
ferred: it has more than five times the capacity for conducting electricity 
that iron has, and more than three times that of zinc. 


254 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


CHAPTER TENTH. 

AMMUNITION AND MILITARY FIREWORKS. 

BUILDINGS. 

In a large establishment for the preparation of ammunition and fireworks 
four separate buildings are required. 

No. 1 should have a porch, and contain at least four rooms, viz.: 

Cartridge-room, for making paper and flannel cartridges of all kinds. 

Filling-room, for filling cartridges for cannon and small arms. 

Packing-room, for putting up ammunition for transportation or storage. 

Store-room, for materials and tools. 

No. 2. Furnace or smith shop, should have three rooms,—two entirely 
cut off from the third by a partition-wall: 

Driving-room, for driving rockets, fuzes, &c. 

Mixing-room, for mixing compositions. 

Furnace-room, for casting fuzes or bullets, and making compositions re¬ 
quiring the use of fire. The floors are laid with brick or flagging. 

No. 3. Carpenter’s shop. 

No. 4. Magazine, for powder, fixed ammunition, &c. 

All these buildings should be at a distance from inhabited buildings, 
apart from each other, and protected by trees or traverses of earth placed 
between them. 

The size of the rooms must be regulated by the number of artificers to 
be accommodated. In small establishments the number of rooms may be 
reduced, as the same room may be used, at different times, for different 
purposes. 

Fixtures and Furniture. 

1. Cartridge-rooms .—A table for making cartridges for small arms, 12 
feet long and 2\ feet wide, for twelve men or boys to work at, and the 
length in that proportion for any greater number; tables for cutting paper 
and flannel, and for rolling cases on; choker for rocket-cases; press for 
rocket and portfire cases; benches for cartridge-tables; stools. Closets 
should be partitioned off from these rooms, and furnished with cases, 
drawers, racks, and shelves for materials and tools. 

2. Filling-room .—A shelf, 2 feet wide, for weighing on ; other shelves, 
with closets under them; tables with raised borders, for filling, foLling, 
&c.; budge-barrels, or powder-barrels with copper hoops and overs; 


FURNACES. 


255 


stools for scats; foot-stools; a step-ladder; stands and gutters for empty¬ 
ing powder-barrels. 

3. Packing-room .—Tables, benches, and stools; platform balance. 

4. Store-room .—Shelf for weighing on; shelves, drawers, and closets,- 
tables, scales, stools, seats, step-ladder. 

6. Driving-room. —Blocks set in the ground or pavement; benches ana 
stools. 

In favorable weather, a porch attached to the building, or a tent, may be 
used for a driving-room. 

.6. Mixing-room .—Tables with raised edges ; sieves, &c. 

7. Fumace-room. —Furnaces; workbenches; platform balance, or large 
scales; a tinner’s bench and tools, with a vise, an anvil, and a chest for 
tools ; a smith’s forge, shovel, and poker; stools, &c. 

8. Carpenter's shop. —Turning-lathe and tools; carpenters’benches and 
tools. 

9. Magazine. —Shelves and frames for boxes and barrels. 


Furnaces. 

Two kinds of furnaces are used in a laboratory: in the first, the flame 
circulates around both the bottom and sides of the kettle; in the second, it 
(;omes in contact only with the bottom: the latter are used for compo¬ 
sitions of which gunpowder forms a part. 

Furnaces are built of bricks. The kettle is of cast iron, about 2 feet in 
diameter at the top, having a rounded bottom and a flange about 4 inches 
wide around the top, or else strong handles, to set it by. The bottom is 
0.75 inch thick and the sides 0.5 inch. By setting it in an iron plate 
pierced with holes, encircling the bottom, a furnace of the first kind may 
be converted into one of the second kind by stopping the holes. 

Furnace for reducing the oxide of lead, or dross. —This furnace is built in 
the open air, on a stone or brick foundation. It is composed of a cylinder 
of sheet iron, 16 inches by 30 inches, lined with refractory clay from 2 to 
3 inches thick. 

The interior has the form of an inverted frustum of a cone, terminating 
below in a basin, the bottom of which is inclined toward a tap-hole. The 
fire is made in the furnace, and the draught supplied by a bellows, the 
nozzle of which enters at the top of the reservoir. The dross, and the 
charcoal intended for its reduction, are thrown on the fire from the top of 
the furnace. The metal, as it is reduced, flows into the basin, and escapes 
through the tap-hole into an iron vessel, and is cast into bars or pigs as 
desired. 

In the field, furnaces may be built with sods or sunk in the earth, if 
bricks cannot be readily procured. 

22 


256 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Furnice built with sods .—Let the kettle rest on a trivet, the feet of which 
may stand on any piece of flat iron, such as the bottom of a shot-canister 
or stand for grape, the bottom of the kettle about 1 foot from the ground; 
build round it with sods. The door of the furnace is 10 inches square; 
the flu''. of the chimney, opposite to the door, 6 inches square, and com¬ 
mencing about 6 inches from the ground; the first part of the flue inclined 
at an angle of about 15°,—the rest vertical, and placed, if circumstances 
permit, against a wall; the top of the door and of the flue may be sup¬ 
ported by small bars of iron. 

Furnace sunk in the earth .—The edge of the kettle should be about 1 inch 
above the ground, and the bottom 12 to 15 inches above the hearth of the 
furnace; the earth is dug down vertically 1 foot from the kettle for the 
front of the furnace, and the door is cut out 10 inches square. The earth 
is removed and sloped out, so as to give access to the door; the Cue is bored 
out on the opposite side with a crowbar: it commences 6 inches above the 
hearth and comes out of the ground 18 inches from the furnace, whence it 
is carried horizontally about 13 feet. 

In furnaces of the second kind mentioned above, the trivet may be 
omitted, and the kettle may rest on the sod or earth for about 1 inch all 
round, and the earth rammed in against the sides of the kettle. 


Precautions against Accidents. ' 

Avoid, as much as possible, the use of iron in the construction of the 
buildings, fixtures, tables, benches, boxes, &c. of the laboratory; sink the 
heads of iron nails if used, and fill over them with putty, or paste several 
thicknesses of paper over them. Before the men go to work, cover the 
floor with carpets or tarpaulins, which are taken up carefully after the 
men leave and carried at least 50 yards from the building, and there 
shaken thoroughly and swept. During the work, have the carpets fre¬ 
quently swept. 

Place the stores in cloth bags in the windows exposed to the sun. 
Prevent persons from entering with sabres, swords, or canes, &c., or with 
matches about their persons. Direct all who work where there is powder 
to wear moccasins or socks, and to take them off when they leave. Direct 
the men not to drag their feet in walking. 

Make the doors and windows to open and close easily, without friction; 
keep them open whenever the weather permits. 

Never keep in the laboratory more powder than is necessary, and have the 
ammunition and other work taken to the magazine as fast as it is finished. 

Let powder-barrels be carried in hand-barrows made with leather, or 
with slings of rope or canvas, and the ammunition in boxes. Let every 
thing that is to be moved be lifted, and not dragged or rolled on the floor 


MATERIALS. 


257 


Never drive rockets, portfires, &c., or strap shot or shells, in a room 
Vrhere there is any powder or composition, except that used at the time. 

Loading and unloading shells, driving rockets, pulverizing materials, 
the preparation of compositions requiring the use of fire and in which the 
components of gunpowder enter, ought to be done in all cases, when possible, 
in the open air or under a tent, far from the laboratory and magazine. 

Never enter the laboratory at night, unless it is indispensable, and then 
use a close lantern, with a wax or oil light carefully trimmed. Allow no 
smoking of tobacco near the laboratory. 

In melting lead, be sure that it contains no moisture; put the pigs in 
carefully, and do not use more than will fill the pot two-thirds full. 

Use the same precautions in melting fatty substances. 

Applications for Burns. 

Exclude the air by applying to the burn fresh lard; or bathe the part 
burned, and cover it wdth linen soaked in a mixture of 8 parts of sweet oil 
and 1 of hartshorn, well beaten together. 

MATERIALS. 

Saltpetre. 

For use in the laboratory, saltpetre should be freed from all foreign 
substances and be reduced to a fine powder, or else to very minute 
crystals. It is best pulverized in the rolling-barrels at the powder-mills ; 
but it may be pulverized by hand in the laboratory, as follows. Put into 
a rolling-barrel 50 lbs. of dry refined saltpetre and 100 lbs. of bronze balls; 
turn the barrel for two hours and a half, at 30 revolutions a minute, strik¬ 
ing it, at the same time, with a mallet, to prevent the saltpetre from ad¬ 
hering to the sides. Separate the balls by means of a brass-wire screen, 
and the foreign substances with a hair-sieve. 

Saltpetre may also be pulverized by pounding it in a brass mortar, or by 
solution, as follows. Put 14 lbs. of refined nitre, with 5 pints of clear 
water, in a broad and shallow copper pan, over a slow fire, and, as the nitre 
dissolves, skim off the impurities ; stir the solution with a wooden spatula 
until the water is all evaporated,—when the nitre will be very white and 
fine. Should it boil too much, the pan must be lifted from the fire and set 
upon wet sand or earth, and the saltpetre should be stirred until it dries, 
to prevent it from adhering to the pan. 

Charcoal 

Is the residuum of the incomplete combustion or of the distillation of 
wood. Its composition and properties vary with the kind of wood from 
wnich it is made, and with the mode of carbonization used. 


258 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


It is as much more dense and compact as the wood from which it is 
made is harder and of a closer texture; its density is nearly proportional 
to that of the wood, and its combustibility seems to be as much greater as 
its density is less. 

The best charcoal for fireworks is that which is most inflammable and 
which leaves the least ashes, such as coals from black alder, willow, poplar, 
hazel-tree, hemp-stalks, &c. Hard woods, generally, give coals contain¬ 
ing more ashes than light, soft ones; old trees more than young; dead 
trees more than living; in the same tree, the bark more than the sap- 
wood,—next the trunk, the roots, and, least of all, the branches. 

In some cases, where long trains of fire are desired, charcoal from hard 
woods, such as oak, maple, or beech, is used. Charcoal for fireworks is 
best made in closed vessels. The different processes of carbonization are 
only more or less rapid distillations of the vegetable substance carried to 
a greater or less extent. The volatile matters which are disengaged and 
the fixed substances which remain vary at each moment, but in such a 
manner that the character of the former indicates that of the latter. 

In a slow distillation by a progressive heat not exceeding 570°, bluish 
vapors are first disengaged, then carbonic and acetic acids, empyreumatic 
oil, and soot in dark clouds burning with a red flame. Carbonic oxide re¬ 
places, by degrees, the carbonic acid, the smoke becomes clearer, and the 
flame takes a violet tint. Afterward carburetted hydrogen is disengaged; 
the smoke becomes translucent; the flame passes from a violet to a yellow, 
then to a more and more shining white. Finally the smoke disappears, 
and the flame grows shorter and goes out. 

If the operation be stopped when the flame of the gas becomes violet, 
about 40 per cent, of charcoal will be obtained. If the operation be con¬ 
tinued till the flame becomes yellow, there will be had not more than 30 
per cent, of coal. Finally, not more than 15 per cent, will remain after the 
flame goes out. In all of these cases, with slow distillation the carboniza¬ 
tion is uniform from the surface to the interior of each piece of wood, and 
requires a longer time in proportion as the temperature is lower. 

In a rapid distillation with a very strong heat, the gaseous products are 
disengaged simultaneously; the distillation on the surface of a piece of 
wood is finished before it is hardly begun on the interior. To obtain uni¬ 
form results by this method, the distillation must be protracted till from 15 
to 20 per cent, of coal only is obtained. By the rapid distillation a part 
of the incombustible matter is carried off, and the coal remaining contains 
less ashes. The carbonization in boilers, pots, pits, or heaps is nothing 
more than a rapid distillation. 

Charcoal obtained by stopping the carbonization when the violet flamo 
appears has a brown chocolate shade; its fracture is bright and even ; it 
is flexible, in thin pieces; reduced to a powder, it has a greasy feeling 


MATERIALS. 


259 


and a velvetty appearance; it burns 'with a yellowish-blue flame, bright 
and -without smoke; it gives out a heavy sound -when broken, and dissolves 
almost entirely in potassa. Heated in a close vessel, it yields tar, pyro¬ 
ligneous acid, and 40 per cent, of gas. It is composed of carbon 0.735, 
hydrogen 0.288, and ashes 0.007. 

Charcoal obtained from a protracted distillation, -when only 15 per cent, 
is had, from dry -wood, has a bluish-black color, is hard and coarse; it 
breaks easily, gives out a clear sound, burns -without flame, and is with 
difficulty reduced to a powder; it is then dry to the touch, and docs not 
easily form a cake by pressure: it is insoluble in caustic potassa. It is 
composed of carbon .900, hydrogen .070, and ashes .018. 

All charcoals are embraced within the two preceding kinds, and approach 
more or less one or the other. Coal which has not reached the brown 
chocolate shade burns with smoke; it is called smoky coal: it is not yet 
charcoal. Charcoal takes fire at about 400°. Black charcoal, highly cal¬ 
cined, takes fire quickly, but is easily extinguished; red charcoal is longer 
in taking fire, but it keeps fire and burns up rapidly. This combustibility 
is as much greater as the charcoal is lighter. Charcoal at a red heat de¬ 
composes water to combine with its oxygen. Its absolute density is at 
least 1.5; the apparent density is very variable. 

Charcoal does not become a conductor of heat and electricity unless it 
has been highly calcined at a white heat. 

It absorbs moisture rapidly from the atmosphere,—particularly when in 
a state of fine poAvder. When freshly prepared and pulverized, it absorbs 
and condenses gases ; it grows warm ; and, if in a mass of more than about 
cO lbs., it takes fire spontaneously. Black charcoal, highly calcined, may 
be set on fire, when in pieces, by a strong blow, or by friction. 

To make a comparison betAveen charcoals as to their action in composi¬ 
tions, make an intimate mixture of 5 parts of saltpetre and 1 of the char¬ 
coal to be tried, both well pulverized; drive a fuze with the composition, 
or press it in a metal tube of about one-quarter of an inch bore; take its 
weight and height, and determine the time of burning by a watch or pen¬ 
dulum. The rapidity of combustion, or the length of composition which 
burns in a second, measures the combustibility of the charcoal. Note also 
the weight of the residuum. 

The rapidity of combustion is independent of the diameter of the tube 
and of the materials of which it is made: it varies very little with the 
greater or less compression of the composition, but varies much Avith the 
degree of trituration of the materials: it is therefore important, in com¬ 
paring different coals, to mix the compositions precisely in the same way. 

Sulphur. —When melted sulphur is to be used, care must be taken that it 
does not become thick,—which takes place at about 320°. It is pulverized 
by being rolled four hours in a rolling-barrel with twice its weight of balls, 

22 * 


260 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


or by being pounded in a mortar and sifted. Roll-brimstone is used for 
melting, and flowers of sulphur may be used instead of roll-sulphur pul¬ 
verized, but is not so good. 

Gunpowder.— For compositions, gunpowder is mealed, either by rolling it 
for two hours with once and a half its weight of balls, or by beating it an 
equal length of time in a leather bag, or by grinding it with a muller on a 
mealing-table. 

Mealed powder, and pulverized saltpetre, charcoal, and sulphur, are 
generally obtained from the powder-mills. 

SuLPHURET OF ANTIMONY is a gray solid, with a fibrous texture, very 
fusible, very volatile, and easily reduced to a powder. Density, 4.62. 

It is found in the natural state, and can likewise be prepared by melt¬ 
ing in a crucible equal parts, by weight, of antimony and sulphur pulver¬ 
ized and mixed. It is purchased in the state of a powder. Its purity is 
tested by treating a small sample (150 grs.) with concentrated warm hydro¬ 
chloric acid. The residuum which is not dissolved ought not to exceed 
the sulphuret used, by 12 per cent. 

Chlorate of Potassa is a white salt, crystallized in white scales, anhy¬ 
drous, not altered by exposure'to the air. Soluble in water; more in warm 
than in cold ; insoluble in alcohol. Density, 1.989. Fusible at about 662° ; 
it is decomposed at about 720° into oxygen and chloride of potassium. 

This salt is one of the most energetic of oxidizing bodies, because it parts 
with its oxygen readily, of which it contains a great quantity, (.3915 of its 
weight.) Thrown on burning coals, it melts quickly. It is ignited by 
simple contact with sulphuric acid: mixed with a combustible body, the 
mixture may be exploded by friction or by a blow. It should be pur¬ 
chased crystallized, and should not contain more than one-thousandth of its 
weight of chloride of sodium or potassium. Its purity is tested by means 
of the nitrate of silver dissolved in distilled water,—73^ grs. in one-quarter 
of a pint. Dissolve 77 grs. of the chlorate in 300 grs. of warm water, and 
let the solution get cold ; the chlorate will be precipitated in crystals. Add 
to the liquid about two drops of the solution of the nitrate of silver. 
After filtering, the liquid ought not to give a precipitate by the addition 
of more nitrate of silver. 

Fulminate of Mercury is a white salt, crystallized in fine, silky needles. 
Soluble in water; more so in warm than in cold water. 

The elements of this salt are held together so feebly that the least shock 
or friction causes its decomposition with an explosion. (For manner of 
making, see page 300.) 

Fulminating-Powders are compositions that detonate with great force by 
friction or by a blow. They are generally made of fulminate of mercury 
or a mixture of chlorate of potassa and sulphuret of antimony. The prepa¬ 
ration and manipulation of these powders are very dangerous, and ought 


MATERIALS. 


2G1 


to be made, with the greatest precautions, far from the laboratory and 
magazines. The powder of chlorate of potassa and sulphuret of antimony 
cannot be manipulated without danger if it have not at least 20 per cent, 
of water with it. In this state a blow or friction explodes only the part 
struck or rubbed; the rest is dispersed without being set on fire. 

The fulminate of mercury, with 30 per cent, of water, explodes partially 
when ground on marble with a wooden muller; but the explosion is not 
communicated to the rest. It should always be manipulated moistened 
with this amount of water. 

Lead is a bluish-white metal, bright, but tarnishes quickly in the air. Spe 
cific gravity, when pure, 11.48; melts at 600°, and volatilizes at a red heat 

The purity of lead is judged of by its specific gravity. To determine 
this, after having weighed the pig, suspend it with a wire in a vessel of 
water, so that it shall be completely immersed, without touching the sides, 
and weigh it again. The weight in the air, divided by the difference 
between the weight in air and water, will give the specific gravity,—which 
ought to be 11.35 for lead of commerce. 

Lead melted in contact with air is soon covered by a coat of gray oxide, 
which rapidly increases in thickness. The formation of this oxide, 
or dross, is prevented by covering the lead with powdered charcoal or 
rosin. 

To reduce the oxide of lead .—Put in a kettle about 50 lbs. of lead, with 
tV of its weight of powdered charcoal or grease; cover the kettle, and 
raise to a red heat; stir the mass, and add gradually more coal, as it 
assumes a yellow color, using in all ^ of the weight of oxide; dip out 
the lead with an iron ladle, and pour it into iron moulds or pans. After 
having obtained in this way two-thirds of the weight of oxide, in lead, 
throw the dross into a tub of water, and wash it, to separate the ashes and 
coal; dry the remaining oxide and grains of lead, and put them in a 
ladle with of their weight of rosin; raise it to a red heat, set fire 
to the rosin, shake the ladle, and pour off the lead. A further addition of 
rosin will produce more lead; T¥ of the weight of dross is generally 
used. Tallow may be used in place of rosin. 

When the quantity of dross is considerable, it may be reduced, in a 
similar manner, in a small cupola-furnace. (See page 264.) 

Acetate of Lead [Sugar of Lead) is a white, efflorescent salt, of a sweetish 
taste, soluble in three or four times its weight of cold water. Specific 
gravity, 2.345. It may be made by heating a mixture of litharge and 
vinegar. The solution being concentrated and set aside to cool, the salt 
crystallizes in white, brilliant needles. 

Plumber’s Solder is an alloy of lead and tin, in the proportion of 2 parts 
of the former to 1 of the latter. 

Antimony [Regulus of Antimony) is a grayish-white metal, very brilliant, 


262 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


•vrith a Mglily-lamellated structure. Specific gravity, 6.7; melting-point, 
809°. It is easily reduced to powder, and by its combustion with sulphur 
produces a strong light and heat, with a blue or white flame. Antimony is 
never found pure in the shops: that which is sold under the name of 
regulus of antimony always contains a little sulphuret of antimony, arsenic, 
and sometimes sulphuret of iron. 

Copper is a red, bidlliant metal, possessing great tenacity, ductility, 
and malleability. Specific gravity, 8.9; fusible at about 1980°. 

Copper, being but slightly acted on by saltpetre, is employed for powder- 
measures, utensils for refining saltpetre, &c. Copper vessels should not 
be exposed to a great heat, or used for heating compositions containing 
sulphur, as the copper would be rapidly oxidized. 

In fireworks, copper-filings are used to give reddish sparks and a green¬ 
ish-blue flame. 

Bronze is used in the laboratory for utensils and implements which 
receive blows, or act by percussion, and replaces steel and iron wherever 
there is danger of an explosion from a blow or from friction. 

Brass is an alloy of about 2 parts of copper and 1 of zinc. Brass wire is 
used for ligatures, for screens and sieves. 

Acetate of Copper ( Verdigris) is a green salt, used sometimes to make 
slow-match, which burns with a strong coal and with a slightly green flame. 

Zinc is a bluish-white metal; usually brittle, and its fracture shows a 
crystalline structure. Specific gravity, 6.9; melts at 680°, is volatilized at 
a red heat and takes fire in the air, burning with a white flame. At 400° 
it is easily reduced to a powder in a mortar. Granulated zinc is used to 
produce a bluish flame. An alloy of zinc and antimony pulverized gives 
beautiful blue drops. The oxide of zinc [flowers of zinc) produces the 
appearance called gold rain. It ought to be purchased in scales, not in a 
powder, as in this latter case it may be mixed with foreign substances. 

Iron. —Filings and thin chips give very brilliant sparks and stars, the 
effects of which depend on the size of the particles used; the filings must 
be made when wanted, or be very carefully preserved from rust. 

Sheet Iron.— Select the softest and most pliable. "When it is substituted 
for tin, in strapping projectiles, it should be first annealed, by heating it 
to a dull red heat and letting it cool gradually under warm ashes, not 
exposed to the air. 

Cast Iron.— Pulverized, it gives very large white sparks, in fireworks, 
(Chinese fire.) Select the white cast iron, or take the pieces of utensils 
with thin sides. To pulverize it more easily, heat it to a red heat and 
throw it into cold water. 

Steel.— In fireworks, filings and small pieces give the most brilliant 
sparks. 

Paper.— Musket cartridge-paper should be homogeneous and without any 


MATERIALS. 


263 


trace of stalks, -well sized, even, pliable, -with a good body without being 
too thick, free from folds or rents. 

The sheet, when moistened, ought to present a uniform hue, without 
spots or marblings. Taken out of the water and suspended a moment by 
the extremities of the short sides, it ought not to tear from its own weight. 
The sheet crumpled in the hand or pinched with the nails ought not to 
tear in the folds, and when torn the rent should be fibrous. 

A strip of paper 4 inches wide ought not to break under a weight of 
40 pounds, in the direction of its least strength. 

In testing the strength of paper, the two ends are held by two vises of 
hard wood. Each vise is composed of 2 rectangular jaws, which can be 
brought against each other and held firmly by means of screws, or by 
tenons on one jaw passing through the other and keyed firmly to it. A 
strip of paper 4 inches wide is cut and inserted in the vises, so that the 
length between them shall be exactly 12 inches. The jaws are closed 
tightly, and one vise is suspended from a fixed point by means of a cord 
or hook, and to the other is made fast the pan of a balance. It is loaded 
gradually, with care, until the paper gives way. The strips should not be 
taken from the edges of the sheets only, but from all parts, and from the 
length and breadth successively, for in these two directions the strength 
is very different. 

Five sheets are generally taken from each ream, in which only one sheet 
can have one-tenth less strength than that allowed. If this condition be 
not fulfilled, the ream is rejected. 

Paper may be made by hand or by machine. 

The other papers are tested in the same way, and should possess the 
'same general characteristics. 


Size and Weighi of Paper. 


No. 

1. For musket-cartridges. 

.13 

X 16^ in... 

TVt. of bundle. 

Proof wt. 

... 40 lbs. 

2. 

“ “ “ wrappers,18 

X 20 “ ... 

.36 lbs. 

...101 “ 

3. 

Blank cartridges. 

.15 

X20 “ ... 

.30 “ . 

... 67^“ 

4. 

Portfires and rockets. 

.19 

X 28 “ ... 

..65 “ . 

...180 “ 

5. 

Fixed ammunition. 

.23^X24 “... 

..60 “ . 

...225 “ 

6. 

Cannon-cartridges. 

.19 

X 23 “ ... 

.70 “ . 

...315 “ 

7. 

Fireworks. 

.13 


.20 “ . 

... 85 “ 


The several kinds to be packed in bundles; Nos. 1, 2, 3, in bundles of 
1,000 sheets each, the others in bundles of 500 sheets; all without folding. 
The dimensions given above are such as the sheets are required to have 
when trimmed for use. 

Tow should be entirely of hemp or flax, clean, dry, sound, free from 
stalks and foreign substances. 

Meeino oe Seege, for cartridge-bags, should be made entirely of wool ; it 























264 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


should be strong, closely woven, twilled, and not frayed; the width should 
be even in the same piece; that yard wide is convenient and the most 
common. The colors are to be preferred in the following order,—green, 
gray, yellow, blue, red, white; reject black, which is almost always burnt 
and weak. 

Canvas. —Take the strongest and closest woven ; used for sacks for fire¬ 
balls. 

Twine should be strong, smooth, and well twisted,—0.03 inch thick for 
bundling cartridges, &c., and for sewing fire-balls ; from 0.06 inch to 0.08 
inch for fixing ammunition, &c. 

Thread. —For infantry cartridges, of unbleached flax, two strands, strong 
and even. 

Rope should be even and well twisted; that most commonly used in the 
laboratory is white hemp rope from 1 inch to 1.5 inch in girth. 

Thread and rope ought to be pliant, without being soft, made of hemp 
of good quality, water-rotted, and entirely freed from stalks; of a silvery 
color, pearl-gray, green, or yellow, not too deep, too black, nor stained 
with brown. Its size should be uniform throughout its whole length. 

Gum Arabic should be transparent, yellowish-white, brittle, insipid, 
inodorous, soluble in water and vinegar, insoluble in alcohol. It is used 
in solution to give body and tenacity to compositions, or to make them 
burn more slowly. It should be prepared as required, for when in solution 
it undergoes a decomposition. 

Glue should be hard, dry, transparent, of a brownish-red color, and 
free from smell. 

Whiskey or Alcohol is used in moistening compositions into which 
saltpetre enters, as it does not dissolve saltpetre. It should be strong. 

To prevent its being drunk, mix a little assafoetida with it. When whiskey 
cannot be had, vinegar may be used. 

To prepare Pastes and Glue. 

Flour Paste .—Sift the flour, and mix it with 8^ times its weight of water; 
heat it gently, stir it, and let it boil for three-quarters of an hour; when it 
becomes ropy, pour it into bowls, and pass it through a sieve before it is 
quite cold. The flour yields 7 times its weight of paste. Time required to 
make it, one hour and a half. It is best made of rye flour. 

Starch Paste .—Mix wheat starch with twice its weight of water; pour it 
gradually into 6^ times its weight of boiling water, and let it boil for 10 
minutes, stirring it all the time; then proceed as before. Starch yields 8 
times its weight of paste. Time required, I hour. 

Paste for Pasteboard .—Mix the flour or starch with 12 times its weight of 
water; this yields 9 times the weight of flour, and II times the weight of 
starch. 


TRITURATION OF MATERIALS. 


265 


Paste mixed with Glue .—The addition of ^^th of glue makes the paste fit 
for pasting sheets of parchment together, or for pasting paper on wood. 
Dissolve the glue separately, and pour it into the cold water with which the 
flour or starch is mixed. 

Cheese Paste is made of fresh white cheese and quicklime. Pound the 
cheese in a mortar with boiling water; let it stand, and decant it: repeat 
this operation three or four times. Pound together 3 parts of this cheese 
thus prepared and 1 part of quicklime, moistening it with pure water till 
the paste ropes like honey. Prepare only a little at a time. It is used in 
pasting parchment and parchment-paper. 

These different kinds of paste should be used cold. A supply for not 
more than 2 or 3 days should be made at one time; but it may be preserved 
longer by adding alum in the proportion of -j^yth of the weight of flour. 
The depredations of rats may be prevented by dissolving a like proportion 
of colocynth in the water with which the paste is made. 

Glue is dissolved in its own weight of boiling water. A glue-pot with a 
water-bath should be used, to avoid burning the glue. Remove the pot 
from the fire as soon as the glue is entirely dissolved. 

Trituration of Materials. 

Materials intended for the preparation of fireworks are reduced to a 
powder by rolling them in a leathern barrel with bronze balls; or, if the 
barrel be not on hand, leather sacks, or mortars and pestles, may be used, 
attaching the pestle to an elastic rod. 

During the trituration with the barrel, strike the bars of the barrel from 
time to time with a small mallet, to detach the materials which may adhere 
to the sides. 

The materials taken from the barrel are first passed through a brass 
screen, to separate the balls, and then through a sieve. For certain pur¬ 
poses, as for signal-rockets, the charcoal should not be an impalpable 
powder. The trituration is then made in a leather sack. 

The sack is filled and closed up : one man holds it by the mouth, lays it 
on an even block, and turns it frequently, whilst another- strikes it with a 
billet of wood. After five minutes, the charcoal is taken out and passed over 
a silk screen, to get rid of the dust: what remains is then separated into 
three numbers. 

No. 1. That which passes through thp screen No. 1; 

No. 2. That which passes through the screen No. 2 ; 

No. 3. That which passes through the screen No. 3. 


266 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


AMMUNITION FOR SMALL ARMS. 

There are two kinds of cartridges used in service,—the ball-cartridge, 
made with a single elongated ball, and the buckshot-cartridge, made with 
fifteen buckshot. 

Ball- Cartridges, 

Making Balls. —Lead balls are made by compression, by means of ma¬ 
chines for that purpose. Balls thus made are more uniform in size and 
weight, smoother, more solid, and give more accurate results, than cast 
balls. 

The lead is first cast into round cylindrical bars, .58 and .63 inch in 
diameter for the calibres .58 and .69 inch respectively, and 21 inches long, 
and then rolled to .46 and .56 inch in diameter for the same calibres respect¬ 
ively ; length, 25 inches. These bars are fed to the machine, which cuts 
off a part sufficient for one ball and transfers it to a die, in which the ball is 
formed, with cavity and rings, the surplus metal being forced out in a thin 
belt around the ball in the direction of its axis. The balls are trimmed by 
hand, with a knife, and are then passed through a cylinder-gauge of the 
proper size. 

A day's work. —One man can make with the machine 30,000 balls in ten 
hours, the bars of lead being prepared for him. One man can cast 1,500 
bars in 10 hours, and can trim and roll 2,000 bars in 10 hours. A boy can 
trim and gauge 5,000 in 10 hours. 

Bullet-moulds are provided to cast balls, where the pressed balls cannot 
be had. 

The mould is so constructed as to trim the balls by a single operation 
before they are taken from the mould. 

, Buckshot are compressed by machines in a similar manner to balls. 
They are also readily obtained from private shot-works. 

To Grease the Balls.— Place them on their bases on a tin frame capable 
of holding about 50 balls, and immerse it in a melted mixture of 1 part of 
tallow and 8 of beeswax, kept warm, until the cylindrical part of the ball is 
covered. Remove the frame, and let it stand till the grease hardens. 

Three frames are required for each boy. 

To Cut the Paper. 

Workman. —1 cutter. 

Materials. —Paper and pencil. 

Implements. —1 cutting-hoard, 30 inches square; 1 iron ruler, 33 inches 
long; 1 lever, 1 cord, 1 large knife, 1 sandstone, 1 trapezoid of hard wood or 
iron. 

Cut the paper first into strips of a width equal to the length of a trape¬ 
zoid, and then into trapezoids, using the pattern as a guide. 

The paper and ruler are kept from moving by means of a lever, one end 


BALL-CARTRIDGES. 267 

of which is fixed and the other is moved by the foot by means of a cord and 
treadle. 

The knife is held in both hands. 

From "6 to 8 reams may be cut at a time in this way. 

A cutting-machine, like that used by bookbinders, facilitates the opera¬ 
tion when many hands are employed. 

When only a knife and ruler are used, about 12 sheets are cut at a time. 

To Make the Cartridge. 

Workmen. —1 master, 10 boys. 

Implements for each boy. —2 boxes to hold cylinders, 20 inches long, 
8 inches wide, and 4 inches high, in the clear, made of §-inch boards, 
without a cover: they are placed on their sides, their backs inclined 
against the partition in the middle of the cartridge-table, the front resting 
on cleats nailed to the table; 1 former, cylindrical, of hard wood, of the 
same diameter as the ball, 6 to 7 inches long, one end pointed, almost as 
much as the ball, and marked with a shallow groove 4.0 inches from the end; 
1 sabot or frame, tacked to the table, to hold balls, placed at the left hand of 
the boy; 1 spool of thread, turning on a vertical spindle fixed in the table 
near the balls; 1 choking-string, made of 4 or 5 cartridge-threads twisted 
together, about 9 inches long, with a wooden toggle at the end,—fastened to 
the edge of the table at the right hand of the boy; 1 knife-blade, inch long, 
hooked, driven into the front of the table below and near tlie choke-string. 

To Form the Cylinder. —Lay the trapezoids on the table with the side 
perpendicular to the bases toward the workman, the broad end to the left. 

Take the former in the right hand and lay it on a trapezoid, the groove 
in the former against the right edge of the paper, bringing the pointed end 
J inch from the broad end of the paper ; envelop the former with the paper; 
then, with the fingers of the left hand laid flat upon the paper, turn the 
former and roll all the paper upon it; hold it with the left hand, and, with 
the choking-string in the right, take one turn around the cylinder at about 
J inch from the end ; hold the former firmly in the left hand, and draw 
gently upon the choking-string, pressing at the same time with the left 
forefinger upon the projecting end of the cylinder, thus folding it neatly 
down upon the end of the former. Having choked the cylinder close, carry 
it to the right side, and, with the thread in the right hand, take two half¬ 
hitches firmly around the part that has been choked; cut the thread on 
the knife-blade, and press the choke in a cavity in the table; place the 
former, with a cylinder on it, on a second trapezoid; put a ball over the 
end of the former; roll the paper on the former and the ball; hold the 
cylinder in the left hand and choke and tie it as just described for the 
inner cylinder; withdraw the former, pressing the cylinder*with the left 
hand, and place it in the box. 

A day's work .—A boy can make 800 cylinders in 10 hours. 

23 


268 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


To Fill the Cylinder. 

Implements. —1 charger, made of a cylinder of wood or brass pierced with 
two boles through its length, holding the exact charge of powder; a funnel 
attached to one end of the cylinder, and a discharge-pipe to the other. 
The holes in the cylinder are made to communicate and shut otf, alter¬ 
nately, from the funnel holding the powder, and the discharge-pipe at 
the lower end, by a reciprocating motion given to the cylinder by the 
hands. 

Fill the funnel with powder; insert the discharge-pipe in a cartridge, 
holding the charger in both hands, and turn the cylinder; the charge of 
powder is deposited in the cartridge: insert the pipe in the next, and turn 
the cylinder in the opposite direction; and continue in the same way for all 
the rest. 

Cartridges may be filled with a copper charger made to hold the exact 
charge, pouring the powder by means of a small funnel which is inserted 
in the cartridge. 

To Pinch the Cartridge. —Take the cartridge in the right hand, strike 
it lightly on the table to settle the powder; flatten the empty part of the 
cylinder, and bend it, flush with the top of the powder, at right angles 
to the cartridge, the oblique side of the trapezoid on top, the cartridge 
standing vertical on the table; fold the flattened p.art in the direction of 
its length with two folds from the exterior, meeting in the middle; bend 
this folded end back on itself, and strike it on the table to set the folds. 

To Bundle Cartridges. 

Utensils.— 1 box without ends or top: width equal to 5 times the 
diameter of the ball, height equal to twice that diameter, and length 
that of the cartridge. It is tacked to the table, the sides parallel to and 
near the edge of the table. 

Put a wrapper in the box, the long side perpendicular to the edge of 
the table, the middle of the paper in the middle of the box ; place, parallel 
to the sides of the box, two tiers of cartridges of 5 each, the balls alter¬ 
nating; bring the short ends of the paper together, and fold them twice 
close down on the cartridges; insert a package of caps in the end of the 
bundle next to the ends of the lower tier; fold the wrapper on the ends, 
and tie the bundle, first in the direction of the length, then its breadth, 
with the twine fastened in a single bow-knot. The wrappers are of differ¬ 
ent colors, to distinguish the cartridges for the different arms. 

Cases for Percussion-Caps.— These are rolled on a former, .54 inch in 
diameter, choked at one end and tied. Twelve caps are put in, and the case 
is closed by twisting the open end of the case. 

Packing Cartridges. —Cartridges are packed in boxes containing 1,000 
each. Five tiers of bundles are laid flat in a single row along one side 


PACKING MUSKET-BALLS. 


2C9 


of the box; the rest are placed on edge, the caps alternately up and down. 
Blank cartridges are packed in boxes containing 2,000 each; the bundles 
are placed on end, the caps alternately up and down. 

Backing-boxes .—The boxes are made of white pine boards, dovetailed and 
nailed together, and are furnished with wooden brackets or handles nailed 
to the ends with wrought nails, clenched on the inside; the lids fastened 
with six 1.75 inch screws. They are painted ditferent colors, to indicate 
the kind of cartridges. The boxes should be lined with strong paper, and 
the bundles of cartridges must be packed closely, so as not to shake in 
transportation. Each box should be marked, on each end, with the num¬ 
ber and kind of cartridges, and on the inside of the cover with the place 
and date of fabrication. 


Blank Cartridges. 

Materials.— No. ‘Ipaper; paste; powder. 

Cut the paper into trapezoids as for ball-cartridges; roll the trapezoid 
on the former, one turn ; fold down this much of the paper on the head 
of the former with the left hand; roll the rest of the paper; fold down the 
rest of the paper; touch the fold with a little paste on the finger; press 
the end of the former on a ball imbedded in the table for the purpose; 
remove the cylinder from the former; place it in a box to dry. 

Fill the cylinders as described for ball-cartridges. 

A day's work .—One boy can make 2,000 cylinders in 10 hours. 

Packing Musket-Balls. 

Balls are packed in boxes with tow or sawdust, to prevent their bruising. 
The boxes are made of 1-inch boards, and contain 1,000 balls. 

They are marked on both ends with the number and kind of balls, and 
on the inside of the cover with the place and date of fabrication. The 
cover is fastened with six 2-inch screws, and the boxes must be hooped with 
iron for transportation. They are not painted. 


Cartridges for Small Arms. 


270 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 


a 

< 

O 

o 

H 


® © 
® fl 

o5 ^ 

ff c3 

cSo 


^ iC ^ 
iCiCi^gCOC'l^ljJ 




CC <N 


00 

• ♦ 

O '-O 


>> 

u 

ct 


O 


»o 


IC »0 vC I- 0^ (N .c, 

O CO C-i I-H 00 kO CC o 

I-J r-1 1- ^ 


© • 

•I > 

G) <4 

Ph 


’ * (N c4 r-H rt pq 


o o lo 2 

ic , ^^ ,2 

O O c4 rH * O CC CO pq 


la 

© -<3 


*-♦' O O ^ I© IC 
-rj< •!*< I-H g t- C<l O 


o 

CO 


w • • > wv • • 

^ C^ CO r-H CO <0 


>» 
<A 

iiO O G 

• • 

S>4 

o 


lO CO 

d <d c<i c4 


© 

_ lO > 

O CO I-H O IC lO 


CO Tt< CO 00 o 

r-1 (N ^ 


^ s 

p^ «$ 


»o 

00 O ^ 
kO lO iid 


rH O vC 

rt Tji c4 


o 


»«o o 


C5 CO 


© 

o 

pp 


kO 

kft kC ^ 05 rH 

d c4 c4 c4 rH 


O kC kO 
— P Cl o 
© d kc d 

^ kO 


rl 

< 

n 

o 

& 

o 

Pi 


•4^ 

© 

an 

p 


Cl 

00 


4^ 

o 

CO 

o 

p 

pp 


05 • 

• • 

• o ^ • 

: : d 


• kO kC 00 

: d 

CO : 

: rH p p p ^ : 

: : © 

kO 

: i-j r-j p . ^ CO 

: © 

* : 

t lO kO CO* d •. 

• • 

d 

J cd CO rH kO d CO 



♦ » 

• • 

• ♦ 

• • 

• « 

. • 


\ rr 

• 

• 

• 

• 


cd 

pp 


o kO Cl O CO kO r<i 
O cc r-* r-« CO Cl O ^ 
• •rH ^ ^ 


kO CO 

d co' 


a 

© 

© 

tH 

o 


kO ki^kOt^ £»Okft 

P Cl p r-4 P p t-j t-^ o ^ Cl Cl p J§ 
dcdcicdrHdr-4cd*^pqi'^t^kO 


UA 

:1 

n 


tJ 

» 

o 

S5 

1-4 

o 

CL4 

M 

w 


4^ 

© 

CO 

p 


XJ ® kO 
Q tp IQ 

n 00 


cd 


pp 


CO 

kO 


^ kO CO ^ 
g t--; rH p 

CO Cl 


>> 

tr 

p 

p 

•p 

o 


kO 

p P (N 

kO ♦-< cd 

r-* rH 


© 

> 


43 © • 

* X lO 

P p 00 


kO 

O --K Cl CO 
kOOkcSr-iOkO^ 

* • 


rh Cl 05 CO 


•P 

kO CO © 

Pk 


kO 

kC> p 05 I—« 
d CO ci Cl rH 


kO krt 

2 Cl Cl Cl p 

^ 00 00 ^ d 

^ kO 


4A 

© 

X C 


ss 


kO 

OC I'* O Cl pQ 2 iC kC kP 00 5 kCt kA 

kOiOO§rHOk02 kCCO.5^*OkCCOO5rWt'-t2c052*— CI^O 


P kt 


^ Cl 05 CO 


'P 

Ih 

o 


OCOClClrH'cfOCO 


O 00 00 kO CO 


© 

CO 

P 


O 00 


kO 

05 CO _ CO ^ 
^C'CO^OCOkCb-Cl 
^ t- T*4 Tt4 d 


1-» O 


00^ 


>> 

P 

a 


kfO — kC iC kA 

OkOk/OkCTf<'»^OOOkO iil'-l'-CI 

. • CO P -J • 

^-^ 4 © 05 O^ kO 

\a o 


;;:'3opcic0r-i'^cit 

^ y t-H rH ^ 

o 



♦ For 2,000 cai tridges. + Contains 600 cartrid^res: box made of .75-in. boards. If the balls be packed in tow, add ^ in. to the depth of the box. 

Burnside^s Cartridges ,—Uox 14.4 X 11*2 X ^*2. Weight, 87.5 lbs. 











































































































CARTRIDGE-BAGS. 


271 


AMMUNITION FOR FIELD AND MOUNTAIN SERVICE. 

The ammunition for field and mountain service consists of— 

Shot for the 6 and 12 pdr. guns. 

Shells for the 12-pdr. guns, and 12, 24, and 32 pdr. howitzer and moun¬ 
tain howitzer. 

Spherical case shot for the 6 and 12 pdr. guns, and 12, 24, and 32 pdr. 
howitzer and mountain howitzer. 

Canisters for the 6 and 12 pdr. guns, and 12, 24, and 32 pdr, howitzer 
and mountain howitzer. 

The projectile is attached by straps of tin to a wooden sabot, to which is 
also fastened the cartridge-hag containing the charge, for the guns, the 12- 
pdr. howitzer, and the mountain howitzer, making together a round of fixed 
ammunition. The cartridge for the 24 and 32 pdr. howitzers is not attached 
to the sabot, but to a cartridge-block, and is separate from the projectile. 

Ca rtridge-Bags. 

The cartridge-bag is a cylindrical bag with a circular bottom, made of 
merino or serge. The material should be composed entirely of wool, free 
from any mixture of thread or cotton, and of sufficiently close texture to 
prevent the powder from sifting through : that which is twilled is preferred. 
Flannel is used when the other materials cannot be conveniently obtained. 

To Cut the Cloth. 

Implements. —2 tables ; patterns, of hard, well-seasoned wood, or of sheet 
iron or tin, for the rectangles and bottoms; shears; chalk or colored crayons. 

A marker and assistant spread out the cloth on the table in two thick¬ 
nesses, and make it fast at each end of the table on three or four hooks 
driven in the ends of the table, or by means of weights, drawing it suffi¬ 
ciently to take out the folds, and no more. 

They mark out the rectangles and bottoms with the patterns and ruler, so 
disposing and combining them as to cut the cloth to the best advantage. 

The length of the rectangle (development of the cylinder) should be taken 
in the direction of the length of the stuff, as it does not stretch in that di¬ 
rection. The selvage, if there be any, ought to be at the mouth of the bag. 
The cutter takes a piece thus marked to another table and cuts out the 
rectangles and bottoms with a pair of shears. The bottoms may be cut 
out with a hollow punch of the proper size. 

Sewing. —Marks for the seam are traced on the rectangles and bottoms, 
by means of patterns of the proper size. The seam should be at least a 
half-inch from the edge. The bag is sewed with woollen yarn, with a back¬ 
stitch, 12 to the inch. The edges are turned down on the same side of the 
seam and basted, to prevent the powder from sifting through; the edges 
of the bottom are basted down upon the sides. Bags may be sewed advan- 

23'S 


272 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


tageously by the sewing-machine. Bags for fixed ammunition are sewed 
to within 3 inches of the mouth for 12-pdrs.; to within 2.75 inches for 
6-pdrs.; all others, up to the mouth. A bag is given as a model to sew by. 

Cartridge-bags, when filled, should pass through the small shot-gauge 
of their calibre; those used for patterns should be thus verified. The 
empty bags should be measured by laying the bag, flattened out, between 
two marks on a table, showing the width of the pattern-bag; a variation 
of 0.1 inch, greater or less, is allowed. Reject those sewed with too large 
stitches. 

Bags for practice or for blank cartridges may be formed by sewing 
together two rectangular pieces with semicircular ends; the cloth is 
marked, for cutting and sewing, with stamps made of 1-inch boards of the 
dimensions of the cutting-stamp, with a strip of tin or copper fastened to 
the edge of the board, and projecting about | inch perpendicular to the 
side; another strip parallel to the first is inserted in a groove J inch from 
it: the edges of these strips are made rough, to retain chalk or paint used 
in marking. A handle is placed in the middle of the face opposite to the 
marking-strips. Width of cutting-stamp for 12-pdr., 7.6 inches; for 6-pdr., 
6 inches. Length, including semicircular ends, for 12-pdr., 10.5 inches; 
for 6-pdr., 8.5 inches. 

Packing. —Cartridge-bags are preserved from moths by being packed 
with pounded camphor and black pepper, or dipped in water with arsenic 
dissolved in it, or a solution of sulphate of copper, 1 lb. of sulphate to 25 
lbs. of water. Or they may be sealed up, in bundles of 50, in cases made 
of cartridge-paper, carefully closed with strips of thin paper pasted over 
the seams. Each bundle is marked wdth the number and kind of bags. 

They may be preserved from moisture by being enveloped in water-proof 
paper. 

Sabots and Cartridge-Blocks. 

Sabots and cartridge-blocks are made of poplar, bass-wood, or other light, 
close-grained wood: it must be well seasoned, and should be clear of 
knots and splits. 

The assistant saws the scantling to the proper length for a sabot, roughs 
it out, and marks its centre. 

The turner puts it in the lathe, and turns, first the exterior and grooves, 
and then the cavity for the projectile. 

The holes for the handles are bored with a bit, and countersunk on the 
inside to receive the knot on the end of the cord. Distance between them 
for shells is 1.5 inch ; for canisters, 2.3 inches. Length of cord for handles, 
for shells, 12 inches; for canisters, 20 inches. Diameter of cord, .15 inch. 

The cartridge-blocks and sabots for shot and spherical case shot for guns 
nave one groove. Sabots for gun-canisters and for the 12-pdr. howitzer 


STRArPING SHOT AND SHELLS. 




and mountain-howitzer shells, spherical case shot and canisters, have 
two grooves. All the grooves are .3 inch wide and .15 inch deep. They 
are .8 inch apart, from centre to centre, for guns, and .5 inch for howitzers. 
The corners and bottom of the grooves are slightly rounded. 

The dimensions of finished sabots and blocks are verified with appro¬ 
priate gauges. For dimensions, see page 280. 

A darfs work. —One man can make 350 sabots for 6 or 12 pdr. gun, 

or 300 “ “ field-howitzers, 

or Gi)0 cartridge-blocks, small charge, 
or , 700 cartridge-blocks, large charge. 


StrajiS. 

Straps are made of sheet tin. For shot there are two straps crossing at 
right angles, one passing through a slit in the middle of the otlier. For 
shells there are four straps fastened to a ring of sheet tin, pierced with 4 
slits, through which the ends of the straps are passed and folded down on 
the under side. 

The sheet of tin is first cut to a length equal to that of the straps, and 
if the straps are for shot, a line is drawn, dividing it into two equal parts, 
to mark the place for the slit. The straps are cut with circular shears. 
If such be not at hand, the width of the strap is marked on the sheet, is 
cut with tinner’s shears, and straightened on a bench with a mallet. 

The slits are made with a cold chisel on a block of lead, and a strap not 
slit is passed through, and set flat by a blow of the hammer. 


Rings. 

Rings are cut from sheet tin by means of two punches, the first having 
the diameter of the exterior and the other that of the interior of the ring. 
The slits are made with a cold chisel, and the required concavity to fit the 
ball is given by hammering on a block of lead having a concave surface. 
The ends of the straps are passed through the slits, folded down, and set 
flat. Dimensions of rings: exterior diameter, 3.25; interior diameter, 1.75. 


Strajyping Shot and Shells. 

Implements.—1 bench; 2 pans, containing nails 0.55 inch long, with 
strong, flat heads 0.2 inch diameter; boxes and barrels, for straps and 
sabots; 4 hammers, for strapping; 1 common hammer; 4 punches; shot- 
gauges, of each calibre; 1 gauge for each calibre, 0.04 inch greater than the 
largest shot-gauge, through which the shot should pass after it is strapped; 
toio or rags, for wiping balls; 1 wheelbarrow; 1 tarpaulin, if the shop have 
not a plank floor. 

A lielper knocks off the scales from the balls with a hammer, cleans and 


274 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


dries the interior of the shells, if requisite, wipes the balls, and gauges 
them both before and after they are strapped. 

The workman, sitting astride the bench, places the shot or shell in the 
cavity of the sabot, the roughest part of the shot down, the fuze-hole of 
the shell on top, in the axis of the sabot. The ball should rest on the 
bottom of the cavity, (it can be told from the sound, by striking on the 
bottom of the sabot with a hammer;) if it do not, the sabot is rejected. 
The workman places the junction of the straps in the axis of the sabot, or 
the ring concenti'ic with the fuze-iiole of the shell; beginning with the 
strap which is not slit, he forces the end of it into the groove of the sabot 
with the back of the hammer, punches it, and nails it; he then draws the 
other end tight, punches it, and nails it, in the same manner. lie disposes 
the other strap perpendicular to the first, nails it to the sabot as he did 
the first, cuts off the superfluous length, and with the hammer and side of 
the cold chisel sets the straps in close to the ball at the top of the sabot. 

The sabots for 32 and 24 pounder field-howitzers having lio groove, each 
strap is fastened by 1 nail on the side and 2 under the bottom of the sabot. 

A day's work .—Two men can strap, in 10 hours, 130 shot, or 75 shells, 
cutting the tin from the sheet. 

The Boxer Mode.— Bore a hole, .2 inch in diameter, .15 inch deep, in the 
shot; enlarge the hole at bottom. Take a copper rivet .2 inch diameter, 
hollow out the end, leaving the length of the rivet .25 inch greater than the 
least thickness of the sabot; bore a hole in the centre of the sabot for the 
rivet, with a countersink for the head; place the shot in the sabot, the 
hole down; insert the rivet in the sabot, making it enter the hole in the 
shot; strike the head of the rivet a blow with a hammer to upset the end 
of the rivet and fasten the sabot. 

Another mode .—If tin or sheet iron cannot be procured, straps may be 
made of strong canvas, 1 inch wide, sewed at the point of crossing. The 
part of the ball which is to be inserted in the sabot is dipped in glue; the 
straps are also glued to the ball; the ends are doubled into the groove 
and secured by 2 nails in each end. Another method is to wrap round 
the b.all a band of canvas 1 inch wide, one half of which is glued to the 
ball, the other to the sabot; or the shot may be kept in place by merely 
tying the cartridge-bag over the top of it. 

Charging Shells. 

Materials.— Rifle or musket powder ; plugs; fuzes; chalk. 

Implements.— I funnel; powder-measures, to hold the required charges; 
1 wooden straight-edge; large bowl; fuze-ivrench. 

The shells, having been properly cleaned, dried, tapped to receive the 
plug and the fuze, and attached to the sabots, are placed in two rows. 
The workman fills the measure with powder, strikes it level with tlie 


CANISTERS. 


275 


straight-edge, and pours it in the shell; the assistant holds the funnel, 
and marks the shell with chalk when filled, to prevent mistakes. The 
assistant screws in the plug. The workman puts a little white lead on the 
threads of the fuze, punches 4 or 5 small holes in the tin disk, and screws 
the fuze firmly into the shell, the assistant holding the shell to prevent it 
from turning. 

Spherical Case Shot. 

The shot having been cleaned and inspected, the upper part of the fuze- 
hole is tapped to receive the fuze; the small hole is tapped to receive the 
plug. 

To Fill the Shell. 

IVIaterials.— Spherical, leaden balls, calibre .69 inch; sulphur; linseed-oil. 

Utensils. —1 kettle; 1 ladle; 1 iron funnel, the neck chased with the 
threads of a screw, to fit the small part of the fuze-hole. 

Filling the Shell.— Cover the lead balls with linseed-oil, and fill the shell 
with them, pushing the upper balls aside with the fingers or a stick, to get 
in as many as possible. Warm the shell gently, and screw the neck of the 
funnel into the fuze-hole; pour in the melted sulphur, filling the shell. 

To Make the Chamber for the Charge.— Chuck the shot in a lathe; 
screw the funnel into the fuze-hole, to protect the threads from being injured 
by the auger, and with a common screw-auger bore a hole in the axis of the 
shell to the bottom. Diameter of the auger, .75 inch. 

Lacker the shot and strap it; paint the ring around the fuze-hole red. 

To Charge the Shot. —Fill the chamber with musket-powder, ramming it 
slightly with a wooden drift and light mallet; screw in the iron plug, 
leaving its top flush with the bottom of the large portion of the fuze-hole, 
and lay over it a thin leather washer with a hole in the centre; fill the 
hole in the plug and washer with rifle-powder; punch 4 or 5 small holes 
in the tin disk in the bottom of the fuze; put a little white lead on the 
threads of the fuze, and screw the fuze firmly into the shell. 

Fix the spherical case shot the same as round shot. 

Canistefi's. (Plate 31.) 

A canister for field-service consists of a tin cylinder attached to a sabot 
and filled with cast-iron shot. For the dimensions of Canister-Shot, see 
Chapter II. 

Canisters for the mountain-howitzer are filled with lead balls. 

Materials. — Sheets of tin, 0.02 inch to .025 inch thick, (double tin;) soft 
Holder; rosin; culots of rolled iron, .25 inch thick ; covers of sheet iron, 0.07 
inch thick for the guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, and .1 inch thick for the 
24 and 32 pdr. howitzers; sabots; tacks. 


276 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Utensils.— Patterns; tracing-point; shears; cylinder of hard wood; mallet; 
gauges; furnace; soldering-iron; hammer; punch. 

To Make the Cylinder. —The workman marks out the rectangle on the 
sheet with the pattern; cuts it, and traces the line for the lap; he draws 
a line parallel to the long side of the rectangle, .4 to .5 inch from it, for the 
length of the slits. It is then bent round the former, the edge brought to 
the line of the lap, clamped and soldered. 

•If lumps of solder be left, they are filed down. The cylinder is made 
round, and gauged on the exterior with the large shot-gauge of the calibre, 
and the interior with a cylinder of a diameter 0.02 inch less than that given 
in the table, which should enter the canister: if it be not of the right size, 
it is unsoldered and soldered over again. 

The slits are made, and the sabot inserted and nailed with 6 to 8 nails. 

Before filling the canister, dip the tin cylinder into a lacker of beeswax 
dissolved in spirits of turpentine, to prevent it from rusting. Coat the 
balls and the plates with paint or coal tar. 

Filling Canisters. —The workman, sitting astride the bench, places the 
canister upright in front of him, inserts the iron bottom and places it flat 
on the sabot, puts in a tier of balls, fills the interstices with dry, sifted 
sawdust, packs it with a pointed stick so that the balls will hold by them¬ 
selves, and throws out the loose sawdust; he places another tier of balls, 
each ball lying in the interval between two balls of the lower tier, and 
proceeds in the same manner until the canister is filled; covers the upper 
tier with sawdust; puts on the cover, places on it one of the iron bot¬ 
toms furnished with a handle, and strikes it with a small mallet in order 
to compress the sawdust; then removes this bottom, and turns down the 
slit pieces of the canister over the cover, with a hammer. In the canisters 
for the 6 and 12 pdr. guns the centre ball of the last tier is omitted. When 
the canister is finished, verify its diameter with the large shot-gauge of 
the same calibre. 


Cylinders and Caps. 

For the greater security of field ammunition, the cartridges are covered 
with paper cylinders and caps. The cap is drawn oif at the moment of 
loading the piece, and in using solid shot it may be placed over the shot, 
to diminish the windage. A cylinder and a cap are formed together by 
folding the paper over a former, which allows a lap of about 0.75 inch for 
pasting. The requisite length for the cylinder is cut off from the smaller 
end; the rest forms the cap, which is choked, at the end from which the 
cylinder is cut, on a cylindrical former which has a groove around it marking 
the length from the rounded end for cutting the cap. The former should 
be bored through the axis with a .5-inch hole to facilitate drawing off the 
cap. 


FIXING AMMUNITION. 


277 


The caps for shells are stained black; for spherical case shot, red; for 
shot, not colored. 

Fixing Ammunition. 

Implements. —for powder; 1 funnel; 1 set of powder-measures; 
1 straight-edge, to strike the measures with ; barrels ; tubs, formed of barrels 
sawed in two, or boxes for the cartridge-bags; 2 tarpaulins; 2 benches ; 12 
choking-sticks, 6 with holes in them and G slit; 6 knives; 6 hand-barroics, 
with four legs and a box, and tarpaulins to cover them ; calibre-gauges, for the 
cartridge-bags and for fixed ammunition; (they may be made of wood;) 6 
stools ; 1 wheelbarrow ; 1 mallet; 1 copper chisel; 1 copper drift, or a wrench, 
to open powder-barrels. 

Fixing Shot, or Spherical Case, for Field-Guns. —The bags should bo 
filled in the small magazine or filling-room. The assistant holds the pipe of 
the funnel in the mouth of the bag with both hands, the bag pressed close 
against the pipe. The gauger heaps up the measure with powder, strikes 
it level with the straight-edge, and pours it into the funnel. When about 
25 bags are filled, the gauger takes a filled bag with one hand, squeezing 
the bag upon the powder; he gives it a blow with the other hand on the 
top and bottom of the bag, twisting the mouth of the bag down upon the 
powder at the same time; he then tries it with the small gauge, through 
which it should pass with not more than 0.25 inch play ; should it not do 
this, the bag is emptied and rejected. These bags, filled and gauged, are 
placed upright in a tub or box, and carried by the gaugers into the finishing- 
room, where the men are placed in pairs, sitting astride on a bench, facing 
each other. One of them opens a bag and levels the powder, the other 
inserts the sabot of a strapped shot square upon the powder and draws up 
the end of the bag over the shot; the first man passes about four feet of twine 
through the pierced stick, and makes two turns and a double hitch with 
the end at the top of the sabot; he makes a knot in the end of the twine, 
inserts it into the slit in the other choking-stick, and tightens the double 
hitch by rolling the twine on the sticks and bearing upon the sabot; he 
then takes out the end of the twine from the slit, ties it in a hard knot, 
which he tightens with the assistance of the choking-stick, and cuts the 
twine off near the knot. The second man turns down the mouth of the 
bag over the sabot, and the first makes a similar tie in the groove ; he makes 
another tie below the sabot, the twine being lodged between it and the 
powder, to prevent the latter from sifting in between the bag and the sabot; 
he then runs the paper cylinder over the cartridge and sabot, leaving about 
two inches of the end of the cartridge uncovered, and he makes a tie, similar 
to the others, in the groove of the sabot. He now holds the shot in the left 
hand and examines it, striking the sabot with the right hand, if necessary, 
to bring it straight; if tile shot be properly fixed, the sabot and the bag 


278 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


■will have the same axis ; the seams should be between two straps, and tho 
knots should be neither on the seams nor on the straps. 

The assistants pass the cartridges through the large gauge, which is 0.04 
inch larger than the large gauge for the shot. If the size be correct, they 
put on the paper cap, lay the cartridges on their sides in the box of the 
hand-barrow, and carry them to the magazine. Those which will not pass 
through the gauge are handed back to the fixers, who cut the strings and 
put them up anew. 

Canisters for Field-Guns are fixed in the same manner as shot, except that 
the first tie is made in the upper groove of the sabot; the cylinder is tied 
in the lower groove. The caps must be cut somewhat shorter than those 
for shot-cartridges. 

For the \2-pdr. Field-Howitzer .—The shells, spherical case, and canisters 
are fixed in the same manner as the gun-canisters. 

For the Mountain-Howitzer. —The sabots having but one groove, the first 
tie is omitted, and the cartridge is covered with a cap only. 

For the ?>2-pdr. and 2^-pdr. Howitzers .—The cartridge is not attached to 
the projectile. The cartridge-block is inserted with the grooved end next 
to the powder, and a tie made in the groove; the mouth of the bag is then 
turned down, and another tie is made between the cartridge-block and the 
powder; the superfluous part of the bag is cut off, and the cartridge is 
covered with its cylinder and cap, as in other cases. 

When the shot is attached to the sabot by a single band of canvas, or 
when it is placed in the sabot without any strap, the cartridge-bag is drawn 
over it and tied on top; for this purpose, the bag should have an addi¬ 
tional length of from 2^- to 3 inches. 

When sabots cannot be obtained, place upon the powder a layer of tow 
about 0.2 inch thick, forming a bed for the shot; tie the bag over the shot 
and around the tow; the bag requires to be 1 inch longer than for strapped 
shot. 

Packing Field- A mmunition . 

Packing-Boxes for field-ammunition are made of well-seasoned stuff, 
(generally white pine,) 1.25 inch thick, dovetailed, with the tenon on the 
ends. The top of the box is fastened with six 2-inch screws ; the box has 
two handles of If-inch rope, attached to brackets at the ends. 

The boxes are painted on the outside diflFerent colors, to indicate the 
contents of the box. Those containing shot are painted olive; shells, 
black; spherical case shot, red; and canisters, a light drab. The kind of 
ammunition is marked on each end, in large white letters. The place and 
date of fabrication are marked on the inside of the cover. 


MANNER OF PACKINO AMMUNITION-BOXES. 


279 


Manner of Packing Ammunition-Boxes. 

For Guns. — Shot, Spherical Case, and Canisters, fixed. —Laid in two tiers 
across the box, the shot or canisters alternating with the cartridges at each 
side. The shot or canisters of the upper tier rest on those of the lower, 
and not on the cartridges. 

For 32-pdr. and 24-pdr. Howitzers. —Shells and Spherical Case Shot.— 
Placed upright, the balls down, resting on strips of wood about .25 inch 
thick, placed lengthwise of the box and nailed to the bottom, so as to pre¬ 
vent the fuzes from bearing on the bottom of the box. The balls are 
held down by small strips of wood tacked with sprigs to the sides of the 
box, over the sabots. The cartridges are laid on top of the sabots. 

Canisters are packed in the same manner, omitting the strips of wood in 
the bottom of the box. 

For 12-pdr. Field and Mountain Howitzers. —Shells and Spherical 
Case Shot, fixed. —Placed upright, the balls down, resting on strips of wood, 
as for the other howitzers. 

Canisters are packed in the same manner, resting on the bottom of the 
box. 

For Rifled Guns. — Case Shot, fixed. —Placed upright, the balls down, 
resting on strips of wood, as for the howitzers. The iron part of the balls 
rests against strips of wood 4 inches wide and .25 inch thick, nailed to the 
side and ends of the box at the bottom, and similar strips placed between 
the rows of the balls, to prevent the soft-metal cups from bearing against 
the box or against each other and being bruised. 

Canisters, fixed, are packed in the same manner as the case shot, omitting 
the strips of wood on the bottom of the box. 

In all the boxes, the small stores are placed in the vacant spaces on top 
of the ammunition. 

A layer of tow is placed in the bottom of each box, and the whole con¬ 
tents are well packed in tow, filling the box so as to be pressed down by 
the cover. About 3 lbs. of tow are required for a box. 


24 


28G 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 

Ammunition for Field and Mountain Service. 


Charge of powder. | 
Cartkidge-bag. J 


SPHERICAL CASE. 


Sabot. 


sulphur. 
Number of balls.... 


Diameter.., 


Depth. 


Cavity for 

ball. ^ 

Dist.fr.mid.lower groove of sab. to bottom 


( From middle groove to bottom 


Straps. 


Rings. •< Diameter.. 


C Length, including lap.. 


Diameter of top and bottom plate... 


( shot in each tier.. 


Number of... | ^^ole^f sjiot: 
Whole height, including sabo 
Weight, finished, “ “ 


AND cap. 


Formers for cylin¬ 
ders AND CAPS. 

Cylindrical former' 
for choking caps.. 
Distance from end c 

Fixed ammunition.. 


Packing-boxJ... 


small “ . 

' Length, handle excluded.... 


Whole height, cap included 


Interior di¬ 
mensions., 


"■eigh..{' 

Contents of j Number of round 
each box... (Friction-primers., 


Color. 



Guns. 


12-pounder. 

6-pounder. 


Shot. 

Shell. 

Spher. 

Can is- 

Shot. 

Spher. 




case. 

ter. 


case. 

)8. 

2.6 

2.0 

2.5 

2. 

1.25 

1.25 

ID. 

6. 

4. 

5. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

u 


14.2 



11.4 

a 


10.0 



7.25 

u 


5.25 



4.37 

»z. 


1 7. 

1. 



.5 

ii 



10.5 



4.5 




82 



41 

n. 


2. 


2.25 

1.55 








« 


.5 


a 


4.35 


4,52 

rt 

O 

35 

a 


4.15 


4.15 

3.2 

u 




4.47 



a 



a 


1.5 



1 


u 


2.26 



1.8 

u 


0.4 


0.4 

0.4 

a 











ii 




ii 

12.75 

6. 



10. 1 

5.5 

ii 

.45 

.45 






3.25 


3.25 

ii 


1.75 


1.75 

)Z. 

6.5 

6.5 

9.5 

4. 

)S. 

12.75 

9.52 1 

12.17 

14.8 

6.28 1 

5.72 

n. 




14.40 



ii 




a 


4.45 


a 


4.40 


ii 


.07 




7 




27 


n. 


8. 


)S. 

. 



14.8 

.. . I 

n. 


4.57 



3.64 



14.4 



11.6 



12.5 



11.5 

ii 


5 




4. 

ii 


4 




3.5 

ii 


15 




13. 

ii 


6.71 



5.25 

ii 


6.6 



5.17 

ii 


0.15 



0.15 

ii 


10 




10. 

ii 


4.3 



3.3 

a 

6. 



5. 

5. 


a 

10.4 

10.4 

10,4 

12.4 

8.43 

8.43 

a 

6. 

5. 

5. 

4. 

4. 

4, 

)S. 

15.4 

12.17 

14.7 

16.91 

7.6 

7. 

n. 

17.5 

17.5 

17.5 

18.4 

24. 

24. 

ii 

10.5 

10.5 

10,5 

12.5 

8.75 

8.75 


9.5 

9.5 

9.5 

9.5 

7.75 

7.75 

)S. 

23. 

23. 

23. 

24. 

25. 

25. 


148. 

121. 

142. 

161. 

133. 

125. 

... 

8 

8 

8 

8 

14 

14 


12 

12 

12 

1'. 

21 

21 

{ 

olive 

black 

red 

drab 

olive 

red 


* One inch allowed for the seam in length of rectangle and diameter '•f bottom: half an inch 
21 ounces; the 24-pounder, 16 ounces; and the 12-pounder, 8 ounces. + One portfire 

i) Six small and one large cartridges. 


















































































































































AMMUNITION FOR FIELD AND MOUNTAIN SERVICE. 281 
Ammunition for Field and ^fountain Service. —Continued. 


Howitzers. 


6-1 Kir. 

32- 

pounder. 

24-pounder. 

12-pounder. 

12-pdr., mountain. 

Canis- 

Shell. 

Spher. 

Canis- 

Shell. 

Spher. 

Canis- 

Shell. 

Spher. 

Canis- 

Shell. 

Spher. 

Cans- 

ter. 


case. 

ter. 


case. 

ter. 


case. 

ter. 


case. 

tur. 

1. 

3.25 

3.25 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

2.0 

1. 

1.25 

1.0 


0.5 


8.25 

6.25 

6.25 

5.0 

5.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.25 

4.0 

3.25 


2.25 




14.2 



14.2 


‘ 

11.4 



10.42 




10.0 



10.0 



7.25 



5.0 




6.25 



5.25 



4.37 



4.0 



16. 

1.4 

12. 

1.2 


1. 


7. 

1. 




22. 



20. 



10.5 



10.5 




245 



175 



82 



82 


2.25 

2.4 

4.75 

2.4 

4.45 

3.2 

4.45 

2.7 

3.75 

...... 

2.4 

4. 

2.4 

3.75 

2. 

2.75 

2 


2.65 

.5 

,,,,,,,, 


.75 

•••••••• 

.. 

.7 

.. 

.. 

.5 

•••••••• 


.5 

3.58 

5.6 

6.24 

6.3 

6.68 

4.27 

4.52 

4.2 

4.52 

3.2 

4.5 

4.5 

4.6 

4.6 

3.2 

3.2 

2.8 

2.8 

3.53 

.. 

. . 

6.19 

.. 

. . 

6.63 

. . 

.. 

4.47 

. 


4.47 

. 

4.5 

4.5 

4.6 

4.6 

3.6 

3.6 

3.24 

3.24 

. 

1.5 

. 

1.5 

. 

1.3 

•••••• 

1.3 



3.12 

. 

2.84 

. 

2.26 


2.26 


0.4 

. 

. 

. 

. . 



0.4 

0.4 

0.55 

0.55 

. 

2. or 0.75 

. 

1. or 0.5 








.. 

4.15 


4.15 








. 

0.4 or 3.75 

. 

0.4 or 0.25 









10.5 

... 

9.0 


7.5 


7.5 




.6 

...... 


.55 



.45 



.45 



3.25 


3.25 


3.25 


3.25 



1.75 


1.75 


1 

.75 


1.75 


4.5 

10 


26. 

9.5 

24. 

7 


12.5 

5 

.5 

9.5 

7.32 

24.64 1 32.72 

28.5 

18.8 

24.64 

21.25 

9.35 1 12.2 

10.8 

9.35 

12.2 

11.2 

11.5 



20. 

. 

. . . 

18.3 

. . 

••••••••• 

14.4 

. 

. 

14.4 

5.4 

. 

_ ...... 

7.1 

. 

.. 

6.3 

. 

. 

5.2 

. 

. 

4. 

3.53 



6.19 

. 

. 

5.63 

*.. 

. 

4.45 

. 

. 

4.47 

3.48 

. 


6.14 

. . 


5.58 

. 


4.40 

. 

. 

4.42 

.07 

. 

. . 

.1 

. 

. 

.1 

. 

. 

.07 

. 

. 

.07 

7 

. 

. 

12 

. 

. 

12 

. 

. 

12 

. 

. 

37 

27 

. 

......... 

48 

•••••••• 

. 

48 

. 

. 

48 

. 

. 

148 

6.75 

. 

_ ..... 

10.5 

. 

. 

9.56 

. 

......... 

8.75 

. 

. 

6.85 

7.32 


_ .... 

28.5 

. 


21.25 

. 

. 

10.8 

. 

. 

11.2 



6.31 



5.74 



4.57 



4.57 




14.4 



14.4 



11.6 



10. 




12. 



10. 



8. 



4.55 




5,26 



3.5 



3. 



none. 




5. 



3. 



3. 



none. 




15. 



15. 



13. 



6. 




6.71 



6.71 



5.25 



4.5 




6.6 



6.6 



6 17 



4.45 




0.15 



0.15 



015 



0.15 




10. 



10. 



10. 



9. 




4.3 



4.3 



3.3 



2.9 


4. 


6.5 



4.5 



4. 





in..s 







10. 

10.5 

12.3 

8.17 

8.17 

9.4 

3.25 

0.25 

6.25 

5.0 

5.0 

5. 

4. 

3.25 

4 0 

3.25 

2.25 

2.25 

2.25 

8.4 

27.7 

35.82 

31.6 

21.5 

27. 

23.6 

10.5 

13.65 

11.85 

9.9 

12.6 

11.8 

25.5 

12.75 

12.75 

12.75 

17.25 

17.25 

17.25 

22.5 

22 5 

22.5 

27.5 

27.5 

27.5 

10.5 

12.75 

12.76 

12.75 

11.5 

11.5 

11.5 

9.25 

9 26 

9.25 

9.25 

9.25 

9.26 


12. 

12. 

16.5 

11.5 

11.5 

14.75 

10.5 

11. 

12.5 

8.5 

8.5 

9.5 

26. 

23. 

23. 

25. 

25. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

27 5 

28.5 

31. 

31.4 

32. 

146. 

136. 

168. 

158. 

155. 

190. 

170. 

133. 

165. 

148. 

1.54. 

184. 

175. 

14 

4g 

4 

4 

6 

6 

6 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

21 

6 

6 

6 

9 

9 

9 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

drab 

black 

red 

drab 

black 

red 

drab 

black 

red 

drab 

black 

red 

drab 


AUowed for the seam in height. t Powder required to fill the 32-pounder shell is 

and half a yard of slow-match in each box. 2 Four small and one large cartridges. 













































































282 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


AMMUNITION FOR SIEGE AND GARRISON SERVICE. 

Ammunition for siege and garrison service consists of cartridges, of sizes 
varying according to circumstances, and the following projectiles, viz.: 

Shot for 10 and 8 inch columbiads, (model 1861,) 42, 32, 24, 18, and 12 
pdr. guns. 

Shells for 10 and 8 inch columbiads, 42, 32, 24, 18, and 12 pdr. guns, 13, 
10, and 8 inch mortars, 8-inch siege and 8 and 10 inch sea-coast howitzers. 

Spherical case shot and canister for 10 and 8 inch columbiads, 42, 32, 2^, 
18, and 12 pdr. guns, 8 and 10 inch sea-coast and 8-inch siege howitzers. 

The shells and spherical case shot (except for the 8-inch siege-howitzer) 
and the 8-inch siege and sea-coast howitzer canisters are attached to 
sabots; the other projectiles are not strapped. 

Cartridges. 

The charge of powder for siege and garrison guns is enclosed in a car¬ 
tridge-bag made of merino, serge, cotton, or paper, or of paper with woollen 
bottoms. Bags made of woollen materials are preferable, as they are not 
so liable to leave fire in the guns, and are more durable; but they are much 
more costly. 

Merino or cotton hags are cut in two pieces in the form of a rectangle 
with semicircular ends, and sewed together to form the bag, as described 
in making bags for field-service. See page 271 for the manner of making 
and preserving them. 

Paper bags. —The paper is cut into rectangles to form the cylindrical 
part of the bag,—the length of the rectangle being the development of 
the cylinder, allowing .5 inch on each side for the lap,—and into circles for 
the bottoms. The sides of the rectangle are lapped and sewed with woollen 
yarn; one end of the bag is slit with longitudinal cuts, 1 inch long, 0.75 
inch apart, and these stidps are pasted on the paper bottom over a cylin¬ 
drical former; or a circular piece of merino is sew'ed in the end of the 
paper bag forming the bottom. 

To close a paper bag after being filled, the open end is folded down about 
.75 inch wide, and this fold is rolled on itself down to the powder, and the 
part which projects beyond the cylinder is turned in on the top of it. 
Two turns are taken with strong twine around the cartridge in the direc¬ 
tion of its length, 90° apart, and then tied. 

For mortars, cartridge-bags may be made in the same manner as for 
guns, their dimensions corresponding to those of the chamber of the 
mortar. But, as the charge is generally poured loose into the chamber, 
the bag being used only for carrying it to the mortar,-a gun-cartridge bag 
of any convenient size may be used for mortar-service. 

For firing hot shot, cartridge-bags are made double, by putting one bag 
within another: care must be taken that the bags are free from holes. 


STRAPPING SHELLS. 


283 


For ricochet firing, or other occasions when very small charges are re¬ 
quired, a cartridge-bag for a piece of an inferior calibre may be used. Or 
else, after the charge is poured into the bag, place on it another bag filled 
with hay, pressing it with the hands to reduce the diameter; after having 
shaken this bag down and rolled and flattened the empty part of the two 
bags, tie them with woollen yarn, like a bundle of musket-cartridges, 
placing the knot on top. * 

For proving ordnance, cartridge-bags are made of cotton cloth. They 
should be of the full diameter of the bore or chamber. 

Sahots. 

Sabots are required for the 8-inch canisters, for siege and sea-coast 
howitzers, and all shells and spherical case shot, except for 8-inch siege- 
howitzers. For canisters and the smaller guns the sabots are turned in a 
lathe; for the larger calibres they are sawed from thick pine or poplar 
planks, and the cavity cut in a lathe, or the cavity is first cut by a tool 
of the proper curvature attached to the shaft of the Daniel’s planer, and 
the sabot afterward sawed out with a circular saw. 

A day's work .—One man can make 350 sabots for a 42 or 32 pdr. gun, or 
10-inch columbiad, in 10 hours; or 400 sabots for a 24 or 18 pdr. gun or 
8-inch columbiad. 


Cartridge-Blocks. 

Cartridge-blocks are required for the columbiads, model 1844, and the 
sea-coast howitzers, wlien firing with reduced charges. Tliey are made as 
prescribed for field-service, (see page 272,)—their length being such as 
always to make the cartridge fill the chamber. The length of the block 
for any charge is easily deduced from the length occupied by 1 lb. of 
powder, as given in the table. (See page 288.) 

Strag)ping Shells. 

The straps are cut and made as prescribed for shot for field-sei’vice, 
changing their dimensions. Two rings or loops of tin, 0.38 inch diameter, 
are attached securely to the slit strap of the howitzer and columbiad shells, 
for the purpose of attaching a handle made of cord 0.15 to 0.25 inch thick. 
A slit is made in the strap, through which the ends of the tin loop are passed 
and soldered on the under side of the strap. For the handle, pass a piece 
of marline through both loops and tie the two ends together, leaving such 
length that the hand can embrace both branches. 

The shells are placed in the sabot, and the straps put on in such a 
manner that the fuze-hole may fall in one of the angles, between two 
ptraps, and that the axis of the fuze-hole may stand at an angle of about 45° 
with that of the sabot. The eyes of the shell should not be covered by 


284 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


the straps. The straps are fastened at each end with 2 nails in the side 
and 2 in the bottom of the sabot. 

In loading the piece, care must be taken to place the fuze-hole in the 
upper part of the bore. 

Canisters. 

They are made and filled like canisters for field-service, except their 
dimensions, and, instead of being attached to a sabot, the lower end of the 
cylinder is slit with longitudinal cuts .5 inch long and from .25 to .38 
inch apart, according to the calibre; the strips thus formed are turned 
down over a cast-iron bottom plate 0.5 inch thick. 

The cover for these canisters is of sheet iron, .1 inch thick; it has a 
handle 3.75 inches long by 1.75 inch wide, made of iron wire No. 9, fastened 
to the cover by a strap of sheet iron, 2 inches long, 1.75 inch wide, secured 
by two rivets 0.15 inch thick. 

Canisters for S-inch siege and sea-coast howitzers are attached to sabots, 
the former with a hemispherical bottom to fit the bottom of the bore. 

Grape. 

A stand of grape consists of 9 shot, put together by means of 2 cast-iron 
plates, 2 rings, and 1 holt and nut. (See Plate 31.) 

The square of the nut is 2 diameters of the bolt; its thickness, 1 dia¬ 
meter. The head of the bolt is countersunk flush with the bottom of the 
lower plate, which has a slot to prevent the bolt from turning when the 
nut is screwed on. Each plate has on the inside 3 beds for the shot, of a 
depth equal to half the thickness of the plate; they are made in the form 
of a spherical segment, the curvature of which is the same as that of the 
shot; their centres are on equidistant radii, midway between the edge of 
the bolt-hole and that of the plate. In the upper plate are 2 holes 0.25 
inch diameter, placed opposite to each other at 0.5 inch from the edge 
of the plate, to receive a rope handle. 

For the 8-inch sea-coast howitzer the stand of grape must be attached to 
a conical’ sabot. The sabot is 4.25 inches long, 7.85 inches diameter at 
the large end, and 6.4 inches at the small end. The sabot may be fastened 
to the lower plate with screws, or the bolt may be made long enough to * 
pass through it, or else the sabot may be inserted into the piece sepa¬ 
rately from the stand of grape. 

Filling Shells. 

Workmen.—1 man to fill; 1 helper. 

Materials.— Powder; cylinders of rock-fire; loaded fuzes ; fuze-plugs; tow. 

Implements. —1 pair of shell-hooks; 1 handspike; 2 hand-hammers; 2 
scrapers, (pieces of sword-blade;) 2 tow-hooks; 2 pairs of pincers; rags; 

1 chisel and 1 mallet, to clean the shells and break up any hard iiubstance 


FILLING SHELLS. 


285 


that may be found in the interior; 2 searchers, for sounding cavities; shell- 
gauges; 1 grate, to dry the shells on; 1 fuze-saw; 1 gimlet; a ring of rope, 
or a hollow block; 1 funnel; powder-measures; 1 tub, or vessel for powder; 
2 for the composition and fuzes; \rasp; \ fuze-setter; \ mallei; 1 

fuze-reamer. 

The sliells are cleaned inside and out, gauged, and examined that they 
have no defects that would cause their rejection; that the fuze-hole is not 
defaced: if there be water in the cavity, the shell is dried by a gentle heat 
and cooled slowly. 

To Fill Shells for Guns or Howitzers. —The helper places the shell on 
the block or ring of rope, the fuze-hole uppermost, inserts the fuze-plug and 
drives it in till the top is flush with the surface of the shell: the principal 
reams out the hole to its proper size, the helper holding the shell to pre¬ 
vent it from turning. The helper inserts the pipe of the funnel in the fuze- 
plug, and the principal pours in the powder and closes the hole with a wad 
of dry tow rammed in securely, leaving a portion of it projecting out. 

When cylinders of rock-fire or other combustibles are used, they are in¬ 
serted before the fuze-plug is driven. 

To Fill Mortar-Shells. —Shells are generally filled and the fuzes driven 
in the battery-magazines, as they are required. 

The helper places the shell on a ring of Yope and inserts the pipe of the 
funnel in the fuze-hole; the principal pours in the bursting-charge, intro¬ 
duces the cylinders of rock-fire, and pushes them aside with a small stick, 
that they may not be in the way of the fuze when driven in. He then in¬ 
serts the fuze, which should enter to within half an inch of the top, and 
with a mallet and fuze-setter drives it so that the end of the fuze shall 
project not more than 0.2 inch. 

To Cut the Fuze. —The fuze is cut to the proper length, according to the 
range, before it is driven into the shell, by resting it in a groove made in 
a block to receive it and hold it steady, the saw running in a cut made for 
it; or the fuze may be bored through to the composition with a gimlet, at 
the proper length. 

To fire 6 or \2pdr. Shells from Mortars of large Calibre. 

This kind of fire is intended only for short distances, as in the defence 
of a breach, and supersedes the use of the stone mortar. 

Take a strong tub or half-barrel, provided with two strong rope handles, 
and add a second bottom on the outside, bringing it flush with the ends of 
the stavQS to which it is nailed. 

To this bottom nail another, made of a single piece of wide 2-inch plank, 
of sufficient length to support the ends of the staves. A block of light, 
dry wood, of the diameter and length of the bore, is attached to the bottom 


286 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


of tlie barrel or tub by nails, and the lower end of the block which goes 
next to the charge is covered with sheet iron. 

The fuzes of the shells are cut, driven, uncapped, and the shells placed 
in the barrel, the fuzes turned down. When the bottom tier is finished, a 
second one is laid; and so on to the last, which is covered over with hay 
which is rammed in to keep the projectiles in place. 

The charge of powder is put in the mortar, the proper elevation and 
direction are given, and the barrel or tub, loaded, is raised by the handles, 
the block wiped clean and introduced into the bore and set home. 

Wads. 

Wads are used in firing hot shot, and to prevent the ball from rolling 
out in firing at a depression. 

Materials. —Junk or hay, marline. 

Implements.— 1 wad-mould, with two holes for each calibre, made of 
cast-iron cylinders set in oak, or of two strong pieces of oak strapped with 
iron and joined by a hinge; 1 drift for ditto ; 1 maul. 

To Make Wads.— The hay or junk, after having been picked, is compi’essed 
by being beaten in the smaller mould until it assumes the requisite dimen¬ 
sions ; it is then taken out, by raising the upper part of the mould, and 
wrapped closely with rope-yarn' passed over it in the direction of the axis 
of the cylinder and fastened by a few turns round the middle of the wad; 
after which it is placed in the large mould and again beaten with the maul 
and drift; the diameter of the wad when finished is verified with a wooden 
gauge corresponding to the large gauge of the shot. 

In firing hot shot, a dry wad is put next to the powder, and then a wad 
which has been soaked in water for a quarter of an hour and has been per¬ 
mitted to drip for several minutes, is placed between the dry wad and the 
ball; or the wet wad may be replaced by one of clay. It should be made 
one calibre in length, of clay free from sand or gravel, slightly moistened 
and kneaded. 

Ring-wads ov grommets are to be preferred where the object of a wad is 
merely to retain the ball in its place. They consist of a ring of rope-yarn, 
about 0.7 inch thick, with two pieces of strong twine tied across it at 
right angles with each other. The size of the ring is the full diameter of 
the bore, in order that it may fit tight. These wads may be attached with 
twine to the straps, or to the balls; or they may be inserted, like other 
wads, after the ball. These wads mny be made of straw formed into rings 
of the proper size and wrapped with twine and tied to the ball. # 


SABOTS OF SHAVINGS. 


287 


Sahofs of Shavings. 

In positions wliere the pieces of sabots might prove dangerous to oar 
own troops, as in firing over their heads when making an attack, sabots 
made of thick shavings of soft wood or pasteboard are used. For this 
purpose select black walnut, pine, or fir, not too dry, and as free as pos¬ 
sible from knots. 

Pieces of the proper length and width are dressed out, and by means of 
a coarse plane shavings are cut .06 inch in thickness. Each shaving is 
rolled in a circle on a cylinder of iron in which a longitudinal groove is 
cut. One end is thinned down, moistened, and inserted in the groove, and 
the shaving is rolled on the cylinder, the smooth side turned outward: 
one man turns the cylinder by a crank making three revolutions, the other 
holds the shaving so as to roll it evenly on itself, pulling it tight. 

The different turns are then tacked together, the tacks being riveted on 
the inside against the iron cylinder: the end is thinned down with a rasp, 
and the sabot taken from the cylinder is immersed in a warm bath of thin 
glue. Pasteboard may be used instead of shavings of wood. The sabot 
is attached to the shell by means of four pieces of tape 1 inch wide. 
Each piece is folded around the sabot, and the ends sewed together: the 
seam is turned on the inside of the sabot and is made fast to it by tacks, 
the four pieces of tape being attached to the sabot at the extremities of 
two diameters perpendicular to each other. The sabot is laid down on the 
table and the shell placed in it, the fuze-hole down; the ends of the tape 
are then drawn together and tied on top of the shell with a piece of strong 
twine. 


Fuze-Plugs. 

Fuze-plugs are made of brass, or of close-grained wood, well seasoned. 
They are turned to a size a little larger than the fuze-hole, but of the same 
taper, 2.5 inches long; a hole is bored through its axis and reamed out to 
receive the paper fuze, and the large end is counterbored to receive the 
water-cap. The plug is reamed out after it is driven, and the recess for 
the water-cap is tapped with 12 threads to the inch. 

If wooden plugs be used, a short, hollow cylinder of brass, .5 inch long, 
.15 inch thick, is inserted in the recess before the plug is driven, and after¬ 
ward tapped to receive the water-cap. 

The water-cap is a brass plug, .5 inch long, .6 inch in diameter, chased 
with 12 threads to the inch: one end has a shallow recess cut in it, .1 inch 
deep, larger at bottom than at top: a hole, .1 inch in diameter, is bored 
through the middle of the cap, and a hole is bored from either end into 
this transverse hole, but meeting it at points .2o inch or more apart: these 
and the recess in the end are filled with mealed-powder paste. 

Dimensmis.—Di^va,. of bole at bottom of recess, .53 in.; at small end, .4 in. 


288 


ORDNANCE MANUAL, 


Ammunition for 


SiegCy Garrisony and Sea-Coast Service, 


Charge of powder, Ordinary Service.. | 

Length of 1 lb. in cartridge. in. 

Diameter of cartridge. in. 

{ Rectangle with cir-( Length. in. 

cular ends.Width. in. 

Diameter of cylindrical former... in. 
Material(1.25yd.wide)for 100 bags yds. 

{SS=d;==rz:r::: iS; 

Greatest. in. 


Sabot. 


Diameter 


at bottom. in. 


Filung shells. 


of cylinder.in. 

Cavity for i>aii. { 1°; 

Diameter of cylinder to roll on. in. 

gth. in. 

. in. 

f Length, including cap. in. 

Cylinders Height.in. 

(interior diameter. in. 

Diameter of plates. 

C tiers of shot.... 

Number of-< .shot in a tier.. 

(whole shot. 

Finished canister | . 

(Weight. lbs. 

Charge of powder for firing. 

f to fill shell. lbs. 

to burst shell. lbs. 

to blow out fu7,e-plug*lbs. 

(Ordinary charge. lbs. 

Rock-fire, No. of cylinders. 

r Diameter. in. 


Straps, 2 for each... | 


Canisters. 


Powder 


Stand of grape.. Bolt 


Plates 


(Thickness. in. 


Rings. . '.“• 

® 1 Diameter of iron. m. 


f Length. in. 

( Diameter. in. 

Height of.from outside of plates in. 

Weight of plates. lbs. 

“ bolt, nut, and rings lbs. 

“ stand complete. lbs. 

(Diameter and height.. in. 

Wads..< Weight. lbs. 

(Juuk, for 100. lbs. 

' Diameter, large hole. in. 

“ small hole. in. 

Thickness of upper block. in. 

“ lower block. in. 

Width of block. in. 

CjUodrical drift.. 


Moulds for wads. ■ 


COLUMBIADS. 

lO-in. 

8-in. 

10-in. 

8-in. 

1844. 

1844. 

1861. 

1861. 

14. 

8. 

15. 

10. 

8.82 

7.84 

6.30 

7.0 

.63 

.98 

.42 

.7 

7.5 

6.0 

9. 

7. 

20. 

16. 

19. 

15. 

12.7 

10.35 

15.2 

12.7 

7.5 

6.0 

9. 

7 

36 

23 

47 

30 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 




2. 

8.41 

6.79 




7.75 

6.15 


- 9.75 

7.8 

1. 

1. 


1. 

1. 

4.93 

3.93 

4.93 

3.93 

9.3 

7.3 

9.3 

7.3 

29. 

23.5 

29. 

23.5 

1 

.75 

1. 

.75 






























< 



3.25 

1.75 

3.25 

1.75 

1.38 

1. 

1.38 

1. 

.62 

.5 

.62 

.5 

3. 

1.8 

3. 

1.8 

6. 

6. 

6. 

6. 


7.85 


7.85 


.6 


.6 


6.55 


6.55 


.6 


.6 


14.7 


14 7 


.6 


.6 


9.85 


9 85 


13.6 


13 6 


4.75 


4 75 


75.5 


75 5 

9.7 

7.8 

9.75 

7.8 

16.5 

8:5 

16.5 

8.5 

165. 

850. 

165.0 

850. 

9.75 

7.8 

9.75 

7.8 

9.4 

7.5 

9.4 

7.5 

10. 

8. 

10. 

8. 

5. 

4. 

5. 

4. 

17. 

15. 

17. 

15. 

8.5 

7.3 

8.5 

73 

24. 

24. 

24. 

24. 


* When a wooden fuze-plug is used. 


































































































































AMMUNITION FOR SIEGE AND.GARRISON SERVICE. 289 


Ammunition for Siege, Garrison, and Sea-Coast Service. —Continued. 


• Guns. 

IIOWITZERa. 


' 







Sea-Coast. 


42-pdr. 

32-pdr. 

24-pdr. 

18-pdr. 

12-pdr. 

Siege, 8-in. 










10-in. 

8-in. 

9. 

8. 

7. 

5. 

4. 

4. 

12. 

8. 

8.82 

9.28 

.10.15 

8.75 

8.0 

6. 

9.96 

7.84 

.98 

1.16 

1.45 

1.75 

2.0 

2. 

0.83 

0.98 

6. 

5.5 

5. 

4.6 

4.2 

4.2 

6.5 

6.0 

16.5 

18. 

16.5 

15.25 

14. 

14. 

18. 

15. 

10.35 

9.55 

8.75 

8.15 

7.6 

7.6 

11.15 

10.35 

6. 

5.5 

5. 

4.6 

4.2 

4.2 

6.5 

6.0 

24 

25 

19 

17 

14 

14 

31 

20 

2. 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.6 

0 

4.68t 

2. 

2. 

6.0t 

2 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 


.75 



.75 



r 

7.85 

7.75 

6.79 

7.85 

6.58 

6.0 

5.43 

4.92 

4.35 

... 

f hemi- 
\sphere 

} 6.75 

6.15 

6.4 







'7*.8 



7.8 

1. 

0.75 

0.75 

0.75 

1. 

V. 


1. 

1. 


3.42 

3.12 

2.84 

2.58 

2.26 


4.93 

3.93 

6.4 

5.8 

5.2 

4.7 

4. 

7.3 

9.3 

7.3 

21. 

19. 

17.5 

16. 

14. 


29. 

23.5 

.65 

.6 

.55 

.6 

.45 


1. 

.75 

21.5 

20. 

18.3 

16.7 

14.4 

25.1 


25.1 

9.6 

9. 

8.25 

7.7 

6.75 

8.6 


8.6 

6.78 

6.19 

6.63 

5.12 

4.47 

7.8 


7.8 

6.73 

6.14 

5.58 

5.07 

4.42 

7.75 


7.75 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 



4 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

12 


12 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

48 


48 

8.7 

8.1 

7.35 • 

6.8 

6. 

12.03 


12.35 

48. 

37. 

29. 

23. 

15. 

63.5 


54.5 

1.5 

1.31 

1.0 

.69 

.5 

2.56t 

. 5-t 

2.56t 

.75 

.69 

.5 

.44 

.31 

1. 

2. 

1. 


.38 

.12 

.12 

.09 

.06 

.25 

.31 

.25 

1.25 

1. 

.75 

.62 

.44 

1.75 • 

3. 

1.75 

6. 

a oo 





6. 

6. 

6. 


6 *^4 

5 68 

5 17 

4.52 



7.85 • 

0*00 

a 

fi 

5 

4 

.4 




6 

5.73 

6.16 

4.75 

4.26 

3.8 



6.55 

.5 

9.25 

5 

3g 

38 

.32 




6 

8.7 

7.88 

7.18 

6.12 



14.7 



38 

38 

.32 



.6 

•5 

8.75 

8.2 

7.5 

6.8 

5.8 



9.85 

10.2 

2.8 

O 

6 75 

4 56 

3.44 



13.6 

o« 

2.5 

1.81 

1.12 

.69 



4.75 

51.25 

39.75 

30.61 

22.15 

14.84 

FOR 6-PDR. 


75.5 

6.8 

6.2 

5.65 

5.12 

4.48 

3.5 


7.8 

5.62 

4.38 

3. 

2.38 

1.5 

.82 


8.5 

562. 

438. 

300. 

238. 

150. 

82. 


850. 

6.8 

6.2 

5.65 

5.12 

4.48 

3.55 

9.75 

7.8 

6.5 

5.9 

5.3 

4.8 

4.1 

3.2 

9.4 

7.5 

7. 

6.4 

5.8 

5.3 

4.6 

3.7 

10. 

8. 


4. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

5. 

4. 


13. 

12. 

11.5 

11. 

10. 

9. 

17. 

16. 

6.2 

5.6 

5. 

4.5 

3.8 

2.9 

8.5 

7.3 

24. 

24. 

24. 

24. 

24. 

24, 

24. 

24. 



+ Mortar-shells :—13-inch shell holds 11 lbs. powder; service-charge, 7 lbs.; to burst shell, 6lbs 
I For canisters. 





































































290 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


MATCHES, FUZES, AND PSIMERS. 

' Slow-Match. 

Slow-match is prepared rope which is used to keep and carry fire: it 
burns slowly, with a firm, hard coal, and is not easily extinguished. 

Materials.— Hemp or flax rope of 3 strands, slightly twisted, about 25 
yards long, and of a uniform diameter of .6 inch; acetate of lead, (sugar 
of lead;) water. 

Utensils.—1 kettle; 1 tub; 2 wooden spatulas; levers; twisting-winch; mats, 
or hair-cloth. 

Method with Acetate of Lead. —Boil the rope for 10 minutes in water 
holding in solution of its weight of acetate of lead; remove it with 
spatulas into the tub, or let it remain in the cold solution until it is 
thoroughly saturated. First twist it over the kettle, and then, by attaching 
one end to the hook of a twisting-winch, twist it hard, keeping it stretched 
by means of a stick passed through a loop at the other end, at the same 
time rubbing it smartly, always in the same direction, from the hook, 
with coarse mats, hair-cloth, or cuttings of bufi’-leather, until the diameter 
of the match is reduced 0.1 inch and it has a uniform twist and hardness. 
Stretch it on poles or on a fence to dry, and put it up in neat coils, well 
secured. 

Match thus prepared burns 4 inches in an hour. 

Method by Leaching. —If sugar of lead cannot be procured, the rope 
may be simply leached. For this purpose, it is put into a leach-tub, and 
steeped in pure water for 12 hours; this water is then drawn off and re¬ 
placed by lye prepared in a boiler, with a quantity of ashes equal to half 
the weight of the rope, to which 5 per cent, of quicklime is added. This 
lye, with the ashes, is put, after being warmed, into the hopper of the tub, 
and when it has run through and remained some time in the tub it is drawn 
off, heated again, and poured back on the ashes. This operation is re¬ 
peated several times in the course of 24 hours, which is the time required 
for the rope to be well leached. After being taken out and twisted with 
sticks, it is steeped for 6 minutes in hot water, being stirred at the same 
time, and the operation is finished as before. Match prepared in this 
manner burns 5 inches in an hour. 

Cotton rope; well twisted, forms a good match without any preparation. 

A slow-match may be made of strong paper by immersing it in a warm 
solution of nitre, of about 1 pound to 2 gallons of water. When dry, roll 
each sheet separately, pressing it firmly, and pasting the last turn. 

A-half-sheet thus prepared will keep fire for three hours. 

Slow-match weighs from 3 to 5 ounces to the yard. * 

Packing. —Slow-inatch is packed in tight casks or boxes. A cask 40 


QUICK-MATCII. 


291 


inches high, 24 inches diameter, (weighing 60 pounds,) contains 150 pounJs 
of match. The casks and boxes should be marked with the kind and 
quantity of match, place and date of fabrication. 

Dimensions of a box to hold 200 pounds hemp or 220 pounds cotton 
match.—44 inches long, 28 incites wide, 18 inches deep; weight, 87 pounds. 
It is made of boards 1 inch thick, ends 1|^ inch, and has corner-pieces of 
hard wood, 2.25 inches square. 

Quick-Match. 

Quick-match is cotton yarn, of several strands, saturated and covered 
over with an inflammable composition: it is used for communicating fire 
from point to point in fireworks, etc. 

Materials. —Mealed powder; cotton yarn, wound in loose balls of con¬ 
venient size, (say 1 pound, which will measure about 1,000 yards,) such as 
is used for candle-wick; when doubled and slightly twisted in the fingers, 
it should be about .07 inch in diameter. Gummed brandy or whiskey, in the 
proportion of 1 ounce of gum to ^ gallon of spirits; the gum is first dis¬ 
solved in the smallest quantity of hot water or vinegar, and afterward mixed 
with the whiskey. Strips of paper ; thread. 

1,000 yards of quick-match require 1 pound of cotton yarn, 8 pounds 
of mealed powder, 1|^ gallon of spirits, and 2^ ounces of gum arabic. 
Weight, when dried, 9 pounds. 

Utensils. — Wooden or copper bowls; 1 quart-measure; funnel or frame; 
reel. 

Preparation. —Steep the balls of yarn in the gummed whiskey until 
they are thoroughly saturated. 

Make a paste of mealed powder, by mixing 1 quart of gummed whiskey 
to 2 pounds of powder, and put a layer of it about ^ inch deep in the bowl; 
on this spread a coil of the cotton by unrolling the ball and distributing 
it equally on the surface of the paste until there are 5 or 6 yarns over one 
another; put another layer of the paste; and proceed in this manner until 
the bowl is full, taking care not to entangle the strands: the last layer of 
paste should be a little deeper than the others. After the cotton has been 
3 or 4 hours in the bowl, wind it on a reel, or stretch it on nails 40 or 50 
feet apart, making it pass through a funnel, or the hand, filled with the 
paste, and taking care that the several turns of yarn do not touch each 
other. Before it is dry, dredge it with mealed powder; let it dry slowly, 
then cut it ofi" from the reel or nails and put it in bundles. 

During the winter, quick-match should be made in a warm room. 

Match thus prepared should be hard and stiff", and the composition should 
hold firmly on. 1 yard burns, in the open air, 13 seconds. 

By using vinegar, a match is made which burns less rapidly, in the 
proportion of 4 to 5; and with pure water, in the ratio of 4 to 6. Alcohol 

25 


y 


292 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 

makes a quicker match; but it cannot be gummed, and the composition 
does not stick. 

A slow kind of match is made by adding sulphur to the mealed powder: 
with one-sixth of sulphur, 1 yard of match burns 22 seconds; with 
one-fifth, 33 seconds; with one-third, 53 seconds; with one-half, 162 
seconds. 

Quick-match enclosed in tubes burns more rapidly than in the open air, 
and more so in proportion as the tubes are smaller. To communicate fire 
very rapidly, it is enclosed in paper tubes called leaders. 

Portfires. 

The portfire consists of a cylindrical paper case filled with a composi¬ 
tion that burns slowly. It is used for firing rockets, etc., and, in cases of 
necessity, for discharging cannon. 

To Make the Cases. 

Materials. — No. \paper; paste. 

Eequired for 100 cases,—50 sheets, 13 pounds of paper. 

Utensils. — Formers, steel, turned smooth, 22 inches long, 0.5 inch dia¬ 
meter ; a hole 0.2 inch diameter is made through one end, to withdraw it 
from the case; hand-rolling board; rulers; knives. 

To Make the Case. —Cut the paper into rectangles 18 inches long, and 
from 10 to 14 inches wide, according to the thickness of the paper, to make 
the exterior diameter of the finished case 0.65 inch. Roll the rectangle on 
the former, pasting it after the first turn; press the case firmly by rolling 
it on a table with a hand-rolling board; withdraw the former, and place 
the cases in a box to dry. 

To Drive Portfires. 

Materials. — Cases; composition for\{)0cases, (13 pounds nitre, 4.5 pounds 
sulphur, and 2.5 pounds mealed powder;) scrap paper. 

Utensils. — Portfire-moulds, made of brass, in two parts, which are held 
together by a socket at bottom, and by 4 strong bands. The moulds are 
18 inches long, 1 inch exterior diameter at top, 1|^ inch at bottom, with a 
bore of 0.65 inch diameter. 3 drifts, steel, .4 inch diameter, 22, 15, and 
10 inches long, with brass tips, .5 inch long, upon the lower end: 4 spiral 
grooves, making one-half of a turn in 22 inches, are cut upon the surface 
of the drifts; the handles of the drifts are 6 inches long, and .75 inch 
diameter, with a head 1.25 inch diameter. Mallets, turned, of hard wood, 
weighing 1 pound; funnels; ladles. 

Driving. —Put the case in the mould, and drive on the rings; insert a 
piece of paper, and push it to the bottom of the case with the long drift; 
insert a small funnel in the top of the case; pass the long drift through 
the funnel to the bottom of the mould; fill the funnel with composition, 


FUZES. 


293 


and strike the drift about three blows every second, raising the drift about 
half an inch, with the fingers of the left hand, between the blows. In this 
way the composition finds its way around the sides and through the grooves 
of the drift to the bottom, and is uniformly and compactly driven. The 
shorter drifts are used as the case is filled. 

Portfires should not be primed with mealed powder; after they are 
driven, the top of the case should be turned in and beaten down: thus 
both ends of the composition are secured. 

Portfires made as above described burn 10 minutes each, or If inch per 
miniite. 

A day's work. —A man can drive 120 portfires in ten hours. 

Packing. —Portfires are packed in boxes containing 100 or 200 portfires. 
The contents of the box should be marked in white letters on each end, and 
the place and date of fabrication on the inside of the cover. 

Fuzes for Mortar- Shells. 

The hard, close-grained woods are best adapted for making fuzes: beech 
or ash is generally used. It should be dry, sound, free from sap, knots, 
worm-holes, or shakes. 

To Turn the Fuze. —The helper saws the plank into lengths equal to 
that of the fuze, and then into prisms, taking off the edges, and centring 
it on each end. The turper puts the fuze thus roughed out in the lathe, 
turns its exterior, and graduates it, by means of a steel gauge, into inches 
and tenths of an inch commencing at the bottom of the cup. When a 
number have been turned, the turner puts each fuze into a chuck, bores it, 
and makes the cup, with a tool for that purpose. 

The fuzes should be carefully inspected, and verified with gauges, and 
those rejected which have splits, knots, or worm-holes, or which have not 
the proper dimensions. 

A day's work .—One turner can turn 500 fuzes, or turn and bore 250, in 
ten hours. 

To Drive Fuzes. 

Materials. —Empty fuzes; fuze-composition^ dry; mealed powder^ dry; 
paste; paper. 

Utensils. — Driving-blocks with holes of the size of the fuze; benches; mal¬ 
lets ,—for the 13 inch, 10 inch, and 8 inch fuzes weighing 1 lb., for smaller 
fuzes weighing ^ to f pound; steel drifts shod with copper, the shortest 
with a mark 0.2 inch from the end; copper ladles to contain sufficient com¬ 
position to make a height, when driven, equal to 1 diameter of the bore; 
copper pans; brushes. 

Preparation of the Composition. —The composition for 8 and 10 inch 
light mortar-fuzes is 2 parts of nitre, 1 of sulphur, and 3 of mealed pow¬ 
der; for 10 and 13 inch heavy mortars, 2 of nitre, 1 of sulphur, and 2^ of 


294 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


mealed powder. The composition must be thoroughly ground and mixed 
with a muller, or in a leathern barrel with brass balls. The time of burn¬ 
ing will vary according to the quality of the materials used (especially of 
the mealed powder) and the degree of their admixture. Trials should be 
made with each composition by driving several fuzes and getting their time 
of burning. There should not be any great variation in the times of burning 
of the different fuzes, of the same composition. Fuze-composition should 
be prepared only a short time before being used, and should be preserved 
in close vessels in a dry place. 

Driving. —The workman is seated, his driving-block in front of him, and 
a bench to hold a pan of composition at his right hand. He takes a fuze, 
cleans it of all foreign matter, inserting the drift to the bottom of the bore: 
he then drops the fuze into the driving-hole, takes a ladleful of composi¬ 
tion, passing the didft along the edges of the ladle to strike off the surplus; 
pours the composition into the fuze, strikes it two gentle blows with the 
mallet, inserts the drift, pressing it down on the composition, giving the 
fuze two slight blows to settle the composition. The workman strikes the 
drift 21 blows in volleys of 3, raising the mallet about 1 foot each blow, and 
moving the drift after each volley. He puts in another ladleful and con¬ 
tinues as for the first. Care should be taken to put in equal charges of 
composition each time, and to give to each ladleful the same number of 
blows and with the same force. 

Fuzes may be driven by pressure in a screw-press. 

Priming. —Fuzes are all driven to the same height by means of a mark on 
the short drift, or the composition is bored out with a gouge to the same 
depth. They are primed with mealed powder for about 0,2 inch driven 
with the same force as a ladleful of composition. The cup is filled with a 
paste of mealed powder and spirits of wine or strong whiskey, and laid aside 
to dry: it is then covered with a small piece of paper, over which is pasted 
a cap of strong, water-proof paper, marked with the number of seconds the 
fuze burns to the inch. 


Fuzes for Heavy Guns. 

The fuze consists of a paper case charged with fuze-composition: it is 
inserted, at the time of loading the gun, into a brass or wooden plug pre¬ 
viously driven into the fuze-hole of the shell. 

To Make the Cases. 

Materials. —Log paper., or thin drawing-paper; isinglass. 

Utensils. —Pattern of wood, in the form of a rectangle joined to a trape¬ 
zoid; iron former 0.35 inch diameter; knife, glue-pot, brushes. 

Making the Case,— The paper is cut to the proper size by means of the 
pattern. The whole length of the strip must be determined, by trial, for 
each kind of paper, to give the case the proper diameter. The strip ia 


FUZES. 


29i) 

rolled hard on the former, beginning with the large end, and is glued after 
the first turn. 

'When the case is dry, it is smoothed with a fine file or sand-paper. 

Pkeparation of the Composition. —There are three ditferent compo¬ 
sitions used, one inch burning 10 seconds, 14 seconds, and 20 seconds, 
respectively. 

The following are about the proportions required to make these compo¬ 
sitions; but, as their time of burning is subject to considerable variation, 
according to the quality of the ingredients and the manipulation in mixing 
them, the exact proportions must be determined by experiment. 

No. 1.—20 nitre, 9 sulphur, 14 mealed powder. 

No. 2.—26 “ 9 “ 12 “ 

No. 3.—26 “ 9 “ 10 “ 

The composition is carefully mixed, as described on page 293, and seve¬ 
ral fuzes are first driven and their times of burning determined, and the 
proportions varied, if necessary, to produce the required result. 

To Drive the Fuze. 

Materials.— Empty cases ; fuze-composition. 

2 lbs. of composition are required for 100 fuzes. 

Utensils.— Brass moulds in two parts, which are held together by a 
wedge or cam: the moulds have holes for 4 or 5 fuzes; steel drifts, 0.35 
inch diameter; knife; mallet, weighing ^ lb. 

Driving. —The mould is put together and secured ; the empty cases are 
inserted and driven gently in ; their upper ends projecting above the moi:^ld 
are slit with a knife into 4 parts. The composition is put in and driven as 
described on page 294, giving 15 blows to each ladleful, which will make 
0.25 inch in length of the fuze. 

Cutting. —The fuze is inserted in an iron gauge, the bore of which is of 
the same size and taper as tlie fuze, and its width is the true length of the 
fuze, 2 inches. The projecting ends of the fuze are first sawed olf with a 
fine saw and then trimmed with a knife. 

The fuze is stained the proper color according to the composition used,— 
fuzes of No. 1 composition being yellow; No. 2, green ; and No. 3, blue,— 
and the number of seconds that one inch will burn is marked on each 
fuze. 

Packing. —Fuzes are put up in bundles of 10 each; fuzes of the same 
color being put in the same bundle, which is labelled with the kind 
of fuze and its rate of burning. 

Fuzes for Field-Guns and Mountain-Howitzers. 

The fuze for shells and spherical case shot for field and mountain service 
IS that known as the “ Bormann fuze.” It consists of a circular disk of 

25«- 


296 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


poft metal containing an annular space charged with mealed powder. The 
outer circumference of the disk is chased with the threads of a screw to 
secure it in the shell. The annular space for the composition is concentric 
with the outer circumference, and connects at one end by a hole with a 
small magazine in the centre of the disk, filled with rifle-powder and closed 
on the under surface by a thin disk of tin. The fuze is charged from the 
under side, by pressure, and a ring of the same metal is pressed firmly on 
the composition. 

The composition is thus securely protected from accidents, and the fuze 
is screwed into the shell in the laboratory; the metal covering the compo¬ 
sition on top, being left thin, is easily cut with a knife or cutter, at the 
moment of loading, and the composition exposed at the required point to 
the action of the flame. The graduations into seconds and quarter-seconds 
are marked on the upper surface of the disk. The time of burning of the 
whole length of fuze is 5 seconds. 

To Cast the Fuze. 

Materials. — Tin and lead in equal parts; rosin; tallow. 

Utensils. —Moulds for the fuze, moulds for the ring, hacksaw, nippers, 
mallet, kettle, ladle. 

Casting. —Melt the lead and tin together; heat the moulds so as not to 
chill the metal in casting. Fill the mould with the melted metal, and tap it 
gently with the mallet to make the metal fill the small parts. Cut off the 
gate with the saw, and the ends of the ring with the nippers. 

It has been found convenient in opening and closing the moulds to attach 
the two parts of the mould for the fuze and also for the ring to the jaws of a 
bench-vise, so that both moulds are opened and closed by the same move¬ 
ment of the screw. The fuze-mould is kept hot by means of iron disks 
which are heated and hung on the arbor which supports the moulds. 

A mould of more approved pattern has been devised, by which the cast¬ 
ing is expedited. 

To Charge the Fuze. 

Materials. —Mealed powder ; musket-powder; rijle-powder ; disks of tin. 

Utensils. —A strong screw-press, annular charger the size of the ring, 
anmdar drift, flat drift, round drift. 

Take the mould in which the fuze was cast; place the fuze in the parts 
of the mould containing the screw and the upper or graduated side, and 
secure the mould by a ring driven on it. 

Draw up the piston, and fill the charger by pressing it into the mealed 
powder contained in a shallow pan. Place the charger over the groove, and 
force down the piston, transferring the powder into the fuze. Insert the 
button in the magazine and the pin in the priming-hole, to preserve their 
shapes: place the ring on the powder, and with the annular drift force it 
down by means of a strong screw-press, bringing the ring flush with the 


FUZES. 


297 


surface of the fuze: rivet the ring in its place with another drift. With¬ 
draw the button and pin; charge the priming-hole with rifle-powder and 
fill the magazine with musket-powder; cover the magazine with a disk of 
tin, and rivet it in place by means of first a flat drift and then a round one 
which turn down a part of the metal of the fuze over the disk. 

Remove the fuze from the mould, place it in a screw-chuck made to fit it, 
and turn off in a lathe the lower surface smooth and to the proper thickness. 

The powder of the fuze is now perfectly sealed up from the air. The 
fuze may be varnished. 

Fuzes. 


Dimensions and Weights. 

Wooden Fuzes. 

Paper 

J’uzes. 




13-in. 

lO-in. 

8-in. 



Whole length. 


10.8 

9.4 

6.3 

2, 

Fuze... - 

f at top. 


1,85 

1.7 

1.25 

!53 

Diameter at bottom. 


1.25 

1.0 

0.9 

.4 


1 of bore . 


.4 

.3 

.3 

.35 

First cone. { end. 


2.8 

1.65 

2.25 

1.55 

1.25 

1.15 


1 

r Depth. 


.6 

0.5 

0.4 


Cup.... -< 

1 Diameter boLm. 


1.25 

0.9 

1.0 

0.8 

0.75 

0.6 


Thickness of wood at bottom of fuze. 


1.2 

0.9 

0.9 


Length of composition. 


9.0 

8.0 

5.0 

2.0 

( 

r Diameter. 


.36 

.27 

.27 

.3 

Drifts. } 

^ Length, exclusive j 1st. 


9. 

8. 

8. 


1 

[ of handle, t ^d. 


4.5 

4. 

4. 


Weight - 

f of composition for 100 fuzes... 

lbs. 

8. 

4. 

2.5 

2. 

of 100 fuzes complete. 

lbs. 

54. 

33. 

16. 



f Whole length. 





19. 

Pnnpr for the case i rectangle..in. 

1 aper lor the case. rectangle ..in. 

. 



6. 

2.25 


[Width of small end 

..in. 

. 

. 


0.4 


Bormann Faze. 

Diameter of fuze, including threads. 1.65 in. 

Thickness. 

No. of threads to the inch.12 

Diameter of plug, including threads. 1.07 in. 

Thickness for field-guns.3 in. 

Number of threads to the inch.12 

Packing-Boxes for Portfires. 

Length. Width. Depth. Weight. 

18 9.1 5.1 38 

18 9.1 10.1 70 


For 100 portfires 
200 “ 




















































298 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


'iction-Primers for Cannon. 

The friction-primer for cannon is a small brass tube filled with gun¬ 
powder, which is ignited by drawing a rough wire briskly through friction- 
composition, contained in a smaller tube inserted into the first near the 
top and soldered at right angles to it. A lanyard, with a hook attached, is 
used to ignite the primer. 

The friction-primer is composed of 1 large tube; 1 short tube; 1 wire rubber; 
friction-composition ; musket-powder ; wax. 

The long tube is made from a circular disk of No. 19 sheet brass, 0.62 inch 
in diameter, by means of a series of 5 punches and dies, gradually dimi¬ 
nishing in size to the last, which is of the required size of the tube. The 
brass must be annealed before each punching. 

The tube is cut to the prescribed length, measuring from the closed end, 
by means of a circular saw, and the holes for the short tube and wire 
rubber are drilled, and the burrs removed. Length of the long tube, 1.75 
inch; exterior diameter, .19 inch; interior diameter, .175 inch; diameter 
of holes, .15 inch and .06 inch. 

The short tube is formed from the long one by using two additional 
punches and dies, reducing the size each time. It is cut to the proper length 
by circular saws placed at the required distance apart, and the burr re¬ 
moved by rolling in a barrel. Length of the short tube, 0.44 inch; ex¬ 
terior diameter, 0.15 inch; interior diameter, .133 inch. 

One end of the short tube is dipped into a solution of chloride of zinc, 
inserted in the hole drilled in the long tube, heated to redness in the flame 
of a spirit-lamp, and soldered with soft solder; it is then washed and dried. 

The wire rubber is made of No. 16 brass wire, annealed, cut to the proper 
length, and pressed flat at one end by a machine for that purpose. The flat 
end is trimmed by a punch and die with dentated edges, and the tip is 
annealed in the flame of a spirit-lamp. Length of wire, 3.4 inches ; length 
of flattened end, 0.65 inch. 

The friction-composition is made of 2 parts of the sulphuret of antimony 
and 1 part of the chlorate of potassa, moistened with gummed water, —50 
grains of gum arable in 2 ounces of water to 1 pound of composition. 

The materials are first pulverized separately, mixed together dry, 
moistened with the gum-water, and ground in an iron mill, such as is used 
for grinding paint. 

Charging and Varnishing. —The small tube is charged by pressing tlie 
open end in the friction-composition spread on a flat piece of iron and 
brought to the consistency of soft putty, the long tube being closed its 
whole length with a wooden or metal plug. 

A conical hole is made in the composition, while yet moist, with a conical 
drift, and the surplus composition removed; the wire rubber is passed 
through the short tube and through the small hole in the long tuoe, the 


PERCUSSION-CAPS FOR SMALL ARMS. 


299 


round end first, leaving the annealed tip projecting out of the open end, 
which is then closed by pressing the top and bottom together firmly with 
pincers, and bending the tip against the bottom. 

The end of the wire rubber is doubled on itself and twisted, leaving a 
loop 0.2 inch diameter, and then bent alongside the long tube for packing. 

The head of the long tube, including the short tube and the joint, is 
dipped into shellac varnish colored with lampblack. 

"When dry, the long tube is filled with musket-powder and closed with 
Dceswax mixed with ^ its weight of pitch. 

Both ends are touched with varnish and the tube thoroughly dried. 

Packing. —The tubes are first put up in bundles of 10 each, wrapped in 
water-proof paper; 10 bundles are packed in a tin box painted or japanned; 
100 tin boxes are packed in a box made of 1-inch white pine boards, dove¬ 
tailed. 

The contents of the tin box, place and year of fabrication, are stamped 
on the lid, and the number of the box marked on the front side. The con¬ 
tents of the wooden box are marked on each end. 

Dimensions of the tin box:—Length,4.5 in.; width, 2.35 in.; depth, 2.35 in. 
“ (interior) wooden box: “ 20.5“ “ 12.0 “ “ 9.5 “ 

Weight of tin box containing. 100 primers, .8347 lb. 

Weight of wooden box “ 10,000 “ 105. “ 

MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR 10,000 FRICTION-PRIMERS. 

C6 lbs. sheet brass No. 19. 1 ,, x i • 

^ About 304 lbs. are returned in scraps. 

20 “ brass wire No. 16. J 

1.25 lbs. solder. 

2.33 “ chlorate of potassa. 

4.66 “ sulphuret of antimony. 

.65 “ beeswax and pitch. 

11.0 “ musket-powder. 

1.25 quart varnish (0.75 lb. shellac, 1 qt. alcohol, 0.25 oz. lampblack.) 

44 sheets of common tin are required for 100 tin boxes. 

Percussion-Caps for Small Arms. 

The cap for small arms is made of copper. It is very slightly conical, 
with a rim or flanch at the open end; it has four slits, extending about 
half the height of the cap. 

The cap is charged with fulminate of mercury^ mixed with half its weight 
of nitre; the object of the nitre being to render the fulminate less ex¬ 
plosive and to give body to the flame. To protect the percussion-powder 
from moisture, and also to secure it from falling out, it is covered over, in 
each cap, with a drop of pure shellac varnish. 



300 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


The copper for making the caps is obtained in sheets 48 inches long and 14 
inches wide, weighing 3 lbs. : a variation of 4 ounces, more or less, is 
allowed. The copper should be pure, free from seams, holes, or blisters, 
well annealed, and as evenly rolled as possible, with straight and smooth 
edges. 

The copper is cleaned by immersion in a pickle made of 1 part (by 
measure) of sulphuric acid and 40 parts of water; it is scoured with 
fine sand and a hand-brush, and washed clean in running water,—after 
which it is well dried in clean sawdust and rubbed over with a cloth 
slightly oiled: it is then ready for the machine. 

To Prepare the Fulminate of Mercury.— Dissolve, in a glass retort 
capable of holding about a half-gallon, 10 oz. of pure mercury in 5 lbs. of 
nitric acid of the specific gravity of 1.40. The solution is made by placing 
the retort in a water or sand bath of about 120°, or exposed to the sun’s 
rays on a warm day. The vapors which come over are very deleterious, 
and should not be inhaled. 

When the solution is complete, pour the liquor into a wide-moutlicd glass 
vessel capable of holding 8 to 10 gallons, into which 5.G75 lbs. of alcohol 
(about pints) of the specific gravity of 0.85 have been previously poured. 
Care must be taken to pour the nitrate of mercury on the alcohol, as the reverse 
mode of mixing is dangerous. Great heat is evolved during the effer¬ 
vescence which ensues from the mixture, and the glass vessels used should be 
well annealed and of a form to bear a high heat without breaking. Carboys 
of thin flint-glass, without mouth-rings or any abrupt change in thickness, 
are best. The operation should be performed at a safe distance from the 
fire, as the vapors of ether disengaged are highly inflammable. When red¬ 
dish fumes begin to appear, they must be reduced by adding alcohol in 
small quantities. 

The proportion of alcohol used in the whole operation varies according 
to the strength of the acid and alcohol, and also with the state of the 
weather. The proper quantity is that which is just sufficient to keep down 
the reddish fumes, and is determined by trial with the materials used. 

When the efifervescence has ceased, the fulminate of mercury is found at 
the bottom of the vessel as a brownish precipitate. A small quantity of 
water is poured in, and the contents transferred to the washing-tub, where 
it is repeatedly washed in soft water, until the water no longer reddens 
litmus-paper. 

The fulminate is in the form of very small crystals, of a light-gray color 
and brilliant surface. If the operation be well performed, no metallic mer¬ 
cury will be reproduced. The weight of the fulminate when dried is about 
14 per cent, greater than that of the mercury used. 

If the proper proportions be not used, (or if the mateiuals be not of 
good quality,) the product will be, instead of fulminat?, an impalpable, 


PERCUSSION-CAPS FOR SMALL ARMS. 


301 


yellow powder, which is incombustible. When this is observed, the result 
may generally be corrected by varying the proportion of alcohol in the 
mixture. 

The fulminate of mercury is kept under water, in stone jars, which should 
be presei’ved from frost. 

A day's work .—In a warm, clear day, 1 master and 2 assistants can make, 
and partially wash, 100 lbs. of fulminate in 10 hours. 

To Prepare the Percussion-Powder. —Take about 2 lbs. of the wet ful¬ 
minate in an earthen dish; drain the water from it, and spread it on sheets 
of blotting-paper until it is sufficiently dry to assume the granular form and 
retains only 20 per cent, of moisture. In this state add to it 60 per cent, 
of its weight of refined pulverized nitre, and thoroughly mix the ingre¬ 
dients, on a wooden table, with the hand and a wooden spatula, and pass 
it several times through an iron sieve No. 3; spread it on sheets of paper 
in quantities of | lb. each, and dry it in the sun or in a room warmed by 
flues. When quite dry, pass the j-lb. parcels through a fine hair sieve, by 
rubbing it with the hand, and put each parcel in a separate box, made of 
paper, varnislied on the inside and outside with shellac varnish and having 
a loosely-fitting cover. The boxes should be kept in a small magazine 
standing apart from other buildings, upon shelves covered with cloth, to 
prevent frictron in moving, and be issued one at a time to the person having 
charge of the cap-machine. 

Making and Filling the Caps. —Both of these operations are performed 
by the same machine. The sheet of copper is adjusted on the table of the 
machine. The hopper is filled with the percussion-powder, and the machine 
put in motion. The star or blank is cut by a punch and transferred to a 
die, where it is formed into a cap by a second punch. The cap is caught 
in the notches of the revolving horizontal plate, and carried, first under 
the hopper containing the percussion-powder, where it receives its charge 
of ^ grain, and then under a punch, which presses the charge firmly into 
the cap, and lastly to the drop-hole, where it falls into the receiving-drawer. 

The hopper is supplied from time to time from the J-lb. box, while the 
machine is at rest, using a small copper scoop for the purpose, and the box 
returned to its special closet, at least one yard from the machine and above 
its level, before the machine is put in motion. 

As a cap is occasionally exploded under the punch in charging, all dust 
of percussion-powder should be frequently removed, and only a small 
quantity of percussion-powder kept in the hopper. The receiving-drawer 
should be emptied after each sheet of copper is completed; 2,314 caps are 
made from each sheet 48 inches long and 14 wide. 

A day's work .—The average work of ten hours, including all necessary 
stoppages, is 31,000 caps for each machine. 

To Prepare the Varnish. —Dissolve 1 lb. of the best gum shellac in 1 qt. 


302 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


of rectified alcohol containing 95 per cent, ot pure spirit. The solution - 
is made most readily at a temperature of about 120°. It must be stirred 
frequently until all the gum is dissolved. It is made and fit for use in 4 
hours. 

The varnish is best made and kept in glass vessels. 1 qt. of alcohol and 
1 lb. of shellac make 1.46 qt. of varnish. A small quantity of alcohol is 
occasionally added to thin the varnish when it is used. 

Eighteen quarts of varnish are required for 1,000,000 caps. Two quarts 
of alcohol are required for thinning the varnish. 

To Varnish the Caps. —The caps are put into holes in counting-plates 
made of sheet brass, 15 inches by 12 inches, .05 inch thick, held in a frame 
of brass rods .35 inch square. This is quickly done by taking a parcel 
of caps on the plate and shaking it sideways: the caps settle themselves 
in the holes. When the plate is filled, the defective caps and those which 
have lost their charge are easily detected by the eye, and are replaced by 
perfect ones. The plate is placed in its bed in the varnishing-machine, 
which is worked by hand, and each row of caps is brought in turn under 
a row of wires, which are alternately dipped into a pan of varnish and 
then into the caps, leaving in each a drop of varnish. 

The quantity of varnish placed in each cap can be regulated by the size 
of the wires, or by the depth to which they enter the varnisli. The caps 
remain in the plate 30 to 40 minutes, when the varnish is sufficiently set to 
allow of their being turned into a tray for drying. These trays are of wood, 
18 inches long, 12 inches wide, and 1 inch deep, and contain 2,500 caps. 
The caps remain in the trays for 3 days in a room heated to about 100°. 
They are then put into bags, and kept at the same temperature for 10 days 
longer, before they are packed in boxes. 

A day's work .—One boy can count and varnish 7,000 caps per hour. 

Packing. —The caps are put into bags of strong cotton duck, 10,000 in a 
bag, and ten bags are packed in a wooden box. The box is lined with 
thick paper, the bags are packed in tow, and the cover is fastened with six 
2-inch wood-screws. 

Bags and Packing-Boxes.— The bags are 6 inches in diameter and 13.5 
inches deep. They are made with circular bottoms, like cartridge-bags for 
field-service. 

They are marked with the number of the bag, the contents, the place 
and date of fabrication. 

The packing-boxes are made of 1-inch white pine, dovetailed; they have 
brackets for rope handles on the ends, are painted olive color, and marked 
on the ends with the number and kind of contents, and on the inside of the 
cover with the place and date of fabrication. 

Interior Dimensions. —Length, 28.75 inches; width, 12 inches; depth, 8.5 
inches. 


ROCK-FIRE. 


305 


Of 1,000,000 caps, 944 lbs. 

Of bag -with 10,000 caps, 9.625 lbs. 

Of packing-box, 25 lbs. 

Of box packed with 100,000 caps, 127 lbs. 

Materials required for 1,000,000 Caps. 

For the Caps. —1,300 lbs. sheet copper, of which about one-third is 
returned in scraps. 

For the Powder .—42 lbs. mercury. ' 

330 lbs. nitric acid. 

382 lbs. alcohol. 

24 lbs. nitre. 

For the Varnish .—10 lbs. gum shellac. 

12 qts. alcohol. 

For Bags .—31 yards of cotton duck, .75 yard wide. 

For Boxes .—150 feet white pine boards. 

Note.— Experience has shown that it is not safe to try to wash the per¬ 
cussion-powder ‘from partly-filled caps. A lot of unvarnished caps, im¬ 
perfectly filled, being soaked in water for several days, became coated with 
a substance much more explosive than the original fulminate. 

The percussion-powder must be burned out, and the cap polished by 
rolling in a dust-barrel. 

INCENDIARY COMPOSITIONS, LIGHTS, AND SIGNALS. 

Rock-Fire. 

Rock-fire is a composition which burns slowly, is difficult to extinguish, 
and is used to set fire to buildings, ships, etc. That which is put into 
shells is cast in cylindrical cases of paper having a priming in their axes. 

Materials. — Rosin, 3 parts; sulphur, 4i; nitre, 10; regulus of antimony, 
1; mutton-tallow, 1; turpentine, 1. 

Utensils. —A furnace of second kind, (page 260,) or large kettle in the 
open air; spatulas; ladle with long handle; balance and weights; sieves. 

Preparation of the Composition. —Pulverize the sulphur, nitre, and 
antimony separately; mix them with the hands, and pass them through 
sieve No. 2; melt the tallow first, then the rosin, stirring the mixture with 
spatulas; add the turpentine, and next the other materials, in small quan¬ 
tities at a time, stirring the whole constantly with large spatulas. 

Let one portion of the composition be melted before more is added, and 
work with great precaution to prevent it from taking fire. When the com¬ 
position becomes of a brown color, and white vapors are disengaged, the 
fire is permitted to go down; and when the composition is sufficiently fluid, 
the cases are filled with the ladle not more than three-fourths full, 

26 


304 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Paper Cases and Priming-Tubes. —The cases are made of rocket-paper, 
ip the manner described for portfire-cases. The priming-tubes are made 
ot cartridge-paper, pasted after the first turn, and rolled hard. 

Filling the Cases. —The cases are arranged in a frame, the lower end of 
each inserted in a socket, in the centre of which is a spindle to support 
the priming-tube. 

The upper ends of the cases are held in place by short cylindrical spouts 
attached to the lower side of a reservoir which rests on the top of the 
frame. The composition is poured into the reservoir, and the frame is 
gently shaken to settle the composition in the cases until they are filled. 

When the composition has become solid, the cylinders are taken out of 
the frame and trimmed; the priming-tubes are charged with composition 
No. 1 for mortar-fuzes, driven the same as mortar-fuzes; the ends of the 
cylinders are last dipped in mealed powder. 

When rock-fire cannot be had to put into shells, the paper cases may be 
filled with portfire-composition, driven as usual; or pieces of portfire may 
be inserted in the shells. 

Pitched Fascines. 

Pitched fascines are fagots of dry twigs covered over with an incendiary 
composition, and used to set fire to buildings or to light up a work. 

To Make Pitched Fascines. 

Materials. — Dry branches^ about 0.5 inch diameter, or other light, 
-combustible wood; iron wire, about 0.5 inch diameter. 

Utensils. —4 pickets, 40 inches long and inch diameter; cylindrical 
stitks, 20 inches long, inch diameter; 2 trace-ropes; 1 rope for a cap¬ 
stan; 2 levers; 1 small cord; 1 flat punch; 1 saw or hill-hook; 1 block. 

To Make the Fascine. —Form two crotches, 1 foot apart, with the 40-inch 
pickets; cut the branches 20 inches long, and tie them in the middle of their 
length, and about 2 inches from their ends, with annealed wire, and place 
in the axis a cylindrical stick, intended to preserve a vacant space: draw 
the branches tightly together, that they may hold the composition better, 
and cut off the ends square. 

To Pitch the Fascines. 

Materials.— Pitch; tar; mutton-tallow; Zmseec?-oi7, in a bowl; sawdust, 
in a barrel; rock-fire for priming. 

Utensils.i —2 pots in a furnace of the first kind; 2 spatulas; 1 ladle with 
a long handle ; 1 small iron fork, with a long wooden handle; 2 tubs ; planks. 

The fascines receive two coats of composition. 

First coat. —Melt 20 parts of pitch and 1 of tallow in the pots, filling them 
not more than half full. Having first well oiled the cylindrical stick, 
plunge the fascine into the liquid with the fork, first one end, then the 
other, each time pouring on the upper end two ladlefuls of the composi 


TORCHES.—TARRED LINKS. 


305 


tion. Let the composition harden, holding the fascine over the pot, turn¬ 
ing it slowly, and then immerse it in the tub of water. 

The assistant, with his hands covered with oil, fashions the fascine, 
rolling it on the bottom of the tub, and places it on the planks. 

Second coat is put on 24 hours after the first; it is composed of equal 
parts of pitch and rosin, melted and mixed together in the pot. The 
cylindrical stick is taken out, and the fascine immersed in the composition, 
as with the first coat: it is permitted to drip, and is then laid in sawdust 
and powdered all over with it. A fascine requires about 1.1 lb. of each 
composition. Fascines should be primed only a short time before being 
used. For this pui’pose dip each end, for a distance of a half-inch, into a 
kettle holding melted rock-fire. 

IVheu used for incendiary purposes, fascines are placed in piles, and 
pieces of quick-match and portfire scattered over them to make the whole 
mass take fire at once. 

Torches. 

Torches are made of a number of strands of twine slightly twisted, or 
old rope, covered with a composition to give light. 

Materials. — Hemp twine, slightly twisted, about 0.08 inch diameter; 
cartridge-thread; mutton-tallow; yellow wax; rosin; glue; quicklime. 

Utensils. —\ pot; 2 spatulas; 1 ladle; glue-pot and bath; knife; 1 mould. 

Pretaration. —Melt in the pot 1 part of tallow, 2 of yellow wax, and 8 
of rosin, stirring it with spatulas. The twine is formed in hanks of about 
40 threads, 3 feet long, cut at one end, and tied with twine, forming a 
handle, at the other. 

The hanks are immersed for ten minutes in the composition, and then 
drawn through a mould of the proper size. They are suspended by the 
handle in a shady place to harden; 24 hours after, they are painted over 
with a warm solution of a half-pound of quicklime and | of an ounce of 
glue to a quart of water. 

With old rope. —Boil the rope, well beaten and untwisted, in a solution 
of equal parts of nitre and water; when dry, cut it in pieces 4 feet long; tie 

3 or 4 of these pieces around a piece of pine wood, 2 inches in diameter and 

4 feet long; cover the whole with a mixture of equal parts of sulphur and 
mealed powder, moistened with brandy; fill the intervals between the 
cords with a paste of 3 parts of sulphur and 1 of quicklime. When it is 
dry, cover the whole torch with the following composition: 

Pitcn, 3 parts; Venice turpentine, 3 parts; turpentine, \ part. 

Tarred lAnhs. 

Tarred links are made of old rope, covered over with a composition to 
give light. 


306 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Materials. —Old slow-match or rope; cartridge-thread; ends of rope. 
One link requires ^ lb. of tow and 1 to 1^ lb. of composition. 

Utensils. — Mallet; knife. 

To Make the Links. —The old rope is well beaten with mallets; the short 
ends are tied together with cartridge-thread. The links are formed by 
coiling the soft rope around the hand, in coils of 3 inches interior and 6 
inches exterior diameter, loosely tied with thread. 

To Tar the Links. —The links are covered with composition as described 
for fascines. 

Tarred links burn one hour in calm weather, half an hour in a high 
wind, and are not extinguished in the rain. Two of them are put in a 
rampart-grate on a bed of shavings. The grates are placed about 250 feet 
apart. 

Fire-Balls. 

Fire-balls are projectiles of an oval shape, formed of sacks of canvas 
filled with combustible composition. They are used to light up the enemy’s 
works, and are loaded with shells, to prevent them from being approached. 

Materials. — Strong, close canvas, (sail-cloth;) rope; cartridge-thread; 
red chalk; slow-match; loaded shells; pitch. A composition of 8 parts 
of saltpetre as it comes from the refinery, 2 of pulverized sulphur, and 1 
of antimony, passed through sieve No. 2. These materials are mixed in 
the hands, passed through sieve No. 4, moistened with their weight of 
water, and passed again through the same sieve. 

Utensils.— The necessary utensils for grinding and preparing the com¬ 
position: Wooden pattern, red chalk, 1 pair shears, collar-needles, mallet, 
small gauge of the calibre of the fire-balls, scoop, tarred links, 1 wooden 
mould, 2 wooden drifts 20 inches long, one of them inch and the other 
to 4 inches in diameter; 2 wooden pins 4J inches long, the small end 
the size of a paper fuze. 

To Make the Sack. —Mark out the pieces by means of the pattern, and 
cut them with the shears ; baste two or three thicknesses together, accord¬ 
ing to the strength of the canvas; sew three or more together, enough to 
make the sack; leave one end open, forming a mouth for charging; turn 
the bag to bring the seams on the inside. The mouth may be made fast 
to an iron hoop, large enough to admit the shell, with which the fire-ball is 
loaded. 

To Prepare the Shell. —Charge the shell with powder, and put in a 
slow fuze. Dip the tarred link into the melted rosin, pitch, and tallow, and 
fasten it with twine to the shell, around the fuze-hole. 

To Charge the Sack. —Place the sack in the mould, and secure the mouth 
to it. Put the shell with the tarred link in the bottom of the sack, the fuze- 
hole downward, and fasten the shell down with twine passed through the 


LIGIIT-BALLS.—BLUE-LlGlITS. 


307 


Bides of the sack, or with a piece of canvas secured to the sides; put in 
the composition with a scoop, and ram it, first with the small drift, and, 
when it is half the height of the projectile, with the large drift, driving it 
with the mallet. Continue in this way till the sack is filled to the top. 
Close the mouth of the sack, sewing the pieces together. 

The Iron Bottom.— The ball is furnished with an iron bottom, to prevent 
it from being broken by the force of the charge in the mortar. To make 
the bottom, the iron, .2 inch thick, is cut in a circular form, heated and 
partly shaped with a set hammer, in a concave wooden former; it is again 
heated, and finished in an iron former. It is then put into a lathe, where 
the outer edge is trimmed and chamfered to the thickness of ^ inch. 

The iron bottom is attached to the ball with the cement, page 175; the 
bottom is filled about one-third full with the cement, and the loaded end 
of the fire-ball is inserted in it and left to cool. 

The ball is next covered and strengthened with a net-work made of spun 
yarn or cord, from 0.25 to 0.5 inch thick, according to the size of the ball. 
This net-work is commenced at the bottom of the sack, and terminates at 
the top in a strong loop, which forms a handle for cari'ying the ball. Fire¬ 
balls are dipped in a composition of equal parts of pitch and rosin, made 
warm. The ball, when finished, should pass through the large shell-gauge 

To Prime the Balls. —Make 4 holes, about 3 inches below the top, by 
driving in the greased wooden pins 2 inches deep. When the ball is to be 
primed, take out these pins and fill the holes with fuzes, and with two 
strands of quick-match, held fast by the composition; leave room in the 
priming-hole for coiling the quick-match, and cover it with a piece of 
canvas fastened with 4 nails. 

The balls are not primed until they are to be fired. 

Light-Balls. 

Light-balls are made in the same manner as fire-balls, except that there 
is no shell in them, as they are used for lighting up our own works. 

Blue-Lights. 

Materials. — Ughts. — Saltpetre, 9 lbs. 10 oz.; sulphur, 2 lbs. OJ oz.; 
red orpiment, 11 oz. The materials should be pure, well pulverized, and 
thoroughly incorporated, rubbing them in the hands and passing them 
several times through a fine hair sieve. Ilemispherical cups of well- 
seasoned wood, (beech, linden, etc.,) with a handle 10 inches long. If inch 
diameter; quick-match, paper, paste. 

Utensils. —The necessary utensils for pulverizing and mixing the com¬ 
position. 

Preparation. — Fill the cup with composition and press it firmly in; 

2m 


SOS 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


prime the cup with quick-match, and cover the whole with cartridge-paper 
pasted to the bottom of the cup. 

The brilliancy of the light depends on the purity and thorough incorpo¬ 
ration of the materials. 


Signal-Rochets. 

Rockets for signals are composed of a paper case charged with composi¬ 
tion, a. pot filled with ornaments, and a light stick to give direction. 

Rockets are denominated by the interior diameter of the case. The most 
common sizes are the .75 inch, 1 inch, and 1.5 inch. 

To Make the Case. 

Materials. — No. 4:paper; paste; strong twine. 

Implements.—.4 ruler; knife; sandstone; roiling-hench; press and 
crank; choking-machine ; gauge for the case ; paste-brush. 

To Cut the Paper. —Lay otf the paper into rectangles, their width equal 
to the length of the case, pricking with the awl the four corners on several 
sheets at once ; cut them with the knife. 

A sheet of No. 4 paper makes two rectangles for a .75 inch or for an inch 
rocket, by cutting it parallel to the short or the long side, respectively. 

To Roll the Case.— Roll the rectangle smoothly on the former, pasting 
the paper after the first turn; put the case and former in one of the grooves 
of the press, and, by means of the crank slipped on the square end of the 
former, tuim it; the top of the press bearing on it slightly at first. Paste 
the second rectangle, introduce one end under the last rectangle, and roll 
it as at first. Gauge the case, to see that it is the size of the mould. 

If there be no rocket-press at hand, a long hand-rolling board may be 
used instead. 

To Choke the Case.— Wrap a piece of strong paper around the end of the 
case to be choked, to prevent the cord from chafing it; take a turn around 
it with the choking-cord, and press on the treadle, turning the case at the 
same time, and drawing out the small part of the former as the paper con¬ 
tracts ; make the choke fast by wrapping it several times with strong twine, 
drawing it firmly, and tie it in a hard knot; place the cases away to dry in 
the shade. 

To Drive the Rocket. 

Materials. —Empty cases; composition; clay or plaster of Paris. 

The composition is composed of 26 parts of nitre, 5J of sulphur, and 19 
of charcoal, which are mixed by rubbing them in the hand, and passing 
them three times through the sieve No. 2; the charcoal is added, and 
mixed with the hands. If antimony or steel-filings be used, the/ should 
be added after the charcoal. 

When beginning with a new composition or new materials, it is necessary 


ROCKETS. 


809 


to try the composition by firing two or three rockets made of it, and regu¬ 
late the height of the solid. If the rockets do not ascend sufficiently high, 
increase the quantity of nitre, and diminish it if the rockets burst or blow 
out the head. 

When rockets are well made, they ascend rapidly to a great height, and 
throw out their ornaments at the highest point of the curve, after all the 
composition has burned out. 

Utensils. —1 mould and spindle; 1 block of wood, settled in the ground; 
3 hollow drifts, bored to admit the spindle; 1 solid drift; mallets; knives; 
sandstones ; 1 charging-ladle of such size that its contents, when driven in 
the case, shall be a diameter in height. 

To Put the Case in the Mould. —In the first place, cut off the choked end 
of the case square, and to such a length that when the case is settled down 
on the spindle the choke should fit closely over the nipple, and the end of 
the case rest on the base of the spindle. 

Place the case on the spindle, the choked end down; settle it with two 
or three blows of the mallet; set the mould over the case and key it down. 

Driving the Rocket.— Take a ladleful of composition, strike off the sur¬ 
plus and pour it into the case. Use first the longest hollow drift, and give 
each ladleful 25 or 30 blows with the mallet, keeping the drift down on 
the composition. As the case fills, use the shorter drifts until the com¬ 
position reaches the top of the spindle; then drive 1 diameter in height with 
the solid drift, cover this with a patch of stiff paper cut to fit the case, and 
over this patch drive a wad J diameter high, of clay, or of plaster of Paris 
slightly moistened with water. 

Rockets are sometimes driven solid throughout, and afterward bored 
and reamed out with a reamer of the form of the spindle. 

The moulds for driving are not indispensable. Rockets are often driven 
without them. For this purpose, screw the spindle vertically into the top 
of a block of wood firmly imbedded in the ground. To the opposite sides 
of this block attach two upright strips of plank, and fasten to them a cross¬ 
piece which has near its centre a hole to fit the rocket-case and keep it steady 
on the spindle in driving. 

To guard against accidents, drive rockets in an empty room; particularly, 
let no powder be in the room, or composition, except that used at the time, 
and let no filled rocket-cases be lying about. In fair weather use a tent 
for a driving-room. 

To Prime the Rocket. —Insert in the bore of the rocket one end of a piece 
of quick-match, 2 feet long, a small piece of paper attached, and push it 
in securely ; coil the rest of the match in the bore and bottom of the case. 
To secure it from dampness, paste over the end of the case a circular cap 
of strong paper. 


310 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


To Make the Pots. 

Materials.— No. ^ paper, paste. 

Utensils.— Knife, former, rolling-hoard, bowl for paste, brushes. 

Making the Pot.—C ut the rectangle and roll it on the former as de¬ 
scribed for portfire-cases. 

To Attach the Pot. —Paste the pot on the inside the distance of one-half 
of a diameter, and also the outside of the case, at the end containing the 
clay, for the same length; slip the pot on the pasted end, leaving the length 
of the pot above the top of the case one and a half diameter. 

To secure the pot in place and give a neat finish, cover the rocket-case 
and pot, when dry, with thin paper pasted on. 

To Make the Cones. 

Materials.— No. \ paper, paste, thin paper. 

Utensils.— Compasses, knife, scissors, conical former, bowl for paste, 
brushes. 

Making Cones.— Mark out the No. 4 paper by describing with the com¬ 
passes circles with a radius equal to the length of the cone required. Cut 
them out with the scissors, and cut each circle into semicircles. Paste 
each semicircle and roll it separately on the former; press it firmly, and 
put it away to dry. Cut the cones to such length that their bases shall be 
of the same diameter as the pot. Make in the same way a similar cone of 
thin paper one inch longer, and paste it on the first; cut the part of the 
cone formed of one thickness of paper into longitudinal slips ^ inch wide. 

To Load the Pot and Fix the Cone. —Put in the bursting-charge of 150 
to 300 grains of powder in the bottom of the pot, and fill it with the decora¬ 
tions, placing the serpents and streamers on end, the primed ends down. 
Fill the cone with tow, and paste the strips of the cone; place the cone on 
the pot, and press the strips on the side of the pot; paste a narrow band 
of paper around the rocket close to the base of the cone. 

The axes of the rocket-case, of the pot, and of the cone, should be in 
the same line. 

To Attach the Stick.— Tie the stick to the rocket, with strong twine or 
annealed iron wire from .04 to .08 inch in diameter, at two places: first at 
the choke of the case and the second notch in the stick, crossing the ends 
of the twine under the stick to prevent its moving to the right or left; the 
second, in the notch at the end of the stick and near the pot; tie the 
twine in a hard knot, and cut the ends close. 

If wire be used, twist the ends together with pliers, and flatten the ends 
into the notch. 

After the stick is attached, the centre of gravity of the rocket should 
be from .8 inch to 2 inches fi'om the end of the case, according to the kind 
of decorations used. For this purpose, if necessary, reduce tfcc size of 
the stick at the end. 


DECORATIONS FOR ROCKETS. 


311 


DECORATIONS FOR ROCKETS. 

Stars. 

Materials. —See table, page 327. 

Utensils.— The necessary utensils for weighing and grinding the mate' 
rials; a cylindrical mould with a pin in the axis, and a piston for push¬ 
ing out the stars. 

To Prepare the Composition.— Reduce the materials to the finest 
powder; mix them with the hands; pass them three times through the 
sieve, mixing them each time with the hand. 

Moisten the composition with whiskey in which gum has been dissolved,* 
BO that the composition shall retain its form when pressed in the hand. 

To Mould the Stars.— Fill the mould by pressing it in the composition 
spread out in a wooden bowl; push out the star with the piston, letting it 
fall lightly on a sheet of paper dusted over with mealed powder. 

Colored stars are made in the same manner as white ones, using the 
compositions indicated in the table, page 327. 

Serpents. 

Serpents are very small rocket-cases charged with composition. 

Materials.— No. \ papery thread, paste, clay. 

Utensils. — Knife; former, 0.4 inch in diameter; hotel for paste, brushes, 
wooden mould, nipple, drift, mallet, charger, hand-rolling hoard. 

To Make the Case. —The case is made by rolling a rectangle of paper No. 
4 with a hand-rolling board, and choking it at one end. 

The cases are driven f their length, giving each ladleful of composition 
3 blows with the mallet. 

The case is choked over the composition, and the remainder of it is 
nearly filled with mealed powder, upon which a small paper wad is placed; 
a clay head is then driven on it, and the end of the case turned down, to 
secure it; the other end is primed with priming-paste, or a small strand 
of quick-match. 

Streamers. 

Streamers are small paper cases from .2 to .4 inch diameter and from 
2 to 4 inches long, made of four turns of No. 7 paper. One end is closed, 
and the case is charged and primed like that of a lance. 

A number of streamers produce the effect known as rain of fire. 

Gold Rain. 

Gold rain is made of small stars, all of the same size. The stars are 
cubes, the length of whose sides is .5 inch. 


* The use of the gum is to give consistency to the stars, so that the explosion of the pot may 
not break them to pieces and thereby destroy the effect. 




812 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Marrons. 

Marrons are small cubic boxes, made of pasteboard, filled with powder, 
and wrapped with strong twine. They are used to give a loud report, or 
the effect of cannonading. 

Materials. — Pasteboard, cartridge-paper, strong twine or marline, paste, 
quick-match, powder. 

Utensils. — Knife, ruler, pencil, punch. 

To Make the Marrons. —Cut the pasteboard into rectangles whose sides 
shall be 3 and 5 times, respectively, the length of the side of the marron re¬ 
quired. Divide the rectangle into 15 equal squares; cut out the squares 
forming the four corners of the rectangle, and divide the three remaining 
squares on the long side from each other by a cut the length of their side 
and perpendicular to the long side of the rectangle. 

Form a small cubic box with the pasteboard thus cut out; paste the 
squares together which cover each other, and paste a band of paper around 
the box, leaving the cover open. When dry, fill the box with powder, paste 
down the cover, and envelope it with two or three layers of strong twine. 
Cover the marron with glue or kit, and prime it with quick-match inserted 
in a hole punched into the powder at the middle of one of the faces. 


DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF ROCKETS. 


813 


Dimensions and Weights of Rochets and their Ornaments, 


Interior diam’r of Rockets. 


.75 in. 

1 in. 

1.5 in. 

10. 

11. 

13.0 

9.25 

10.60 

12.50 

.25 

.42 

.65 

1.35 

1.60 

2.0 

6.25 

6.75 

8.0 

.25 

.42 

.65 

.13 

.21 

.33 

.75 

1.0 

1.48 

.65 

.7 

1.0 

.75 

1.0 

1.48 

.72 

.97 

1.47 

9.65 

10. 

12.75 

7.25 

9. 

10. 

4.5 

5.25 

7.60 

2.5 

3.0 

4.0 

.27 

.44 

.67 

.24 

.36 

.64 

.21 

.33 

.60 

.14 

.23 

.33 

6.75 

7.5 

8.50 

4.25 

5.0 

6.0 

3. 

3. 

4. 

1.25 

1.5 

2.0 

8. 

8. 

8. 

2.25 

2.75 

3.5 

2.5 

2.20 

2.85 

7. 

7.75 

8.30 

1.5 

2.0 

3.0 

30. 

50. 

125. 

.75 

1. 

1.25 

12.5 

7.25 

15.0 

3.10 

3.25 

5. 

1.35 

1.60 

2.25 

1. 

1.5 

2. 

1. 

1.5 

3. 

1. 

1.75 

2.5 

.5 

1. 

1.25 

3.25 

3.75 

4. 

1.5 

2.0 

2.30 

1.75 

4. 

4.35 

80. 

84. 

96. 

.6 

.66 

.8 

.35 

.4 

.5 


Drifts ... - 


Length of cylindrical 
part. 


Conical 

cavity. 


Height of rectangle for cases.inches 

Length of the finished case*. “ 

Interior diameter of the choke.. “ 

Exterior diameter of the case. “ 

{ Height. “ 

Diameter at base. “ 

“ top. “ 

XT f Diameter. “ 

^■'■‘■“•••{Height. “ 

Diameter of cylinder and part of nipple. “ 

Diameter “ 
1st drift.. “ 

2d “ “ 

3d “ “ 

4th “ “ 

Diameter at f 1st drift.. “ 

bottom or-^ 2d “ “ 

base.(Sd “ “ 

Common diameter at top “ 

{ 1st drift.. “ 

2d “ “ 

3d “ 

Driving- J Weight.pounds 

Mallet, t Length of handle.inches 

{ Diameterf. “ 

Length of cylinder. “ 

Whole length. “ 

Height of the solid. “ 

Composition for 100 rockets.pounds 

Clay in head.ounces 

,, , , /Length.inches 

Rectangle „ 

Former, diameter. “ 

Weight .. 

. ( Gold rain. “ 

Bursting-charge. “ 

■ . (Height.inches 

Conical former.. | at base “ 

Length of finished cone. “ 

{ Length. “ 

Thickness of large end. “ 

“ small end. “ 


Pot. 


Cone. 


♦ Without the pot. 

*f Its contents, vhen driven, should be half a diameter in height. 




















































314 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 



.75-in. Rocket. 

l-in. Rocket. 

1.5-in. Rocket. 


Number. 

Weight. 

Number. 

Weight, 

Number. 

Weight. 

Stars. 

10 

Grains. 

490 

15 

Grains. 

700 

20 

Grains. 

890 

Gold rain. 

10 

490 

15 

700 

20 

870 

Streamers. 

8 

685 

12 

1025 

18 

1575 

Serpents. 

3 

525 

4 

850 

8 

1350 


WAR-ROCKETS. 

The war-rocket used in the military service is made after Hale’s patent. 
It consists, 1st. Of a sheet-iron case lined with paper and charged with 
rocket-composition. 2d. Of a cast-iron cylindro-conoidal head, with a small 
cavity communicating with the bore of the rocket, and pierced with three 
holes, oblique to the surface, for the escape of gas. 3d. Of a wrought-iron 
plug welded into the rear end of the case, and having a hole in its axis for 
the escape of gas. 

The rocket is driven forward by the escape of gas through the hole in 
the rear end, and a motion of rotation around its axis is given to it by the 
escape of gas through the holes in the head, whereby its direction is pre¬ 
served without the use of a directing-stick. 

The composition is pressed solid in the case by means of a powerful press, 
and the bore of the rocket is drilled and reamed out to the proper size. 

The sizes of rockets are indicated by the interior diameter of the cases. 

The two sizes used are the two-inch and three-inch. 

To Make the 8-inch Case. —Select the best lap-welded sheet-iron tubing. 
Cut it into lengths of 14.4 inches, and weld into one end a ring made of bar 
iron 0.625 inch by .25 inch, leaving a hole in the centre of .75 inch diameter. 
Swage the ring into a conical shape, the small end 1.6 inch diameter; ‘cut 
off the ends of the case square, and ream out the hole to .95 inch diameter. 

Ream out the hole in the base of the head to .875 inch, turn and fit the 
head into the case, and bore three holes, equidistant from each other, .45 
inch diameter, through the lap of the case and head into the cavity of the 
latter, the holes in a plane perpendicular to the axis, but the holes not 
passing through the axis. Bore nine holes .18 inch in diameter through 
the case into the head, for riveting on the head. 

To Drive the Rocket. 

Composition. — Nitre, 10 parts; sulphur, 2; charcoal, Z. Place the case in 
the mould, put in the case about 3^ oz. of composition, and press it with a 
pressure of about 20 tons: continue in the same way until the composition 
is about 1.2 inch fiom the top ; put in a layer of potter’s clay .25 inch thick 

























WAR-ROCKETS. 815 

when pressed: a space of .95 inch is left vacant for a pasteboard washer 
and the cast-iron head. 

To Bore the Rocket. —Remove the rocket to the boring-room; drill a 
hole .75 inch diameter through its entire length ; ream out the hole to .95 
inch at the tail and .75 inch at the head; bore the hole in the clay .875 
inch diameter. 

To Fasten on the Head. —Put a washer of pasteboard on the clay, insert 
the head and rivet it on, cork up the holes, and cover the rocket with a coat 


of paint. 

Dimensions '.—Whole length of the rocket.16.9 inches. 

Length of the finished case. 14.2 “ 

Exterior diameter of case. 3.25 “ 

Interior diameter of case. 3.00 “ 

Weight of rocket, complete.14.00 pounds. 

Rockets are carefully packed in tow, in boxes containing 8 rockets each. 
The contents of boxes to be marked on each end. 

Dimensions of Packing-Boxes. —Length, interior. 17. inches. 

Width, interior. 12.5 “ 

Depth. 6.5 “ 


Weight of box, empty. 20. pounds. 

Weight of box, packed. 136.5 “ 

These rockets are fired from open tubes formed of rods of iron bent 
spirally and mounted on a portable stand. 

Petard. 

The petard is a box of wood filled with powder, used to blow down doors, 
gates, barriers, etc. 

The box should be made of dry wood, and have paper pasted over the 
joints to prevent the powder from sifting out. A fuze, by which the petard 
is fired, is screwed into the box, reaching to the powder. 

The box should contain at least 20 lbs. of powder. 

The effects of petards are nearly proportioned to the square of the 
charges of powder they contain, and their effects are considerably increased 
if loaded with sand-bags. 

A 10 or 8 inch shell filled with powder, and provided with a long fuze, 
may be used for a petard. 

STORAGE AND PRESERVATION OF AMMUNITION AND FIREWORKS. 

Store-houses and magazines should be kept in the neatest possible order, 
the stores arranged as much as possible by classes, kinds, and calibres, 
and labelled. They should be ventilated from time to time, in the middle of 
tiie day, in fine weather,—particularly those which contain ammunition and 
fireworks which are injured by moisture. 

27 












316 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Provide cloth blinds for all windows exposed to the sun. 

Leaden Balls are generally kept in cellars, on account of their weight; 
the boxes should be kept as dry as possible, and so piled as to admit the 
circulation of air about them. 

Cartridges for small arms are kept in magazines, the barrels or boxes 
being piled 3 or 4 tiers high at most. 

Fixed Ammunition for Cannon. —If not in boxes, it should be placed in 
piles formed of two parallel rows of cartridges, with the sabots together,— 
in 4 tiers for 12-pdr., and 5 for G-pdr.; chock the lower tier with strips 
of wood fastened with small nails; put a layer of tow 2 inches thick between 
the shot; let the piles rest on planks, if there be no floor, and cover them 
with tarpaulins ; have the place swept, and the cartridge-bags brushed oflF. 
Leave a passage of 18 inches between the double rows, and keep them 2 
feet from the walls. 

Fixed ammunition should not be put into powder-magazines, if it can be 
avoided ; it should be kept in a dry place, above the ground-floor if prac¬ 
ticable; the store-rooms should be always aired in fine weather; the piles 
should be taken down and made up again every six months at most, the bags 
examined and repaired, and the damaged cartridges broken up. A ticket 
on each pile should show the number and kind of cartridges, the additions 
to the pile, and the issues. 

Canisters. —Piled up like fixed ammunition, in 4 tiers for 24’s and 18’s; 
and 5 for 12’s and 6’s. Empty canisters in 10 or 12 tiers; the bottoms and 
covers separately. 

Cartridge-Bags filled. —Like fixed ammunition; or packed in boxes or 
barrels. 

Cartridge-Bags empty. —In bundles of 50, sealed up in paper cases, care¬ 
fully closed with strips of thin paper pasted over the seams. 

Paper Cartridge-Bags. —In bundles, packed in boxes or on shelves, in a 
dry place, with pounded camphor and black pepper, or tobacco : the flannel 
bottom dipped in a solution of the sulphate of copper. 

Loaded Shells should never be put into magazines, except from absolute 
necessity; powder is not well preserved in them. They should be piled on 
the ground-floor of a secure building,—on planks, if the floor be not boarded; 
in 6 tiers at most; the fuzes of the lower tier in the vacant spaces between 
the shells; those of the other tiers turned downward, like the fuze-holes 
of empty shells; the pile should be covered with a tarpaulin. 

Use the same precautions against moisture and accidents as in a powder- 
magazine. 

Canister-Shot. —Keep them, the different kinds togethei’, in bins or 
boxes. 

Slow-Match. —In a dry place, such as a garret, in boxes or barrels, or 
piled on the floor. 


BREAKING UP UNSERVICEABLE STORES. 317 

Quick-Match. —If not in boxes, it may be hung up in bundles, on ropes 
or pins, and covered with paper. 

Friclion-rrimers. —In tin boxes. 

Portfires. —Bundles of 10 are placed in boxes or in barrels, on end, in 
safe and dry situations. 

Fuzes. —Packed in boxes,—fuzes of the same kind, as much as possible, 
in the same box,—in very dry and well-ventilated stores. 

Cylinders of Rock-Fire. —In boxes or barrels, like fuzes. 

Fire-Balls. —In cool but dry and airy places, suspended by the handle, 
the bottom resting on a board or floor, that they may not become deformed. 
Each ball should be labelled, stating its calibre, weight, and year of fabri¬ 
cation. 

Signal-Rockets. —Packed in boxes, the sticks tied together. Each box 
should contain rockets of but one calibre, and should be marked with the 
size and the kind of decoration. If the sticks be attached, they are tied 
in bundles of 5, according to the kind of decoration. 

War-Rockets. —Preserved in dry places, with the same precautions as 
loaded shells. 

Tarred Links. —Strung on a rope and hung up. For transportation they 
are packed in barrels, with straw between the tiers. 

Fascines and Torches .—Packed like the preceding. 

BREAKING UP UNSERVICEABLE STORES. 

Cartridges for Small Arms. —1 box; 1 rectangular screen, of brass wire, 
which fits in the box ; 1 board, with 4 copper hooks, placed across the middle 
of the screen ; boxes for balls and caps; barrels for powder; 1 paper-press ; 

1 sieve; stools. 

Put the bundles of cartridges on the screen, as they are required, and 
open them there near the wire gauze; put the pieces of twine on the hooks, 
the papers on the board, and the bundles of caps in the boxes; the pow¬ 
der, passing through the screen, falls in the box, and the balls, remaining 
on the screen, are washed, if necessary, and boxed. The unserviceable 
papers are thrown into water, or burned; the others are put under the 
press for 12 hours, and then placed in barrels or boxes. The bundles of 
caps are put in boxes without being broken up, unless the caps are 
damaged; the caps are then put in bags by themselves. The powder is 
dried and sifted, to separate the dust and the caked powder, which are 
laid by to be reworked, or to be melted for the saltpetre. 

Fixed Ammunition for Cannon. — 1 tarpaulin; 1 box; 2 barrels; 1 knife; 

2 brushes; 1 punch; 1 hammer; 1 scraper, (piece of sword-blade;) toio; a 
tub half-full of water, to clean the balls; stools. 

One man holds the cartridge over the box, whilst another cuts the twine 
near the knot, takes oflf the strapped shot, brushes it, and stands it on the 


318 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


tarpaulin, on its sabot; tbe first man pours the good powder into a barrel, 
the caked powder into another, turns the bag wrong side out, and cleans 
it. The strapped shot are taken to the door of the laboratory, where the 
shot which still require cleaning are separated from their sabots and im¬ 
mersed in the tub of water; after standing some time, they are washed and 
cleaned. The others remain strapped. The serviceable, reparable, and 
unserviceable cartridge-bags are separated from each other; the last are 
immersed in water, and used for rags. The pieces of twjne are tied up in 
bundles. The shells are put aside to be unloaded and cleaned in like 
manner. 

The breaking up of fixed ammunition requires many precautions, and 
should never be done in the magazine, but as much as possible in the open 
air. Never have but little powder and a few cartridges in the shop at one 
time. 

Canisters. —Turn up the slit ends of the canisters, by means of a small 
chisel; take otf the cover, and pull out the balls and sawdust into a box 
by means of a hook ; take out the bottom plate, and straighten the cylinder 
with a mallet on an anvil. 

Portfires.— Split the paper; take out the composition, and pulverize it 
by rolling for two hours. It may be made to burn more or less quickly by 
adding mealed powder or sulphur. 

Unloading Shells. 

This is necessary in order to save room in the store-houses, and to pre¬ 
vent accidents and the deterioration of the powder. It should be performed 
with great care, and at a distance from the magazines, store-houses, or 
dwelling-houses, employing no more men than are absolutely necessary. 

• Separate the workmen from each other; place them near a ditch or deep 
hole, into which they may throw a shell, should it take fire, and thus 
shelter the men from the fragments. 

^ Remove the powder frequently as it is taken from the projectiles. 

Workmen. —1 artificer; 1 helper. 

Implements. —\ fuze-wrench; awls; a coil of rope, or a block, to place the 
shell on; 1 brace, with bits of the size of the bore of the fuzes ; 1 copper 
chisel; 1 woodeii drift; 1 mallet; 1 copper hook, and rags, to get out the 
powder and clean the interior of the shell; 1 knife; a tub and a basket for 
the powder and fuzes; a tarpaulin; a bucket of water. 

For large shells, in addition to the above : 1 fuze-extractor, for mortar- 
shells ; a pair of shell-hooks and a handspike ; 2 trestles and a frame, to rest 
the shells on after extracting the fuze, for the purpose of emptying the 
shells over the tub. 

The helper places the shell on the coil of rope, and holds it firmly in 
both hands: the artificer unscrews the fuze with the fuze-wrench. If the 


ORNAMENTAL FIREAYORKS. 


319 


Bliell have a papci fuze, the artificer thrusts the sharp point of the awl be¬ 
tween the fuze and the plugs, and pries the fuze out; a second awl may bo 
used opposite the first; or cut out the composition .3 or .4 inch with a 
knife, and screw into the paper case a screw fitting it closely; draw out 
the fuze by means of the screw. 

If it be a mortar-shell, bore out the composition with a brace and bit, 
keeping the composition constantly wet with water; drive in the bore of 
the fuze a plug of hard wood; screw in the fuze-extractor and draw tho 
fuze. 


ORNAMENTAL FIREWORKS. 

Lances. 

Lances are small paper cases, .2 to .4 inch diameter, filled with one or 
more compositions, each burning with a flame of a particular color. They 
are used to mark the outlines of figures, and are attached to light frames 
of wood, or sticks of bamboo. 

To Make the Cases. —Cut the paper into rectangles, of a length equal 
to the required length of the case, and of such width as to make the case 
three thicknesses of No. 7 paper. The length of the case is generally 
about ten times its exterior diameter, depending on the composition with 
which it is to be filled, and the time it is required to burn. 

Paste the rectangle, and roll it on an iron former with the hand. When 
the cases are dry, cut them to their proper length. 

To Drive the Lance.— Place the cases in holes bored in a block of hard 
wood, the holes .02 inch larger than the case, and their depth .25 inch less 
than the length of the case. 

Drive in the bottom of each case a ladleful of clay. Insert in the top 
of the case a small funnel; pass the drift through the funnel into the case: 
fill the funnel with composition; raise the drift 1 inch above the top of the 
rase; press it to the bottom, and give it three light blows with a rocket- 
drift ; continue in the same way, raising the drift above the top of the case 
between each volley, until the case is filled to .25 inch of the top. 

Prime the lance with mealed powder moistened with gummed water, and 
dip the end while moist in rifle-powder. 

When the case is to be filled witli two different compositions, drive the 
case with the first composition till it is about .2 inch above the required 
height; remove the surplus to the exact height with a gauge, and proceed 
with the second composition as with tlie first. 

- To Fasten the Lances to the Frame. —Bore holes .02 inch larger than 
the lances, and.5 inch deep, from 2 to 4 inches apart, according to the size 
of lance. The holes should be bored so that the lance shall be horizontal 
when the frame is in position. Dip the end of the lance in glue, and press 

27 ^;^ 


320 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


it firmly in the hole, arranging the lances parallel to each other. Or they may 
be fastened to the frame by means of sharp nails or tacks driven into the 
frame and projecting about .4 inch. The end of the lance is pierced with an 
awl, dipped in glue and thrust on the point of the nail, arranging them 
perpendicular to the frame. 

/Sun- Cases. 

Sun-cases are strong cases made like those for rockets, and filled with a 
composition which burns more slowly than rocket-composition. They are 
attached to wooden frames, to give long rays of sparkling light. The choke 
is sometimes made by driving clay in the end of the case, and boring a hole 
through it for the escape of the flame; or the clay is driven on a short 
nipple, forming the choke. 

Sun-cases are generally made from .75 inch to 1.5 inch interior diameter; 
their exterior diameter about double that of the interior. The length of 
the case may vary according to the time they are required to burn. 

The diameter of the choke is about J the interior diameter. 

To Make the Cases.— The cases are made like rocket-cases. 

To Drive the Case.— Set the case on the nipple and place it in a wooden 
mould; pour in a ladleful of composition, and give it ten blows with the 
mallet; continue in the same way till the case is filled to the required 
height: put in a charge of rifle-powder, and over it drive a ladleful of 
clay. 

When the cases are filled, prime them by inserting in the choke a strand 
of quick-match, doubled in the middle and secured by driving a little com¬ 
position on it with a lance-drift. 

Paste on each end of the case a strip of paper 5 inches wide, projecting 
3 inches over the end of the case and forming an envelope to enclose 
the leaders. 

Sun-cases are fastened to the frames in the plane of the frame, by 
means of iron wire, or with strong twine. 

Lights. 

Lights are made by pressing lance or similar composition in shallow 
vessels, or in cases of large diameter. The burning-surface being large, 
the light attains a great intensity. 

Shallow, earthen, wooden, or metal vases, or paper cases, are used. The 
vase or case is filled with dry composition, slightly pressed in ; or compo¬ 
sition moistened with gummed water may be used and pressed in the case 
more compactly. It is primed by powdering the surface first with a mix¬ 
ture of equal parts of the composition and mealed powder, and then with 
powder alone. Cover the top over with paper, pasted on the sides of the 
case. Through the centre of the cover pass several strands of quick-match, 


SHELLS. 


321 


spreading them over the surface and uniting them on the exterior in a 
single strand. 

When the light is made with dry composition, the case must be placed 
in a vertical position. It may be placed horizontally if moistened com¬ 
position be used and firmly packed. 

Torch-liyhts for funeral ceremonies are made by impregnating large 
strands of cotton with a thin alcoholic pap, the whole arranged in vases 
like an oil-lamp, the pap replacing the oil. 

Petards. 

Petards are small paper cases filled with powder. One end is entirely 
closed, and the other has only a small hole left for a piece of quick-match, 
to communicate fire to the powder. Petards are placed at the bottom of 
lances; they are also used to imitate the fire of musketry. 

Rockets. 

Rockets are made and driven as described for signal-rockets, (see page 
308,)—except that different compositions are used, giving a more brilliant 
train of fire. 

Rockets may be made of all sizes: their general dimensions may be de¬ 
duced from those given. 

Generally, in proportion as the size of the rocket is increased, the thick¬ 
ness of the case must be increased, and the bore of the rocket diminished, 
or the quickness of the composition, or both of them. 

The stick should be from eight to nine times the length of the case, and 
of such thickness as to throw the centre of gravity about 1.25 inch from 
the end of the case. 

Tourhillon. 

The tourbillon is a paper case filled with composition, with the holes 
for the escape of the gas so disposed as to cause the case to rise vertically 
in the air at the same time that it revolves horizontally around its middle 
point. It has light wings attached to it, to direct its motion. 

Shells. 

Shells are made of light wood or paper, and filled with ornaments of 
different kinds. They are thrown nearly vertically from a mortar, and, 
when at their highest point, explode and throw out their ornaments, set 
on fire by the bursting-charge. 

To Make the Shell.— Turn in a lathe, from well-seasoned poplar or 
pine, two hemispheres of the size and thickness required, leaving a rabet 
to unite the two. Cover the shell thus formed with lens-shaped pieces of 
No. 2 paper, pasted on smoothly, two or three thicknesses; or form tha 


822 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


shell on a ball the size of the cavity of the shell, by pasting on it strips of 
paper of lens-shape until it is .2 inch thick. Cut the shell into two 
equal parts and take out the core; place the two halves together, and con¬ 
tinue to paste on pieces of paper, permitting them to dry perfectly, until 
the shell is of the required thickness. This mode requires much time, as 
the shells dry slowly, and each successive layer must be thoroughly dry 
before other pieces are pasted on. 

To Charge the Shell.— Introduce the stars, serpents, etc. through the 
fuze-hole, and then the bursting-charge; cover the fuze where it comes in 
contact with the shell with glue, and drive it in place. 

To insure the fuze taking fire, tie around the shell two pieces of quick- 
match, crossing over the fuze. 

Cover the fuze with several strips of paper pasted to the shell at their 
ends. These are removed before the shell is fired. 

/Stars. 

The stars for shells are made as described page 311. Those made of 
composition which burn with difficulty must have a hole in their axes, 
like those used for Roman candles. 

Wheel- Cases. 

Wheel-cases are made and driven like sun-cases. They are used to give 
a rotary motion to pieces mounted on an axis, and to produce at the same 
time a brilliant fire. They are attached to the end of the spoke of the 
wheel which they are to turn by means of iron wire, or strong twine, and 
they are inclined to the spoke from 20° to 30° to give a larger circle of fire. 

Roman Candles. 

The Roman candle is a long and strong tube charged with stars which 
are thrown out successively by a charge of powder placed under each star. 

The ends of gun-barrels, 20 inches long, are used for cases. W'hen 
paper cases are used, make them about .65 to .7 interior diameter and 1 
inch exterior diameter; roll them like portfire-cases. 

Three drifts, of different lengths, are used; they are made of hickory or 
other hard wood, with brass tips on the lower ends. 

To Charge the Case.— Put in the case a ladleful of clay and drive it with 
ten blows of the mallet; then a ladleful of composition, which is driven in 
the same way; next a charger of powder and a star, which is gently 
pressed down; then another ladleful of composition, a second charger of 
powder, and another star,—driving the composition and pressing down the 
star gently; continue until the ten stars are in, and add a half-ladleful 
of composition. 

Prime the candle with a strand of quick-match 6 inches long, held in 


COLORED FIRES. 


323 


place against the side of the case by a little composition driven in on its 
ends. Cover the end of the candle with a strip of paper pasted on. 

Homan candles are inserted in holes bored in frames, or tied with wire 
or twine in the direction in which they are to throw their stars. The 
stars used for Roman candles have a hole through their axes, communi¬ 
cating the fire to the charge below, which throws it out. 

Leaders, 

Leaders are long paper tubes of small diameter, enclosing a strand of 
quick-match. They are used to communicate fire rapidly from one point 
to another. 

The velocity of combustion is from 1 to 2 yards per second, depending 
upon the size of the tube, being more rapid as the tube is smaller. 

Leaders are made by rolling a strip of thin paper, 2.5 inches wide, as 
obliquely as possible, on a ramrod; or cut the paper into, trapezoids, 
4 inches wide at one base and 2^ at the other; paste the edges of the 
strips .25 inch, and roll them on a ramrod so that one end shall be 
enlarged, funnel-shape. When dry, pass a strand of quick-match through, 
and let it project about an inch at each end. 

To unite them into a long line, insert the end of one into another a 
distance of .75 inch, and tie them with a thread. 

If the line be long, first stretch a piece of twine, and attach the leader 
to it every few feet. 

Preparation of Colored Fires. 

The materials for colored fires should be as pure as can be obtained: 
those which crystallize should be procured in the crystalline state. They 
should be generally first dried, ground fine, weighed out, and mixed. The 
composition is then moistened and pressed into shape. Some of the mate¬ 
rials, such as the flowers of sulphur and lampblack, ought to be first well 
washed in warm water. Antimony, glass, and copper-filings ought, as well 
as other materials, to be passed through sieve No. 1. 

Drying. —All materials should be perfectly dry. Those which contain 
water of crystallization, as the nitrate of baryta, nitrate of strontia, and 
sulphate of copper, should have it driven ofif. For this purpose, place the 
salt in a broad, shallow vessel in a water-bath or on a moderate fire and 
otir it till it be perfectly dry, taking it ofiF the fire some minutes before. 

As the sulphate of copper is easily decomposed in this operation, and as 
the sulphuric acid set free might occasion a spontaneous explosion when 
the sulphate of copper was brought in contact with the chlorates, two parts 
of liquid ammonia are poured by degrees on the sulphate of copper pow¬ 
dered and yet hot. (The ammonia neutralizes the acid, and, instead of 
injuring the color, it heightens it. The same process should be adopted 


824 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


with other decomposable metallic salts.) A thick liquid of an indigo-blue 
color is obtained: place it on the fire, and warm it gently until it become 
a thick paste: then, leaving only a few coals under it, stir it Avith a spatula 
and crush it into a powder. 

Grinding. —The materials are ground in a mortar with a pestle, or on 
a sieve with copper balls 0.4 inch in diameter of equal weight with the 
composition to be ground. All the utensils should be kept perfectly 
clean. 

To pulverize antimony, melt it and pour it into a cast-iron mortar pre¬ 
viously warmed: when the metal is on the point of congealing, stir it 
briskly with the pestle: it is thus reduced to fine grains, which are then 
pulverized with a pestle. Zinc and other similar metals are treated in the 
same way. 

To obtain shellac in the state of a fine powder, it is first broken into 
pieces and melted with its weight of saltpetre. The mass is then ground as 
usual, and the powder thus obtained is washed in pure water till all the 
saltpetre is removed. 

The resins and other substances insoluble in water and difficult to pul¬ 
verize in their pure state are treated in the same manner. 

All materials when pulverized should be passed through hair sieve No. 1. 
They ought, if possible, to be sifted when warm, and placed away imme¬ 
diately in well-stopped bottles to preserve them from moisture. 

The chlorates should be pulverized in a marble mortar with a hard-wood 
pestle. The mortar, pestle, and sieve should be used only for a single 
chlorate, and the whole operation be performed in a place apart, to avoid 
accidents. The chlorate can be ground and manipulated by itself without 
danger; but when it is mixed with sulphur,_charcoal, etc., it explodes very 
readily. 

Weighing. —Each material should be weighed accurately by itself, 
according to the proportions laid down in the table. 

Mixing. —The materials after being weighed out are poured on a sheet 
of pasteboard and mixed as well as possible with the hand: they are then 
passed three times through sieve No. 2, keeping the sieve stationary, and 
stirring the materials with the hand. 

If a chlorate enter into the composition, begin by mixing all the mate¬ 
rials, on a pasteboard, except the sulphur, charcoal, lampblack, sugar, 
tallow, and shellac. When they are well mixed, add the combustible mate¬ 
rials separately, mix them thoroughly, and then add the chlorate. 

Pass the composition three times through sieve No. 2, using a feather for 
the purpose. 

All these manipulations with compositions into which a chlorate enters 
should be performed in a place aside, and Avith a small quantity at a 
time. 


SIEVES. 


825 


Compositions thus prepared should be preserved in well-stopped bottles 
carefully labelled. Those containing chlorates should be placed away 
from the rest and apart from each other. 

Dampening. —Compositions are dampened by pouring the pure or gummed 
liquid on them, a little at a time, and mixing it well with the hand or a 
wooden knife. Compositions should not be dampened until just before they 
are to be moulded. 

Moulding. —All compositions may be firmly compressed, provided care 
be taken to avoid friction and blows with those containing chlorates. 

However great the care taken in the choice of materials, their propor¬ 
tions and manipulations, it is difficult always to get uniform results. It 
is necessary, therefore, to try the mixtures and modify the proportions as 
may be required. 

In every composition there are certain substances wffiich are used to 
furnish oxygen for the consumption of the rest: the nitrates and chlorates 
are such. There are other substances, as sulphur, charcoal, and vegetable 
matters, which are burned; and others which are only used to give color 
to the flame, as antimony, lead, copper, strontia, etc. 

The same substance may furnish oxygen and color the flame at the 
same time. Certain materials are used only to heighten the color,—as the 
protochloride of mercury and the hydrochlorate of ammonia: the action 
of the latter is weaker than that of the former. 

When a composition burns too slowly, there is an excess of coloring- 
matter or of that which is to be burned, or some other substance, (as water, 
for example,)—very rarely of that which furnishes oxygen. When the com¬ 
position burns too fast, it is necessary to add coloring-matter, or such sub¬ 
stances as sugar, rosin, or tallow, which operate by separating the sub¬ 
stances supplying the oxygen from those which are burned, and at the 
same time keeping up the combustion. 

Generally, the quicker the combustion the more will the flame approach 
to whiteness, whatever may be the coloring-principle, and the slower the 
combustion the more certainty there will be of obtaining the desired color. 

Sieves. 

Sieves are made of brass wire, hair, or silk, and may be square or round 

f 50 meshes in 1 inch, or 2,500 in a square 
inch, a single hair in one direction, 2 
in the other. 

f 25 meshes in 1 inch, or 625 in a square 
inch, 2 hairs side by side in each di¬ 
rection. 

f l2.5 meshes in 1 inch, or 156 in 1 square 
inch, 3 hairs side by side in each di¬ 
rection. 

No. 4. 180 meshes in a square inch, brass wire. 




Hair sieves 
for 

mixing compositions. 



320 


ORDNANCE MANUAL, 


I he silk sieve is made like No. 1, and often replaces it. Brass sieves 
ought to be used only for dry materials. 


Dimensions and Weights of Paper or Poplar Shells. 


Calibre. 

Thick¬ 
ness of 

Weight 

of 

Weight of 
Charge. 

Drain of Fuze-IIole. 

Time of Fuze. 

Ornaments. 

Weight of 

Number of 

Sides. 

Bottom. 

Empty. 

Loaded. 

In Mortar. 

In Shell. 

Stars. 

Gold Rain. 

Rain of 

Fire. 

Serpents. 

Stars. 

Gold Rain. 

Streamers. 

1 Serpents. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

lbs. oz. 

lbs. oz. 

Oz. 

Oz. 

In. 

Sec. 

Oz. 

Gr. 


Gr. 





5.8 

.5 

.62 

.10 5 

2.10 

3.5 

.5 

1.4 

3. 

.5 

40 


210 

60 

170 

32 

14 

8. 

.5 

.62 

1.10 

7.8 

5. 

.5 

1.4 

3. 

.5 

40 


210 

140 

600 

40 

60 

10. 

.75 

.1 

3.25 

11.14 

5. 

1. 

1.4 

3. 

.5 

40 


210 

270 

950 

230 

130 

15. 

1.25 

1.5 

14.14 

35. 

12. 

2. 

1.4 

3. 

.5 

40 


210 

900 

3400 

760 

460 


Dimensions for Sun and Wheel Cases. 



Sun-Cases. 

Wheel-Cases. 

Interior diameter.in. 

0.75 

1.0 

1.5 

0.75 

1.0 

1.5 

Case.-j 

r Exterior diameter.in. 

1.2 

1.6 

2.0 

1.20 

1.6 

2.0 

[ Length.in. 

11. 

10.60 

12.5 

8.75 

8.75 

8.75 

I 

Diameter 

\ at top.in. 

.28 

.55 

.65 

.28 

.55 

.65 

Spindle.. A 

.18 

.38 

.40 

.18 

.38 

.40 

1 

[ Length.in. 

.35 

.75 

.80 

.35 

.75 

.80 


Rate of Burning of Compositions. 


Dimensions. 

Wheel-Fires. 

Standing Fires. 

Com¬ 

mon. 

White. 

Chinese. 

Sun. 

Star. 

Roman 

Candles. 

Length of case. 


8.75 

8.75 

8.75 

11. 

8. 

19. 

Interior diameter. 


.75 

.75 

.75 

.75 

.75 

.75 

Weight of composition.. 

..oz. 

3.5 

3.5 

4. 

5. 

4. 

5. 

Time of burning, per in.. 

sec. 

17. 

17. 

21. 

22. 

20. 

45. 

































































































COMPOSITIONS FOR FIREWORKS. 


327 


Rate of Burning of Compositions. —Continued. 



Lances. 

rOT-FlRES. 

Changeable 

Wheels. 

Red. 

Wliite. 

Blue. 

Yellow. 

Green. 

Q 

Wliite. 

Blue. 

Yellow. 

Green. 

Lilac. 

liength of case. 

..in. 

4. 

4. 

5. 

4. 

4. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

Interior diameter. 


.32 

.32 

.32 

.32 

.32 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

.’ll 

■Weight of composition. 

.gr. 

141 

140 

150 

150 

160 

547 

560 

546 

515 

5G0 

550 

250 

Time of burning. 


90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

60 

65 

45 

65 

65 

45 

60 


Compositions for Fireworks. 

The parts are, by weight: 

White. —16 nitre; 8 sulphur; 4 mealed powder. 

Yellow. —1 charcoal; 1 sulphur; 6 nitrate of soda. 

Red. —5 chlor. of potassa ; 20 nit. of strontia; 4 gum dammar. 
Blue. —8 chlor. of potassa; 4 sulph. of copper; 4 gum dammar. 
Green. —96 chlorate of potassa; 192 nitrate of baryta; 64 sul¬ 
phur ; 8 lampblack. 

Five-pointed. —7 sulphur; 10 mealed powder. 

White. —26 nitre; 9 sulphur; 5 mealed powder. 

Yellow. —16 nit. of soda; 4 sulph.; 4 mealed powder; 2 lampblack, 
Ped. —30nit. of strontia; 16 nitre; 10 sulph.; mealed powder. 
Blue. —8 nitre; 2 sulphur; 4 sulphate of copper. 

Green .— 96 nitre; 64 snip.; 8 lampblack ; 192 nitrate of baryta. 
^Vhite .—16 nitre; 8 sulphur ; 4 mealed powder. 

Yellow. —2 nitre; 4 sulphur; 20 nitrate of soda; 1 lampblack. 
Red .—5 nitre; 6 sulphur; 20 nitrate of strontia ; 1 lampblack. 
Blue. —8 nitre; 2 sulphur; 4 sulphate of copper. 

Green. —24 nitre; 16 sulph.; 48 nitrate of baryta; 1 lampblack. 
Bengal. —2 antimony; 4 sulph.; 4 mealed powder; 16 nit. of soda, 
'Common. —6 nitre ; 1 sulphur; 16 mealed powder; 6 charcoal. 
Brilliant. —1 nitre; 1 sulphur; 16 mealed powder; 7 steel-filings. 
Chinese. —1 nitre; 1 sulph.; 16 mealed powder; 7 cast-iron filings. 
^ White. —6 nitre; 7 sulphur; 16 mealed powder. 

Sun-Fires—C'A mMe.—l nitre; 1 sulphur; 16 mealed powder; 7 cast-iron 
filings. 

Streamers.— 2 nitre ; 1 sulphur; 16 mealed powder; 4 charcoal. 
Serpents.— 2 charcoal; 16 mealed powder. 

Roman Candles.— 6 nitre; 2 sulphur; 16 mealed powder; 6 charcoal. 
Gold Rain.— 16 nitre; 10 sulphur; 4 mealed powder; 3 lampblack; 1 
flowers of zinc; 1 gum arabic. 

The nitrate of soda may be replaced by the bicarbonate of soda or tho 
oxalate of soda. The sulphate of copper is ammoniated. 


Stars.. 


Lances. - 


Lights. 


Wheel- 

Fires. 


28 








































328 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Tools and Implements. 

TJte following list of laboratory tools and implements shows the kinds 
and proportions which may be required for a large laboratory and for a 
park of artillery; 


Kind. 

Quantity. 

Labora¬ 

tory. 

Pai fe. 

Awls, brad.. 


3 

1 

Adze, copper, weighing 5 lbs. 

1 

1 

Bench, for drawing the loads of shells. 

1 


Bench-stake 


1 


Bio.k-iron_ 


1 


Bill-hooks. 


2 


f for driving fuzes of different calibres. 

20 



for driving signal-rockets and portfires. 

4 



for punches. 

2 



for cutting on. 

1 


Bottles, with ground-glass stoppers. 

4 


Boxes, for 12 workmen making cartridges—3 to each. 

36 



wooden, various sizes. 

12 

4 

iiOTVlS.-< 

[earthen, glazed, large. 

6 


Braces and bits. 

2 

1 

Brushes, of various kinds. 

18 

4 

Bnnkftta. 


6 


Callipers, various sizes. 

3 

1 


r for fuzes. 

10 

5 

Chargers, 

for portfires. 

2 

1 

copper." 

for signal-rockets. 

6 

2 


for cartridges for small arms (revolving). 

4 

1 


r brass, for unloading shells. 

6 

3 

Chisels.- 

cold. 

9 

o 


joiner’s. 

o 

Q 

9 

Compasses. ^ 

f common. 

1 anrino*.... ^ 

o 

3 

o 

1 

1 

Cooper’s drivers, copper and wood. 

2 

JL 

2 

Crowbar. 


1 

1 

Cuttiner-boards. 

J. 

X 

Cylinders for gauging balls. 

U 

3 

2 

Dinners. 


A 


DredErinff-boxea. 

u 

6 

2 


of iron, pointed with copper or brass, for 


driving portfires. 

2 



for driving fuzes for 13-inch and 10-inch shells; 




long and short.:. 

24 

8 

Drifts.- 

for driving fuzes for 8-inch shells and howit¬ 




zers ; long and short. 

24 

8 


for driving signal-rockets, sets for 1-inch. 

1 



“ “ “ .75-inch.. 

2 

1 


for driving serpents, iron. 

6 

2 
























































TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS. 


329 


Tools and Implements. —Continued. 


Kind. 


to 


Drills, assorted. 

half-round. 

Files.. 

large. 

of iron or wood, for portfire-cases. 

for rocket-cases—sets for each calibre. 

for serpents. 

for leaders. 

for small-arm cartridges, of each calibre, 1 

Formers....each workman. 

for cylinders and caps, for each calibre. 

for pot for rockets, “ “ . 

for cutting pots on, “ “ . 

for cones for rockets, “ “ . 

for wads, “ “ . 

Fork, iron, for dipping pitched fascines. 

Funnels, of copper and tin, various kinds. 

Fuze-cutters. 

Fuze-setters. 

Fuze-extractors. 

'steel, for shot and shells ; for each calibre.... 
double, for grape and canister; “ “ .... 

“ for cartridge-formers; “ “ .... 

of sheet iron, for sabots; “ “ .... 

“ for canister-bottoms; “ “ .... 

“ for canisters; “ “ .... 

of copper or wood, for cannon-cartridges. 

Gimlets. 

Gimlets, for priming rockets. 

Glue-pot and brush. 

Gunner’s callipers. 

Gunner’s pincers. 

„ r iron, hand, for strapping shot, &c. 

*’* \ copper. 

Hand-barrows, with rope bottoms, for powder-barrels. 

Hatchet. 

Hooks for unpacking ammunition-boxes. 

Implements for making paper fuzes—sets. 

f iron, for melting lead. 

iron, for rock-fire, &c. 

iron, for pitch. 

copper, for paste. 

. f for cutting paper, large and small. 

.{block.. 


Gauges. 


Kettles. 


Quantity. 


Labora¬ 

tory. 


6 

6 

4 

3 

4 
2 
2 
6 
2 

20 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

20 


3 

13 

2 

2 

1 

6 

4 
2 
2 
1 
2 

12 

1 


Park. 


20 

1 

1 

1 

1 





























































33C 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Tools and Implements. —Continued. 


Kind. 


Moulds. 


T -ifllPQ / . 

. \ copper, for saltpetre, &c. 

Lanterns. 

Letter-punches (stencils)—set. 

{ for driving fuzes and portfires. 

for driving rockets. 

carpenter’s. 

f for powder, from 8 pounds to 4 ounces. 

easures...quart, pint, half-pint, and gill. 

Mortar and pestle, bronze... 

Mortar, marble, with pestle of hard wood. 

for balls and buckshot—sets. 

for incendiary-balls, different calibres. 

brass, for portfires. 

for rockets, of each calibre. 

Mullers, wooden. 

Needles, of various kinds. 

Palms, for sewing canvas. 

Paste-brushes. 

{ for cartridge-papers for small arms. 

tin, of each kind and calibre, for paper cartridges 
“ “ “ for flannel cartridges 

“ “ “ for canisters. 

Pans, copper, various sizes. 

Pitchers, stone. 

Planes. 

Pliers, flat, for twisting wire. 

Plugs, pointed, for loading spherical case. 

Press, for paper and pasteboard. 

Profiles, of sheet iron, for sabots—for each calibre. 

Punches. 

{ for piercing shot-straps. 

centre. 

for fuze-caps, for 13,10, and 8-inch—2 each... 

Rasps, for wood. 

Reels, or frames, for quick-match. 

Rocket-stand. 

Rolling-boards, for portfire-cases, &c. 

Kulcs. I pafpejter’s . 

( iron, for cutting by. 

Sandstones, for sharpening knives. 

Saws. 

Scale, of 1 foot, (diagonal,) divided into inches and lOOths 


Quantity. 

Labora¬ 

Park. 

tory. 


5 

1 

1 


5 

5 

1 

1 

20 

5 

6 

4 

2 


22 

12 

5 

5 

1 

1 

1 



2 

4 


2 


2 

1 

4 

2 

150 

50 

2 

1 


1 

4 

2 

12 

12 

4 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 


18 

6 

6 


1 


4 

2 

2 


1 


1 


6 


12 

2 

4 


8 


6 

6 

2 


1 


2 


2 

1 

8 

2 

6 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 



























































TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS. 


331 



Tools and Implements. —Continued. 



Kixd. 

Quantity. 

Labora¬ 

tory. 

Park, 

Beales, copper, large, small, and medium. 

Scissors and shears, of different sizes. 

Scoops, copper, for taking up materials. 

5 

12 

6 

O 

12 

4 

Screw-drivers. 

Serihers . 

4 

4 

2 

2 

Shell-hooks. 

or s<?rf>ws. .... 

1 

4 

2 

Sieves.- 

hair. Nos. 1, 2^ 3, and 4, with frames. 

hnltinor-f*lnth. 

4 

o 

4 

o 

Screens, for demolition of cartridges for small arms. 

2 

2 


SVimmpr- pnnnpr fnr sn.ltnf»tri>. 

1 



2 

1 



60 


Spatulas... J 

* 

r steel, for saltpetre, &c. 

■fnr Toplv-firp ........ 

3 

6 

1 

[_ for pa^l^i^^g 5^minnnit.inn-boxes. 

24 

2 

Speke-shave 

Sr>r>niTOC _ 


1 



2 


Sr\r>r\lo rriT* fwiriA _____ 

40 


1 

f wooden. 

6 

2 

Squares. 

1 imn .. ....... 

2 

1 

C? ♦ fl n w rv rkl />rivfY»irlnrOG AOaIi Pflll Ht*P . .. 

1 

4 


OLOrlXlpS lOI tl CU.V/H Veil! Ul ^ 

T'o>'A»inlins _-_••••*• •••••• ••••••*••••••• 

2 


6 

6 



1 


2 

1 

o OA.1V./ 

a i 1 a_T\ fl 


2 



2 



'for the demolition of cartridges for small arms 
cominon ........ 

1 

6 


Tubs .■ 

for making slow-match, &c. (casks sawed in 

fwn^ ___.....a •.••••••••••••••••••• ••• ••• ••••• 

6 


Twisting-ma 

fnr slow-TTiatfill. &C.... 

1 



2 

1 

Weights — sets for each balance or pair of scales . 

1 

1 

1 

• 1 


1 

1 

Wrenches.. < 


1 

1 

1 


1 

1 



_- 


28 * 






















































33-2 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


CHAPTER ELEVENTH. 

EQUIPMENT OF BATTERIES FOR FIELD, SIEGE, AND GARRISON 

SERVICE. 

EQUIPMENT OF FIELD-BATTERIES. 

Interior Arrangement of Ammunition-Chests for Field Guns and 
Howitzers. (Plate 18.) 

The principal divisions of a cliest are designated as the right half ani 
the left half to a person facing the front of the chest. 

The smaller divisions in each half, perpendicular to the sides, are 
designated as first, second, third, &c., from the principal partition, each 
way; the divisions parallel to the sides are designated as the front, middle, 
and rear divisions. 

The kind of ammunition contained in the small divisions is marked on 
the inside of the cover, over each division. 

Ammunition-Chest for the ^-pounder Gun. 

Eight partitions, (poplar,) four in each half, perpendicular to the sides 
of the chest. The partitions are supported by two strips of wood at each 
end, forming a groove in which the partition slides; each strip is fastened 
to the side of the chest with four copper nails, 3-penny, 1.13-inch. 

In the first four divisions of the right half are two bolsters, to each divi¬ 
sion, for spherical case shot,—one fastened to the principal partition by 3 
screws No. 14, the others fastened to the movable partitions each by 3 screws. 

One tray, for holding equipments, rests on the partitions in the left half 
of the chest. The tray has two sides, two ends, and one bottom, (poplar or 
white pine.) The sides and ends are dovetailed together and fastened by 
VI nails', the bottom is fastened to the ends and sides by 14 brass screws 
No. 12. Three finger-holes are bored in the inside of the ends, to lift the 
tray by; and a hole is bored through the middle of the bottom, to let the 
air enter when the tray is lifted out. 

Ammunition-Chest for the Vl-pounder Gun. 

Six partitions, three in each half, perpendicular to the sides of the chest, 
supported as in the 6-pounder chest. 

Four bolsters, for spherical case shot,—one of them fastened to the prin¬ 
cipal partition with 3 screws No. 14, two fastened to the first partition in 


AMMUNITION-CHESTS. 


333 


the right half with 3 screics No. 14, and one to the left side of the second 
partition, right half, with 3 screics No. 14. 

The second and third partitions in the right half are made higher than 
the others, to suit the height of the canisters fixed. 

One tray, for equipments, in the left half; made like that for the 6-pdr. 
chest. 

For the gun of model 1857, there are 8 bolsters for shells and spherical 
case shot, fastened as above. 

Ammunition-Chest for the Vl-pounder Howitzer. 

Six partitions, three in each half, supported like those of the 6-pdr. chests. 

Twenty-one bolsters, for the lower tier of shells and spherical case shot. 
They are cupped out to receive the balls, and have holes bored through 
the bottom for the fuzes to lie in. They are placed in the bottom of the 
chest, three in each division, except the first division in the right half; 
they are fastened to the bottom each by 4 sprigs. 

Twenty-eight props, for the upper tier of shells and spherical case. Four 
of the props are placed in each division, except the first one in the right 
half. Two of them are fastened to each end of the chest, two to the left 
side of the principal partition, and two to the right side of the first par¬ 
tition in the right half, each by 0 copper nails, 3-penny. 

The rest of the props are fastened in pairs to the movable partitions 
each by 6 copper nails, 3-penny. 

Six props for canisters, (oak,) in the first division of the right half; 
three fastened to the principal partition, three to the movable partition, 
each with 3 screws No. 14. 

Ammunition-Chest for the 2^-pounder Howitzer. 

Eight linings, two in each of the front and rear divisions, fastened to the 
ends of the chest and to the principal partition each by 6 copper nails, 
3-penny. 

Four long partitions, two in each half, parallel to the sides of the chest; 
they are supported by the end linings and by two upright strips, fastened to 
the ends and principal partition each by 4 copper nails, 3-penny. 

Two short partitions for canisters, in the rear division of the right half; 
each of them is supported by 4 strips, fastened to the back of the chest 
and to the long partition each by 3 copper nails, 3-penny. 

Seven short partitions, for shells and spherical case shot; two in each of 
the front divisions, two in the rear division of the left half, and one in 
the middle division of the left half. These partitions slide into grooves 
made each by two upnjht strips, which are fastened to the sides and to the 
long partitions each by 4 copper nails, 3-penny; each partition is formed 
of two pieces, which slip into the grooves, one over the other. 


‘ 834 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Thirty-three holsters for shells and spherical case. Seven of them are 
fastened, at the bottom of the chest, to the end linings of the two front 
divisions and the left rear division, and to the principal partition in the 
right middle division, each by 2 screws No. 14. Twenty-four of the 
Dolsters are fastened in pairs on each side of the short partitions of the 
two front divisions and the left rear divisions; twelve to the lower half 
and twelve to the upper half of the partitions; each pair fastened by 3 
screws No. 14, which pass through the bolsters and the partition. Two 
bolsters are fastened to the left side of the middle partition in the right 
half, one to the lower and one to the upper part of the partition, each by 
2 screws No. 14. 

Ammunition-Chest for the Z2i-pounder Howitzer. 

Six long partitions, three in each half,—one parallel to the ends and two 
parallel to the sides of the chest; each partition is supported by 4 strips 
fastened to the sides and ends of the chest, or to the other partitions, each 
by 5 copper nails, 3-penny. 

Four short partitions, one in the front and rear division of each half, 
made in two pieces, and fastened in the same manner as those of the 24-' 
pounder howitzer chest. 

Twenty-one bolsters for shells and spherical case. Seven of them are 
fastened, at the bottom of the chest, to the ends and cross partitions each 
by 2 screws No. 14. Twelve bolsters are fastened in pairs, as in the 24- 
pounder howitzer chest, to the short partitions in the left half, and in the 
rear division of the right half. Two bolsters are fastened, in like manner, 
on the right side of the short partition in the right front division. 

Ammunition-Chest for the Mountain-Howitzer. 

Eight long cleats, for supporting the ammunition: they are glued to the 
sides, opposite to each other, and fastened by 32 copper nails, 3-penny. 
Eight short cleats, fastened to the sides by 8 screws No. 14, and 16 copper 
nails, 3-penny. 

Ammunition-Chest for the Prairie-Carriage. 

The same as for the mountain-howitzer. 


AMMUNITION-CHESTS. 


335 


Ammunition carried in each CIiesL 


Kind. 

No. 

Weight. 

Place. 

FOR 6-pounder gun. 

Shot, fixed. 

Spherical case, fixed. 

Canisters, fixed. 

Spare cartridges, lb. 

Friction-primers. 

Slow-match.yard 

Portfires. 

Total number of rounds... 

25 

20 

5 

2 

75 

2 

2 

50 

Lbs. 

190. 

140. 

42. 

2.6 

.97 

.38 

.57 

In the left half. 

In the 1st four divisions of 
right half. 

In 5th division, right half. 

On the spherical case. 

In a tin box, in the tray. 

1 On the ammunition in right 
/ half. 

376.52 

FOR 12-pounder gun. 
Shot, fixed. 

Spherical case, fixed. 

Canisters, fixed. 

Spare cartridges, lbs... 

Friction-primers. 

20 

8 

4 

2 

48 

1.5 

2 

32 

308. 

117.6 

67.64 

5.12 

.62 

.28 

.57 

In left half, and in 4th division 
of right half. 

In 1st and 2d divisions, right 
half. 

In 3d division, right half. 

On the spherical case. 

In a tin box, in the tray. 

1 On the ammunition in right 
/ half. 

Slow-match.yard 

Portfires. 

Total number of rounds... 

499.83 

FOR 12-pdr. gun, (1857.) 
Shot, fixed. 

Spherical case. 

12 

12 

4 

4 

2 

48 

1.5 

3 

32 

184.8 

176.4 

48.68 

67.64 

5.12 

.62 

.28 

.57 

In 1st, 2d, and 3d divisions, 
left half. 

In 1st, 2d, and 3d divisions, 
right half. 

In 4th division, right half. 

In 4th division, left half. 

On the shells. 

In a tin box, in the tray. 

1 On the ammunition in right 
/ half. 

Shells. 

Canisters. 

Spare cartridges, 2.5 lbs... 

Friction-primers. 

Slow-match. yard 

Portfires. 

Total number of rounds... 

484.11 

FOR 12-pdr. howitzer. 
Shells, fixed. 

Spherical case, fixed. 

Canisters, fixed. 

Friction-primers. 

Slow-match. yards 

Portfires. 

Total number of rounds... 

15 

20 

4 

58 

2 

2 

39 

157.5 

273. 

47.4 

.75 

.38 

.57 

In 2d, 3d, and 4th divisions, 
right half. 

In left half. 

In 1st division, right half. 

In a tin box on the canisters. 

1 On the canisters. 

479.6 
























































336 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Ammunition carried in each Chest. —Continued. 


Kind. 


FOB 24-pdr. howitzer. 

Shells, strapped. 

Spherical case, strapped.. 

Canisters. 

{ Small charge 

Large charge 

Friction-primers. 

Slow-match.yard 

Portfires. 

Total number of rounds... 


FOR 32-pdb. howitzer. 
Shells, strapped. 

Spherical case, strapped... 

Canister. 

Cartridges 

° ( Large charge. 

Friction-primers. 

Slow-match.yard 

Portfires. 

Total number of rounds... 


FOB MOUNTAIN-HOWITZER. 

Shells, fixed. 

Spherical case, fixed. 

Canisters, fixed. 

Friction-primers. 

Slow-match.yard 

Portfires. 

Total number of rounds... 


No. 


Weight. 


Place. 


Lbs. 


12 

8 

3 

23 


2 

34 

1 

2 

23 


225.60 

214.92 

63.75 

53.82 


5.40 

.44 

.19 

.57 


564.69 


In left half. 

In front and middle divisions 
of right half. 

In rear divisions of right half. 
12 in middle division, left half; 
9 in middle division, right 
half; 2 on the canisters. 

On canisters. 

In a tin box on the canisters. 

I On the canisters. 


8 

196.80 

6 

216.00 

1 

28.50 

15 

46.50 

1 

3.88 

22 

.28 

.5 

.09 

1 

.28 

15 



492.33 

1 

9.9 

6 

75.6 

1 

11.8 

12 

.15 


.09 

1 

.28 

8 



97.82 


Front and rear divisions of left 
half. 

Rear divisions and right front 
division of right half. 

Left front division, right half. 

11st division in each half. 

In a tin box in the middle 
division. 

I In the middle division. 


In left end. 

In middle. 

In right end. 

In water-proof paper. 


Fob Pbaibie-Howitzee. —The same as for the mountain-howitzer. 



































EQUIPMENTS FOR FIELD-CARRIAGES. 


337 


Implements and Equipments for Field-Carriages. ‘ 


Kind. 

No. 

Weight. 

FOR A GUN OR HOWITZER 

CARRIAGE. 



Sponges and rammers. 

2 

Lbs. 

Sponge-covers. 

2 

0.24 

Worm and staff. 


3.6 

Handspikes. 

2 

14.5 

Sponge-bucket. 

1 

10. 

Prolonge. 

1 

12.5 

Vent-cover. 

1 

0.2 

Tar-bucket. 

1 

7. 

Water-bucket (leather). 

2 

16. 

Gunner’s haversacks 

2 

3:72 

Tube-pouch. 

2 

1.80 

Vent-punch. 

Gunner’s pincers. 

1 

0.08 

1 

0.85 

Tow-hook. 

1 

0.60 

Hausse . 

1 

0.65 

Thumb-stalls. 

2 

0.01 

Priming-wire . 

1 

0.08 

Lanyard for friction-pri- 



mers . 

2 

0.20 

Gunner’s gimlet. 

1 

0.08 

Fuze-cutter. 

1 

0.2 

Tarpaulin, large . 

1‘ 

37.75 

FOR A CAISSON. 



Felling-axe . 

1 

6. 

Shovel, long handle. 

1 

4.75 

Pick-axe . 

1 

6.5 

Spare handspike . 

1 

7.25 

Spare pole . 

1 

25.30 

Spare wheel . 

1 

180. 

Tow-hooks . 

2 

1.2 

Tar-bucket . 

1 

7. 

Watering-bucket (leather). 

2 

16. 

Tarpaulin, large . 

1 

37.75 


Place. 


- On the gun-carriage. 

On the gun. 
j- On the limber. 

In the implement-trays, or in 
other vacant spaces in the 
ammunition-chest. 

j- In the tube-pouch. 

j- In the tube-pouch. 

Strapped on the ammunition- 
chest. 


In the places provided for 
them on the caisson-body. 

One in the limber-chest, and 
one in a caisson-chest. 

j- On the limber. 

Strapped on the limber-chest. 














































838 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Implements and Equipments for Prairie- Carriages. 


Kind. 


Sponges and rammers. 

Sponge-covers. 

Handspike. 

Vent-cover. 

Haversack. 

Tube-pouch. 

Priming-wire. 

Thumb-stalls. 

Gunner’s gimlet. 

Lanyard for friction-pri¬ 
mers. 

Fuze-cutter. 

Gunner’s pincers. 

Tarpaulin, 6 X 10 ft. 

Water-bucket. 

Prolonge... 

Tar-bucket. 


No. 

Weight. 


Lbs. 

2 

3. 

2 

2.3 

1 

5. 

1 

.18 

1 

1.86 

2 

1.80 

1 

0.08 

2 

.01 

1 

0.08 

2 

0.2 

1 

0.2 

1 

0.85 

1 

12.25 

1 

8. 

1 


1 

7. 


Place. 


j- On the carriage. 

On the gun. 

j- In ammunition-chests. 


In the tube-pouch. 


In tool-chest A. 

On the ammunition-chest. 
On the limber. 

On the gun-carriage. 

On the limber. 


Implements and Equipments for the Mountain-Howitzer Carriage. 


Kind. 

No. 

Weight. 

Handspike. 

1 

Lbs. 

5.0 

Sponge and rammer. 

1 

3.0 

Sponge-cover. 

1 

.11 

Vent-cover. 

1 

0.18 

Haversack. 

1 

1.86 

Tube-pouch. 

2 

1.80 

Priming-wire. 

Gunner’s gimlet. 

1 

0.08 

1 

0.08 

Lanyard for friction-pri¬ 
mers. 

2 

0.2 

Fuze-cutter. 

1 

0.2 

Gunner’s pincers. 

1 

0.85 

Tarpaulin, hX^It. 

1 

5.25 


Place. 


I On the carriage. 

On the sponge. 

On the gun. 

1 On the pack with the ammu- 
/ nition-chests. 

- In the tube-pouch. 

In ammunition-chest. 

In tool-chest A. 

On the pack with the ammuni¬ 
tion-chest. 


















































EQUIPMENT OF FORGES. 


339 


EQUIPMENT OF TRAVELLING-FORGES AND BATTERY-WAGONS. 

One forge and one battery-wagon accompany each field-battery. They 
are furnished with the tools and materials required for shoeing horses and 
for ordinary repairs and preservation of carriages and harness. 

Other forges and battery-wagons, equipped for the general service of the 
army, accompany the field-park which contains the general supplies of 
ordnance stores. 

The forge for the field-hattery is designated by the letter A. 

The forge for the field-park “ “ * “ B. 

The battery-IDagon for the field-battery “ “ “ C. 

The battery-wagon for the field-park “ “ “ D. 

EQUIPMENT OF A FORGE FOR A FIELD-BATTERY. 

Limber- Chest. 

The chest is marked Forge A. The stores and tools are carried in 
6 boxes and 1 oil-can. 

Interior Arrangement.—2 copper clamps for iron square, fastened on 
the inside of the cover by 11 screws. 

Boxes for Tools and Stores, (white pine, .75 inch thick.) The sides 
and ends are dovetailed together and fastened by 8-penuy nails: the covers 
are made with clamps on the ends, and are loose: they have three f-in. 
holes bored in each end, to lift them by. Two handles of leather, doubled, 
are nailed on the inside of the ends of the boxes, so as not to interfere 
with the covers. 

The boxes are marked, respectively, A Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 


Exterior Dimensions of the Boxes. 


Dimensions. 

A Nos. 1,3,6. 

A No. 2. 

A No. 4. 

A No. 5. 

Shoeing-Box. 

Length. 


17.8 

17.8 

23.5 

39.8 

16.5 

Width. 


13.25 

13.25 

8. 

9.8 

8. 

Depth. 


7.5 

7.5 

6.5 

6.5 

6.5 

W eight. 

... lbs. 

8.25 

9.75 

8. 

14.5 

4.7 


Nos. 2 and 4 have each a partition; No. 2 at 4.5 inches from one end, 
and No. 4 at 5.25 inches. 

One oil-can, made of tin, to hold one quart: it has a neck for a cork near 
one corner. It is marked A, Sperm-Oil. 

Dimensions of can. —Length, 5 inches ; width, 5 inches; height, 4 inches: 

diameter of neck, 1 inch; height of neck, 0.5 inch; weight of can, 0.91b. 

29 














840 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Contents of the Limber-Chest of Forge A. 


Smith’s Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

Box A 1, containing: 


Lbs. 

8.25 

Horseshoes Nos. 2 and 3.. 

90 

100. 

Box A 2, containing: 

... 

9.75 

Horseshoe-nails Nos. 2 
and 3. 


50. 

Washers and nuts No. 2. 

s 

5.25 

Washers and nuts No. 3. 

10 

3.20 

Washers and nuts No. 4. 

4 

2.15 

Nails No. 1 C. 

• • • 

1.00 

Nails No. 2 C. 

• •• 

1.00 

Tire-bolts. 

20 

5.00 

Keys for ammunition- 
chests. 

5 

1.80 

Linch-washers. 

8 

7.30 

Linch-pins. 

12 

8.37 

Chains Nos. 1 and 2,..ft. 

2 

1.54 

Coldshut N-links, No. 3.. 

50 

2.50 

Coldshut N-links, No. 5.. 

12 

2.00 

Total contained in Box 
A 2. 


91.11 

Box A 3, containing: 

• •• 

8.25 

Horseshoes Nos. 2 and 3.. 

90 

100. 

Box A 4, containing: 

• • • 

8.0 

Hand cold-chisels. 

2 

2.00 

Hardie. 

1 

0.75 

Files, assorted, with 
handles. 

12 

10.00 

Buttress. 

1 

1.50 

Hand-punches,round and 
square. 

2 

2.00 

Screw-wrench. 

1 

2.42 

Hand screw-driver. 

1 

0.32 

Hand-vise. 

1 

1.00 

Smith’s callipers. ...pair. 

1 

0.40 

Taps.1 Nos. 1, 2, 3, 

4 

1.50 

Dies, pairs / and 4. 

4 

1.83 

Wood-screws, I 
lin. No. 14/ 

1 

2.10 

Quart can of sperm-oil... 

1 

2.70 

Total contained in Box 
A 4. 


28.52 




Smith’s Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

Box A 5, containing:.. 


Lbs. 

14.5 

Fire-shovel. 

1 

3.05 

Poker. 

1 

1.90 

Split broom . 

1 

1.25 

Hand-hammer. 

1 

3.50 

Riveting-hammer. 

1 

1.05 

Nailing-hammer. 

1 

1.80 

Sledge-hammer. 

1 

10.50 

Chisels for hot iron. 

2 

3.00 

Chisels for cold iron. 

2 

3.00 

Smith’s tongs. 

3 

15.00 

Fore-punch. 

1 

1.00 

Creaser. 

1 

1.00 

Fuller. 

1 

2.40 

Nail-claw. 

1 

5.00 

Round-punch. 

1 

2.10 

Tap-wrench. 

1 

3.75 

Die-stock. 

1 

6.25 

Nave-bands, developed .. 

4 

11.75 

Tire-bands, developed... 

2 

2.75 

Total contained in Box 
A 5. 


80.05 

4.7 

Shoeing-box, containing: 


Shoeing-hammer. 

1 

0.82 

Pincers. pair. 

1 

2.00 

Rasps (12 inches). 

2 

2.15 

Shoeing-knife. 

Toe-knife. 

1 

0.33 

1 

0.30 

Pritchel. 

1 

0.85 

Nail-punch. 

1 

0.80 

Clinching-iron. 

1 

1.00 

Oil-stone. 

1 

1.50 

Leather aprons. 

2 

3.00 

Total contained in 
shoeing-box. 

... 

12.75 

Iron square, in clamps 



on the inside of cover.. 

1 

2.00 

Padlock, on chest. 

Tow, used in packing ... 

1 

0.50 

• • • 

5.00 

Tar-bucket, on its hook. 

1 

7.00 

Total. 

... 

480.38 



































































CONTENTS OF FORGE-BODY A. 341 


Boxes Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are placed in the bottom of the chest: No. 1 
against the left hand; No. 2 in the middle. 

No. 4 is placed on top of Nos. 1 and 2, against the left end and the back 
of the chest; the division for the oil-can on the left hand. 

No. 5 is placed on top of Nos. 1, 2, and 3, against the front of the chest. 

The shoeing-box is placed on No. 3, against the right end and the back 
of the chest. 

The tools and stores in all the boxes, and in the forges and battery- 
wagons, are securely packed with tow. 


Contents of Forge-Body A. 


Tools and Stores. 


Square iron, ^ in. and | in. 

Flat iron, 1^ in. XI X 5 in., 

and 1 ^ in. X i in. 

Round iron, f in. 

Cast steel, f in. square. 

English blister-steel. 

Box A 6 , containing : 

Horseshoes. 

AVater-bucket, wood. 

Anvil. 

Vise.. 

Watering-bucket, leather. 

Bituminous coal. 

Coal-shovel. 

Padlock. 

Tow. 


Total, exclusive of vise 


No. 

Weight. 



Lbs. 

100.00 

>1 


50.00 



50.00 



5.00 



5.00 



8.25 


160 

108.25 

Ii 

1 

10.00 

0 

1 

100.00 

0 

1 

29.00 

F 

1 

8.00 

0 

1 

250.00 

4.75 

} 

1 

0.50 

0 

... 

2.00 


... 

693.50 



Place. 


In the iron-room. 
The bars not more 
than 3 feet long; 
the square iron in 
2 bundles. 


the carriage. 


In the coal-box. 


To put the box in the iron-room or take it out, loosen the thumb-nuts 
and raise the rear of the bellows an inch. 


EQUIPMENT OF A BATTERY-WAGON FOR A FIELD-BATTERY. 

The battery-wagon for a field-battery is designated by the letter C. 

Limber- Chest. 

The chest is marked on the front side Battery-Wagon C. 

The tools and stores are carried in 4 boxes and 1 oil-can. 

Interior Arrangement. —4 brackets, fastened to the inside of the cover 
by 10 screws. 

Boxes for Tools and Stores, (white pine, 0.75 inch thick.)—The sides 
and ends are dovetailed together and fastened by 8 -penny nails; the covers 
are loose, like those of the limber-chest of Forge A, as are also the handles. 

The boxes are marked, respectively, C, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. 

































842 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Exterior Dimensions of the Boxes. 


Dimensions. 

C No. 1. 

C No. 2. 

C No. 3. 

C No. 4. 

Remarks. 

Length.... 


17.8 

26.5 

39.8 

39.8 

The covers of Nos. 1 and 2 

Width. 


13.25 

17.8 

9.8 

8.0 

are .75 inch thick, and 

Depth. 


7.5 

7.5 

6.25 

6.25 

those of 3 and 4 are .5 

Weight.... 


8.25 

17.5 

12.5 

11.0 

inch thick. 


No. 3 has a partition, at 5.25 inches from one end, for the oil-can. 

No. 4 has two partitions perpendicular to the sides, making three divi¬ 
sions, respectively 15.8 inches, 10 inches, and 11 inches long. 

The oil-can is like that for the limber-chest of Forge A, and is marked 
C, Sperm-Oil. 

Contents of Limber- Chest for Battery- Wagon C. 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

carriage-maker’s 



carriage-maker’s 



TOOLS. 


Lbs. 

TOOLS. 



Hand-saws, ) :„e,vio f 

2 

4.00 

Box C 2— continued. 


Lbs. 

Tenon-saw [on^idel 



Broad-axe. 

1 

6.00 

(14-in.) J«f 

1 

1.50 

Hand-axe. 

1 

5.00 




Claw-hatchet. 

1 

2.00 

Box C 1, containing :.. 


8.25 

Claw-hammer. 

1 

1.50 

Jack-plane. 

1 

4.15 

Pincers (small).pair 

1 

1.06 

Smoothing-plane. 

1 

1.80 

Table-vise. 

1 

3.80 

Brace, with 24 bits. 

1 

4.35 

Framing-chisels (1-in. 



Spoke-shave. 

1 

0.30 

and 2-in.). 

2 

3.00 

Gauge. 

1 

0.30 

Firmer-chisels (f-in. 


Plane-irons. 

2 

1.05 

and IJ-in ). 

2 

1.00 

Saw-set. 

1 

0.25 

Framing-gouges (1-in. 



llule (2 feet). 

1 

0.14 

and IJ-in.). 

2 

2.60 

Gimlets. 

12 

0.95 

Augers and handles (^- 



Compasses.pair 

1 

0.18 

in., -|-in., and f-in.^. 

3 

2.35 

Chalk-line. 

1 

0.10 

Screw-wrench. 

1 

2.42 

Brad-awls. 

2 

0.17 



QO OQ 

Scriber. 

1 

0.15 



oZ.Zo 

Saw-files (4J-in.). 

12 

0.87 

Box C 3, containing:.. 

• •• 

12.5 

Wood-files (10-in.). 

2 

1.12 

Felling-axe I withhan- 

fl 

6.00 

Wood-rasp (10-in.). 

1 

0.40 

Adze./ dies. 


3.30 

Trying-square (8-in.).... 

1 

0.60 

Frame-saw. 

1 

4.50 

Hand screw-driver. 

1 

0.32 

Quart can of sperm-oil.. 

1 

2.70 



17.20 

saddler’s tools and 






STORES. 



Box C 2, containing:.. 


17.5 

Mallet. 

1 

1.75 

Oil-stone. 

1 

1.50 

Clamp. 

1 

5.00 






23.25 









































































DIMENSIONS OF THE BOXES. 


343 


Contents of Limhcr-Chest for Battery-Wagon C. —Contiiiued. 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 



Lbs. 



Lbs. 

Box C 4, containing:.. 

... 

11.00 

Black wax.. .lbs. 

3 

3.00 

Hammer. 

1 

0.65 

Bristles.oz. 

8 

0.50 

^oe-knife. 

1 

0.09 

Shoe-thread.lbs. 

5 

5.00 

Half-round knife. 

1 

0.28 

Patent thread.lbs. 

2 

2.00 

Shears.pair 

1 

0.47 

Buckles (assorted, .75- 



Sandstone. 

1 

1.54 

in. to 1.5-in.).doz. 

3 

1.00 

Rule (2 feet).;. 

1 

0.14 

Tacks.M. 

3 

0.75 

Needles. 

100 

0.08 

Gunner’s callipers. 

1 

0.50 

Awls niul linnfllos. 

12 

0.75 

Shoe-knives. 

2 

0.18 

Punches. 

2 

0.22 

Scissors.pairs 

2 

0.20 

Pincers.pair 

1 

0.75 




PlieVs. pair 

1 

0.22 



20.66 

Claw-tool. 

1 

0.12 

Padlock, on the chest.. 

1 

0.50 

Creaser. 

1 

0.15 

Tar-bucket, on its hook 

1 

7.00 

Thimbles. 

4 

0.06 

Tow, for packing. 

... 

7.00 

Strap-awl. 

1 

0.01 




Bppswn.v.lbs. 

2 

2.00 

Total. 


162.59 








Boxes Nos. 1 and 2 occupy the bottom of the chest; No. 1 against the 
left end. 

Nos. 3 and 4 are placed on top of Nos. 1 and 2; No. 3 against the rear 
of the chest. 

Wagon-BoJg C. 

The large stores are piled loosely in the body and in the till; the small 
stores and tools are packed in five boxes. 

Interior Arrangement.—A till, 9 inches wide and 9.5 inches deep, as 
described page 51. 

An axe-rack extends along the whole length of the body, on the left 
side, 11 inches from the bottom; it is 2 inches deep and 1.5 inch wide, and 
is fastened to the side by the middle rivets of the side studs, and by 5 wood- 
screws. The rack has notches, to hold 3 axes, 3 hatchets, and 3 bill¬ 
hooks. 


Exterior Dimensions of the Boxes. 



Dimensions. 


C Nos. 5 & 6. 

C No. 7. 

C No. 8. 

Candle-Bo.x. 

T.on ort Vi 



23. 

23.5 

13. 

11. 

WLlth 



18.5 

20.25 

13. 

6.5 


11.25 

14. 

5. 

5.5 


17.5 

28. 

6. 

2.85 







29 » 



































































844 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 

Nos. 1 and 6 have no cover; No. 7 has a loose cover; No. 8 is divided 
into 4 equal parts; No. 8 and candle-box are of white pine, 0.625 inch 
thick, with cover-hinges and locks; Nos. 5 and 6 are of hard wood, 0.75 
inch thick. 

The boxes are marked, respectively, C, Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, and candle-box C. 


Dimensions of Cans and Kegs. 


Dimensions. 

Neat’s-foot 

Oil. 

Turpentine 
& Linseed-Oil. 

Olive 

Paint. 

Black Paint. 

2 Kegs. 

Capacity. 

Diameter.in. 

Diameter of the bilge..in. 

Height.in. 

Weight.lbs. 

2 gal. 

8. 

1 gal. 

6. 

25 lbs. 
9.75 

5 lbs. 

7. 

50 lbs. 
9.75 

10.5 

12.5 

5. 

11.5 

2.2 

10. 

1.37 

10.25 

3. 

8.5 

1.5 


The first two cans have rounded tops and necks for corks; the other two 
have flat tops, and the opening covered by a piece of tin soldered on. 

There are seven cans ,—two marked C, Neat’s-Foot Oil ; one marked 
C, Linseed-Oil; one marked C, Turpentine ; two marked C, Olive Paint; 
one marked C, Black Paint. 


Contents of Waejon-Body C. 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

Box C 5, containing in 


Lbs. 



Lbs. 

5 cans:. 


17.5 

Claw-hatchet, f in axe- 

1 

2. 

Linseed-oil.gal. 

1 

9.17 

Iland-bills, \ rack 

2 

z 

Spirits turpentine ....gal. 

1 

8.77 




Olive paint.lbs. 

50 

56. 




Black paint.lbs. 

5 

6.5 

Box C 6, containing:.. 

... 

17.5 




Paint-brushes. 

12 

3.00 

Total in Box C 5. 


80.44 

Sperm or wax candles, lbs 

5 

7.85 




Rammer-heads. 

4 

2.90 

Box C 7, containing in 



Sponge-heads. 

4 

3.20 

2 cans and 2 kegs... 

... 

28. 

Sponges. 

12 

3.00 

Neat’s-foot oil.gals. 

4 

32.80 

Priming-wires. 

3 

0.24 

Grease.lbs. 

50 

60. 

Gunner’s gimlets. 

3 

0^24 




Lanyards for friction- 





92.80 

primers. 

4 

0.40 




Cannon-spikes. 

6 

0.30 

Box C 8, containing:.. 

... 

6. 

Dark lanterns. 

3 

3.00 

Nails (4, 6, 8, and 10 



Common lanterns. 

4 

4.60 

penny).lbs. 

20 

20. 




Felling-axes, in axe-rack 

2 

12. 

Total in Box C 6... 

... 

28.73 

























































CONTENTS OF WAGON-BODY C. 


845 


Contents of ^Vagon-Bo(llJ C. —Continued. 


Tools and Stores. 


Caisson-stock. 

Splinter-bar. 

Rammers and sponges... 

Spokes. 

Fellies. 

Grindstone, 14 in. X 4 in. 
Arbor and crank for do.. 
Screw-jacks. 

Wheel-traces. 

Leading-traces. 

Collars. 

Girths. 

Whips. 

Bridles. 

Halters. 

Halter-chains. 

Hame-straps. 

Spare nose-bags. 


Sash-cord.pieces 

Slow-match.yards 

Flevating-scl’ew. 

Pole-yoke. 

Harness-leather.side 

Bridle-leather.sides 

Prolonge. 

Scythes. 

Scythe-stones. 

Spades. 


Pick-axes and handles... 

Corn-sacks. 

Tarpaulins, 5 feet square 
Reaping-hooks. 

Scythe-snaths. 

Spare stock for battery- 

w'agon. 

Padlock. 

AVatering-bucket. 

Forage. 

Boxes. 

Tow. 


Total 


No. 

AVeight. 

1 

Lbs. 

35. 

1 

15. 

3 

13.5 

40 

72. 

24 

160. 

1 

50. 

1 

6.5 

3 

75. 

10 

47.5 

10 

57.5 

6 

27.5 

16 

11. 

16 

8. 

6 

18. 

6 

21. 

12 

15.5 

25 

4.5 

12 

13.5 

6 

10. 

2 

0.25 

1 

15.75 

1 

12.25 

1 

25. 

2 

22. 

1 

12.5 

4 

9. 

4 

6. 

6 

30. 

2 

13. 

24 

20. 

2 

18. 

4 

3.85 

4 

12. 

1 

90. 

1 

0.5 

1 

8. 

... 


4 

69. 

... 

24.5 

... 

1292.57 


Eemarks. 


Under the till, against the side and 
rear of the wagon. 

On the caisson-stock, against rear 
end. 

On the bottom; piled lengthwise 
against the front end. 

On the spokes, crosswise. 

1 On the fellies, against the left 
/ side of the wagon. 

On the fellies, against the front and 
the till. 

In a pile occupying 30 inches at 
the rear end of the w^agon, be¬ 
tween the left side and the 
}- caisson-stock, and up to the 
top of the till; the collars 
piled on each other, from the 
bottom. 

I On the harness. 

On Box No. 7, to the left of No. 8. 

I On the pile of harness. 

^ Under the till,in front of the pile of 
/ harness,against the caisson-stock. 
On Box No. 7, in front of No. 8. 

In the till, against the front end. 

In the curve of the scythes. 

In the till; the bits against rear end. 
Between the spade-handles. 

On the scythes. 

On the corn-sacks, against front end. 
Fastened to the ridge-pole with a 
wooden clamp and a leather strap. 
Fastened to the ridge-pole with two 
leather straps and buckles. 

In the spare stock-stirrup. 

Tied to the forage-rack. 

In the forage-rack. 


Exclusive of forage. 


















































346 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Box C No. 5 is placed on tlie bottom of the wagon, next to the pile of 
harness which occupies the rear part of the body. Box No. 6 is on top of 
No, 5; No. 7 on the bottom of the wagon, in front of No. 5; No. 8 on top 
of No. 7. The candle-box in No. 6. 


EQUIPMENT OF A FORGE FOR THE FIELD-PARK. 
Limber- Chest. 

The chest is marked Forge B. 

The stoi’es and tools are packed in 5 boxes and 1 oil-can. 

Interior Arrangement.—3 copper clamps for iron square, fastened on 
the inside of the cover by 11 screws. 

Boxes for Tools and Stores.— Made like those for Forge A. 


Exterior Dimensions. 


dimensions. 

Box B Nos. 1, 
5, 6. 

Box B No. 2. 

Box B No. 3. 

Box B No. 4. 

Shoeing-Box B. 

Length. 


17.8 

2G.5 

23.5 

39.8 

16.5 

Width. 


13.25 

17.8 

8. 

9.8 

8. 

Depth. 


7.5 

7.5 

6.5 

6.5 

6.5 

Weight. 

lbs. 

8.25 

17.5 

8. 

14.5 

4.7 


No. 3 has a partition for oil-can, 5.25 inches from one end. 
The boxes are marked, respectively, B, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. 
The oil-can is like that for Forge A. 


Contents of Limber-Chest of Forge B. 


Tools and Stores, 

No. 

Weight. 

Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 



Lbs. ’ 



Lbs. 

Box B 1, containing:.. 


8.25 

Box B 1 — continued. 



Nuts and washers No. 5.. 

4 

5.00 

Linch-pins. 

12 

8.00 

Nuts and washers No. 4.. 

6 

3.22 

Chain No. 2.feet 

2 

0.75 

Nuts and washers No. 3.. 

10 

3.20 

Pintle-hook. 

1 

20.00 

Nuts and washers No. 2.. 

45 

7.88 

Cap-square. 

1 

5.00 

Nails, Nos. 1 and 2, C.lbs. 

2 

2.00 

Tire-bands (clips) devel. 

2 

2.75 

Tire-bolts. 

20 

5.00 




Rivets for amm. chests,.lb 

1 

1.00 

Total in Box B 1.... 


83.40 

Washers Nos. 3 and 4. 

20 

2.50 




Keys for aminun. chests.. 

5 

1.80 

Box B 2, containing:.. 


17.5 

Pole-prop socket & ferrule 

1 

1.30 

Heading-tools, for bolts.. 

*2 

12.00 

Linch-washers. 

8 

7.00 

Heading-tool, for nails... 

1 

4.00 

Shoulder-washers. 

4 

7.00 

Tire-punches, w. handles 

r* 

3.00 









































347 


CONTENTS OP LIMBER-CHEST, FORGE B. 


Contents of Limber-Chest of Forge B. —Continued. 


Tools and Stores. 


Box B 2— continued. 
Bound punch, w. handles 
Square punch, “ 

Square hand-punch. 

Round hand-punch. 

Centre-punch. 

Key-punch. 

Set-hammer, flat. 

Set-hammer, half-round. 

Chisels for hot iron. 

Chisels for cold iron. 

Hand cold-chisels. 

Smith’s tongs. 

Nail-claw. 

Tire-circle . 

Bevel-vise. 

Hardie. 

Fuller. 

Hand-axe. 


Total in Box B 2.... 


Box B 3, containing:.. 
Screws, 1-in.,No. 14. groce 

Small hand-vise. 

Hand screw-driver. 

Dies,’8’ 4»“St 1 in. 

Gimlets, assorted. 

Small punches. 

Spring compasses....pair 
Files, assort., w. handles 

Iron wire-gauge. 

Scribing-awl. 

Callipers.pair 

Bevel. 

Trying-square. 

Scriber. 

Buttress. 

Quart can of sperm-oil... 


Total in Box B 3.... 


No. 

Weight. 

Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight 


Lbs. 



Lbs. 



Box B 4, containing:.. 

... 

14.5 

1 

2.10 

Nave-bands, developed... 

4 

11.75 

1 

2.10 

Hand-hammer. 

1 

3.50 

1 

1.00 

lliveting-hammer. 

1 

1.05 

1 

1.00 

Nailing-hammer. 

1 

1.80 

1 

0.50 

Sledge. 

1 

10.50 

1 

1.00 

Fore-punch. 

1 

1.00 

1 

2.85 

Creaser. 

1 

1.00 

1 

3.00 

Screw-wrench. 

1 

2.42 

3 

4.50 

Smith’s shovel. 

1 

3!o5 

2 

3.00 

Smith’s poker. 

1 

1.90 

2 

2.00 

Split broom. 

1 

1.25 

3 

15.00 

Tap-wrench, with 4 holes 

1 

3.75 

1 

5.00 

Die-stock. 

1 

6.25 

1 

1.35 

Tracing-point. 

1 

0.15 

1 

1.75 

Augers, f-in. and 1-in_ 

2 

2.50 

1 

0.75 

Framing-chisel. 

1 

1.50 

1 

2.40 

Felling-axe. 

1 

6.00 

1 

5.00 






Total in Box B 4.... 

• •• 

59.37 

... 

73.30 






Shoeing-box, cont’g:.. 


4.7 

• •• 

8. 

Shoeing-hammer. 

1 

0.82 

1 

2.10 

Shoeing-pincers. 

1 

2.00 

1 

1.00 

Shoeing-rasps. 

2 

2.15 

1 

0.32 

Pritchel. 

1 

0.85 

6 

2.85 

Nail-punch. 

1 

0.80 

6 

2.75 

Toe-knife. 

1 

0.30 

12 

0.95 

Clinching-iron. 

1 

1.00 

3 

0.75 

Shoeing-knife. 

1 

0.33 

1 

0.15 

Leather aprons. 

2 

3.00 

12 

10.00 

Oil-stone. 

1 

1.50 

1 

0.25 




1 

0.15 

Total in Shoeing-Box. 

... 

12.75 

1 

0.40 




1 

0.35 

Iron square, on inside 



1 

0.60 

cover. 

1 

2.00 

1 

0.15 

Padlock, on chest. 

1 

0.5 

1 

1.50 

Tar-bucket, on its hook.. 

1 

7.00 

1 

2.70 

Tow. 

... 

14.00 

... 

26.97 

Total. 

... 

332.24 


Boxes Nos. 1 and 2 occupy the bottom of the limber-chest; No. 1 against 
the left end. 

No. 3 is placed on top of Nos. 1 and 2, against the left end and the back 
of the chest. 













































































348 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 4 on top of Nos, 1 and 2, against the front of the chest. 

The shoeing-box, on No. 2, against the right end and the back of the 
chest. 


Contents of Forge-Boily B. 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

Place. 



Lbs. 



Square iron to 1 in.). 


100. 



Flat iron (HXf, iXh UXtV 




In the iron-room. Bars 

liV4 in.). 


50. 


not more than 3 feet 

Round iron (|^-in.). 


50. 


long. Square iron in 

Cast steel... 


10. 


two bundles. 

English blistered steel. 


5. 



Boxes B 5 and B 6, containing:.. 


16.5 

1 

1 

Horseshoes Nos. 2 & 3. 


200. 

1 

^ In the iron-room. 

IIorseshoe-nailsNos. 2 & 3. 


20. 

I 

1 

Water-bucket. 

1 

10. 

J 

On its hook. 

Watering-bucket (leather). 

1 

8. 


On the vise. 

Anvil. 

1 

100. 


On the fireplace. 

Vise. 

1 


lln i'VlA rv-f* fl-iA 

Bituminous coal. 

250. 

I 


Coal-shovel. 

1 

4.75 

1 

V In the coal-box. 

Padlock. 

1 

0.50 

On coal-box. 

Tow. 


3. 



Total. 


827.75 

Exclusive of vise. 


To put the boxes 5 and 6 in place, loosen the thumb-nuts and raise the 
rear of the bellows one inch. 

EQUIPMENT OF A BATTERY-WAGON FOR THE FIELD-PARK. 

Limber- Chest. 

The chest is marked Battery-Wagon D. 

The stores are packed with tow in the bottom of the chest, and in 2 
boxes and 1 oil-can. 

Interior Arrangement.—2 cleats of oak for the boxes, .175 inch wide 
and 0.75 inch thick, are fastened to the ends of the chest by 8 screws 
No. 14, 1.5 inch; the upper edges of the cleats 7.5 inches from the bottom 
of the chest. 

5 wooden clamps for saws, fastened to the inside of the chest-cover by 12 
screws. 

2 brass clamps for webs of frame-saw, fastened to the inside of the cover 
by 12 nails. 













































LIMBER-CIIEST FOR BATTERY-WAGON D, 


349 


Exterior Dimensions of Boxes, 



D No. 1. 

D No. 2. 

Remarks. 

Length.in. 

Width.in. 

Depth.in. 

AVeight.lbs. 

39.8 

8.0 

6.25 

11.0 

39.8 

9.8 

6.25 

13.0 

No. 1 has 2 partitions, 5.25 inches from one 
end and 7.5 inches from the other. 

No. 2 has 2 partitions, 14 inches from one 
end and 11.8 inches from the other. 
Made like the boxes for Forge A. 


The boxes are marked, respectively, D, Nos. 1 and 2. 

One oil-can, like that for the limber-chest of Forge A, marked D, 
Sperm-Oil. 

Contents of Limher-Chest for Battery-Wagon D. 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

carri.\ge-maker’s 

TOOLS. 



(Packed in the bottom of the 



chest with tow.) 


Lhs. 

Bench-planes. 

4 

16.00 

AVood-clamps. 

2 

12. 

Oil-stones. 

2 

3. 

Broad-axe. 

1 

6. 

lland-axe. 

1 

5.35 

Felling-axe. 

1 

6. 

Hand-hammer. 

1 

1.50 

Claw-hatchet. 

1 

2, 

Adze. 

1 

3.80 

Table-vise. 

1 

3.80 

Holdfast. 

1 

10.5 

Framing-chisels. 

4 

6. 

Firmer-chisels. 

4 

2, 

Gouges. 

4 

5 ! 

Frame-saw. 

1 

4.50 

Screw-wrenches. 

2 

4.84 

Augers and handles. 

6 

4.70 

Claw-hammers. 

2 

3.00 

Saddler’s mallet. 

1 

1.75 

Saddler’s clam. 

1 

5.00 

106.24 

Box D 1, containing:.. 

... 

11.09 

Brace and 24 bits. 

1 

4.35 

Pincers, small.pair 

1 

1. 

Callipers.pair 

1 

0.40 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight, 

Box D 1— continued. 


Lbs. 

Spoke-shaves. 

2 

0.60 

Gauges. 

2 

0.60 

Plane-irons. 

6 

3.15 

Saw-set. 

1 

0.25 

Trying-square. 

1 

0.60 

Bevel. 

1 

0.35 

Rule (2 feet). 

1 

0.14 

Gimlets. 

12 

0.95 

Compasses.pair 

1 

0.18 

Chalk-line. 

1 

0.10 

Brad-awls. 

2 

0.17 

Scriber. 

1 

0.15 

Taper-files (4^-in.). 

12 

0.87 

Wood-files. 

6 

3.36 

Wood-rasps. 

2 

0.80 

Compass-saw. 

1 

0.30 

Harness-buckles... groce 

1 

4. 

Tacks.M. 

10 

2.50 

Quart can sperm-oil. 

1 

2.70 

Total in Box D 1.. 

... 

27.52 

saddler’s tools and 



STORES. 



Box D 2, containing:.. 

• •• 

13. 

Hammer. 

1 

0.65 

Shoe-knives. 

6 

0.54 

Half-round knife. 

1 

0.28 

Shears.pair 

1 

0.47 

Sandstones. 

3 

4.62 













































































850 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Contents of Limher-Chest for Battery-Wagon D. —Continued. 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

Tools and btoros. 

No. 

Weight. 

Box I) 2— continued. 


Lhs. 

Box D 2— continued. 


Lbs. 

Bn 1ft ('2 fp.fttl. 


1 

0.14 

Beeswax. 


3. 

Needles, assorted. 

600 

0.50 

Black wax. 


5. 

Collar-needles. 

5 

0.05 

Patent thread. 


5. 

A wis _ 

36 

2.25 




Awl-handles. 


6 

0.60 

Total in Box D 2- 


30.24 

Punches, assorted.. 


6 

0.66 




Pincers. 

.pairs 

3 

2.25 

Hand-saws, 1 in wooden f 

2 

4. 

Pliers. 

.pairs 

6 

1.32 

Tenon-saws, j clamp ( 

2 

3. 

Claw-tools.. 


3 

0.36 

Webs or blades for frame¬ 



Creasers . 


3 

0.45 

saw, in brass clamps.. 

2 

0.75 

Strap-awls. 


3 

0.03 

Pa.OlncV nri clipst. 

1 

0.50 

Gauge-knife.. 


1 

0.80 

Tar-bucket, on its hook.. 

1 

1. 

Compasses. 


1 

0.18 

Tow. 


5.25 

n'liimblfts. 


6 

0.09 




Bristles. 


1. 

Total. 

... 

208.50 


Boxes Nos. 1 and 2 rest on the cleats; No. 1 against the back of the 
chest. 


Wagon-Body D. 

The large stores are packed loosely in the body and in the till: the 
small stores and tools are packed in 9 boxes^ 8 tin cans, and 2 kegs. 
Interior Arrangement.—A till and axe-rack as in Battery-Wagon C. 

2 wooden buttons for rammer-staves, fastened to the ridge-pole by 2 screws. 

1 wooden clamp for reaping-hook, fastened to the ridge-pole. 

2 wooden clamps for saws. 

1 iron staple and leather strap for reaping-hooks, passing through the 
ridge-pole. 


Exterior Dimensions of the Boxes. 


Dimensions. 

D Nos. 3 
and 5. 

D No. 4. 

D No. 6. 

D No. 7. 

D No. 8. 

D No. 9. 

DNo.lO. 

Shoeing- 

Box. 

Length... 


23.5 

27.5 

19.5 

31.5 

12.5 

13. 

14.5 

16.5 

Width.... 


20.25 

23.5 

19.5 

19.5 

8.5 

13. 

6. 

8. 

Depth_ 


14. 

14. 

10.5 

8. 

7.5 

5. 

5.5 

6.5 

Weight... 


28. 

34. 

21. 

26. 

4. 

6. 

3.5 

4.7 


Nos. 8, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are of hard wood, .075 inch thick, with hinged 
covers and hooks. 


Nos. 8, 9, and 10 are of white pine, .025 inch thick, with hinges and 
hooks. No. 9 is divided into 4 parts. 




























































CONTENTS or BATTERY WAGON D. 


851 


The boxes are marked, respectively, D, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 

The shoeing~box is marked D. 

E^ght tin cans: two, of the capacity of two gallons, for neat’s-foot oil 
and LINSEED-OIL ; three, of one gallon, for the same oils and for turpen¬ 
tine ; two, for twenty-five pounds each of olive paint ; and one, for five 
pounds of BLACK PAINT. They are made like those of the same capacity 
for Battery-Wagon C. 

Two kegs, for grease; like those in Battery-Wagon C. 


Contents of Wagon-Body D. 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 


Place. 

Gun-carriage stock (ironed).... 

1 

Lbs. 

165.00 


On the bottom of the wagon. 

Caisson-stocks (not ironed). 

2 

70.00 


against the right side, rest¬ 
ing on two blocks, to clear 
the rammer-stop; the lu¬ 
nette to the rear. 

Against the left side and rear 

Splinter-bars. 

2 

30.00 

of the wagon ; one on the 
other, the lunette-ends in 
front. 

On the bottom, lying on each 

Tire-bolts, nuts, and washers.. 

28 

11.75 

other against the caisson- 
stocks and the rear of the 
wagon. 

On the bottom, against the 

Axle-trees, 6-pdrs. 

2 

234.00 

front and right side. 

On the bottom, against the 

Half-tires. 

4 

140.00 

gun-carriage stock and the 
front end. 

Between the axle-trees and 

Bar-iron. 

Steel. 


200.00 

50.00 


the splinter-bars. 

' In 5 bundles, not more than 
3 feet long; on the half¬ 
tires, against the front of 

Pole-yokes. 

3 

37.00 

1 

the wagon. 

On the bar-iron, toward the 

Wheel-traces. 

10 

47.5 


front. 

Leading-traces. 

10 

57.5 


Piled on the bottom of the 

Trace-chains, staples, and rivets 

20 

26.00 


wagon, against the gun- 

Collars. 

6 

27.50 


carriage stock and the 

Girths. 

16 

11.00 


till, and on the caisson- 

AVhips. 

16 

8.00 


stocks and splinter-bars; 

Hame-straps. 

25 

4.50 


occupying about 31inches 

Bridles. 

6 

18.00 


in length of the rear part 

Halters. 

6 

21.00 


of the wagon. 

Halter-chains. 

12 

15.50 

1 



30 


































352 


ORbNANdE MANUAL. 


Contents of Wagon-Body D. —Continued. 


No. 

Weight. 


Lbs. 

3 

75.00 

2 

22.00 


30.00 

12 

13.50 

5 

0.60 

3 

75.00 

2 

31.50 

2 

33.00 

1 

56.50 

3 

18.00 

3 

6.00 

2 

18. 

2 

18. 


10. 

6 

12. 

6 

30. 

3 

14.50 

3 

5. 

24 

40. 

1 

0.45 

1 

2.5 


10. 

3 

3. 

4 

4.60 

6 

4.40 

12 

3. 

12 

3. 

6 

13.5 

6 

5.75 


Tools and Stores. 


Harness-leather.sides 

Bridle-leather. “ 

Rope, 2|-m. 

Nose-bags . 

Slow-match.yards 

Screw-jacks. 

Elevating-screws. 

Drag-ropes. 

Grindstone and arbor. 

Felling-axes. 

Hand-bills. 

Tarpaulins, 5 feet square. 

<< ii 

Marline. 

Sheep-skins. 

Spades. 

Pick-axes, without handles. 

Handles for do. 

Sash-cord.pieces 

Drill-bow. 

Barrel-wiper and scraper. 

Shoe-thread. 

Dark lanterns. 

Common lanterns. 

Rammer-heads. 

Sponges. 

Paint-brushes. 

Rammer-staves, 12-pdr. 

Reaping-hooks. 


Place. 


'Trimmed and rolled up 
tight; on the axle-trees 
and tires, in front of the 
pile of harness. 

Between the front ends of the 
caisson-stocks and the bar- 
iron. 

I On the pile of harness. 

j- On the slow-match. 

Coiled on the screw-jacks. 

On the drag-ropes. 

I In the axe-rack. 


On the gun-carriage stock. 
Between the till and boxes 
Nos. 3, 4, and 5. 

On box No. 3. 

On boxes Nos. 4 and 5. 

In the till, on each other; the 
bits against the back of the 
wagon. 

} In the till, between the 
spade-handles. 

I In the till, lying on the 
/ bottom. 

In the till, in front of 
No. 10. 

In the left side of the 
between the shoe-thread 
and the front end. 

In the till, between the lan¬ 
terns and the side of the 
wagon. 

On box No. 10, and by the 
side of it. 

In the wagon-cover; three on 
each side of the ridge-pole, 
secured by two wooden but¬ 
tons. 

Fastened to the ridge-pole 
by a wooden clamp and 
leather strap. 


box 

till. 
















































CONTENTS or BATTERY-WAGON D. 


353 


Contents of Wagon-Bodi/ D. —Continuea. 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

Place. 





'In the wagon-cover, laid on 





each other, and fastened 



Lbs. 


by two wooden clamps; 

Cross-cut saw. f without 

1 

9. 


the teeth of the cross-cut 

Pit-saw.\ handles 

1 

15. 

■ 

saw against the right 





cover-rail; the handle end 





of the pit-saw against the 





rear board of the cover. 

Handles for do. 

4 

3. 

On the spade-handles. 

Spare stock for battery-wagon. 

1 

90. 

On its hook. 

Padlock. 

1 

0.5 



W atering-bucket. 

1 

8. 



Tow. 

. 

26.50 




Contents of Wagon-Body D. —Continued. 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

W eight. 

Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 



Lbs. 



Lbs. 

Box D 3, containing 3 



Box D 4 — continued. 



cans and 2 kegs . 

• ••*• 

28. 

Lead-ladle. 

1 

2.00 

Neat’s-foot oil . gals. 

3 

25.00 

Stencil-cutters,for letters 





60.00 

and figures.set 

1 

18.00 

_ ... 

Spirits turpentine...gals. 

1 

8.77 

Box for do. 

1 

5.00 




Mallets . 

4 

4.00 

Box D 4, containing ;.. 

. 

34. 

Powder-measures, 4 oz.. 






8 oz., 1 lb., and 2 lbs. 

4 

2.00 




Brass mortar and pestle. 

1 

6.00 

LABORATOBY TOOLS. 



Moulds for musket and 



Copper adze, with handle 

1 

3.00 

rifle balls and buck¬ 



f^AWlQ . 

4 

6.00 

shot.set 

1 

23.00 

Bench-brushes .. 

2 

0.90 

Wooden mullers . 

2 

4.00 

Callipers . pair 

1 

0.40 

Needles. 

50 

0.04 

/TriT»rr_r\AV .. 

1 

1.00 

Paste-brushes . 

3 

1.25 

Rocket-mould, I for 1- 


25.00 

Copper pans, 10 or 12 in. 

3 

5.00 

Set of formers, >- inch 

1 

1.60 

Rule, (2 feet,) not folded 

1 

0.15 

Set of drifts, j rockets 

ll 

1.75 

Sandstones. 

2 

3.00 

Formers for cylinders and 



Spring balance, 30 lbs... 

1 

5.00 

caps, each calibre...set 

1 

7.50 

Scissors . 

12 

1.50 

Copper funnels . 

4 

4.00 

Copper scoop, large. 

1 

2.00 

Shot and shell gauges, set 

1 

15.00 

“ small . 

3 

1.50 

1TY^ 1 /if a . 

3 

0.25 

Hair sieve. 

1 

0.80 

Copper hammer. 

1 

1.80 

Hand screw-drivers, I’ge 

2 

2.00 

X X 

VxifflA .... 

1 

9.00 

Spatula. 

1 

0.30 






























































354 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Contents of Wago7i-Body D. —Continued. 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 



Lbs. 

Box D 4— continued. 



Thimbles. 

6 

0.09 

Gunner’s callipers. 

1 

0.50 

Priming-wires. 

Gunner’s gimlets. 

6 

0.50 

6 

0.50 

Gunner’s pincers. 

3 

2.55 

Tinner’s furnace. 

1 

9.00 

Total in box D 4. 

. 

176.83 

Box D 7, containing:.. 


26.0 

Haversacks. 

12 

22.32 

Tube-pouches. 

8 

7.60 

Thumb-stalls. 

8 

0.04 

Linen canvas.yards 

15 

7.50 

Box D 8, containing:.. 

. 

4. 

Sperm or wax candles. 

• • • •* 

10. 

Box D 9, containing:.... 

• •••• 

6. 

Nails, 4d. to lOd. 

. 

20. 

Shoeing-box, cont’g:... 


4.7 

Shoeing-tools.set 


12.75 

Box D 5, with 5 cans:. 

...» 

25. 

Linseed-oil.gals. 

Olive paint. 

Black paint. 


26.5 

50. 

5. 

Box D 6, containing:... 

. 

21. 

armorer’s tools. 



AVire awls. 

3 

0.25 

Band-set. 

1 

0.50 

Drill-brace. 

1 

2.60 

Hand-brace. 

1 

2.50 

Centre-bits. 

G 

0.40 

Hand-brushes. 

2 

0.60 

Bench-brush. 

1 

0.50 

Callipers.pair 

1 

0.30 

Centre-punch. 

1 

0.50 

Cold-chisels. 

6 

6.75 

Stocker’s chisels. 

6 

2.00 

Stocker’s gouges. 

6 

1.60 

Compasses.pair 

1 

0.18 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

Box D 6 — continued. 


Lbs. 

Spring-clamps. 

2 

3.00 

Wood-clamps. 

2 

3.00 

Drill-stock. 

1 

0.45 

Drills, assorted. 

6 

0.25 

Die-stock. 

1 

0.75 

Dies.set 

1 

0.25 

Files, assorted. 

72 

21.50 

File-handles. 

12 

1.5 

Glue-pot. 

1 

2.15 

Spring-hooks. 

3 

0.63 

Bench-hammers. 

3 

5.25 

Drawing-knife. 

1 

1.25 

Nippers.pairs 

3 

0.90 

Pliers. “ 

3 

0.90 

Reamers, assorted . 

12 

1.40 

Spring-compasses ...pair 

1 

0.21 

Rifler . 

1 

0.25 

Bench-stake . 

1 

6.50 

Hack-saw frame . 

1 

1. 

Hack-saw blades . 

6 

1. 

Armorer’s punches . 

4 

0.38 

Screw-drivers, brace . 

6 

0.75 

Rule, 2 feet . 

Armorer’s tongs . 

1 

0.15 

2 

2.50 

Screw-taps . set 

1 

0.50 

Breeching-vise . 

1 

7. 

Hand-vises . 

3 

3. 

Bevel-vise . 

1 

1.75 

Breeching-wrench . 

1 

1.80 

Tap-wrench . 

1 

1.20 

Straight-edge. 

1 

0.57 

Bayonet-mandrel. 

1 

2.50 

Soldering-irons. 

2 

3.50 

Screw-wrench. 

1 

2.42 

Oil-cans, small. 

2 

0.22 

Tinner’s shears.pair 

1 

1.60 

Brass scale, 1 foot. 

1 

0.20 

100.92 

Box D 10, containing; 
Quick-match... 


3.5 

2.0 

25.83 

Total weight. 





Boxes D 3 and 4 are placed on the caisson-stocks and the rolls of leather. 
No. 3 against the front of the pile of liarness. 






















































































FORGE FOR MOUNTAIN-HOWITZER. 355 

Box D 5 is placed on the pole-yokes and rope, between No. 4 and the 
front of the wagon. 

Box D 6 is placed on top of No. 5, against the front of the wagon. 

Box D 7 is placed on top of No. 4, and against No. 6. 

Box D 8 on top of No. 3; box D 9 on No. 3 and on the till; the shoeing- 
box on No. 3; box D 10 in the left side of the till, in front of the spade- 
handles. 

The boxes are put in after the grindstone and tarpaulins. 

FORGE FOR THE MOUNTAIN-HOWITZER.. 

Two chests, designated the forge-chest and the smith's tool-chest, contain 
the forge and the necessary tools for shoeing horses and making repairs. 

The chests are carried on the sides of the pack-saddles, fastened by 
means of the lashing-chain. 

The coal-sack, containing the charcoal, is fastened to the arc by the 
handles. 

Forge- CJiest. 

The different articles are packed in this chest in racks, or held fast by 
cleats. The logs of the frame are first folded up close to the frame, and 
the back of the fireplace is turned down on the hearth and fastened by its 
catch. The handle is detached from the bellows, which is closed and fast¬ 
ened by the connecting-rod. 

Interior Arrangement.—Wood.— 1 corner-piece, fastened to the left end, 
at the back, by 4 copper tacks ; 1 cleat for bellows, fastened to the bottom 
by 2 screws No. 14, 1| inch; it has a hole in its top surface to receive the 
journal; 1 support for nozzle of bellows, framed and fastened to the bottom 
of the chest by 2 screws No. 14, 1J inch; 1 cleat for bellows-handle, fastened 
to the front side, toward the right, by 2 screws No. 14, 1^ inch; 1 clamp 
for bellows has a hole for upper journal of bellows, goes over and across 
the bellows, and is held by the staple-plates; 1 clamp for frame. 

Iron. —1 strap-staple, driven through the nozzle-support for the right side 
and clenched; 1 bracket for wrench, fastened to the right end by 2 screws 
No. 9, .62 inch ; 2 staple-plates, fastened opposite each other, one on the front 
side and the other on the back, by 4 screws No. 9, .625 inch; 1 staple-plate, 
fastened to the back by 2 screws No. 9, .625 inch; 2 clamp-plates, fastened 
to the clamps by 4 screws No. 9, .625 inch. 

Leather. —1 nozzle-strap 16 inches long; 1 buckle No. 6; 2 straps 40 
inches long; 2 buckles No. 8. 


356 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Contents of Forge-Chest. 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

Where placed. 



Lbs. 


Fireplace and frame, folded up 

1 

31.5 

On its side, the bottom against 
the back of the chest. 

Bellows, closed. 

1 

18.25 

The right journal in the hole 
in the cleat on the bottom, 
the left in that in the clamp; 
the nozzle fastened to its 
support by the strap. 

Bellows-handle. 

1 

1.875 

On its cleat. 

Wrench for nuts Nos. 1 and 4. 

1 

1.0 

In its bracket. 

1 hand-hammer with handle.. 

1 

2.375 

Placed upright near the wrench 

1 riveting “ “ “ 

1 fore-punch and creaser on 

1 

1.5625 

ii ii ii 

same handle. 

1 

1.844 

ti it tt tt it 

Bags of horseshoe-nails. 

2 

10.0 

Packed with tow in the space 
to the right of the bellows. 


Weight of forge-chest with cleats and clamps. 45. lbs. 


“ tools and stores. 68.4 “ 

“ forge-chest packed. 113.40 “ 


Smith’s Tool-Chest. 

The stores are secured by cleats or brackets. 

Interior Arrangement.—Wood. —1 anvil-rest, with a mortise for the 
head of the anvil, fastened to the bottom of the chest by 2 screivs No. 14, 
1.75 inch; 1 triangular cleat, fastened in the left front corner by 2 screws 
No. 14, 1.25 inch; 1 vise-cleat, fastened to the front side by 2 screws No. 14, 
1.75 inch ; 2 racks for poker and shovel, 1 button on upper cleat, fastened to 
the back by 4 screws No 14, 1.5 inch ; 2 racks for rasp, fastened to the back 
by 4 screws No. 14, 1.25 inch; 2 cleats for toe-knife, fastened to the back 
by 4 screws No. 9, .625 inch; 1 cleat for tongs, fastened to the left end by 
2 screws No. 14, 1.25 inch; 2 cleats for files, and 1 button on right cleat, 
fastened on the inside of cover by 4 screws No. 14, 1 inch ; 1 movable cleat, 
hollowed out to fit the anvil-block and bucket; 1 stud. 

Iron. —1 strap-staple, fastened to the bottom by 2 rivets, .25 inch; 3 
brackets, fastened to the front side by 6 screws No. 8, .5 inch; 2 hooks 
driven into the upper cleat for poker. 

Leather.— 1 strap 28 inches long; 1 buckle No. 5. 

















CONTENTS OF SMITH’s TOOL-CHEST. 


35 -^ . 


Contents of Smith's Tool-Chest. 


Tools and Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 


Where placed. 

Anvil and block. 

1 

Lbs. 

38.5 

The head in the mortise of the 

Water-bucket (iron). 

1 

4.6875 

rest, the block secured by the 
strap and buckle. 

On the movable cleat resting on 

Pair shoeing-pincers. 

1 

1.875 

the anvil-block. 

In its cleat on the front with the 

Vise. 

1 

2.656 

vise. 

In its cleat. 

Nailing-hammer. 

1 

1.5 

In brackets on front. 

Shoeing “ . 

1 

.875 


ii a 

Splitting-chisel. 

1 

.8125 


a << i6 

Tongs.pair 

1 

1.6875 

In triangular cleat in the corner. 

Pritchel. 

1 

.718 


a a a a a 

Hardie. 

1 

.406 

In rack on the left end. 

Clenching-iron. 

1 

.9375 


a a a a 

Shoeing-knife. 

1 

.406 

In rack on the left end. 

Poker. 

Shovel., 

1 

1 

.5 

.6875 

] 

[in two wooden racks on the 

Rake. 

1 

.531 

1 

1 back of the chest. 

Nail-punch. 

Buttress. 

1 

1 

.064 

1.469 

J 

( 

1 

3n two hooks in the poker-rack, 

Toe-knife. 

1 

.50 

held by a button. 

In its cleats on the back of the 

Rasp. 

1 

1.5 

1 

chest. 

1 In two racks on the back of 

Square file. 

1 

.719 

J 

r chest, near the left end. 

Flat file. 

1 

1.031 

1 

In two cleats on the inside of 

Half-round. 

1 

.8125 


^ cover, held by a button. 

Bags horseshoe-nails. 

2 

10. 

One on the bottom at the left end, 




the other in the bucket. 


Weight of the chest with cleats and racks 44. lbs. 


“ “ “ tools and stores. 72.875 “ 

“ “ chest packed. 116.875 “ 


Carriage-Maker's Tools and Stores. 

The tools and stores for the use of carriage-makers, in repairing the 
carriages and equipments, are packed in two chests, which are like those 
for the ammunition, but without the interior divisions. 

The hasp and hasp-staples are like those of the forge-chest. 

The two chests are designated by the letters A and B. 




































858 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Contents of Carriage-Maker^s Tool-Chests. 


Chest A. 

No. 

Weight, 

Claw-hatchet. 

1 

Lbs. 

2.125 

Nailing-hatchet. 

1 

1.75 

Firmer-chisels, | f in. 

2 

.594 

Trying-square. 

1 

.422 

lievel. 

1 

.375 

Augers, J and f inch, 
and one handle. 

2 

1.375 

Riveting-hammer. 

1 

1.5 

Hand-saw. 

1 

2.0 

Jack-plane. 

1 

4.25 

Screw-driver. 

1 

.375 

Rule (two feet). 

1 

.156 

Gimlets. 

3 

.187J 

Hand-saw files. 

2 

.125 


Chest A. 

No. 

Weight, 

Wood-files, 12-inch.... 

2 

Lbs. 

1.125 

Sickles. 

2 

2.125 

Gunner’s gimlet. 

1 

0.083 

Priming-wire. 

1 

0.08 

Gunner’s pincers. 

1 

1.25 

Fiiy.p-onf.tftr. 

1 


Papers of sprigs, 1 in. 
and IJ inch. 

2 

1.0 

Papers of tacks, 8 oz. 
and 12 oz. 

2 

1.25 

Wood-screws, fin.No. 9 

60 

0.31 

Lbs. sash-cord. 

2 

2.0 

Lbs. twine. 


.5 


Weight of chest.21 lbs. 

“ “ tools and stores, 24.96 “ 

“ “ chest packed .... 46.96 “ 


Chest B. 

No. 

Weight. 

Hand-axe. 

1 

Lbs. 

3.25 

Claw-hatchet. 

1 

2.125 

Nailing-hatchet. 

1 

1.75 

Firmer-chisels.. 

2 

0.594 

Firraer-gouge. 

1 

0.25 

Pair compasses. 

1 

0.25 

Trying-square, 6 inches 

1 

0.422 

Scriber. 

1 

0.125 

Riveting-hammer. 

1 

1.5 

Mallet. 

1 

2.25 

Gimlets. 

O 

u 

o!i875 

Screw-driver. 

1 

0.375 

Wood-rasp. 

1 

0.5 

Oil-stone . 

1 

1.812 


Chest B. 

No. 

Weight. 

Brad-awls. 

6 

Lbs. 

.5 

Sickles. 

2 

2.125 

Gunner’s gimlet. 

1 

0.083 

Priming-wire. 

1 

0.08 

Papers tacks, 8 & 12 oz. 

2 

1.125 

Lb. twine. 


0.5 

Leather thongs. 

25 

0.344 

Wood-screws, 1^ and 1 
inch, No. 14. 

36 

0.562 

Wood-screws, l^and2 
inch. No. 16. 

12 

0.312 

Nuts No. 1; 2, No. 2; 
6, No. 4. 

12 

0.625 

Washers No. 1. 

12 

0.437 


Weight of chest.‘.21 lbs. 

“ “tools. 22.083 “ 

“ “ chest packed.'... 45. “ 












































































WEIGHTS OF GUN-CARRIAGES AND CAISSONS, 


359 


The sickles are fastened to the front and back of the chests (inside) 
by small cleats at the necks and points. The other articles are securely 
packed in tow, the edges of the cutting-tools being carefully wrapped up, 
to prevent injury. 


WEIGHTS OF GUN-CARRIAGES AND CAISSONS, EQUIPPED FOR 

FIELD-SERVICE. 


Deswnatiox. 

FOR GONS. 

FOR HOWITZERS. 

6-pdr. 

12-pdr. 

12-pdr. 

24-pdr. 

32-pdr. 

GUN-CARRIAGE. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Gun. 

884 

1,757 

788 

1,318 

1,890 

Gun-carriage,without wheels 

540 

783 

540 

736 

783 

Two wheels. 

360 

392 

360 

392 

392 

Limber-body,without wheels 

335 

335 

335 . 

335 

335 

Two wheels. 

360 

360 

360 

360 

360 

Ammunition-chest, with in¬ 
terior divisions. 

185 

182 

206 

198 

192 

Ammunition, packed. 

395 

497 

465 

541 

470 

Large tarpaulin. 

36 

36 

36 

36 

36 

Other implements and equip¬ 
ments . 

83 

86 

83 

86 

86 

Total weight. 

3,178 

4,428 

3,173 

4,002 

4,544 

Number of rounds of am¬ 
munition on each limber 

50 

32 

39 

23 

15 

CAISSON. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Body, without wheels. 

432 

432 

432 

432 

432 

Two wheels. 

360 

360 

360 

360 

360 

Two ammunition-chests. 

370 

364 

412 

396 

384 

Ammunition, packed in do. 

790 

994 

930 

1,082 

940 

Limber-body,without wheels 

335 

335 

335 

335 

335 

Two wheels. 

360 

360 

360 

860 

360 

Ammunition-chest. 

185 

182 

206 

198 

192 

Ammunition, packed in do. 

395 

497 

465 

541 

470 

Large tarpaulin. 

36 

36 

36 

36 

36 

Other implements and spare 
parts. 

246 

246 

246 

246 

246 

Total weight. 

3,509 

3,806 

3,782 

3,986 

3,755 

Number of rounds of am¬ 
munition on each caisson 
and its limber. 

150 

96 

117 

1 

69 

45 




































































360 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Weights of Forges and Battery- Wagons equipped for Field-Service, 


Designation. 

For the 
Battery. 

For the 
Park. 

FORGE. 

T?ody complfttft, ivit,limit, wheels. 

Lbs. 

997 

Lbs. 

997 

Two wheels. 

860 

360 

Anvil and water-buckets. 

118 

118 

Stores in iron-room. 

820 

455 

Stores in coal-box. 

255 

255 

l/imber-body, without wheels. 

835 

335 

Two wheels. 

360 

360 

Limber-chest, empty. 

158 

158 

Stores and tools on the limber. 

480 

332 

Total weight. 

3,383 

3,370 

BATTERY-WAGON. 

Body complete, without wheels. 

Two wheels. 

Stores in wagon-body. 

Limber-body, without wheels. 

Two wheels. 

Limber-chest, empty. 

Stores and tools on the limber. 

Lbs. 

910 

360 

1,289 

335 

360 

158 

162 

Lbs. 

910 

360 

2,583 

335 

360 

158 

200 

Total weight (exclusive of forage). 

3,5/ 4 

4,915 


Bill of Boards for Interior of Ammunition- Chests. 


p 



p 



o 



p 

!z; 

p 

P 


O 

rH 

Pi 

yi 

P 


p 


cq 

o 

r-t 

B 

pi 

pi 

p 

p 

> 


o 

Cl 

W 

pi 

pi 

p 


p 

> 

CJ 

o 

CO 

X 



o i 

Dimensions, (rough.) 

, 


Designation. 





S 

Kind. 

c s 
S. 

Length. 

Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

cz ^ 

p •- 



In. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 


["Partitions. 

1 

168 

11. 

0.625 

8.02 

Poplar. 

f bottom. 

1 

22 

20. 

0.75 

2.29 

1 Poplar, 

1 Tray. sides. 

1 

22 

10. 

0.75 

1.15 

> or white 

1 ends. 

1 

20 

11. 

1. 

1.53 

j pine. 

Partitions. 

1 

1 

84 

42 

12. 

14. 

0.75 

0.75 

5.25 

3.06 

Poplar. 

I" bottom. 

1 

22 

20. 

0.75 

2.29 

■) Poplar, 

Tray. -1 sides. 

1 

22 

7.5 

0.75 

0.86 

>- or white 

( ends. 

1 

20 

9. 

1. 

1.25 

J pine. 

f Partitions. 

1 

120 

15.5 

0.75 

9.69 

Poplar. 

Bolsters for lower tier 

1 

54 

10. 

2. 

7.50 


Props for upper tier ... 

1 

90 

12. 

1. 

7.5 

( < 

Bolsters for canisters.. 

1 

8 

10. 

1.5 

1.87 

Oak. 

f 

1 

96 

15.5 

0.75 

7.75 

Poplar. 

Partitions.4 

1 

13 

10.5 

1. 

0.94 

(( 

1 

1 

96 

8.25 

1. 

5.5 

(( 

Linings. 

1 

54 

15.5 

1. 

5.81 

iC 

1 Partitions.| 

1 

1 

108 

60 

16. 

8.5 

1. 

1. 

12. 

3.54 

Poplar. 

ii 
































































riELD-TRAlN. 


Sol 


FIELD-TRAIN. 


Ordnance. 


The proportion of artillery to other troops varies generally between the 
limits of 1 and 3 pieces to 1,000 men, according to the force of the army, 
the character of the troops of which it is composed, the force and character 
of the enemy, the nature of the country which is to be the theatre of war, 
and the character and objects of the war. 

Similar considerations must regulate the selection of the kinds of ord¬ 
nance and the proportions of the different kinds in the train. 

The following principles may be observed in ordinary cases:— 


2 pieces to 1,000 men 


■I 


§ guns, of which ^ 

4 howitzers, of which / ^ 

u 


I are 12-pdrs. 


6-pdrs. 

24-pdrs. or 32-pdrs. 
12-pdrs. 


Distributed as follows:— 

For the Infantry. —1 piece to 1,000 men; 6-pdr. guns and 12-pdr. how¬ 
itzers, in batteries of foot artillery. 

For the Cavalry .—2 pieces to 1,000 men; 6-pdr. guns and 12-pdr. how¬ 
itzers, in batteries of horse artillery. 

For the special and general parks of reserve :— 

{ h in 12-pdr. batteries } 
i“ 6-pdr. “ |of foot artillery. 

^ “ 6-pdr. batteries of horse artillery. 


Ammunition for Cannon. 

200 rounds to each piece, both of the reserves and of the active batteries. 
The ammunition which cannot be carried in the caissons attached to the 
pieces will be kept in boxes with the reserves. 

Additional supplies of ordnance and ordnance stores are placed in con¬ 
venient depots, according to circumstances. 


Ammunition for Small Arms. 

100 rounds to each man; of which, for the musket, 40 rounds are in the 
cartridge-box, 60 in the parks of reserve. In the same proportion for other 
small arms. 

Percussion-caps in the proportion of 12 caps to 10 cartridges. 


362 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Composition of a Battery on the War Establishment. 


Kind of Battery. 


12-pdr. 


6-pdr. 


« r 12-pounders, mounted. 

. \ e-pounders! “ . 

„ f 24-pounders, “ 


Total number of pieces. 


Caissons.. 

\ for howitzers. 


Travelling-Forge . 
Battery-Wagon .... 


12 


Whole number of carriages with a battery 


20 


14 


Ammunition.. - 


{ Shot. 

Spherical case 
Canisters. 


For 2 howitzers. 


r Shells. 

Spherical case 
( Canisters. 


Total number of rounds with a battery 


448 

358 

90 


896 


168 

112 

42 


322 


1,218 


400 

320 

80 


800 


120 

160 

32 


312 


1,112 


Draught-Houses ... {Ip^rrhor^one'-i^eifth.'. 


Total 


120 

10 


130 


84 

7 


91 


. 112 

case. 84 

. 14 

Total.210 

Harness, corresponding to the number of horses to the carriages. 


r Shells. 

Note.—F or two 32-pdr. howitzer-carriages and 4 J 
caissons, the number of rounds of ammunition is canisters 




























































FIELD-TRAIN. 


3G3 


Battery of Mountain-IIoioitzers. 

Howitzers. 6 

Gun-carriages. 7 

Ammunition-chests. 36 (48 rounds for each howitzer.) 

Forge and tools, in 2 chests. 1 

Set of carriage-maker’s tools, in 2 chests.. 1 

Pack saddles and harness.33 

Horses or mules.33 

Such additional supplies of the above kinds as may be thought necessary 
will be carried with the park of reserve, together with the necessary am¬ 
munition for infantry, in packs. 

A mountain-howitzer ammunition-chest will carry about 700 musket ball- 
cartridges. 

Rochet-Battery. 

No regular organization of a rocket-battery has been arranged. 

The nature and number of rockets, and of carriages or conductors, will be 
determined by the character of the service for which they may be required. 


The Field-Parh. 


The spare carriages, reserved supplies of ammunition, tools and materials 
for extensive repairs, and for making up ammunition, for the service of an 
army in the field, form the Field-Park, to which should be attached also the 
batteries of reserve. 

The quantities of these supplies must depend in a great measure on the 
particular circumstances of the campaign. 

The ammunition required for artillery and small arms, (according to the 
proportions above stated,) in addition to what can be carried by the batteries 
and the troops, will be carried with the park, in caissons, or in store-wagons. 

The following carriages and stores, in due proportion, according to cir¬ 
cumstances, will also form parts of the field-park, viz.:— 

Spare gun-carriages, 1 to each field-battery. 

Travelling-Forges, B. ) ^ i 

Battery- B agons, D. J 
Spare spokes, 50 to each battery. 


Spare fellies, 20 to each battery. 

Spare harness .\ t E 

Horseshoes and nails.... / 
Gunpowder. 

Saltpetre. 

Sulphur. 

Charcoal. 

Laboratory-paper. 
Percussion-caps for small arms. 


■ In store-wagons. 

Friction-primers for cannon. 
Stuff for cartridge-bags. 
Woollen yarn. 

Cotton yarn. 

Glue. 


31 











364 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


SIEGE-TRAIN. 

The number and kind of cannon for a siege-train must be determined by 
the circumstances of each case; but the following general principles may 
be observed in assigning the proportion of different kinds and calibres, 
and the relative quantity of other supplies, for a train of 100 pieces of 
ordnance. 

Cannon. 

( 24-pdr.about one-half of the whole number. 50 

Guns.. qj. i2-pdr. “ one-tenth “ . 10 

Howitzers, 8-in. siege. “ one-fourth “ . 25 

f 10-in. siege. “ one-eighth “ . 12 

Mortars... K q. o 

CoEHORN Mortars, in addition to the 100 pieces. 6 

Wall Pieces. 40 

Gun- Carriages. 

For 24-pdr. guns and 8-in. howitzers, one-fifth spare. 90 

For 18-pdr. and 12-pdr. guns.one-fifth spare. 12 

For 10-in. mortars.one-sixth spare. 21 

For 8-in. mortars. 4 

Other Carriages. 

Mortar-Wagons .—1 for each 10-in. mortar and bed, and for three 8-in. 

mortars and beds. 13 

Wagons, for transporting implements, intrenching and miner’s tools, 
laboratory tools and utensils, and other stores,—each loaded with 

about 2,700 lbs., say. 140 

Carts (carrying balls, &c. on the march). 60 

Park Battery- Wagons, fully equipped. 28 

Park-Forges, fully equipped. 8 

Sling-Carts, large. 6 

Sling-Carts, hand. 4 

Draught-Horses. 

For each Gun and howitzer, with its carriage. 8 

“ Spare gun-carriage. 6 

“ Mortar-wagon. 8 

“ Battery-wagon. 6 

“ Forge. 6 

“ Cart. 2 



































SIEGE-TRAIN. 


365 


For each Sling-cart, large. 2 

Spare horses. 1-lOth 


For Guns.. 


For 


Total, about. 1,900 horses. 

Projectiles and Ammunition. 

Round f 800 to each 24-pdr. 40,000 

shot. 11,000 to each 18 and 12 pdr. 10,000 

Grape and canisters strapped, 20 rounds to each piece 1,200 
Spherical case strapped, 20 rounds to each piece... 1,200 

{ Shells, 800 to each 8-inch howitzer. 20,000 

Canisters strapped, 5 to each. 125 

Spherical case strapped, 20 to each. 500 

{ 600 shells to each 10-inch. 7,200 

800 “ “ 8-inch. 2,400 

200 “ “ Coehorn. 1,200 

Gunpowder^ in barrels.lbs. 500,000 

Computing for each 24-pounder round shot, one-third the weight of shot. 
“ “ 18 & 12 pdr. “ one-fourth “ “ 

“ “ grape, canister, and spherical case, one-sixth the 

weight of shot. 

“ “ round of howitzer ammunition 5 lbs.'k 

« ■* “ lO-inch mortar.7“ I including charge 

“ “ “ 8-inch mortar.3 “ 3 shell. 

“ “ “ Coehorn.^ “ 

Cartridge-bags, 1 for each round. 

Cartridge-paper, bundles. 200 

Wads, —hay wads, made in the field. 

Slow-match .lbs. 500 

Portfires . 200 

Fuzes, ^ more than the number of shells. 35,000 

Wooden bottoms and tubs, for firing small shells. 1,200 

Friction-primers, for guns and howitzers, 1|^ to each round. 

Cartridges for wall pieces, 500 rounds to each. 

Cartridges, powder, percussion-caps, and lead, for small arms, according to 
the force of the army. 

Most of the ammunition is transported by hired wagons. 

























366 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Implements and Equipments. 


FOR EACH 


2 Sponges—1 spare. 

2 Rammers—1 do. 

1 Worm to 4 pieces. 

1 Ladle “ 

8 Handspikes—2 spare. 

1 Pass-box. 

2 Tube-pouches. 

1 Gunner’s perpendicular to 16 pieces. 

1 Vent-punch to 3 pieces. 

2 Thumb-stalls. 

2 Priming-wires—1 spare. 

1 Gunner’s gimlet. 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 


FOR EACH HOWITZER 


Implements. 


Sponges and rammers. 

Handspikes (2 shod, for mortar).. 

Haversacks. 

Tube-pouches. 

Thumb-stall. 

Priming-wires.. 

Vent-punch—to 3 pieces. 

Gunner’s gimlet.. 

Gunner’s perpendicular—to 6 pieces 

Quadrants .. 

Fuze-setters. 

Fuze-mallets . 

Baskets. 

Chocks for wheels. 

Maul. 

Loading-tongs. 

Tompions..'. 

Vent-cover. 

Water-bucket. 

Broom. 

Breech-sight. 

Lanyards for friction-primers . 

Plummets. 

Pointing-stakes. 

Pointing-cord . 

Quoins. 

Shell-hooks . 

Scrapers. 

Spatulas. 

Gunner’s sleeves (pair). 

Grommet wad. 

Wipers of tow linen. 

Chalk . 

Hammer-wrench—to 6 pieces. 


GUN. 

Breech-sight. 

Vent-cover. 

Water-bucket. 

Broom. 

Tompion. 

Chocks. 

Lanyards for friction-primers. 
Piece of chalk. 

Wrench to 6 pieces. 

Short roller. 

Trace-rope. 


AND MORTAR. 


Howitzer. 


2—1 spare 
7—2 spare 
1 
2 
1 

2—1 spare 
1 
1 
1 
1 

2—1 spare 
2—1 spare 
1 
2 


Mortar. 


2—1 spare 
6—2 spare 
1 
2 

2—1 spare 
1 
1 
1 
1 

2—1 spare 
2—1 spare 
1 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 


. 

1 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2—1 spare 
1 
1 
1 
























































SIEGE-TRAIN. 


367 


Scales and weights, or a spring balance, funnel, set of powder-measures 
of 3 sizes, and fuze-extractor, to each battery-magazine. 

The number of implements must be proportioned to the whole number 
of gun-carriages, including the spare carriages. 

One tar-bucket to each travelling carriage. 

Platforms. 


For guns and howitzers. 1-lOth spare. 

For mortars. 1.8th do. 


Em hr astir e- Shutters. 

For half the number of guns and howitzers. 

Spare Parts of Carriages. 
Proportion to the number of parts in the carriages:— 


Pintles for siege-carriages. l-30th. 

Nuts and washers, assorted. 1-lOth. 

Linch-pins. l-5th. 

Axle-trees. l-20th. 

Wheels. l-15th. 

A:.lo-washers | . 

Cap-squares. l-15th. 

Poles, one-half ironed. l-4th. 

Elevating-screws. l-8th. 

Leading-bars, one-half ironed. l-8th. 


Spare parts of field-carriages, as for field-batteries. 

Timber and other Materials for Repairs. 

Proportion to the number of parts that enter into the construction of 
the carriages:— 

Axle-bodies for siege-carriages, l-50th; Breech-bolsters, l-20th ; Cheeks, 
l-30th; Fellies, l-50th; Spokes, l-30th; Fork-saddles, l-30th; Poles, 
l-20th; Hounds, l-20th; Splinter-bars, l-20th; Leading-bars, 1-lOth, 
Square timber of various scantling—Plank—Wooden parts of mortar- 
wagons; of each l-20th. 

Bar-iron, assorted, 80 lbs. to a piece, 8,000 lbs.; Steel, 5 lbs. to a piece, 
500 lbs.; Sheet iron, 50 sheets; Iron wire, 400 lbs.; Tin, 225 sheets; 
Nails, assorted, 300 lbs.; Screws, assorted, 5 groce. 

Machines and Ropes. 

7 Gins, with tackle, complete; 10 Lever-Jacks; 14 Screw-Jacks; 5 Lift¬ 
ing-Jacks; 20 Wheelbarrows, l-5th for shells; 7 Hapd-barrows; Balances, 















368 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


for weighing; 10 Spare gin-falls; 75 Double prolonges; 75 Single pro- 
longes; Drag-ropes, 200; 2f-inch rope, 500 fathoms; Men’s harness, 50; 
Small ropes, 200 lbs.; Twine, of various sizes, 50 lbs. 

Tools. 

Sets of carriage-maker’s and blacksmith’s tools:—Pioneer’s tools, for the 
artillery alone, 40 to a piece, say 4,000; of which 1,600 spades, 270 shovels, 
2.000 mattocks, 130 picks—Spare tool-handles, one-half. 

Axes, 5 to a piece, 500; Bill-hooks, 2 to a piece, 200; Saws, various 
kinds, 100; 10-foot rods, 2-foot rules, mason’s levels, 50 of each; Mauls, 
200; Scythes, 8 ; Miner’s tools; Baskets. 


Lahoratory Tools and Materials. 
2 Sets of Laboratory tools. (See page 335.) 


Nitre, pulverized. 

. 1,500 lbs. 

Twine. 

.... 50 lbs. 

Sulphur, pulverized., 

. 100 “ 

Tai’red rope-yarn.... 

.... 200 “ 

Charcoal, pulverized. 
Sulphur, roll. 

.... 100 “ 

Copper wire. 

... 10 “ 

. 100 “ 

Brass wire. 

.... 10 “ 

Pitch.. 

. 150 “ 

Cotton yarn. 

.... 25 “ 

Rosin. 

. 150 “ 

Glue. 

... 10 “ 

ltpfts'\vn,x . 

50 “ 

AVrappinf»‘-paper.. 

.... 10 reams. 

Camphor. 

20 “ 

Tar. 


Spirits turpentine .... 


Mealed powder. 

.... 300 lbs. 

Sperm-oil. 

30 “ 

Quick-match. 

.... 150 “ 

Linseed-oil. 

2 “ 

Torches. 

.... 100 “ 

Tow—Tarred links— 

-Rock-fire, etc. 

Coal-tar. 


Implements for firing Hot Shot. 


4 Sets. (See Chapter XIII.) 

Instruments and Boohs. 



2 Theodolites, or other instruments for measuring angles; 2 Levels 
and staves; 2 Compasses ; 4 Surveying-chains ; Diagonal scales; Cases of 
mathematical instruments ; Spy-glasses ; Thermometer; Barometer. 

Books .—Ordnance Manual; Artillery for the land service; Tables of 
firing; Logarithmic tables ; Drawing-paper. 

Miscellaneous Supplies. 

Smith’s coal, 20 tons; Grease, 2,000 lbs., in 50-lb. kegs; Sand-bags, 
500 to each piece of ordnance; Chevaux-de-frise; Scaling-ladders; 
Rampart-grates, 50; Tarpaulins, various sizes, 100; 2 Grindstones; 
Lanterns, 100 ; Sperm candles, 150 lbs.; Lamplighter’s torches; Canvas; 
Friction-matches, in small tin cases. 


























ARMAMENT OP FORTIFICATIONS. 


369 


ARMAMENT OF FORTIFICATIONS. 

The kind and number of pieces of ordnance required for the armament 
of each of the fortifications are prescribed by the War Department, accord¬ 
ing to the character and extent of each work. 

The carriages, ammunition, implements, equipments, and other supplies, 
for a fort placed on the war establishment, may be proportioned to the 
number of pieces on the following general principles, the application of 
which must, however, be regulated by the importance of the position and 
by the peculiar circumstances of each case. 


Carriages. 

For a front of attack. 

For other land 
fronts and for 
sea-coast bat¬ 
teries. 


r Casemate. 

.l-6th. 

1-lOth. 

Gun-car- 
RIAGES. 1 

Barbette. 

..l-3d. 

l-20th. 

Siege. 

.l-3d. 

1-lOth. 

Field. 

.l-3d . 


I 

Mortar-beds 

.l-4th . 

1-lOth. 

Trench-carts, for ad- 
vanced works . 

1 to 20 pieces. 


Sling-carts 


1 to 25 pieces. 

1 to 25 pieces. 

Tumbrils or hand-carts.. 

1 to 20 pieces. 

1 to 20 pieces. 

Caissons... 


1 to each field- 


Forges, travelling (be¬ 

piece. 


sides permanent forges) 

1 to 30 pieces of 


AMMUNITION. 

For each 10-in. columb. 

all kinds. 

400 rounds. 


For each gun and sea- 
coast howitzer and 8-in. 
columbiad. 

800 “ . 

250 rounds. 

For each 24-pdr. howitzer 

100 “ . 

100 “. 

For each siege-howitzer 

600 “ . 

200 “. 

For each 10-in. mortar... 

400 “ 


For eficb mnrf.nr.. 


200 “ 

For each 8-in. mortar, 
and Coehorn. 

600 “ 


more than tho 
number of 
pieces. 


1-20th'I Grape 
l-2d I and 
l-20th j canister. 


Rampart grenades, 300 to a front of attack. 

For each piece of artillery of a field-battery for sorties, 200 rounds. 
Gunpowder .—The quantity of cannon-powder may be calculated on tho 
following principles: 

For each charge of a gun—J of the weight of the shot. 

“ “ 10-inch columbiad, 15 lbs. 













































370 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. . 


For each charge of 

an 8-inch columbiad. 

10 

lbs. 


ii ii 

24-pdr. howitzer. 

2 



ii << 

8-inch siege-howitzer. 

4 



a n 

10-inch sea-coast “ 

12 

ii 


a (( 

8-inch “ “ 

8 

it 


a a 

10-inch mortar, light. 

7 

ii " 


H it 

10-inch “ heavy. 

15 

ii 

including the charge 

a a 

8-inch “ 

3 

it 

of the shell. 

a n 

13-inch “ 

30 

ii 


a << 

Coehorn “ 

i 

ii 


To spare: for mining, fireworks, and waste. 

tV 

of the whole, including a 


proportion of mealed powder and its components, pulverized. 
Fuzes, ^ more than the number of shells. 

Slow-7natch, 4 lbs. to a piece. 

Cannon cartridge-paper, 1 sheet to a'i'ound. 

Sabots. 

Wooden bottoms for mortars ^ring grenades. 

Portfires, 1 to 200 rounds. 

Friction-primers, the number of rounds. 


Small Amns. 

. ™ore than the number of troops of 

.V”'*.. p I the several kinds supposed to be 

Wall pieces—50 to a front of attack, or a front exposed to escalade. 

Ammunition. —Musket cartridges, for each man.400 

INIusketoon, pistol, and rifle cartridges. 100 

Cartridges for each wall piece. 400 

Spare powder for small arms, of the whole quantity required for the 
cartridges. Cartridge-paper in proportion. 

Percussion-caps, in addition to those packed with the cartridges, ^ the 
number of rounds 

Implements and Equipments. 

FOR EACH GUN. 


2 Rammers—1 spare. 

2 Sponges— 1 “ 

1 Worm, 1 * p . 

1 Ladle, I “> ® P'"='^- 
1 Gunner’s perpendicular, to G pcs. 
1 Pass-box. 

1 Budge-barrel. 

2 Tube-pouches. 

2 Thumb-stalls—1 spare. 

2 Priming-wires—1 “ 


1 Gunner’s gimlet. 

1 Vent-pouch, to 3 pieces. 

1 Breech-sight. 

1 Vent-cover. 

2 Lanyards for friction-primers. 
1 Water-bucket. 

1 Tompion. 

1 Chalk-line and chalk 
1 Broom. 

1 Wrench to 6 pieces 














SMALL ARMS. 


371 


FOR EACH HOWITZER. 

The same as for a gun, omitting 
pass-box, and adding: 

1 Haversack. 

1 Fuze-setter. 

1 Fuze-mallet. 

1 Fuze-extractor, to 6 pieces. 

1 Quadrant. 


FOR EACH 

1 Sponge and rammer. 

6 Handspikes—4 shod. 

1 Haversack. 

1 Tube-pouch. 

2 Priming-wires. 

1 Vent-punch, to 3 pieces. 

1 Gunner’s gimlet. 

1 Quadrant. 

1 Plummet. 

2 Pointing-stakes. 

2 Quoins. 

1 Tompion. 

2 Lanyards for friction-primers. 


FOR EACH 24-PDR. HOWIl 

2 Rammers and sponges—1 spare. 
2 Sponge-covers— 1 “ 

1 Roller-bar. 

2 Manoeuvring-handspikes. 

1 Gunner’s haversack. 

1 Budge-barrel. 

2 Tube-pouches. 

2 Thumb-stalls—1 spare. 

2 Priming-wires—1 spare. 


FOR EACH COLUMBIAI).* 

The same as for a howitzer, adding, 
for those of model 1844, 

1 Woollen sponge, of the diameter 
of the bore, to 3 guns. 


MORTAR. 

1 Pair shell-hooks. 

1 Scraper. 

1 Spatula. 

1 Pair gunner’s sleeves. 

1 Wiper. 

1 Fuze-setter. 

1 Mallet. 

1 Fuze-saw. 

1 Fuze-extractor, to 6 mortars. 
1 Basket. 

1 Broom. 

1 Tarpaulin. 


a FOR FLANK DEFENCE. 

1 Gunner’s gimlet. 

1 Breech-sight. 

2 Lanyards for friction-primers. 
1 Water-bucket. 

1 Fuze-cutter. 

1 Vent-punch. 

1 Vent-cover. 

1 Tompion and strap. 

1 Broom. 


For each casemate-carriage, (wooden, including the spare carriages,) 
2 truck-bars; 2 chocks ; 1 broom. 

For each barbette-carriage, (wooden,) 2 manoeuvring-handspikes; 
1 tarpaulin, or other cover; 1 platform and 1 maul; if the platform be not 
permanent. 

For each iron carriage, 2 manceuvring-bars; 2 pinch-bars; 1 man- 
ceuvring-handspike; 2 wrenches; 1 elevating-bar for columbiads. 

For each siege-carriage, 4 handspikes; 1 maul; 1 platform. 

For each columbiad barbette-carriage, (wooden,) 4 truck-bars; 2 
manoeuvring-bars; 1 elevating-bar. 





372 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Spare Parts for Repair of Carriages. 


Proportion of tlie number of spare parts to that of similar parts which 


belong to the carriages:— 

Forks for traversing wheels of barbette-carriages. l-20th. 

Pintles for siege-carriage limbers. l-30th. 

Pintles for casemate-carriages. l-20th. 

Linch-pins. l-5th. 


{ for siege-carriages. 

for barbette-carriages. 

for casemate-carriages. 

Rollers for casemate-carriages. 

Bolster-plates, for pintles not permanently fixed. 

' for siege-carriages. 

for barbette upper carriages (including rollers) 

for casemate “ .. 

for barbette-chassis.. 

for casemate-chassis. 

( shoulder. 

\ linch. 

Poles, for siege-carriage limbers, one-half ironed. 

Elevating-screws. 

Tongues (iron) for casemate-carriages. 

Nuts, assorted. 


Wheels 


Axle-washers, 


l-20th. 

l-40th. 

l-40th. 

l-40th. 

l-40th. 

l-15th. 

l-20th. 

l-40th. 

l-40th. 

l-40th. 

l-20th. 

1-lOth. 

l-4th. 

l-8th. 

1-lOth. 

1-lOth. 


Timber and other Materials for Repairs. 

Cheeks, stocks, naves, spokes, fellies, for siege-carriages, of each l-20th; 
cheeks of mortar-beds, l-12th. Handspikes, 4 to a piece ; tool-handles, ^ ; 
sets of timber for barbette-carriages, l-20th; ditto, casemate, l-40th; 
iron, assorted, 50 lbs. to each piece; nails and screws, assorted, 100 to each 
piece; steel, 1 lb. to each piece; sheet iron, 6 square feet to each piece; 
tin, 5 sheets to each piece; spare parts for small arms, see Chapter VIII. 

Machines, Ropes, etc. 

Gins, casemate and rampart, as may be required, according to the extent 
of the fort; screw-jacks, capstans, lever-jacks, wheelbarrows, 1 to each 
piece; hand-barrow, for shells, 1 to each mortar; sling hand-barrow, or 
frame hand-barrow with legs, 1 to 6 guns and howitzers ; platform balance, 
or scales and weights; gin-falls, l-5th spare ; double prolonges, 2 to each 
gin; drag-ropes, 2^-inch rope, small rope, 5 lbs. to a piece; handspikes, 
7 feet long; skids, blocks, rollers. 


Tools. 

Sets of carriage-maker’s, smith’s, and armorer’s tools; intrenching and 























MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES. 


373 


miner’s tools, saws, levels, pavior’s rammers; 10-foot rods; 2-foot rules; 
the number of each kind to be regulated by the particular circumstances 
of each case. 

Tools and Materials for Fireworks. 

(See Chapter X.) 

Laboratory tools and materials, according to the extent and resources tf 
the fort. See the proportion of those for a siege-train. 

For each night of a siege, or for each night on which the guns will pro¬ 
bably be served, have 6 tarred links to each piece mounted on the ram¬ 
parts of a front of attack, or of a sea-coast battery, and 5 fire-balls for a 
front of attack. 

Signal-rockets, torches, rock-fire, &c., according to circumstances. 

Instruments, Books, and Stationery. 

According to the character and extent of the fort.—See Siege-Train. 

Miscellaneous Supplies. 

Timber, plank, and boards; wood for sabots, fascines, gabions, etc. 
Pickets; coal, 5 tons to a forge; grease, grindstones, rampart-grates, 2 to 
each piece on the ramparts; sand-bags, for the batteries of the front of 
attack; lantern, 1 to each piece; candles, oil, fire-engine and buckets. 

Field-pieces forming a part of the armament of a fortification should 
be provided with their caissons, ammunition, etc., as for service in the 
field. 


374 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


CHAPTER TWELFTH. 

MECHANICAL MAN(EUVRES. 

The introduction here of a few of the most common mechanical manoeu¬ 
vres with heavy guns, for mounting and dismounting, etc., it is believed, 
will prove convenient. For full directions for the manoeuvres of heavy 
ordnance, see “Heavy Artillery.” 

Knots, and the Manner of Tying them. (Plate 33.) 

Loop. —Bend the rope so as to bring the branches near to each other, 
without crossing them. 

Half-hitch. —Bend the rope, crossing one branch over the other. 

Simple Knot. —Form a half-hitch; turn one end around the other, pass¬ 
ing it through the half-hitch ; close it by drawing the two ends. 

Simple Draav-knot, or Bow-knot. —Form a half-hitch; make a loop 
with one end; turn this loop around the other part, so as to pass it in the 
half-hitch; close it. 

Galley Knot. —Form a simple draw-knot; pass a lever in the loop, and 
close it. 

Square Knot.— Method: Cross the ends of the rope, say, the right 
end over the left; turn the left end around the right branch from above 
downward, and from within outward; bend the left end, forming a loop 
with it; turn the right end around the left, and pass it in the loop from 
below upward; close it. 

2d Method: Make a loop with one end; pass the other end through the 
loop, and take a turn around the two branches that form the loop, begin¬ 
ning with the long one; pass it again through the loop, and close it. 

That the knot may not slip, the two ends of the rope should separate, 
one to the right, the other to the left, but both in front or both behind. 

Draw Square-knot. —Make an ordinary square-knot, but with the end 
passed in the loop to complete the knot; form a second loop, and pass it 
through the first; close it. 

Weaver’s Knot. —Form a loop with one end; pass the other end 
through the loop, and take a turn around the tAVO branches forming the 
loop,—first around the long one,—and pass it between the loop and that 
part already passed through the loop ; close it. 

German Knot. —Form a half-hitch ; turn the free end around the stand¬ 
ing part; cross the free end on itself, and pass it through the half-hitch. 


MECHANICAL MANOEUVRES. 


375 


Artificer’s Knot, or two IIalf-iiitches.— Method: Make two lialf- 
Litches near to each other, but in contrary directions; that is, if the free 
end of one half-hitch cross above that part of the rope which is between 
the half-hitches, the free part of the other half-hitch must cross under: 
place these two half-hitches one on the other, so that the ends shall be 
on the inside; put the half-hitches over the end of the object to which the 
rope is to be fastened, and close it. 

2d Method: To fasten a rope to a picket, keeping it stretched, take a turn 
around the picket with the free end, and bring it back under the standing 
part; take a second turn above the first with the same end, passing the 
free end between the last turn and the fixed part; close it by drawing on 
the free end. 

Zd Method: Form a half-hitch, with the free end beneath; place it over 
the head of the picket; form a second half-hitch, the free end beneath; 
place it over the picket, above the first; close it. 

Magnus Hitch. —Take a turn around the picket with the free end, 
and bring it back above the standing part; take a second turn with the 
same end, and bring it back under the standing part; make with this 
end a half-hitch, the free end being underneath; place this half-hitch over 
the picket; close it by drawing on the free end. 

This knot differs from the artificer’s knot, by having three turns around 
the picket, instead of two. 

Mooring Knot, with Half-hitches. —To fasten a rope to a picket by 
half-hitches, take two turns around the picket, and bring the free end 
back along the standing part; take a turn with the free end around tne 
standing part, and pass it through the half-hitch thus formed; make a 
second half-hitch by crossing the free end again over the standing part, 
and passing the free end through the half-hitch; tie the end to the stand¬ 
ing part with lashing-cord, if necessary. 

Rolling Hitch. —To tie a rope to another which is stretched, cross the 
end of the free rope on the stretched one, and take a turn around it from 
above downward, and bring back this end in the acute angle formed by the 
two ropes; take a second turn in the same manner; make a half-hitch 
with the free end around the stretched rope, and then a second half-hitch 
above the turns already formed; tie the end to the rope with lashing- 
cord. 

Anchor Knot. —To fasten a rope to a ring, pass the rope through the 
ring twice; make a half-hitch around the standing part and the part form¬ 
ing the second turn; make a second half-hitch below the first; tie the 
short end to the standing part, if necessary. 

Capstan Knot. —To fasten the gin-fall, for instance, to the handles of a 
gun, make a half-hitch by crossing the free end on the part coming from 
the head of the gin; pass the free end through the handles and through 

32 


878 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


the half-hitch from beneath upward; pass the end around the standing 
part, turning it between the standing part and the part leading to the 
handle; pass it in the loop from aboTe downward; draw it close. 

Crown. —Take the rope and form a coil of the size required, and with 
the free end wrap the several strands forming the coil, and fasten the two 
ends by a square knot. 

Short Splice. —Unlay about one foot of the ends of the two ropes, A and 
B, that are to be spliced; bring the ends together, so that the strands of one 
rope shall be between those of the other. Holding the rope A in the left 
hand, for instance, cross each strand of this rope over the strand of the other 
that is to its left, and pass each strand of the rope A, by means of a mar¬ 
line-spike, under the strand B to the left of that which it crossed; draw 
hard on each strand thus served; do the same thing with the strands of 
the rope B. To give greater strength to the splice, pass again each strand 
over that to its left and under the one to the left of this last: cut ofiF the 
projecting ends. This splice will not pass through the throat of the 
pulley. 

Long Splice. —Unlay about 20 inches of each rope; bring them toge¬ 
ther as in the short splice; unlay one of the strands of A, and replace it 
by the corresponding strand of B; cross the end of this last strand over 
the replaced strand, and pass them, each on its own side, under the adjoin¬ 
ing strands; replace, in the same way, each strand of one rope by one of 
the other, and secure them two and two, as has just been explained, at 
different places in the splice; cut off the projecting ends. The long splice 
will pass through the throat of the pulley. 


To Slew a Gun. 

Chock the gun on the side to which it is to be turned; pass a trunnion- 
loop over one of the trunnions, run a handspike through it, and turn the 
gun in its place. 


To Move a Gun hy Rolling it. 

Place a skid under the middle of the reinforce, and another under the 
middle of the chase, and roll the gun over. 

By inclining the skids and cutting the muzzle, it may be moved in dif¬ 
ferent directions. 

In rolling heavy guns, it is most convenient to use two collars of wood 
or cast iron, of equal diameters, (one on the breech, the other on the 
muzzle,) large enough to allow the trunnions to turn without striking the 
ground. 


MECHANICAL MANOEUVRES. 


377 


To Transport a Field-Piece hy means of a Limber. 

Detach the prolonge; place the limber over the piece, so that the pintle- 
hook shall be over the handles, (or over the rear of the trunnions,) with 
the breech toward the pole: run a handspike into the bore and raise the 
chase; lash the piece to the pintle-hook with the prolonge, by passing the 
ring of the prolonge twice through the handles (or around the piece in rear 
of the trunnions) and over the pintle-hook. 

With the loose end of the prolonge, lash the cascable to the fork of the 
limber. 

The gun may be placed on blocks at the proper height, and then lashed 
to the limber as before. 

To Shift a Gun from the Trunnion-Uoles to its Travelling-Bed. 

Limber up; remove the cap-squares and chock the wheels front and 
rear; place the short roller under the reinforce; attach the trace-rope at 
its middle to the cascable by two half-hitches; cross two handspikes under 
the one in the bore ; lift and push at the muzzle and haul on the rope until 
the trunnions are over their travelling-position; raise the chase, bring for¬ 
ward the roller to the head of the stock, and lower the chase upon it; raise 
the chase again; remove the roller, and lower the chase upon the stock ; 
take off the rope; replace the cap-squares ; insert the elevating-screw from 
below, and lash it. 

With the Lifting-Jack. —Place the jack under the swell of the muzzle; 
raise the chase ; place a half-block on the head of the stock; take a second 
lift, and place two rollers on the stock, one just in rear of the trunnion, 
the other under the reinforce; chock the latter toward the muzzle, and 
remove the half-blocks; haul on the rope attached to the cascable, and 
bring the breech over the bolster; chock the rear roller; place the jack 
under the muzzle, and remove the rollers. 


To Shift a Gun from its Travelling-Bed to the Trunnion-Uoles. 

Chock the wheels front and rear; remove the cap-squares; raise the 
chase and insert the short roller under the trunnions; attach the rope by 
its middle to the cascable; bear down the muzzle, and, as the piece rolls 
forward, guide the trunnions into their holes by means of tiie rope ; remove 
the short roller. 

A howitzer is shifted to and from its travelling-bed by the same means, 
except that the handspike in the bore is chocked above and below for raising 
the chase, the lower chock being placed about 18 inches in the bore. The 
vertical diameter of the short roller should be just forward of the rimbases. 


378 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


MAN(EUVIIES WITH GINS. 

Implements, — 2 gin-handspikes ; 1 gin-fall for siege-gin, 4-inch rope, 90 feet 
long; 1 gin-fall for casemate or garrison gin, 5-inch rope, 120 feet long; 1 
trace-rope, 2.25 inches round, 30 feet long; 2 lashing-ropes, 12 feet long; 1 
hammer. 

To Put the Field or Siege Gin together. 

Lay the legs on the ground, outer sides down, in position to receive the 
sheaves, braces, windlass, and pry-pole. Put these in place, and key the 
braces. 

* To Reeve the Fall. 

Raise the pry-pole; run one end of the fall through the left sheave from 
below; pass it through the pulley which is hooked to the middle brace, 
and thence through the right sheave, securing it to the pulley or to the 
middle brace. 

To Raise the Field-Gin. 

One man places his foot on the lower brace, holds the feet of the gin in 
place, and steadies the pry-pole. Six men seize the legs and raise the gin. 

To Move the Field-Gin when Raised. 

Place four men at the ends of two handspikes run under the windlass, 
and two men at the handles of the pry-pole, and move the gin. The gin 
is lowered in a manner similar to that prescribed for raising it. 

To Put a Casemate or Garrison Gin together. 

The legs or pry-pole are laid on the ground or across the gun-carriage, 
inner sides down and upper ends together, to receive the clevis and bolt. 
The windlass, braces, and clevis and bolt are then put in their proper places 
and secured. The gin is then raised by moving up the legs and pry-pole 
toward each other. 

To Reeve the Fall of a Casemate or Garrison Gin. 

Fasten one end of the trace-rope to the upper block, pass the other end 
through the clevis, and thence round the windlass. Heave upon the wind¬ 
lass, raise the block, and hook it in the clevis. Reeve the fall as described 
for the field-gin. 

To Lower the Casemate or Garrison Gin. 

Draw out gradually the legs and pry-pole until the men can get near 
enough to the head to support it. Lower it upon the piece or upon the 
ground. 


MANCEUVRES WITH GINS. 


879 


To Move the Casemate or Garrison Gin. 

Lash the pry-pole to the upper brace to keep the gin from spreading 
Four men lay hold of each leg and move them; then move the pry-pole. 

To Mount a Piece hy Means of a Gin. 

Place the gin with its pulleys directly over the trunnions, and the foot 
of the pry-pole about thirteen feet from the lower brace. Remove the cap- 
squares, run a handspike into the bore, fasten the sling to it and over 
the cascable, and hook the pulley to it, just in rear of the trunnions. 
Steady the gun with the handspike in the bore, pass the running end 
of the fall from the outside under the windlass, and take three turns 
with it from the right to the left around the left of the windlass, and hold 
fast to the end of the rope. Work the windlass and raise the gun to the 
required height. Bring up the carriage until the trunnion-holes are 
directlj” under the trunnions. Slack off the fall slowly, and let the trun¬ 
nions descend into their holes. Put on the cap-squares. 

Remark.— The piece may be slung with a short piece of rope passed around 
each trunnion, and the ends fastened together on the top of the piece; or the 
trunnion-rings may be put on. Hook the pulley to this sling, or to the 
trunnion-rings, bear down with one or two men on the handspikes in the 
bore to balance the piece, and raise it to the proper height. Place a hand¬ 
spike in the trunnion-holes, and a block on the stock to receive the breech. 
Lower the gun, the trunnions directly over the trunnion-holes, until it rests 
upon the handspike. Remove the sling from the trunnions, and run the 
carriage, with the gun on it, back until the heads of the cheeks are in rear 
of a perpendicular let fall from the head of the gin. Pass the sling around 
the chase, hook the pulley to it, and work the gin to relieve the weight on 
the handspike. Remove it, and lower the trunnions into their places. Bear 
down the muzzle, and remove the block from under the breech. 

To Dismount a Piece hy Cleans of a Gin. 

Place the gin as for mounting the gun, remove the cap-squares, put on 
the sling, raise the gun out of the trunnion-holes, run out the carriage, and 
slack off gradually to lower the gun to the ground. 

To Shift the Fall. 

Overhaul the loose end of the fall, and make a double hitch with it 
around the leg of the gin below the lower cross-bar, passing the end inside 
of the windlass and braces to a man mounted on the windlass, who makes 
with it a rolling hitch on the standing part of the fall near the upper 
brace. Slack off until the weight bears on the end of the fall, and slip 
the rope to the other end of the windlass; or the standing part of the fall 
may be lashed to the leg above the windlass with a small rope. 

32 * 


380 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


To Mount a Gun on a Casemate-Carriage. 

Traverse the carriage to one side; place the gun on blocks, or on the 
truck, near the middle of the casemate, the muzzle toward the embrasure, 
and tiie gin over the gun and carriage; the latter on the side of the pry- 
pole. Sling the gun, and work the gin until the gun is raised sufficiently 
high to traverse the chassis under it; place the carriage so that the 
trunnion-holes come exactly under the trunnions; lower the gun into its 
place; remove the sling, and take away the gin. 

To prevent the pavement from being injured by the points, a truck- 
wheel, or a piece of 3-inch plank, with a hole to receive the point, is placed 
under each foot. 

To dismount a piece, proceed in the inverse manner. 

T'o Lower a Barbette-Carriage from its Chassis, the Piece being 

3Iounted. 

Place the piece in battery, the limber accurately in the prolongation 
of its axis, about six yards to the rear. Chock the rollers; place wheel- 
chocks upon the rails, near the manoeuvring-staples, to serve as fulcrums ; 
embar under the staples. Insert a handspike in the bore to bear down 
with, liaise the trail and put blocks on the tongue under and perpen¬ 
dicular to the transom and axle-tie. Raise the rear of the chassis; remove 
the traverse-wheels, and lower the chassis upon the traverse-circle. Form 
scaffolds one block and a half high on each side of the carriage, under and 
perpendicular to the chassis, about four inches in rear of the middle tran¬ 
som, and place the planks on them, their inner edges against the rails of 
the chassis, and their front ends about eight inches in front of the scaf¬ 
folds, bevelled sides up. Back the limber upon the planks ; raise the 
pole to engage the pintle in the lunette, and then bear down the pole; re¬ 
move the blocks from under the trail, and key the pintle. Unchock the 
wheels, and run the piece carefully down the planks to the terre-plein. 

To Mount the Barbette-Carriage upon its Chassis. 

Lower the rear of the chassis upon the traverse-circle, and place the 
piece, limbered, accurately in the prolongation of the tongue, about six 
yards to the rear. Place the planks in position. Embar with two hand¬ 
spikes through the wheels near the tire under the front manoeuvring- 
bolts ; embar with two handspikes, in a similar way, over the rear manceu- 
vring-bolts, and with two more under the wheels; guide the pole; heave 
upon the handspikes and at the limber-wheels, and back the carriage up 
the planks into battery; chock the wheels; raise the trail and place a 
block under and perpendicular to the transom and axle-tie; raise the pole 
to disengage the pintle from the lunette; remove the limber and planks ; 


MANOEUVRES WITH GINS. 881 

raise the rear of the chassis; replace the traverse-wheels and prop, and 
remove the block from under the transom and axle-tie. 

To Grease the Rollers of a Barhette-Carriage, the Piece being 

Mounted. 

Run the piece from battery; place a half-block lengthwise on tlie 
chassis-rail in front, and another in rear of the roller to be greased, with 
a wheel-chock upon each to serve as a fulcrum. Embaron them and under 
the front and rear manoeuvring-bolts; raise the roller from the rail; move 
it about six inches; grease the spindle, and return the roller to its place. 
Unbar, and put on the wheel. 

To Grease the Forks of the Traverse- Wheels. 

Raise the rear of the chassis; remove the nuts of the fork-bolts with a 
wrench ; take out the bolts and grease them. 

Remark,— The iron gun-carriages have holes for oiling the truck-wheel, 
traverse-wheels, and axle-boxes. 

To Sling a Gun, Howitzer, or Mortar on the Cart. 

Back the cart over the piece, the pole toward the breech, and the axle- 
tree directly over the trunnions ; chock the wheels. Fasten the middle of 
the prolonge to the end of the pole, and carry one end of it to the rear of 
the cart; raise the pole by hand and by means of the prolonge until it is 
nearly vertical, and steady it. Lay the middle of the sling-chain over 
the piece; carry each end around the trunnions, from the rear to the 
front, and hook them to the axle-hooks, being careful to take up all the 
slack. Haul upon the prolonge until the end of the pole can be reached 
by hand; seize and bear it to the ground; hook the cascable-chain around 
the cascable in such a manner that the piece will swing level when the 
pole is horizontal. Raise the pole until it rests on the pole-prop. By 
putting blocks under the piece, and repeating the operation, the piece may 
be raised higher. 

To Lower the Piece. 

Bear the end of the pole to the ground; unhook the cascable-chain, and 
allow the pole to rise gently until it is nearly vertical. If the piece do 
not rest upon the ground, it must be blocked up and unslung. The ope¬ 
ration is repeated and the piece is lowered to the ground. Ease the pole 
down carefully. 

To Sling a Mortar mounted on its Bed. 

Back the sling-cart over the mortar, the pole toward the breech, and 
tne axle-tree directly over the trunnions; raise the pole vertically; pass 


S82 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


the sling-chain around the front manoeuvring-bolts ; hook it over the axle- 
hooks, and haul down the pole. Block up the front of the bed; take off 
the sling-chain, and pass it under the bed just in front of the cap-square , 
bolts; bear the pole down to the ground ; remove the blocks ; pass another 
sling-chain around the rear manoeuvring-bolts and over the pole, and hook 
it in such a manner that the bed will be level when the pole rests on the 
pole-prop. 

Sea-coast mortars and their beds must be slung separately. The sling- 
chain is passed through the clevis of the mortar and over the axle-tree, 
and hooked around the pole at its junction with the axle, the pole having 
been raised vertically. 

To Sling a Piece on Two Limbers so that it mag be transported 

with Horses. 

Place blocks under the chase and reinforce; renjove the pole of one of 
the limbers, and run it over the piece until the pintle is over the knob of 
the cascable; raise the muzzle and slip the front block under the trun¬ 
nions ; bear down the muzzle, and fasten the pintle to the cascable with 
the chain or lashing-rope; bear down the fork to the piece and lash it 
around the reinforce. Back the other limber over the neck of the piece ; 
raise the pole, and attach the neck to the limber by taking two turns with 
the prolonge around the pintle, and two turns over the fork in front of 
the axle-tree. Raise the piece by bearing on the pole. . 

To Mount a Gun on an Iron Carriage. 

A simple and expeditious method of mounting a gun upon an iron case¬ 
mate-carriage consists in raising the gun upon two scaffolds, and assem¬ 
bling the chassis and top carriage in position under the gun. 

To do this, place the gun with its muzzle toward the embrasure and its 
axis perpendicular to the middle of the face of the wall; raise the muzzle 
and the breech alternately by means of the lifting-jack, supporting the 
gun on two scaffolds of blocks, placed in front and in rear of the trun¬ 
nions ; assemble the chassis in position; place one cheek of the top-car¬ 
riage on the chassis-rail, with the' trunnion-hole directly under the trun¬ 
nion, and bolt the transoms to it; place the other cheek in position and 
bolt it to the transoms. Lower the trunnions into their holes, and remove 
the blocks. 

The blocks for the scaffolds should be about three inches shorter than the 
distance between the rimbases of the gun, and not less than fifteen inches 
wide. They should be two inches, four inches, and eight inches thick. 
Neither the muzzle nor the breech should be raised more than four 
inches by a single lift. As soon as the gun has been raised high enough 


DISMOUNTING GUNS. 


383 


to allow it, the chassis should be put in place and assembled. Care must 
be taken to build the scaffolds so as not to let them interfere with the 
transoms in assembling the carriage. 

To Dismount the Gun. 

Raise the breech and build a scaffold under it, as in mounting the gun; 
raise the muzzle with a jack, and build a scaffold under the chase; take 
the cheeks apart and remove them; lower the gun until its under-surface 
is nearly down to the chassis; take the chassis apart, remove it, and lower 
the gun upon two blocks. 

To Mau7it or Dismount a Ib-incli Gun. 

Place the chassis on the platform, and roll the gun on skids upon it, 
placing the axis of the gun in the vertical plane of the axis of .the chassis. 
Place a gin over the muzzle and another over the cascable, and, by means 
of them and the lifting-jack, raise the muzzle and the breech, alternately, 
supporting them upon scaffolds. When the gun has been raised to the 
proper height, place the cheeks of the top-carriage upon the chassis-rails, 
and proceed as in mounting a smaller gun. 

To dismount a gun, proceed in the inverse manner. 


884 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


CHAPTER THIRTEENTH. 

ARTILLERY PRACTICE. 

The plan of this work does not include the details relative to the service 
of artillery ,; but, in the absence of more full and accurate tables of firing, it 
is thought useful to give here the mean results of such trials of the ranges 
of our ordnance as have been made from time to time by the Ordnance 
Department, together with some other practical information derived from 
authentic sources. 


Ranges. 

The range of a shot or shell is the first graze of the ball on horizontal 
ground, the piece being mounted on its appropriate carriage. 

The range of a spherical case shot is the distance at which the shot 
bursts near the ground, in the time given; thus showing the elevation and 
the length of fuze required for certain distances. 


Kind op Ordnance. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Eleva¬ 

tion. 

Range. 

Remarks. 


Lbs. 


o / 

Yards. 



6-pdr. field-gun. 

1.25 

Shot. 

0 

318 





<< 

1 

674 






2 

867 






3 

1138 





(( 

4 

1256 





ii 

5 

1523 




1.25 

Sph. case 

1 0 

600 

Time 

2 seconds. 



shot. 

1 45 

700 

(( 

2| “ 



ii 

2 0 

800 

(( 

3 » 



ii 

2 45 

900 

ii 

31 “ 



ii 

3 0 

1000 

ii 

3f “ 



ii 

3 15 

1100 

ii 

4 “ 



ii 

4 

1200 

ii 

5 “ 

12-PDR. FIELD-GUN, 

2.5 

Shot. 

0 

347 



Model 1841. 


ii 

1 

662 





ii 

1 30 

785 
























RANGES. 


385 


Ranges. —Continued. 


Kind of Ordnance. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Eleva¬ 

tion. 

Range. 

Remarks. 


Lbs. 


o / 

Yards. 



12-pdr.field-gun, 

2.5 

Shot. 

2 

909 



Model 1841.— 


a 

3 

1269 



Continued. 


a 

4 

1455 





a 

5 

1663 




2.5 

Sph. case. 

1 

600 

Time, 

If seconds. 



a 

1 45 

700 

ii 

2^ “ 



a 

2 

800 

ii 

2f “ 



a 

2 15 

900 

ii 

3 “ 



a 

2 30 

1000 

ii 

3f “ 



a 

3 

1100 

ii 

4 “ 



a 

3 30 

1200 

ii 

^ “ 

12-PDR.FIELD-aUN, 

2.5 

Shot. 

0 

325 



Model 1857. 


it 

1 

620 





ii 

2 

875 





ii 

3 

1200 





a 

4 

1320 





a 

5 

1680 




2.5 

Sph. case 

0 30 

300 

Time, 

1 second. 



shot. 

1 0 

575 

ii 

If seconds. 



ii 

1 30 

633 

ii 

2^ “ 



ii 

2 0 

730 

ii 

3 “ 



ii 

3 0 

960 

ii 

4 “ 



ii 

3 30 

1080 

ii 

4f “ 



ii 

3 45 

1135 

ii 

5 “ 


2.0 

Shell. 

0 

300 

ii 

Of “ 



ii 

0 30 

425 

ii 

If “ 



a 

1 

616 

a 

If “ 



ii 

1 30 

700 

ii 

2f “ 



ii 

2 0 

787 

ii 

2f “ 



ii 

2 30 

925 

i i 

“ 



ii 

3 0 

1080 

ii 

4 “ 



ii 

3 45 

1300 

ii 

5 “ 

12-pdr. field- 

1. 

Shell. 

0 

195 



HOWITZER. 


ii 

1 

539 





a 

2 

640 





a 

3 

847 





ii 

4 

975 





ii 

'5 

1072 




0.75 

Sph. case. 

2 15 

485 

Time, 

2 seconds. 





















































386 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 


Ranges, —Continued. 


Kind of Ordnance. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Eleva¬ 

tion. 

Range. 

Remarks. 

12 - pdr . field - 

Lb3. 


O f 

Yards. 


HOWITZER.- 

0.75 

Sph. case. 

3 15 

715 

Time, 3 seconds. 

Continued. 


a 

3 45 

1050 

K 4. ** 

12 - pdr . mountain - 

0.5 

Shell. 

0 

170 


HOWITZER. 


ii 

1 

300 




it 

2 

392 




it 

2 30 

500 

Time, 2 seconds. 



it 

3 

637 




it 

4 

785 

CO 



tt 

5 

1005 



0.5 

Sph.case. 

0 

150 




it 

2 30 

450 

Time, 2 seconds. 



it 

3 

500 




it 

4 

700 

“ 2| seconds. 



it 

4 30 

800 

“ 3 “ 

24 - pdr . field - 

2. 

Shell. 

0 

295 


HOWITZER. 


it 

1 

516 




it 

2 

793 




it 

3 

976 




ii 

4 

1272 




it 

5 

1322 



2.5 

Sph. case. 

1 30 

600 

Time, 2 seconds. 



it 

2 0 

700 

“ 2^ “ 



a 

2 30 

800 

“ 3} “ 



it 

2 45 

900 

“ 3^ “ 



it 

- 3 15 

1000 

(( 4 << 



it 

3 45 

1100 

“ 4^ “ 



it 

3 50 

1200 

“ 4} “ 

32 - pdr . field - 

2.5 

Shell. 

0 

290 


HOWITZER. 


it 

1 

531 




ii 

2 

779 




ii 

3 

1029 




ii 

4 

1203 




it 

5 

1504 



3.25 

Sph. case. 

1 30 

600 

Time, 2 seconds. 



ii 

2 0 

700 

“ 24 “ 



ii 

2 15 

800 

“ 3 “ 



11 

2 45 

900 

“ 3} “ 



it 

3 0 

1000 

“ 3| “ 



ii 

3 35 

1100 

“ “ 



ii 

3 45 

1200 

“ 4| “ 
























































RANGES. 


387 


Ranges. —Continued. 


Kind of Ordnance. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Eleva¬ 

tion. 

Range. 

Remarks. 


Lbs. 


o / 

Yards. 

• 

18 - pdr . siege and 

4.5 

Shot. 

1 

641 


GARRISON GUN. 


ii 

2 

950 


On barbette-car- 


it 

3 

1256 


riage. 


it 

4 

1450 




it 

5 

1592 


24 - pdr . siege and 

6. 

Shot. 

0 

412 


GARRISON GUN. 


tt 

1 

842 


On siege-carriage. 


it 

1 30 

953 




tt 

2 

1147 




tt 

3 

1417 




tt 

4 

1666 




tt 

5 

1901 


32 - pdr . sea-coast 

6. 

Shot. 

1 45 

900 


GUN. 

8. 

tt 

1 

713 


On barbette-car- 


tt 

1 30 

800 


riage. 


tt 

1 35 

900 




tt 

2 

1100 




tt 

3 

1433 




11 

4 

1684 




tt 

5 

1922 


42 - pdr . sea-coast 

10.5 

Shot. 

1 

775 


GUN. 


(( 

2 

1010 


On barbette-car- 


tt 

3 

1300 


riage. 


tt 

4 

1600 




tt 

5 

1955 


8-inch siege-how- 

4. 

Shell, 

0 

251 


ITZER. 


45 lbs. 

1 

435 


On siege-carriage. 


tt 

2 

618 




tt 

3 

720 




tt 

4 

992 




11 

5 

1241 




tt 

12 30 

2280 


8-inch sea-coast 

4. 

Shell, 

1 

405 

/ 

HOWITZER. 


45 lbs. 

2 

652 


On barbette-car- 


tt 

3 

875 


riage. 


tt 

4 

1110 




tt 

5 

1300 



6. 

tt 

1 

572 




tt 

2 

828 



33 




















































388 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 


Ranges. —Continued. 


Kind of Ordnance. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Eleva¬ 

tion. 

Range. 

Bemarks. 

- 

Lbs. 


o r 

Yards. 



8-inch sea-coast 

6. 

Shell, 

3 

947 



HOWITZER. 


45 lbs. 

4 

1168 



On barbette-car- 


a 

5 

1463 



riage—Cont’d. 

8. 

it 

1 

646 





it 

2 

909 





it 

3 

1190 





it 

4 

1532 





it 

5 

1800 



10-INCH SEA-COAST 

12. 

Shell, 

1 

580 



HOWITZER. 


90 lbs. 

2 

891 

Time, 3 seconds. 

On barbette-car- 


it 

3 

1185 

i i 

4 “ 

riage. 


it 

3 30 

1300 





it 

4 

1426 

ii 

5i » 



it 

5 

1650 

ii 

6 “ 

8-in. columbiad.* 

10. 

Shell, 

1 

681 

Time 

1.88 seconds 



50 lbs. 

2 

1108 

ii 

3.58 “ 



it 

3 

1400 

ii 

4.30 “ 



it 

4 

1649 

ii 

5.41 “ 



a 

5 

1733 

a 

6.25 “ 



a 

6 

1994 

ii 

7.56 “ 



it 

7 

2061 

ii 

7.96 “ 



it 

8 

2250 

ii 

9.12 “ 



a 

9 

2454 

ii 

10.16 “ 



it 

10 

2664 

ii 

10.91 “ 



n 

11 

2718 

a 

11.3 “ 



it 

12 

2908 

ii 

13. “ 



it 

13 

3060 

ii 

14.08 “ 



it 

14 

3123 

a 

14.25 “ 



it 

15 

3138 

ii 

16. 



it 

20 

3330 

ii 

18.40 “ 



it 

25 

3474 

a 

20. “ 



it 

30 

3873 

ii 

25. 



Shot. 

5 

1697 

ii 

6.20 “ 



ii 

15 

3224 

ii 

14.19 “ 

10-IN.COLUMBIAD.* 

15. 

Shell, 

3 

1068 

Time 

, 3.20 seconds. 



100 lbs. 

5 

1525 

ii 

5.64 “ 



(( 

8 

2238 

ii 

8.10 “ 



ii 

10 

2720 

it 

10.98 “ 



ii 

12 

2847 

ii 

11.73 “ 



a 

20 

3842 

ii 

18.92 “ 


* Axis of g\m 6 feet above the horizontal plane. 


















































RANGES 


389 


Ranges. —Continued. 


Kind of Ordnance. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Eleva¬ 

tion. 

Range. 

Remarks. 


Lbs. 

. Shell, 

o / 

Yards. 


10-IN. COLUMBIAD. 

15. 

100 lbs. 

30 

4836 

Time, 27.50 seconds. 

—Continued. 


Shot, 

15 

3281 

“ 14.32 “ 



125 lbs. 

30 

5163 

“ 27.08 “ 


18. 

ii 

0 

394 

Axis of gun 16 feet 



a 

1 

752 

above the water. 



a 

2 

1002 




a 

3 

1230 


% 


a 

4 

1570 




a 

5 

1814 




a 

6 

2037 

Shot ceased to rico- 



a 

8 

2519 

chet on water. 



a 

10 

2777 




a 

15 

3525 




a 

20 

4020 




a 

25 

4304 





30 

4761 




ii 

35 

5433 



20. 

a 

3915 

5654 



12. 

Shell, 

1 

800 




100 lbs. 

2 

1012 





3 

1184 




ii 

4 

1443 




ii 

5 

1604 



18. 

ii 

0 

448 




ii 

1 

747 




ii 

2 

1100 




ii 

3 

1239 




a 

4 

1611 




a 

5 

1865 




n 

6 

2209 




ii 

8 

2489 




ii 

10 

2848 




ii 

15 

3200 




ii 

20 

3885 




ii 

25 

4150 




ii 

30 

4651 




ii 

35 

4828 

Time of flight 35 sec 

15-in. COLUMBIAD. 

40. 

Shell, 

0 

273 




302 lbs. 

1 

484 




ii 

2 

812 




ii 

3 

1136 




ii 

4 

1310 




ii 

5 

1518 




ii 

6 

1760 




ii 

7 

1948 




315 lbs. 

8 

2194 































390 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Ranges. —Continued. 


Kind of Ordnance. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Eleva¬ 

tion. 

Range. 

Remarks. 


Lbs. 

Shell, 

o 

Yards. 




15*in. columbiad. 

40. 

315 lbs. 

9 

2236 

Time 

, 8.87 seconds. 

—Continued. 


ii 

10 

2425 

( 6 

10.00 

66 



a 

12 

2831 

66 

12.07 

66 



a 

15 

3078 

66 

13.72 

66 



a 

20 

3838 

66 

17.82 

66 




25 

4528 

66 

22.03 

6 6 



a 

28 

4821 

6 6 

24.18 

66 



a 

30 

5018 

66 

26.71 

66 


45. 

a 

25 

4595 

66 

23.20 

66 


50. 

a 

25 

4680 

66 

23.29 

66 

13-inch sea-coast 


Shell, 






MORTAR. 

20. 

200 lbs. 

45 

4325 




10-INCH SEA-COAST 


Shell, 






MORTAR. 

10. 

98 lbs. 

45 

4250 

Time 

36 seconds. 

10-INCH SIEGE- 

1. 

Shell, 

45 

300 

Time 

6.5 seconds. 

MORTAR. 

1.5 

90 lbs. 

45 

700 

66 

12. 

66 


2. 


45 

1000 

6 

14 

66 


2.5 

(( 

45 

1300 

66 

16 

66 


3. 

ii 

45 

1600 

66 

18 

66 


3.5 

a 

45 

1800 

66 

19 

66 


4. 

<< 

45 

2100 

66 

21 

66 


Lbs. oz. 







8-inch siege- 

0 10 

Shell, 

45 

500 

Time, 10 seconds. 

MORTAR. 

13 

46 lbs. 

45 

600 

(( 

11 

66 


1 


45 

750 

66 

12| 

66 


1 2 

ii 

45 

900 

66 

13 

66 


1 3 

66 

45 

1000 

66 

13^ 

66 • 


1 4 

66 

45 

1100 

66 

14 

66 


1 6 

66 

45 

1200 

66 

14 ^ 

66 


Oz. 


O 

Yards. 




24-POUNDER COE- 

0.5 

Shell, 

45 

25 




HORN MORTAR. 

1. 

17 lbs. 

45 

68 





1.5 

66 

45 

104 





1.75 

66 

45 

143 





2. 

66 

45 

165 





2.75 

6 6 

45 

260 





4. 

66 

45 

422 





6. 

6 6 

45 

900 





8. 

66 

45 

1200 





























































HEIGHT OF BREECH-SIGHT. 


SOI 


s 

.2 

HO 

c 

cc 


ss: 




-S. 

HO 

.2^ 

I 

0:1 


• .2^ 


M 


^3 

C 

ee 


» <x> 

S'^ 

N 

H 

i_- 

^ CO 

O*^ 

2 

< CO 
0)00 

U (m 

O ® 

(D 

oS 
I o 


00 

a> 

rH 

o 

fi 


a> 

CD 

OD 

a 

cc 


<t^ 

o 

•*.3 

.£P 

‘a3 


'O 

.2 

a 

0 


w 

cd 

o 

9 

A 

a> 

GO 


CO 

U 

a> 

<w 

O 


00 

C 

o 


0 

o 

CD 

*U 

tM 

ci 

O 

n3 

C 

cS 

& 

O 

• M 

CO 


00 

u 

O) 

N 

4 .^ 

o 


00 

d 

d 

O 


00 

d 

C4 

N 

H 

hH 

1^- 

N- 

►^00 

< O 


00 

p 

O 

H 

» 

O 

d 

» 


a> 

♦d 

o 


OD 

O 

o 

d 


CD 

00 

d 

d 


*d 

bO 

O 


00 

u 

a> 

s 


o 


00 

d 

d 

O 


d 

•t^ 

I 

00 


OiOCO-tOOCfl^Or-IQOCO 
t—OCO^OgOOOOcO 


1 ^ o o CO CO Id iH 

.— W V. w — w - v 05 CO O Q 00 CO 
kC'^-^’^*^«Cd3i^^l'^l-;t'^t-;OOoq05 05 05 0 

COC^T-^ r ’r^C^CO-^wOOt^odoiOi-^'M’^ 
I I I I rnrHrM.-. 


t 


d 

I 

o 


o»d05cot—ooct-cor—0^0 


o 


_ _ ._. . ._. _ Oi 

ioe^05i^^oioco?on5oo^';>cOi--r-''X)rHO 
C^C^i-jf-jrHr^05OJ0;<5>OOi-*rHr-^C<l'NC0C0 
»c9cO(NrH \ 'rHc4cOid<Ol^OO*C50r^c4cO 
I j I 


C 9 CO* 
111 


I 

00 


OC^'^CDC^f-ti-i(MC0»C05-f'O00l-05<Mt>.fcd 
kCf-Ht-.C0O’^00C^<0O*^05-t00C00C-+0‘. Id 
oqOrHCOidCOr^OOqt-jOCOC^OOil-^CDHJCO 

<N0^rH j* *r-Jc4cOCO^»d<Ot^Q6o6o5 0i^C<i 


d 

I 

o 


idC5-t00a5<0'^(M01C0*0 0;'^r-»Oi-«-^Q00 

(NCdr-i*Qa5»d*-Ht^C005*drH00iftC^C5O^rH 

f"ji-^OIOJ^OCCCD»d*d'^-t'^COCOCOOI'N'MCJ 

C0049 I* *rH«o4cO’^’idOi^00050r^*c4cO*+ 


Ui 

'O 

a 

01 

CO 


OCO^t^*-‘000 01idC5-+01i-HOIidOCOC5 
O'M-t‘Cd^05i-»dC0?-i05ccr-*^td-f*f<c0C0 
iOuO‘d*d'^COCOCOCOCOC<IC'1'MOIOJ010IOIC<l 

COCjIrH 1* *i-Ic4cOr|Iid<bl'-^o6050i-Hoico9 


'd 

Ci4 

I 

(M 


?0 CO 05 o 


01 


COl'-COOO'Mt-*t 


oo5a5oo^o»'Mco^idcdi-ooooi-tocc*-i 

00 1--1-. t’: <N c-1 oj oi 04 oj 0101 cr CO CO CO CO 

* r * rH c 4 COid CC O O i-< c 4 CO 

1 p-« r-< i-H rH r-i 


7 


I I 


• 

0 

rH 


X 

X 

X 

05 

0 

rH 

•f 

h- 


id 

rH 

X 

CO 

X 

CO 

X 

“ 

id 

r^ 

04 

CO 

0 

4 

X 

X 

1— 

rH 

id 

0 


05 

X 

X 

02 

X 

X 


q 

id 

0 

id 

rH 

CO 

r- 


04 

X 

X 

05 


05 

X 

0 

CO 

rH 

1 — 

1 

rH 

1 



rH 

rH 

04 

04 

X 

X 


T»< 

0 

id 

CO 

t- 

t- 

X 

X 

01 

1 



















# 

0 

r-^ 

tH 

05 

X 

X 

05 

0 

rH 

X 

<n 

05 

X 


X 

0 

X 

r- 

1^ 

fl 

C 

id 



05 


05 

id 

0 

id 


id 

rH 


01 

X 

X 

05 

id 




q 


X 

CO 

1— 

01 


rH 

CO 

q 

id 

05 

Hfi 

X 

X 

1— 

04 

X 

1 

1 




rH 

rH 

04 

04 

X 

X 

4 

4 

4 

id 

id 

CO 

cd 

1-- 


u 

p< 

1 

00 


CCOO^OOi^COC5CO’^CO’^<00‘^CO<M-^05CO 

cocodi^idcoo^/rcc-roioor^oid^tcoco 

05 C5 05 O C5 C5 GO OC CC 00 00 t— I-* l-^ I--- t-j t-- 

*i-iC4cOTjJ»dCCt<Io6050rHc4cO*^5 


04 


I 1 


u 

•d 

d. 


rH o O 04 '.O CO 01 
GC^*tOIOC500r— 


1^0005005050 04 idO> 

OCOOOOCO»--OOOC040--^ . _ 

05 05 05 O 05 05 05 00 ac 00 CC I- I— I"* "d O O 

04 rH I o 


I I 


f-)04C0-!t’idOt^0005 


04 CO -♦* 


•r t- 

d d« 

®04 


- _ CO I"* O 05 <05 05 05 1-H CO id CC 04 
O 04 f-< 05 OC 1-. O id 04 I-H o 05 O- <x t-. O O 
C0O04idl'-OC0OOv04»d0CrHC0CD05 04»dC0 

rH rH 04* 04 04 CO* CO* CO CO 9 


u 

cu 

04 


04^01*^Ot^0 04»d<35^05idr-'05QCl-COrH 

01 O 04 X -+ O 1- CO 05 id 04 X id 04 O- id 04 05 
05-+O*t0-'^CCC0 1— 04l-.r-'<OrHiOOid05-^< 
I I i^i-404O4C0C0'^'^idid«DCC-<Dl- 


u 

•d 

A 

4 

04 


Oid?0 04 00-tr-<XC0-+-t'+OQ0 
04 CO O t- CO O CO O I'- -T 
rH id 


_ _. <C 04 05 X 
t—cooi^oor-’4‘^xidcO‘^Xidco 

Ol-Hl— 04X-f05idrH^D01C0T^05idrH 
• IH* rH 04 04 CO CO 4 id id O ^* 1-^ 1-^ 06 05* 


01 

CO 


O 04 o CO 1 — 04 I— CO 05 t-- o CO X 

Oid<OidrHCOrHI-04 XX05id^4—^Ol’-X 
CO«OC COX05C00405id04X idOIX idOlXid 

* , • ^ ^ • • . »••••••••••• 

,HrH04XC0Hi«ididCOl'»l—X05 05 0 


1 


t-l 

•d 

cu 

<6 


o 04 o 04 id X ^ id I— o ^ X 04 CO rt* >'* *01 


04 

o 


. .OrH04Xid«0l'-05 
idOidO»d<OidOid 

0<Oi-HrH*04 04COC04 4ididO*<Ot-^t^od 


04 

CO 


CO QC O 04 •^I'- 
CO rH 1- 01 t-. 04 


^ 4r 
oS iH 


C X »d X O X 1^ CO id CO t-^ 05 04 CO ^ h- id ^ id 
OXC005XC0OI— "♦'^XidXoxidco^o 
OC5Xt-04COO’^OCOrHt^C005 ^^0Cq04l'* 
^ f \ ' * I-H 04 04 CO CO 4 4 id CO* CO 1-^ 1- 


Qi 

I 

04 


rHCprHX-*|rHXO»dXidt^^X^»-dXX-f 


XcoOCOXOg^Oi:r'^ 


X 


CO CO ^ C5 O 

X O t- X O I-- 


coocococrcocoococo 
|*OOrH04 04C044‘dC0c0 1'^C00605OO 


^saojSad 


o o o o o 

'ocooxoxpcoc:>coqcoqxqxqcoq 
OO OrHrH04 04C0C0 4 4ididC0C0l--t--XX05 

33 «- 


































































ORDNANCE MANUAL 


n92 


O 

O) 

o 

fl 

o3 


a> 

C3 

•s 

a 

a> 

<x> 

ta 


‘rS 


•SJ 


O) 

<t-i 

Hm 

CO 


o 

5^ 

5:3 

«o 

CJ 

s; 

•2 


<« 




o 

a> 

o 

a 

a3 

rd 

CJ 


u 

u 

•CO 

d 

d 

on 

a> 

'fee 

d 

d 

-(^ 

d 

o 

5a 


o 

c2 

rd 

*00 

I 

o 

<I> 

a> 

ft 

< 4-1 

o 


rd 

feO 

• pH 

a> 

w 





CO 

00 

rH 

o 

04 

00 

i05 

to 


o 

04 

CO 

o 


fl 

o 

CO 

o 

o 

O 

o 

to 

05 

rH 

CO 

rH 

05 

(M 

rl 

>> 

h-1 

t-H 

rH 

04 

04 

04 

04 

o 

o 

rH 

rH 

rH 

o 




CO 

o 

05 

00 

O 

CO 

o 




04 

04 

O 

QD 

G 

1-H 

uO 

rH 

1-H 

04 

04 

CO 

o 

04 

-Cl 

04 

o 


fH 

M 


rH 

04 

04 

04 

04 

o 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 





»o 

04 

O 

04 

05 

o 

to 

o 

04 

-c 

04 

O 


p 

(M 

CO 

Tt< 

Tfl 


-d 


rH 


CO 

CO 

rH 

o 

rH 


Hi 

T-^ 

rH 

04 

04 

04 

04 

o 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 




T-H 


05 


C5 


05 

h- 

CO 

o 

C5 


O 


P 


CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

l'^ 


04 

t-O 

00 

-f 

04 

Ci 


M 


rH 

04 

04 

04 

04 

o 


rH 

rr 

rH 

l-H 




05 


04 

o 

CO 

04 

05 

CO 

CO 

04 

CO 

05 

o 

m 

p 

uO 

o 

O 

o 

o 

r—H 

00 



o 

CO 

CO 

00 

rH 

Hi 

l-H 


CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

o 

rH 

rH 

04 

rH 

rH 




oi 

CO 

to 


o 

CO 

04 


rH 

rH 

rH 

05 

o 


C 

CO 

CO 


'•f 

-H 

o 

o 

CO 

o 

CO 

a 

O 

Jt- 

rH 

M 

rH 

04 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

rH 

rH 

04 

04 

rH 

rH 




c<> 

CO 

CO 


Tfl 

o 

o 

rH 

-f 

o 

CO 

CO 

o 


d 



o 

o 

o 


04 

05 

CO 


04 

c» 

s 

JH 

M 

CN 

04 





rH 

rH 

04 

04 

04 

rH 


CD 





rH 

o 

CO 

CO 

05 

o 

-Cl 

QO 

CO 

o 

d 

o 

CO 

00 

00 

CO 

05 


04 

00 

04 

O 

04 


rH 

M 

(M 

CO 

TJH 


Htl 

Tfl 

rH 

oi 

04 

CO 

04 

04 


o ® 
o "d 


COCO'O^r-lt^'dCtOCOrHlOOOS 

c’rHT-HOOOC^COCOOOCOl^ 

i-(CO-^^<CDCOCOCDt-(<MCOtJ4CO(M 


o ® 
o -o 
MfH 


•«^T-lC0^05r-i00<MG0OC0CC| 
dOIOOOOCOCOGOCO-dH'^l'- 
MTtlO 00 00 00 C0(MC0Tt<>O'^C0 


g aj 

•d 


COl^OiC<JCOCDCO(M(M05r- 
; CO (M O O I-H uo O O 1' 


CO 

o 


>qCD00C<JS<|(MO1. COOt^CX)COO 


p s- j t: t: -fs 

-TO'a'a'a'd'ara'd'O'rTO 2 

(a,OHdHAftPHp^P<OLH&, &,.S 

I I • I I I 1 I I I I I 

CO(MQ0'^Ol(Mc^(MTt<(M':JH00 

r-Hr-l(MCO-«iH^rH(MCOC<l 


CJ 

tJO 

a> 



• 

• 

• 

d 

_d 


C5 

• 


o 

CQ 

o3 




<v 

• pH 

d 


O 

rH 

O 

to 

a> 

u 

d 

o 

o 

rH 

o 

Q 

• pH 

Pm 

V 

• pH 

OQ 

—nr- 

s 

- 

• rH 

Pm 


QQ 


on 

!z; 

a 

o 


on 

a 

a 

N 

H 

M 

o 

K 


To use the foregoing table, aim over the line of metal, fir^t at the top of an object feet high,—for instance, the cap 
of a foot-soldier; then aim at his feet, by using a breech-sight, without moving the gun. The distance found in the 
preceding table corresponding to this height of breech-sight will be the distance of the object from the gun. 

























































INITIAL VELOCITIES OF CANNON-BALLS. 


S93 


Recoil of the Iron Carriages. 

The recoil of the top carriage on its chassis is easily regulated by the 
condition of the rails: if thei'e be not sufficient recoil, clean the rails and 
add a little oil; if the recoil be excessive, sprinkle a little sand on the rails. 
The carriage works better when the rails are clean. 

Initial Velocities of Cannon-Balls. 


(From experiments made with the Ballistic Pendulum, at Washington Arsenal.) 


Kind op Gux. 

Projectile, 

Charge 

of 

powder. 

Initial 

velocity. 

Kind. 

Weight. 

6-pdr. field-gun. - 

Shot. 

Lbs. 

6.151 

Lbs. 

1.25 

1.5 

2. 

Feet. 

1439 

1563 

1741 

, 

Spherical case. 

Canister. 

5.5 

6.8 

1. 

1. 

1357 

1230 

12-pdr. field-gun. - 

Shot. 

12.3 1 

2.5 

3. 

4. 

1486 

1597 

1826 

Spherical case. 

Canister. 

11. 

13.5 

2. 

2^ 

1392 

1262 

12-pdr.field-howitzer. - 

Shell. 

8.9 1 

1. 

1.25 

1054 

1178 

Spherical case. 

Canister. 

11. 

9.64 

1. 

1. 

953 

1015 

12-pdr. siege and 
garrison gun.| 

Shot.*..... 

12.3 1 

2. 

3. 

4. 

1378 

1674 

1906 

Shell. 

8.9 1 

2. 

3. 

1611 

1929 

12-pdr. gun, 1 

25 calibres long, j 

Shot. 

12.3 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

1411 

1734 

1933 

2098 

2239 

2300 

2324 















































































394 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Initial Velocities of Cannon-Balls. —Continued. 


Kind of Gun. 

PKOJECnLE. 

Charge 

of 

powder. 

Initial 

velocity. 

Kind. 

Weight. 

24-pdr. siege and gar¬ 
rison gun. 


Shot. 

24.25- 

3. 

4. 

6. 

8. 

1240 

1440 

1680 

1870 

Shell. 

17. { 

3. 

4. 

1470 

1670 

Canister. 

29. 1 

3. 

4. 

1135 

1303 

Grape. 

30.6 1 

3. 

4. 

1108 

1272 

32-pdr. sea-coast gun. ^ 


Shot. 

32.3 - 

4. 

5.33 

8. 

10.67 

1250 

1430 

1640 

1780 

Shell. 

23.4 1 

4. 

5.33 

1450 

1657 

Canister. 

37. { 

4. 

5.33 

1172 

1342 

Grape. 

39.751 

4. 

5.33 

1133 

1297 


Initial Velocities of Balls fired from Small Arms. 


Kind of Arm. 

Charge. 

Weight of 
ball. 

Initial 

velocity. 



Grains. 

Grains. 

Feet. 


Rifle musket. 

60 

510 

963 

Elongated ball. 

Rifle, 1855. 

60 

510 

914 

44 

Altered musket. 

70 

740 

879 

(( 

Pistol carbine. 

40 

468 

603 

a 

Musket, 1841. 

110 

412 

1500 ' 

Round ball. 



































































WINDAGE. 


3y5 


Loss of Velocity hy the Windage of the Ball. 


Kind op Gun. 

Charge 

of 

powder. 

laitial veto 

Without 

wiudage. 

city of ball. 

With wind¬ 
age of 
diameter. 

Loss of velocity 
by a windage 
of diameter. 


Lbs. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Per ct. 

32-pdr. sea-coast. 

4. 

1444 

1271 

173 

12 

24-pdr. siege. 1 

4. 

1600 

1433 

167 

10 

6. 

1890 

1723 

167 

9 

r 

2. 

1617 

1444 

173 

11 

12-pdr., 25 calibres. ■< 

3. 

1915 

1742 

173 

9 

1 

4. 

2124 

1951 

173 

8 

f 

2. 

1528 

1370 

158 

10 

12-pdr. field, 16 calibres 

3. 

1793 

1635 

158 

9 

1 

4. 

1992 

1834 

158 

8 

6-pdr. field. 

1.5 

1734 

1560 

174 

10 


The loss of velocity by a given windage is directly as the windage, and 
inversely as the diameter of the bore, very nearly. 


Ranges of Holds War-Rochets. 


Elevation. 

Kanqe, (first graze.) 

Remarks. 

2-inch. 

3-inch. 

o 

Yards. 

Yards. 


4 to 5 

500 to 600 

500 to 600 

The rockets were fired from a trough 

8 

700 

800 to 1000 

10 feet long. 

10 

800 to 900 

1000 to 1200 


15 

1200 

1200 to 1400 

Weight of 2-inch rocket. 6 lbs. 

47 

1700 

2200 

“ 3-inch “ .16 “ 



























































396 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 


Penetration of Shot in Masonry. 


(From French Experiments made at Metz, 1834.) 

Rubble-work of good quality; scarp wall built by Vauban. 


Calibre. | 

Charge. 

Distance in Yards. 

27. 

55. 

109. 

219. 

328. 

438. 

656. 

875. 

"1094. 




In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

36 


l-3d 

26.78 

26.39 

25.60 

23.83 

22.25 

20.87 

17.92 

14.96 

12.21 



A-2d 

25.60 

25.20 

24.22 

22.45 

20.87 

19.30 

16.25 

13.39 

10.83 



l-3d 

24.22 

23.83 

22.84 

21.07 

19.50 

18.12 

15.16 

12.21 

9.85 

24 


l-4th 

22.65 

22.25 

21.46 

19.89 

18.22 

16.74 

13.78 

11.23 ' 

9.06 



l-6th 

20.08 

19.69 

18.90 

17.33 

15.75 

14.38 

11.81 

9.65 

7.88 



l-8th 

17.33 

16.93 

16.15 

14.57 

13.20 

11.81 

9.65 

7.88 

6.50 



fl-2d 

22.45 

21.86 

20.87 

19.10 

17.53 

15.95 

12.80 

10.05 

7.68 



l-3d 

21.07 

20.68 

19.69 

17.92 

16.35 

14.77 

11.81 

9.26 

7.29 

16 

• 

l-4th 

19.50 

19.10 

18.22 

16.74 

15.16 

13.78 

10.83 

8.47 

6.69 



l-6th 

17.13 

16.74 

16.15 

14.57 

13.00 

11.62 

9.06 

7.29 

5.91 



l-8th 

14.96 

14.57 

13.78 

12.21 

10.83 

9.45 

7.48 

6.11 

5.12 



fl-3d 

18.90 

18.51 

17.53 

15.95 

14.57 

13.00 

10.05 

7.68 

6.11 



l-4th 

17.72 

17.33 

16.54 

14.96 

13.39 

11.81 

8.86 

6.89 

5.51 

1^ 


l-6th 

15.56 

15.16 

14.38 

13.00 

11.42 

10.05 

7.48 

6.11 

4.93 



l-8th 

13.78 

13.39 

12.60 

11.03 

9.65 

8.27 

6.50 

7.68 

4.33 

8 


l-3d 

15.95 

15.56 

14.77 

13.19 

11.62 

10.24 

7.48 

5.51 

4.14 


Penetration in Oah Wood, Beech, or Ash. 

(From French Experiments made at Metz, 1834.) 


Distance in Yards. 


Calibre. 

Ch.arge. 













27. 

55. 

109. 

219. 

328. 

438. 

656. 

875. 

1094. 

Guns. 



In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

36 


l-3d 

65.4 

64.2 

62.2 

58.3 

54.3 

50.8 

44.1 

37.4 

31.5 



'l-2d 

63.0 

61.4 

59.1 

54.7 

50.8 

47.3 

40.2 

33.5 

27.6 



l-3d 

59.1 

57.9 

55.9 

51.6 

47.6 

44.1 

37.4 

30.7 

24.8 

24 

■ 

14th 

55.5 

54.3 

52.3 

48.4 

44.9 

41.3 

35.0 

28.4 

22.8 


l-6th 

49.2 

48.4 

46.5 

42.9 

39.4 

36.2 

29.5 

24.0 

19.3 



l-8th 

42.5 

41.6 

40.2 

36.6 

32.7 

30.3 

24.4 

19.7 

15.8 



A-2d 

54.7 

53.2 

50.8 

46.5 

42.5 

39.0 

31.9 

25.6 

19.7 



l-3d 

51.2 

50.0 

48.0 

43.7 

40.2 

36.6 

29.9 

23.6 

18.5 

16 

- 

14th 

47.7 

46.5 

44.5 

40.9 

37.4 

33.9 

27.6 

21.7 

16.9 



l-6th 

42.1 

41.4 

39.8 

36.2 

32.7 

29.5 

23.2 

17.7 

14.2 



l-8th 

37.0 

36.2 

34 3 

30.7 

27.6 

24.4 

19.3 

15.0 

11.8 



ri-3d 

46.1 

44.9 

42.9 

38.6 

35.0 

31.9 

25.6 

19.7 

14.6 

12 


l-4th 

43.3 

42.1 

40.2 

36.6 

33.1 

29.9 

23.6 

18.1 

13.4 


l-6th 

37.8 

37.0 

35.4 

31.9 

28.4 

25.2 

19.3 

15.0 

11.4 



l-8th 

33.9 

33.1 

31.1 

27.6 

24.4 

21.7 

16.5 

13.0 

9.8 

8 


l-3d 

39.4 

38.2 

36.2 

32.3 

28.7 

25.6 

19.3 

13.8 

10.6 

Howitzers. 


Lbs. 











(4.4 

28.4 

27.6 

26.0 

22.4 

19.3 

16.5 

13.0 

10.6 

9.1 

8-in. Siege. 


3.3 

23.2 

22.4 

20.9 

18.1 

15.8 

13.8 

11.0 

9.5 

8.3 


2.2 

16.1 

15.4 

14.2 

12.6 

11.4 

10.2 

8.7 

7.9 

7.5 



M 

39.1 

8.7 

8.3 

8.3 

7.5 

7.1 

6.7 

6.3 

5.9 



(3.3 

33.1 

31.9 

30.3 

26.8 

23.6 

20.5 

15.0 

11.8 

9.8 

6-in. 


2.2 

27.6 

26.8 

25.2 

21.7 

18.5 

15.8 

11.4 

9.1 

7.9 



1.65 

22.8 

22.1 

20.5 

17.3 

14.6 

12.6 

9.8 

8.3 

7.1 

24-pdr. 


(2.2 

1.1 

27.6 

18.9 

26.8 

18.1 

25.2 

16.5 

21.7 

13.4 

18.1 

11.0 

15.0 

9.5 

10.2 

7.5 

7.9 

6.3 

6.3 

5.1 

12-pdr. Mountain. 


0.6 

15.0 

14.2 

12.6 

10.2 

8.3 

7.1 

5.9 

4.7 

8.9 

Grains. 









Musket-Balls . 


154 

8.35 

3,15 

2.56 

1.77 

1.06 

0.71 

0.82 

































































PENETRATION OF SHELLS 


397 


Penetration of Shot in Compact Earthy (half sandy half clay.') 


(From French Experiments made at Metz, 1834.) 


Caubre. 

Charge. 

Distance in Yards. 

27. 

55. 

109. 

219. 

328. 

438. 

656. 

875. 

1094. 

Guns. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

36 

l-3d 

109.1 

106.3 

102.4 

97.3 

93.4 

89.4 

82.3 

75.6 

69.7 



l-2d 

108.2 

107.2 

99.3 

91.0 

84.3 

79.6 

72.5 

66.2 

60.6 



l-Sd 

100.4 

97.7 

92.6 

85.9 

81.1 

77.2 

70.1 

63.8 

58.3 

24 

- 

l-4th 

92.6 

90.2 

86.6 

81.5 

77.6 

74.0 

67.3 

61.8 

57.1 



l-6th 

83.5 

82.3 

79.9 

75.6 

72.2 

68.9 

62.6 

57.1 

52.4 



l-8th 

76.4 

74.8 

72.4 

68.9 

65.8 

63.0 

57.5 

52.0 

47.3 



'l.2d 

94.5 

91.0 

85.9 

77.6 

72.2 

67.7 

61.4 

55.9 

50.4 



l-3d 

86.6 

83.5 

79.6 

73.6 

69.3 

65.8 

59.9 

54.4 

49.2 

16 

- 

l-4th 

80.7 

78.3 

75.2 

69.7 

66.5 

63.4 

57.9 

52.4 

47.3 



l-6th 

72.9 

70.9 

68.1 

65.0 

61.8 

59.1 

53.6 

48.8 

44.5 



l-8th 

63.0 

65.4 

63.8 

60.6 

57.9 

55.1 

50.4 

45.7 

41.3 



fl-3d 

65.0 

63.4 

59.9 

54.7 

50.8 

48.2 

42.9 

38.6 

35.0 

12 


l-4th 

60.6 

59.1 

55.9 

52.0 

48.8 

46.1 

41.3 

37.4 

33.9 


l-6th 

54.7 

53.6 

50.8 

48.2 

45.3 

42.9 

38.6 

35.0 

32.3 



l-8th 

50.0 

48.8 

47.3 

44.5 

41.7 

39.8 

36.2 

33.1 

30.7 

8 

l-3d 

56.3 

54.7 

52.0 

46.9 

43.3 

40.2 

35.4 

31.9 

28.7 

Howitzers. 

Lbs. 












(4.4 

48.4* 

47.3* 

45.3* 

41.7 

38.6 

35.4 

30.3 

26.0 

23.2 



3.3 

42.9* 

41.7 

40.2 

37.0 

33.9 

31.1 

27.2 

24.0 

21.7 



2.2 

34.7 

33.9 

32.3 

29.5 

27.6 

25.6 

22.8 

20.9 

19.3 



1.1 

22.8 

22.4 

21.7 

20.9 

20.1 

19.3 

17.7 

16.5 

15.8 



(3.3 

52.8* 

51.2* 

48.8 

45.0 

41.0 

37.4 

30.7 

25.2 

22.1 

6-in. 


2.2 

45.3 

44.1 

42.5 

38.6 

35.0 

31.9 

26.4 

22.4 

19.7 



1.65 

39.8 

38.6 

37.0 

33.5 

30.7 

28.0 

23.6 

20.5 

18.1 

OI 


”2.2 

44.5* 

42.9* 

41.0* 

36.6 

32.7 

29.1 

23.2 

18.9 

16.1 



1.1 

33.5 

32.3 

30.7 

27.6 

24.8 

22.4 

18.1 

15.4 

13.4 

12-pdr. Mountain. 

0.6 

27.2 

26.4 

24.8 

21.7 

19.3 

17.3 

14.6 

12.2 

10.2 


Grains. 










Musket-Balls . 

154. 

9.85 

9.45 

8.66 

5.91 

4.33 

3.15 

1.58 




♦ With these charges, and at these distances, the shells were often broken. 


Penetration of Shells. 

(From French Experiments made at Metz, 1834.) 


Elevation. 

p4 

o 

< 

H 

QO 

P 

In Compact Earth. 

In Oak Wood. 

In Masonrt. 

8-in. 

10-in. 

12-in. 

8-in. 

10-in. 

12-in. 

8-in. 

10-in. 

12-in. 



Yds. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 



( 656 

7.88 

17.72 

19.69 

3.94 

7.88 

8.66 

1.97 

3.54 

3.94 



11312 

9 85 

25.60 

27.57 

4.73 

11.81 

13.78 

2.36 

4.73 

5.12 



( 656 

11.81 

19.69 

21.66 

5.91 

9.85 

10.63 

3.15 

3.94 

4..33 

4o^ 


1 1312 

15.75 

27.57 

29.54 

7.88 

13.78 

15.75 

3.94 

5.51 

5.91 



r 656 

19.69 

29.54 

31.50 

8.66 

13.00 

14.57 

4.33 

5.91 

6.30 

60^ 


1312 

21.66 

31.50 

33.47 

9.85 

13.78 

15.75 

4.73 

6.30 

6.69 

Falling 

wnthl 










maximum >- 

23.63 

33.47 

35.44 

9.85 

13.78 

15.75 

4.73 

6.69 

7.09 

velocity. ) 











By multiplying the penetrations in the table for masonry by 1.25, 1.75, 
or 0.46, the penetration in masonry of medium quality, or of brick or in 
hard calcareous stone, (solid,) respectively, will be obtained. 



























































d98 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Multiply the penetration in oak by 1.3 for the penetration in elm, by 1.8 
for white pine, and by 2 for poplar. 

Multiply the penetration in compact earth by 0.63 for the penetration in 
sand mixed with gravel. 

By 0.87, for earth mixed with sand and gravel, twice the weight of water. 

“ 1.09, for compact mould and fresh earth mixed with sand, or half clay 
“ 1.44, for wet potter’s clay. 

“ 1.50, for light earth, settled. 

“ 1.90, for light earth, fresh. 

In general, sand, sandy earth mixed with gravel or small stones, chalk, 
and tufa, resist shot better than the productive earths, or clay, or earth 
that retains water. 

According to the experiments, the holes made in masonry such as that 
referred to in the table, by shot striking it perpendicularly at a short 
distance, are formed of an exterior, funnel-shaped opening the mean dia¬ 
meter of which is about 5 times that of the shot, and of an interior part 
nearly cylindrical. The exterior cone appears to be produced by the 
reaction of the masonry, some fragments of which are projected back¬ 
ward to the distance of 45 or 50 yards. The train of fragments in front 
of the hole extends about 20 feet. Around the exterior opening the ma¬ 
sonry is loosened to a distance about one-half greater than the diameter 
of the opening,—say 45 inches by the 24-pdr. shot, 35.5 inches by the 
16-pdr., 31.5 inches by the 12-pdr. This loosening indicates the proper 
distance between the first shots from a breeching-battery. Nearly all the 
shot are broken, even at the charge of one-fourth, and the fracture is 
generally in meridional planes the pole of which is the point which strikes 
first. On the shot which are not broken, and on the fragments of those 
which are broken, small cracks or furrows, sometimes 0.02 inch deep, are 
observed, radiating from the same point. 

The effect of shells fired horizontally against masonry is very small; 
they are broken at the moment of striking, or if fired with very low 
charges, so as not to break, they produce a very slight impression. 

In oak, the fibres are displaced laterally by the passage of the shot, and 
afterward close up again, so as to leave an opening scarcely sufficient for 
measuring the depth of penetration. This effect explains the cause of 
vessels not being always sunk by shot striking below the water-line; but 
the timber is split longitudinally even by the smallest shot, to a length of 
6.5 feet; the splinters are driven to the distance of 42 to 50 feet, and the 
largest timbers are soon destroyed. 

In white pine, nearly all the fibres struck by the shot are broken, but the 
effect does not extend much beyond the opening made: this material is 
therefore preferable to oak for structures which are not intended to bo 
proof against cannon-shot. 


PENETRATION OF SMALL ARMS. 


399 


Penetration in Fascines, ^Yool, etc. 

At the distance of 24 yards, a musket round ball penetrates 20 inches 
into a gabion stuffed with sap fagots; the ball from a wall piece, 23.63 
inches. The resistance of fascines decreases very rapidly by the twigs 
being broken or separated by the balls. 

A rolling gabion, stuffed with fascines, is proof against the ball of a wall 
piece at 15 yards ; at the distance of 200 yards, and even more, it is pierced 
through by cannon-balls of the smallest calibre. 

The penetration of balls in wool is more than double that in compact 
earth, even when the wool* is contained in close, well-quilted mattresses 
pressed between hurdles. At 40 yards, a musket-ball (round) penetrates 
more than 40 inches into woollen mattresses thus placed together. 

Penetration in Masonry. 


(Experiments at TTest Point in 1853, and at Fort Monroe Arsenal in 1839.) 


Calibre. 

Charge. 

Distance. 

Penetration. 

Granite. 

Potomac 

Freestone. 

Brick. 

Concrete. 

Boiler¬ 

plate 

.6 in. thick. 



Yds. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

10-inch columbiad.. 

18. 

114 

7.75 


44. 



8-inch “ 

12. 

200 


••••••••• 


24 


il9-r>flr criin. 

10.5 


*4.0 


18. 










“ canister 

1.5 






.5 

*32-pdr. gun shot... 

8. 

’So 

’’s.’s" 

12. 

15.25 



*8-inch sea-coast 








howitzer shell. 

6. 

880 

1. 

4.5 

8.5 




* Made at Fort Monroe Arsenal. 


The solid shot broke against the granite, but not against the freestone 
or brick. The general effect is less in brick than in granite. 

The shells broke into small fragments against each of the three materials. 

The circumstances attending the penetration of the shot and shells cor¬ 
responded with those stated below in the experiments at Metz. The wall 
used as a target at Fort Monroe Arsenal was built of dressed stone and of 
the best bricks, laid in hydraulic cement; but being an isolated wall, (10 
feet square of each material, and 5 feet thick, with 3 counterforts,) and 
being battered before the masonry was perfectly set, the effect of the pro¬ 
jectiles in shattering the masonry around the point struck was greater than 

indicated by the experiments referred to. 

34 































400 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


CO 


o 

o 


p: 

o 

li-H 

Cm 

s 

o 

O 


M 

<3 

o 


m 

1 -^ 

H 

w 

CO 

P 

<3 

CO 

H 

O 

» 

CO 

Pm 

O 

o 

•-H 

H 

-tj 

§ 


00 

Q 

(4 

-< 

rH 


H 

i4 

to 

tS 3 

D 


H 

0 

H 

a 

O 


0 

O 

◄ 

H 

00 


0 

o 

0 

< 

0 


O 

o 

o 


CO Oi t-* 




O t— 

lO ^ 


• 

o 

o 


0^0 .CO^. ’^pHCJ 




CD 0540 00 40 1 -^ 4 Q 40 ^ 


rH 




• 

O 

o 

cjs j 2 ^ d S 

d < 3 i <c 

'^dOOSOO 
C 5 ^ CO .O'^dOOiO 

f pH CD 

00 . 0 

Cl 

40 40 40 ^ ^ 

CDpHcDOCDC 5 CD 4040 

CO CO 

rH 


pi pH 


• 

o 

’"' S r 5 

Cl ‘'T CO ^ -t 

05 d ^ C/J pH 1 -. CO 
1 -- 1 - d CD p-» 1 - CD CD 

iO 0 00 40 

o 

»0 * 0 40 hJI 

o 

CD t>- 40 O 40 <D 

rt* Ht 40 CO 

pH 


pH pH pH 


• 

o 


05 GO 05 .A 05 ^41 ^0 

pH*^d^. 00 ‘^rHl-CO 

05 t- 05 00 

CO . *D 00 

CO 

1 - O O Oi :0 00 

05 OC 00 40 1 - rt 00 1 — 1 - 

40 40 40 40 CO 

pn 

tH PH pH 


• 

o 

s 

CD d 

0 r-i d '-f 

t-- . CD pH . 40 05 -il 

643 

7.5 

647 

591 

437 

CO -f 00 Cl t-- pH 

OC 00505050005 C 000 

pH pH pH 

pH d pH pH 


• 

S 40 

O O ^ CO . 

(^ 40 .^ 40 ^ 40 j^^^ 

40 Cl 40 


CD Cl CD ^ pH H* 00 

. -t t-- 05 


O 00 O CC Oi 40 

d 00 pH-tOdpHO 05 

Jl'^ 0 JC^ CD ^ 

pi pH pH rH 1—1 

p^ClpHdl^drHpH 

pH 

• 

Cl 00 o> 

CO pHj^^t-gJcDOO^ 
0 . CO . Cl CO lO 

4 OCDC 0 OdCCC 0 dpH 

00 pH 


’H* *0 1 - CD 

Cl 

CO »0 d d pH o 

05 CO 00 1 - 40 

pH d pH d PH d 

pH COpHCOrHdpHpHpH 

pH 

• 

^ ^ £ CO J 5 

CC . 00 00 « 

CP ^ iO 00 t 2 CO 05 00 
40 . 40 *0 . 40 H< 40 

H< 40 »0 CO 


40 . d CO 0 


40 oi CO 40 d CO 

CDOH<H‘COrH-^COd 

0 CD 05 00 40 


pH d pH d pH d 

pHi^pHCOf^COrHpHrH 

pH pH 


^ lA ^ 

-t CD CO • 

CD^t-.^-CD ^-040 40 
Cl 05 GC 0 00 t'- 

00 i? 0 0 0 

• 

1 - 0 0 -H 


r- CO 40 05 •Ht* t— 

00 -t 40 00 Ht 40 CDH'CO 

pH CC 0 05 CD 


pH CO rH d pH d 

pH^pHCOpHCOpHpHpH 

pH pH pH 


Vi 

fO 


40 o 
40 IC o< 


01 C^ rH r-l I —1 


40 4ft> ^ , 

•«^^cococ4o4coc4c4 


40 O 40 

(M (M Cl O 40 

• • « • « 

i-H pH rH rH O 


O 

O 

O 

Cl 


o 

o 

5 i 


o 

o 

Cl 

Cl 


o 

o 

o 

Cl 


o 

o 

00 


o 

o 

o 


1600 . 

441 

05 U 5 00 

H< h 5 ^ 

• 

0 

H< 

CO ./H 0 

0 

00 

CD 

d 

HI 

pH 

HI 

H* 40 40 

• 

0 

CO d 

40 M CD 

0 

05 . CO 

d 

•; CO 

d 

pH 

H< ^ 40 

to t'* 40 


S 40 
• 00 

40 i-- 40 


--t 40 C<1 

Od'^ 

;0^0 


• 

0 

0 

GO 

640 

9.5 

647 

CD CO 

CD • t— 
CD pH CD 
pH 

600. 

»o t— 
CO • pH 
d 

756 

13.5 

742 

• 

0 

0 

HI 

pH 00 

40 *05 

00 40 t>. 
pH 

864 

16.75 

816 

200. 

d pH 

05-05 
05 05 00 

992 

20.5 

902 

100. 

1076 

21.25 

948 

1067 

23. 

949 

• 

0 

1170 

24. 

1000 

1150 

25.5 

1 1000 


lO 40 40 

40 40 40 

d d d 


d d d 

CO CO CO 


» 

H 

u 

M 

3 

0 

Ph 

p 

Hj 

r-^ 

p 

o 

o 

p 

U3 




i: fl ^ p .2 


^ V* Vh 


<4-1 


p 

o 


.■0 s 

o ^ 


: 0 : D 

. 0 • 0 

: c : 0 : 0 : : : 

:.2 ^2 :.2 : • : 

• 5 

• 0 

^ c3 ^ c8 
.0 .-0 2 

t^-0 

k! ^ 

^ ct 

.11®! 

CJ’^O'^O'^C.JOO 

0 go ®0 go 88 

2 a 

® (D D S 

Oh Pj 

t 

y 


;>a- 


• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

D 

• 

• 

V) 

• 

• 

• 

• 

«S 

• 

• 

• 

• 


• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

« 

• 

Ut 



<15 

0 

0 

P0 



a, 

02 

02 

02 


A 

m 


O ?J 

o o 


CO 

eg 

o 

• 

u 

0) 

rP 

a* 

CO 






• 

0 
. 0 

^ C5 

T? ^ 


ui 

TJ 0 

Pi *. 

• 

•52 g 

Dl A ■*H 

• 

0 

ce 

P,T3 

ci % 


d ^ 

^.2 

1 —^ 'Jp 

^Pm 5? 

pH 0 

9 m 

0 

Pm 


Pm 

a 

s 


cp: ec’ii 



• 

• 

• 

• 


• 

• 

05 

• 

* 

0^ 

w 

• 

C/5 

# 

QQ 

• 


• 

• 

0 

• 

• 


• 

• 

0 

cn 

• 

• 

* 

• 

Lh 

pM 

05 


05 

05 


05 


*0 

o. 


0< 

02 

02 

C« 

02 


. t4 

•p 2 N 
^ O' .ti 

s: ^ ^ 

Cl o 


• 

Ui CL* 

*0 2 ea 
CO o 






































































































PENETRATION OF SHOTS AND SHELLS 


401 




































































































402 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


It has been ascertained by experiment that a musket round ball, having 
a velocity of 362 feet, at the moment of impact, "will just pass through a 
■white pine board 1 inch thick ; and that, with the same velocity, the ball 
has sufficient force to shatter the leg-bone of an ox covered with one 
thickness of stout harness-leather. A musket-ball moving with this velo¬ 
city would, therefore, inflict a wound which would disable a man or beast; 
or a spherical case shot having this velocity at the moment of bursting 
would be effective against troops in it-s immediate vicinity. 

A musket-ball with an initial velocity of 583 feet will pass through one- 
inch white pine board at 100 yards: hence a spherical case shot, moving with 
that velocity at the moment of bursting, would be effective at 100 yards 
distant from the place of bursting. The remaining velocity at 100 yards 
as computed, is 394 feet. 

Effects of Shot 011 Cast Iron. 

Shot projected with even a small velocity will break pieces of cast iron 
of very large dimensions. A 24-pounder ball fired with a charge of 
and moving with a velocity of 883 feet in a second, split a block of cast 
iron 12 inches wide by 40 inches thick to the depth of 40 inches in two 
shots. The fragments of the block and of the broken shot are projected 
with sufficient velocity to produce the most destructive effects. 

Cast iron, therefore, is not a proper material for gun-carriages, or for 
revetments of fortifications. 


Penetration of Small Arms in White Pine seasoned. 


Kind of Arm. 

Weight op 
Charge. 

Diame¬ 
ter of 
Ball. 

Penetration. 

Ball. 

Powder. 

30 

yds. 

200 

yds. 

600 

yds. 

1000 

yds. 


Grs. 

Grs. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Rifle musket... 

500 


.5775 


11.’ 

6.33 

3.25 

Altered musket. 

730 

60 

.685 


10.5 

6.33 

3.5 

Harper’s Ferry rifle. 

500 

70 

.5775 


9.33 

5.66 

3B 

Ristol carl»ino. 

450 

40 

.5775 


5.75 

3.0* 

Fharpe’s carbine. 

463 

60 

.55 

7.27 


Burnside’s “ . 

350 

55 

.55 

6.15 





* At 500 yds. 































FIRING HOT SHOT. 


403 


Firing Uot Shot. 

Furnaces for heating shot are erected at the forts on the sea-coast. 
These furnaces hold 60 or more shot. The shot being placed, and the 
-furnace cold, it requires 1 hour and 15 minutes to heat them to a red heat. 
After the furnace is once heated, a 24-pdr. shot is brought to a red heat in 
25 minutes; the 32 and 42 require a few minutes longer. Two or three 
men are required to attend a furnace. 

Grates.— In siege-batteries, or in other situations where there are no 
furnaces, a grate is used for heating shot. This grate consists of 4 bars, 
1.75 inch square, 3 feet long, placed diagonally, 4 inches apart, resting on 
3 iron stands with legs 1 foot high. 

To use the grate .—Make an excavation 1 foot deep*and width of grate, 
with no slope at the sides or in rear, open in front. Place the grate in it, 
on stones or bricks, rising about 4.5 inches above the bottom; make a 
roof over it with hoops of flat iron, covered with sods and with 18 inches 
of earth, leaving in the back part a chimney 6 inches square. Put the 
shot on the grate, leaving about one-fourth of the length free in front; 
on this part, and under the front of the grate, put the wood, cut into pieces 
about 14 inches long and 2 inches or 2.5 inches thick. Make use of a 
thick sod, as a register, to regulate the draught of the chimney, so that 
no flame shall issue from the front of the furnace. This little furnace, 
which will contain about fifteen 24-pdr. balls, heats them to a red heat in 
1 hour, and will supply 3 guns; it requires the attendance of one man. 

Imple.mexts. — 2 pokers, for stirring the fire, made of |-inch round iron, 
5| feet long, the end bent at a right angle; 2 iron forks, for taking out the 
shot. These forks are immersed alternately in water to cool them. 1 rasp, 
to rub the scales from the balls when they have been overheated; \ pair 
tongs with circular jaws, for taking up shot; 1 iron rake, to remove the 
cinders, &c., from the ash-pit; 1 trough or tub, 1 bucket, 1 barrel; 1 rammer, 
with the head covered by a circular plate of sheet iron, of rather larger 
diameter than the ball, to remove the clay which may stick to the sides 
of the bore when clay wads are used; 1 ladle, (to each piece,) for carrying 
the balls, formed of an iron ring the interior of which is bevelled to fit the 
ball, with 2 arms inserted into wooden handles; for small calibres it is 
made with 1 handle. 

Wads may be made of good clay, free from sand or gravel, moistened 
just enough to work well; the wads are cylindrical, 1 calibre long. But 
it is preferable to use hay wads that have been steeped in water for 15 
minutes and allowed to drip. 

Cartridges for hot shot are made of cannon cartridge-paper or parchment 
well pasted, to prevent the powder from sifting out; they should be care¬ 
fully examined before use, to see that there are no holes in them. It is 

best to use two cartridge-bags, one within the other. 

34 «- 


404 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Manner of loading .—Elevate the muzzle sufficiently to allow the ball to 
roll in ; ram the cartridge home carefully, and a dry hay wad over it; then 
a wet hay or clay wad; prick and prime; insert the ball, and put a wet 
hay or clay wad over it; this second clay wad may be only ^ calibre long. 
It is a good precaution, also, to pass a wet sponge into the gun just before 
putting in the shot. When wet hay wads are used, steam is seen to issue 
from the vent as soon as the ball gets home; this is the etfect of the heat 
of the ball upon the water contained in the wad; no danger can result 
from it, as the ball may be allowed to cool in the gun without the charge 
taking fire; but it is better to fire without much delay, as this steam 
would injure the powder. 

The penetrations of cold and hot shot into wood are equal under the 
same circumstances. A red-hot shot retains sufficient heat to set fire to 
wood after having struck the water several times. The fire is communi¬ 
cated more rapidly and certainly to the wood when the ball does not pene¬ 
trate more than 10 or 12 inches, because at a greater depth the communica¬ 
tion with the external air is not sufficiently free. It is proper, therefore, to 
fire with small charges, ^ to ^ weight of the shot, according to the distance, 
in order that the shot may remain in the wood and not penetrate too deep 


Expansion of Shot heated to a White Heat. 


Calibre. 

8-ia. 

42. 

32. 

24. 

18. 

12. 

Expansion. in. 

0.149 

0.11 

0.10 

0.08 

0.06 

0.04 


Heated shot do not return to their original dimensions on cooling, but 
retain a permanent enlargement, as will appear from the following table, 
giving the mean of IG trials by Lieutenant (now Captain) Rodman, of the 
Ordnance Department: 


8-inch Shot. 

First IIe.\ting. 

Second Heating. 

Diameter. 

Expansion. 

Diameter. 

Expansion. 


In. 

In. 

Per cent. 

In. 

In. 

Per cenl. 

Original. 

7.840 


0.000 




White heat. 

7.989 

0.149 

.019 

8.017 

0.177 

0.022 

Cherry red. 

7.963 

.123 

.016 




After cooling. 

7.895 

.054 

.007 

7.939 

.099 

.012 






































TIMBER. 


405 


CHAPTER FOURTEENTH. 

MATERIALS. 

TIMBER. 

The selection, inspection, and seasoning of timber for ordnance pui> 
poses require especial attention. The quality of the wood, and the defects 
to which it is subject, depend much on the soil, the exposure, and p.ar- 
ticularly the climate in w’hich it grows. 

In the United States, the climate of the States in the North and Middle is 
most favorable to the growth of the timber used for ordnance purposes. 

Kinds of Timber used. 

The kinds of wood, and the uses to w'hich they are principally applied 
in ordnance construction, are as follows, viz.: 

White Oak, {Quercus alba.) —The bark is a grayish white, the leaf long, 
narrow, and deeply indented; the wood is of a straw color, with a red¬ 
dish tinge, tough and flexible. It is the principal timber used in the con¬ 
struction of all kinds of artillery-carriages. 

White Beech, Red Beech, [Fagus sglvestris, Fagus ferruginea,) are the 
most suitable for saddle-trees, fuzes, and mallets; also for plane-stocks 
and various other tools. 

White Ash [Fraxinus Americana) is straight-grained, tough, and elastic; 
it is used for sponge and rammer staves, shafts for light carriages, and, in 
case of necessity, for handspikes, tool-handles, and sabots. There is but 
little difference in quality throughout the whole thickness; the outside is 
rather tougher. It lasts a long time when protected, but rots quickly 
when exposed to the weather. 

Elm ( ULmus Americana) is well suited for fellies and for small naves. 

IIiCKOKY {Juglans tomentosa) is very tough and flexible; the most suit¬ 
able wood for handspikes and tool-handles, and for wooden axle-trees. 

Black Walnut {Juglans nigra) is hard and fine-grained; it is used for 
ammunition-chests, and may be used for naves of field-carriages. It is 
used exclusively for the stocks of small arms. 

White Poplar, or Tulip-Tree, {Liriodendron tulipifera,) is a soft, light, 
fine-grained wood, which grows to a great size; it is used for sabots, car¬ 
tridge-blocks, etc,, and for the lining of ammunition-chests. 

White Pine {Finns strobus) is soft, light, fine-grained, and easily 
wrought. It is used for arm-chests and packing-boxes generally, and for 
building purposes. 


40B 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Cypress [Cupressus disticha) is a soft, light, straight-grained wood, 
which grows to a very large size. It may be used for many of the pur¬ 
poses for which oak is used, but is much inferior to it in strength and hard¬ 
ness, though it resists better than oak the action of a moist, hot climate. 

Bass-Wood, or American Lime, {Tilia Americana,') is very light and soft, 
not easily split, and is excellent for sabots and cartridge-blocks. 

Black Gum {Nyssa sylvatica) is a fine-grained wood, of medium hardness 
and density, very difficult to split, and well suited for sponge and rammer 
heads, and for naves of carriages. It is also used for bowls for labora¬ 
tory purposes. 

Dog-Wood (Cornus Jlorida) is hard and fine-grained, suitable for mallets, 
drifts, etc. 

Selection of Standing Trees. 

Wood grown in a moist soil is less firm and decays sooner than that 
grown in a dry, sandy soil, but the trees are generally larger. 

The best timber is generally found on a dark soil mixed with stones and 
gravel. Poplar, cypress, willow, and some others which grow best in a 
wet soil, are exceptions to this rule. 

The hardest and most dense woods, and those least subject to decay, 
.j grow at the South; but they are more liable to split and warp in season¬ 
ing. 

Trees grown on plains or in the centre of forests are less dense than 
those from the edge of the forest, from the sides of hills, or from open 
ground; but they are generally more free from limbs and of finer growth. 
The aspect most favorable to the production of sound, straight timber, 
free from defects, is that which is sheltered from the prevalent winds. 
The vicinity of salt water is favorable to the strength and hardness of 
white oak. 

Trees should be selected in the latter part of July or first part of 
August; for at this season the leaves of the sound, healthy tree are fresh 
and green, while those of the unsound are beginning to turn yellow. A 
sound, healthy tree will be known by its top branches being vigorous and 
well covered with leaves, the bark even and of a uniform color, A rounded 
top, a sparse covering of leaves, some of the leaves turning yellow before 
the rest, a rougher bark than common, covered with parasitic plants, streaks 
or spots, indicate a tree on the decline. The decay of branches at the 
top, of large branches, and the separation of the bark from the wood, are 
infallible signs that the wood is impaired. 

Felling Timher. 

The most suitable season for felling timber is that in which vegetation 
is at rest,—which is the case in midwinter and in midsummer.' Recent ex¬ 
periments indicate the latter season, say the mouth of July, as the pn.per 


TIMBER. 407 

season; but the usual practice has been to fell trees for timber between 
the first of December and the middle of March. 

The tree should be allowed to attain its full maturity before being 
felled. Oak matures at seventy-five to one hundred years and upward, 
according to circumstances. The age and rate of growth of a tree are indi¬ 
cated by the number and size of the rings of annual increase in a cross- 
section. 

The tree should be cut as near the ground as possible, the lower part 
being the best timber. Leaning trees should always be cut so as to fall 
at right angles to the direction of greatest inclination; and all trees, espe¬ 
cially oak, should be cut entirely through the heart while standing, and 
the woodman should allow sufficient kerf to enable him to cut the tree 
completely off, by rapid strokes of the axe, after the tree has started to 
fall. These precautions will prevent splintering at the butt. 

Getting out Timber. 

As soon as the tree is felled, it should be immediately stripped of its 
bark and raised from the ground. A short time only should elapse before 
the sap-wood is taken off and the timber reduced nearly to the dimensions 
required for use. This is done, generally, by the saw; but those pieces 
requiring great strength and toughness, such as spokes, poles, handspikes, 
and splinter-bars, should be split. These pieces should always be taken 
from the butt cut of young, straight-grained trees of such size as to furnish 
but one piece between the sap and centre-heart, the width in the direction 
of the radius. 

Naves should be taken from the butts of trees of suitable size to leave 
them, after the removal of the sap-wood, inch greater in diameter 
than the finished size. They should be cut off square about two inches 
longer than the finished length, and bored through their axes with an 
auger J inch less than the small end of the nave-box which they are to 
receive. This facilitates their seasoning and diminishes cracking. 

Pieces for fellies should always be got out so that the planes of their 
broad faces shall run nearly toward the centre of the tree. Slab pieces 
are not fit for this purpose. 

Inspection of Timber. 

Examine the timber all over carefully, whenever it can be done, after 
several days of fine weather, in order to see better certain defects which 
moisture renders less apparent. 

The quality of the wood is in some degree indicated by the color, which 
should be nearly uniform in the heart-wood, a little deeper toward the 
centre, and free from sudden transitions. White spots here and there indi¬ 
cate decay, and should cause the rejection of the piece. All pieces con- 


408 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


taining sap-wood should be rejected, except hickory and ash; in this kind 
of wood the sap-wood is generally the toughest and best. The sap-wood is 
known by its white color; it is next to the bark, and very soon rots, and 
should never be used. Sometimes there are rings of light-colored wood 
found surrounded by good, hard wood; this may be called the second sap, 
and should cause the rejection of the piece in which it occurs. 

Reject pieces containing the centre-heart, except in timber which, from 
its size, cannot be procured free from it. Even in these it is better to use 
huilt beams of smaller pieces free from centre-heart, on account of the great 
difficulty in seasoning such large pieces, and their extreme liability to being 
attacked by dry-rot during the process. 

In pieces which have been got out by splitting, the occurrence of short 
bends indicates that they have been taken from the upper part of the tree; 
and the running-out of the grain, so as to show the ends of the fibres along 
the side of the stick, is an unfailing indication of brashness. Reject the 
piece in which either occurs. 

Pieces for handspikes should be free from knots near the fulcrum-end. 
After inspection, each stick is marked on each end, with white lead, with 
the initials of the contractor, the year when received,—a letter designating 
the purpose for which the timber is intended, and the number of pieces 
contained in each stick. On small sticks, as spokes, it is sufficient to 
mark the contractor’s name and date on one end, the shape of the piece 
showing for what it is intended. 

Defects of Timber^—especially of Oak. 

Wind-shakes are cracks separating the concentric layers of wood from 
each other; a circular crack: it is a sei’ious defect. 

Splits, checks, and cracks, extending toward the centre, if deep and 
strongly marked, render the timber unfit for use, unless the purpose for 
which it is intended will admit of its being split through them. 

These defects are found in young trees as well as old, and are no signs 
of the alteration of the quality of the timber. They always increase in 
extent in seasoning. 

Brash-wood is generally consequent on the decline of the tree from age. 
The wood is porous, of a reddish color, and breaks short, without splin¬ 
ters, and, in marked cases, the chips crumble to pieces. This wood is 
entirely unfit for artillery-carriages. 

Belled timber (that which has been killed before being felled, or which 
has died from other causes) should be rejected. 

Knotty timber: that containing a great many knots, though sound ; usually 
of stunted growth. It is difficult to work, and weak when cross-strained; 
reject. 


TIMBER. 409 

Twisted wood, the grain of which winds spirally, is unfit for long pieces : 
it may be used in short ones, as naves or short transoms, etc. 

Dry-rot .—This is indicated by yellow stains. Elm and beech are soon 
affected, if left with the bark on. 

Large or decayed knots should cause the piece to be rejected. 

Seasoning and Preserving Timber. 

Timber freshly cut contains about 37 to 48 per cent, of liquids. By ex¬ 
posure to the air in seasoning one year, it loses from 17 to 25 per cent., 
and seasoned wood still retains from 10 to 15 per cent. 

Timber of large dimensions is improved and rendered less liable to warp 
and crack in seasoning by immersion in water for some weeks, according 
to the size. 

For the purpose of seasoning, timber should be piled under shelter and 
be kept dry: it should have a free circulation of air about it, without 
being exposed to strong currents. Place the bottom pieces on skids, 
which should be sound, raised not less than 2 feet from the ground; leave 
a space of an inch between the pieces of the same horizontal layers ; place 
slats or piling-strips between different layers, one near each end of the 
pile, and others at short distances to keep the timber straight. These 
strips should be one over the other, and in large piles should not be less than 
1 inch thick. Spokes are piled in square piles, the length of one piece, 
omitting the slats. Light timber may be piled in attics, heavy timber on 
the ground-floor. Each pile should contain but one kind of timber, and be 
marked with the date of inspection and the number and kind of pieces it 
contains. Pieces of the same kind and of different dates of receipt, if 
piled one on the other, should have that which was received first piled on 
top. The piles should be at least 2^ feet apart: this secures free access 
at all times to the different kinds of pieces in store. 

Timber should be repiled at intervals varying with the time it has been 
*n store, and all pieces showing evidences of decay should be thrown out, 
to prevent their affecting those which are still sound. 

Timber store-houses are best provided with blinds, which keep out the 
rain and snow, but which can be turned to admit the air freely in fine 
weather. They should be kept entirely free from pieces of decayed wood. 

This gradual mode of seasoning is considered the most favorable to the 
strength and durability of timber, but various methods have been proposed 
for hastening the process. For this purpose, steaming timber has been 
applied with success ; and the results of experiments with Mr. Kyan’s pro¬ 
cess of saturating timber with a solution of corrosive sublimate have been 
highly satisfactory: this is said to harden and season the wood, at the 
same time that it secures it from the dry-rot and from the attacks of 
worms. The process of Mr. Earle, which consists in saturating the wood 


410 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


■with a hot solution of the sulphates of copper and iron, mixed together, 
has been tried by the Ordnance Department, and found to impair the 
strength without increasing the durability of the timber. Kiln-drying is 
serviceable only for boards and pieces of small dimensions, and is apt to 
cause cracks and to impair the strength of wood, unless performed very 
slowly. Charring or painting is highly injurious to any but seasoned tim¬ 
ber, as it effectually prevents the drying of the inner part of the wood, in 
which, consequently, fermentation and decay soon take place. 

Timber piled in badly-ventilated sheds is apt to be attacked with dry-rot. 
The first outward indications are yellow spots on the ends of the pieces 
and a yellowish dust in the checks and cracks, particularly where the 
pieces rest on the piling-strips: when cut, the timber is of a dull, reddish- 
brown color, dotted over with small white specks, and it is brittle and very 
weak. 

Timber requires from 2 to 8 years to season thoroughly, according to its 
size. It should be worked as soon as it is thoroughly dry, for it begins to 
deteriorate after that time. Very old timber, as the workmen say, loses 
its life. 

Oak timber loses about one-fifth of its weight in seasoning, and about one- 
third of its weight in becoming perfectly dry. 

Measuring Timber. 

Sawed or hewn timber is measured by the cubic foot, or more commonly 
by board measure, the unit of which is a superficial foot of a board 1 inch 
thick. Small pieces, especially those which are got out by splitting, (such 
as spokes,) and shapes, or pieces roughed out to a particular pattern, (such 
as stocks for small arms,) are often purchased by the piece. 

Usual rule for measuring round timber: 

Multiply the length by the square of one-fourth the mean girth, for the solid 

Id 

contents; or, —; L being the length of the log, and C half the sum of the 

circumferences of the two ends. But when round timber is procured for 
use in the Ordnance Department, it should be measured according to the 
square of good timber which can be obtained from the log. 

To find the number of feet, board measure, in any piece of timber of a 
given width, multiply the tabular area, for that width, by the length in 
feet and the thickness in inches. 


IRON. 


411 


Table, showing the Superficial Feet in one Lineal Foot ~of Boards of various 

widths. 


Width. 

Area. 

Width. 

Area. 

Width. 

Area. 

In. 

Sup. ft. 

In. 

Sup. ft. 

In. 

Sup. ft. 

0.25 

0.0208 

4.25 

0.8542 

8.25 

0.6875 

0.5 

0.0417 

4.5 

0.375 

8.5 

0.7083 

0.75 

0.0625 

4.75 

0.3958 

8.75 

0.7292 

1 . 

0.0833 

5 . 

0.4167 

9 . 

0.75 

1.25 

0.1042 

5.25 

0.4375 

9.25 

0.7708 

1.5 

0.125 

5.5 

0.4583 

9.5 

0.7917 

1.75 

0.1458 

6.75 

0.4792 

9.75 

0.8125 

2 . 

0.1667 

6 . 

0.5 

10 . 

0.8333 

2.25 

0.1875 

6.25 

0.5208 

10.25 

0.8542 

2.5 

0.2083 

6.5 

0.5417 

. 10.5 

0.875 

2.75 

0.2292 

6.75 

0.5625 

10.75 

0.8958 

3 . 

0.25 

7 . 

0.5833 

11 . 

0.9167 

3.25 

0.2708 

7.25 

0.6042 

11.25 

0.9375 

3.5 

0.2917 

7.5 

0.625 

11.5 

0.9583 

3.75 

0.3125 

7.75 

0.6458 

11.75 

0.9792 

4 . 

0.3333 

8. 

0.6667 

12 . 

1.0000 


IRON. 

Iron is obtained from its ores, in which it generally exists in the state 
of an oxide, combined with earthy or stony matters, and frequently with 
carbon, sulphur, arsenic, magnesia, manganese, &c. Iron-ores are classed and 
named according to their different combinations, as magnetic, specular, mica¬ 
ceous, clay iron-stone, red hematite, brown hematite: the last named is the ore 
from which the Salisbury and the Juniata irons are extracted; the first, 
that from which the Swedish iron is obtained; and the clay iron-stone 
that from which the iron of England is made. 

The foreign substances which iron is found to contain modify in a marked 
manner its essential properties. Carbon adds to its hardness, but destroys 
some of its characteristic qualities, and produces cast iron or steel accord¬ 
ing to the proportion of carbon it contains. Sulphur renders it fusible, dif¬ 
ficult to weld, and brittle when heated, hot short. Phosphorus renders it 
cold short, but may be present in the proportion of to ^5^ without 

affecting injuriously its tenacity. Antimony, arsenic, and copper have the 
same effect as sulphur,—the last in a greater degree. 

Cast Iron. 

The process of making cast iron depends much on the kind of fuel used: 
charcoal, coke, bituminous and anthracite coals, are all used. When 
anthracite coal is employed, the ore is placed at once in the blast-furnace; 

35 

















412 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


vrhen charcoal is used, the ore is first roasted, by distributing it in alternate 
layers with waste coal, wood, or, sometimes, with charcoal, and the pile 
thus formed is ignited and burned in the open air. For the more refrac¬ 
tory ores a kiln similar to that used for burning lime is required. The ore 
is rendered, by this operation, more porous and easily broken into small 
pieces, by which it is more readily acted upon in the smelting-furnace 
The small pieces would be disadvantageous in an anthracite furnace. 

Smelting is the process by which the iron is separated from the refractory 
substances with which it is combined in the ore. It consists in raising the 
ore to a high heat in contact with carbon and a suitable flux in the blast 
or smelting furnace. The flux unites with the earthy matter of the ore, 
forming a glassy substance called slag or cinder, and the carbon unites 
with the oxygen of the ore, setting the iron free, which in turn unites with 
a portion of the carbon and forms a fusible compound, carburet of iron, or 
cast iron. 

The melted iron and slag descend to the bottom of the furnace, the slag 
forming a covering to the pool of iron and protecting it from the action of 
the blast. As they accumulate, the slag runs otf over the dam, and is a 
good indication, to an experienced eye, of the quality of metal the furnace 
is making. 

The furnace is generally tapped once every twelve hours, and the metal 
is run out into channels formed in the sand, and is known as pigs. 

Limestone is the flux used for most ores; clay is sometimes required to 
mix with ores containing much limestone. 

A larger yield from the same fuimace, and a great economy in fuel, are 
effected by the use of a hot blast. The greater heat thus produced causes 
the iron to combine with a larger percentage of foreign substances, and 
the strength of the cast iron is thus injured. 

Cast iron for cannon and for all purposes requiring great strength 
should be smelted with the cold blast. 

Pig iron, according to the proportion of carbon which it contains, is 
divided into foundry-iron and forge-iron, the latter being adapted only to 
conversion into malleable iron; while the former, containing the largest, 
proportion of carbon, can be used either for casting or for making bar iron. 

There are many varieties of cast iron, ditfering from each other by 
almost insensible shades; the two principal divisions are yray and ichite, 
so called from the color of the fracture when recent. Their properties are 
very different. 

Gray iron is softer and less brittle than white iron; it is in a slight de¬ 
gree malleable and flexible, and is not sonorous; it can be easily drilled 
and turned in the lathe, and does not resist the file. It has a brilliant frac¬ 
ture, of a gray, or sometimes a bluish-gray, color; the color is lighter as 
the grain becomes closer, and its hardness increases at the same time. 


IRON. 


413 


It melts at a lower heat than white iron, becomes more fluid, and pre¬ 
serves its fluidity longer; it runs smoothly; the color of the fluid metal is 
red, and deeper in proportion as the heat is lower; it does not stick to the 
ladle; it fills the moulds well, contracts less and contains fewer cavities 
than white iron; the edges of a casting are sharp, and the surface smooth, 
convex, and covered with carburet of iron. A medium-sized grain, bright 
gray color, lively aspect, fracture sharp to the touch, and a close compact 
texture, indicate a good quality of iron. A grain either very large or 
very small, a dull, earthy aspect, loose texture, dissimilar crystals mixed 
together, indicate an inferior quality. 

Gray iron is used for ordnance purposes where the pieces are to be bored 
or fitted. 

Its tenacity and specific gravity are diminished by annealing. Its mean 
specific gravity is 7.200. 

White iron is very brittle and sonorous; it resists the file and the chisel, 
and is susceptible of high polish ; the surface of a casting is concave; the 
fracture presents a silvery appearance, generally fine-grained and compact, 
sometimes radiating, or lamellar. 

When melted it is white, and throws oAF a great number of sparks, and 
its qualities are the reverse of those of gray iron; it is, therefore, unsuitable 
for ordnance purposes. Its tenacity is increased and its specific gravity 
diminished by annealing. Its mean specific gravity is 7.500. 

Mottled iron is a mixture of white and gray ; it has a spotted appearance; 
it flows well and with few sparks; the casting has a plane surface, with 
edges slightly rounded. It is suitable for making shot and shells. 

A fine mottled iron is the only kind suitable for making castings which 
require great strength, such as cannon. The kind of mottle will depend 
much on the size of the casting. 

Besides these general divisions, the manufacturers distinguish more par¬ 
ticularly the diflferent varieties of pig metal by numbers, according to their 
relative hardness. 

No. 1 is the softest iron, possessing in the highest degree the qualities 
described as belonging to gray iron; it has not much strength, but on 
account of its fluidity when melted and of its mixing advantageously with 
old or scrap iron, and with the harder kinds of cast iron, it is of great 
use to the founder, and commands the highest price. 

No. 2 is harder, closer grained, and stronger than No. 1; it has a gray 
color and considerable lustre. It is the kind of iron most suitable, in 
general, for making shot and shells. 

•No. 3 is still harder than No. 2. Its color is gray, but inclining to white; 
it has considerable strength, but it is principally used by the founder for 
mixing with other kinds of iron. 


414 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 4 is bright iron; No. 5, mottled-, No. 6, white ,—which is unfit for 
general use by itself. 

The qualities of these various kinds of iron seem to depend on the pro¬ 
portion of carbon, and on the state in which it is found in the metal. In 
the darker kinds of iron, where the proportion is sometimes 7 per cent, of 
carbon, it exists partly in the state of graphite or plumbago, which makes 
the iron soft. In white iron, the carbon is thoroughly combined with the 
metal, as in steel. 

Cast iron frequently retains a portion of foreign ingredients from the 
ore, such as earths, or oxides of other metals, and sometimes sulphur and 
phosphorus, which are all injurious to its quality. Sulphur hardens the 
iron, and, unless in a very small proportion, destroys its tenacity. 

These foreign substances, and also a portion of the carbon, are separated 
by melting the iron in contact with air, and soft iron is thus rendered 
harder and stronger. The effect of remelting varies with the nature of 
the iron and the kind of ore from which it has been extracted; that from 
the hard ores, such as the magnetic oxides, undergoes less alteration than 
that from the hematites; the latter being sometimes changed from No. 1 to 
white by a single remelting in the air furnace. 

The color and texture of cast iron depend greatly on the size of the 
casting and the rapidity of cooling; a small casting, which cools quickly, 
is almost always white, and the surface of large castings partakes more of 
the qualities of white metal than the interior. 

All cast iron expands forcibly at the moment of becoming solid, and 
again contracts in cooling; gray iron, as before remarked, expands more 
and contracts less than other iron. 

The contraction is about for gray and strongly-mottled iron, so that 
the dimensions of a pattern for casting should be about larger than the 
size required for the casting. 

Malleahle Iron. 

Malleable iron is made from the pig, in the hloomery-fire or in the 
puddling-furnace ,—generally in the latter. 

The process consists in melting the cast iron and keeping it exposed to 
a great heat, constantly stirring the mass, bringing every part of it evenly 
under the action of the flame, until it loses its remaining carbon,—when it 
becomes malleable iron. 

The bloomery resembles a large forge-fire, where charcoal and a strong 
blast are used, and the refined metal or the pig iron, after being broken 
into pieces of the proper size, is placed before the blast, directly in con¬ 
tact with the charcoal; as the metal fuses, it falls into a cavity left for 
that purpose below the blast, where the bloomer works it into the shape 
of a ball, which he places again before the blast, surrounded with fresh 


IRON. 


415 


charcoal; this operation is generally again repeated, when the ball is 
ready for the shinglcr. 

The PUDDLING-FURNACE is a reverberatory furnace, with a cast-iron 
bottom lined generally with a pure and refractory iron ore, where the flame 
of bituminous coal is made to act directly on the metal. 

The operation of puddling is a most important one, as the quality of the 
iron depends so much upon the skill with which it is conducted. 

The metal is first melted, and the puddler then begins to stir it, exposing 
each portion in turn to the action of the flame, and continues this as long 
as he is able to work it. 'When it has lost its fluidity, he forms it into 
puddler’s balls, weighing from 80 to 100 lbs., which are next passed to the 
shingler. 

Shingling is performed in a strong squeezer or under the trip-hammer. 
Its object is to press out as perfectly as possible the liquid cinder which 
the ball still contains: it also forms the ball into shape for the puddle- 
rolls. A heavy hammer, weighing from G to 7 tons, effects this object most 
thoroughly, but not so cheaply as the squeezer. The ball receives from 
15 to 20 blows of the hammer, being turned from time to time as required : 
it is now called a bloom, and is ready to be rolled or hammered. Or the 
ball is passed once through the squeezer, and is still hot enough to be passed 
through the puddle-rolls. 

Tuddle-Kolls.— By passing through different grooves in these rolls, the 
bloom is reduced to a rough bar from three to four feet in length, its name 
conveying an idea of its condition, which is rough and imperfect. 

Piling. —To prepare rough bars for this operation, they are cut, either 
hot or cold, by means of a strong pair of shears, into such lengths as are 
best adapted to the size of the finished bar required; the sheared bars are 
piled, one over the other, to the number of from two to six or more pieces, 
according to the size required,—when the pile is ready for balling. 

Balling. —This operation is performed in the balling-furnace, which is 
similar to the puddling-furnace, except that its bottom or hearth is made 
up, from time to time, with sand; it is used to give a welding-heat to the 
piles to prepare them for rolling. 

Finishing-Rolls.— The balls are passed successively between rollers of 
various forms and sizes according to the shape of the finished bar required. 

The bars are straightened on a cast-iron bed, with heavy wooden beetles. 

The quality of the iron depends on the kind of pig used, the skill of the 
puddler, and the absence of deleterious substances in the furnace. 

The strongest cast irons do not produce the strongest malleable iron. 

For many purposes, such as sheets for tinning, best boiler-plate, and bars 
for converting into steel, charcoal iron is used exclusively; and, generally, 
this kind of iron is to be relied upon for strength and toughness with 
greater confidence than any other,—though iron of superior quality is 


416 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


made from pigs made ■with other fuel and with the hot blast; iron for gun- 
barrels has been lately made from anthracite hot-blast pigs. 

Iron is improved in quality by judicious working, reheating it, and ham¬ 
mering or rolling: other things being equal, that is the best iron that 
has been wrought the most. 

Piles are sometimes made of good iron on top and bottom and poorer 
iron in the middle: this is easily detected in the fracture. Pteject it, 
where strength and toughness are required. 

Bar Iron. —The iron used in ordnance constructions is generally fur¬ 
nished in bars of different sizes, or in shapes. It should bo of the best 
quality of iron, highly refined. 

The quality of iron is generally judged of by its grain as shown in a 
fresh fracture. 

The sample should be 1 inch square, or, if a flat bar, J inch thick. Cut a 
notch on one side with a cold-chisel, and bend the bar down over the edge 
of an anvil, or give it a heavy blow, when lying flat on the ground, with 
a sledge-hammer; if the fracture exhibit long, silky fibres, of a leaden- 
gray color, cohering together and twisting or pulling apart before break¬ 
ing, it denotes a tough, soft iron, which is easy to work and hard to break, 
suitable for sheet iron, wire, &c., but it may weld badly. A medium, even 
grain, mixed with fibres as above, but without bright specks or dark spots, 
is also a favorable indication. In general, a short, blackish fibre indicates 
iron badly refined and mixed Avith carbon, plumbago, or oxide; if worked 
very hot, it may be improved, but there will be a great waste. A very fine, 
close grain denotes a hard, steely iron, which is apt to be cold-short, hard 
to work with the hammer or file. A coarse grain, with a brilliant, crystal- 
lyzed fracture, or yellow or brown spots, denotes a brittle iron, inclined to 
be cold-short, but working easily when heated, and making a good weld. 
But this test is not always sufficient, as the same iron Avill present different 
appearances according to the manner in Avhich it has been forged and the 
degree of heat to which it has been subjected. Numerous cracks on the 
edges of the bar generally indicate a hot-short iron, which cracks or breaks 
when punched or worked at a red heat, and Avill not weld ; it is strong 
when cold, and may be useful in that state, but, if worked, care should be 
taken not to subject it to strains at a red heat. Blisters, fiaws, and cinder- 
holes are caused by imperfect welding at too low a heat, or by the iron 
not being properly worked, and do not always indicate an inferior quality. 

The surest test of the quality of iron is to submit it to the following 
proofs:— 

Test when cold. —Bend the iron, if in small bars, several times back and 
forth in different directions, at sharp angles, with heavy blows of a hammer, 
and twist it in a vise. Large pieces are reduced in size at one end, and sub¬ 
mitted to the same tests. Bound bars have a screw-thread cut on them, and 


INSPECTION OF IRON. 


417 


are then bent according to the use for which they are intended. Pieces 
which are to have holes in them are tested by punching holes in them cold 

Test when hot .—Draw out the iron, bend and twist it; split it, and turn 
back the two parts, to see if the split extends up; punch a long hole in 
the direction of the fibre, and another at right angles to it; punch holes 
of different forms,—some near the edge ; weld the iron to iron and to steel; 
make chains from small rods ; observe if cracks or flaws weld easily; 
finally, forge some of the most difficult pieces for which the iron is in¬ 
tended. 

Note on Forging. —Good iron is often injured by being unskilfully worked. 
Care should be taken that the iron while heating is not exposed to the 
air, which would assist in forming scales of oxide on its surface: it is to 
prevent this that the workman from time to time throws sand or clay on 
his iron to protect it. When iron is at a white heat, immediate contact 
with coal tends to carbonize it and make it steely. Iron heated for any 
purpose, and especially for welding, should be heated as rapidly as possible, 
in order to expose it the least possible time to the action of the air and 
coal; for this purpose, the strongest fuel, with an abundant, steady blast, 
is necessary. Defects in iron caused by unskilful working may be remedied 
in part: if, for example, iron has been burned, give it a smart heat, pro¬ 
tected as much as possible from the air; if the iron has been injured by 
cold-hammering, a moderate annealing-heat will restore it; if the iron has 
become hard and steely, give it one or more smart heats, to extract the 
carbon. 

Inspection of Iron for Garrison and Sea-Coast Carriages. 

The cheek-plates should be made of iron of good quality, uniform in 
thickness, a plane surface, and cut near to the required size. Verify the 
size by a wooden frame made of the required shape, and the thickness by 
an iron gauge. Try the quality of the iron by punching holes near the 
edge at the place for the trunnion-holes. 

The rails should be straight on the top, bottom, and edge of the flange: 
try them'by laying a straight-edge on them. The web should be a plane 
surface, without corrugations,—at right angles to the flanges, which should 
be smooth and free from breaks or cracks. 

Examine that the welds are all good, that there are no seams, and that 
the iron has not been burned. Verify the cross-section of the rail by a 
profile cut from sheet iron or mahogany; measure the length with a rod 
of the correct length. 

See that the trough-beams and angle-iron are straight, and their edges 
sound, without cracks. Verify their length. 

Examine the bar-iron by the tests given above for bar-iron, and where 
the pieces are cut to lengths, verify them. 


418 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


AVeigli several pieces of each kind of the exact length, suABcient to get 
a fair mean weight, from which the weight of the whole can be calculated. 

Paddled Steel. 

If, in the operation of puddling, the process be stopped at a particular 
time determined by indications given by the metal to an experienced eye, 
an iron is obtained of greater hardness and strength than ordinary iron, 
to which the name of semi-steel, or puddled steel, has been applied. The 
principal difficulty in its manufacture is that of obtaining uniformity in 
the product, homogeneity and solidity throughout the entire mass. It is 
much improved by reheating and hammering under a heavy hammer. 

A tenacity of 118,000 lbs. to the square inch has been obtained from 
semi-steel made in this country in this way. Field-pieces have been made 
of this material, and it is believed that it will answer well for this purpose. 

Steel. 

Sleet is a compound of iron and carbon, in which the proportion of the 
latter is from 5 to 1 per cent., and even less, in some kinds. Steel may 
be distinguished from iron by its fine grain; its susceptibility of harden¬ 
ing by immersing it, when hot, in cold water; and with certainty by the 
action of diluted nitric acid, which leaves a black spot on steel, and on 
iron a spot which is lighter colored in proportion as the iron contains less 
carbon. 

There are many varieties of steel, the principal of which are: 

Natural steel, which is obtained by reducing the rich and pure kinds 
of iron-ore with charcoal, and refining the cast iron, so as to deprive it of 
a sufficient portion of carbon to bring it to a malleable state. It is made 
principally in Germany, and is used for making files and other tools. 

The India steel, called wootz, is said to be a natural steel, containing a 
small portion of other metals. 

Blistered steel, or steel of cementation, is prepared by the direct combina¬ 
tion of iron and carbon. For this purpose, the iron in bars is put in layers 
alternating with powdered charcoal, in a close furnace, and exposed for 7 
or 8 days to a heat of about 70° Wedgewood, and then suffered to cool for 
as many days more. The bars on being taken out are covered with blisters, 
have acquired a brittle quality, and exhibit in the fracture a uniform 
crystalline appearance. The degree of carbonization is varied according 
to the purposes for which the steel is intended, and the best qualities of 
iron (Russian and Swedish) are used for the finest kinds of steel. 

Tilted steel is made from blistered steel moderately heated and subjected 
to the action of a tilt-hammer, by which means its tenacity and density 
are increased and it is thus adapted to use. 

Shear steel is made from blistered or natural steel refined by piling thin 


STEEL. 


419 


bars into fagots, which are brought to a welding-heat in a reverberatory 
furnace, and hammered or rolled again into bars; this operation is re¬ 
peated several times to produce the finest kinds of shear steel, which are 
distinguished by the names of half-shear, single shear, and double shear, or 
steel of 1 mark, of 2 marks, of 3 marks, etc., according to the number of 
times it has been piled. 

Cast steel is made by breaking blistered steel into small pieces and 
melting it in close crucibles, from which it is poured into iron moulds; the 
ingot is then reduced to a bar by hammering or rolling, as described under 
the head of malleable iron, these operations being performed with great 
care. Cast steel is the finest kind of steel and best adapted for most pur¬ 
poses : it is known by a very fine, even, and close grain, and a silvery, 
homogeneous fracture; it is very brittle, and acquires extreme hardness, 
but is difficult to weld without the use of a flux. The other kinds of steel 
have a similar appearance to cast steel, but the grain is coarser and less 
homogeneous; they are softer and less brittle, and weld more readily. A 
fibrous or lamellar appearance in the fracture indicates an imperfect steel. 
A material of great toughness and elasticity, as well as hardness, is made 
by forging together steel and iron, forming the celebrated damask-steel, 
which is used for sword-blades, spring.s, etc.; the damasked appearance 
is produced by the action of a diluted acid, which gives a black tint to the 
steel parts, whilst the iron remains white. 

Various fancy steels, or alloys of steel with silver, platinum, rhodium, and 
aluminium, have been made with a view to imitating the Damascus steel, 
wootz, etc., and improving the fabrication of some of the finer kinds of 
surgical and other instruments. 

Properties of Steel. —The best steel possesses the following character¬ 
istics : heated to redness and plunged into cold water, it becomes hard 
enough to scratch glass and to resist the best files; the hardness is uni¬ 
form throughout the piece ; after being tempered it is not easily broken ; 
it welds readily; it does not crack or split; it bears a very high heat, 
and preserves the capability of hardening after repeated working; the 
grain is fine, even, and homogeneous, and it receives a brilliant polish. 
Its specific gravity is 7.816, being greater than that of iron. 

Test. —Break a few bars, taken at random; make tools of them and try 
them in the severest manner. 

Hardening and Tempering Steel.— On these operations the quality of 
manufactured steel in a great measure depends. 

Ilardening is effected by heating the steel to a cherry red, or until the 
scales of oxide are loosened on the surface, and plunging it into a liquid, 
or placing it in contact with some cooling-substance; the degree of hard¬ 
ness depends on the heat and the rapidity of cooling. Steel is thus ren¬ 
dered so hard as to resist the hardest files, and it becomes at the same time 


420 


ORDNANCE MxVNUAL. 


extremely brittle. The degree of heat and the temperature and nature of 
the cooling-medium must be chosen with reference to the quality of the 
steel and the purpose for which it is intended. Cold water gives a greater 
hardness than oils or other fatty substances, sand, wet iron scales or 
cinders, but an inferior degree of hardness to that given by acids. Oil, 
tallow, etc., prevent the cracks which are caused by too rapid cooling. 
The lower the heat at which the steel becomes hard, the better. 

Tempering .—Steel in its hardest state being too brittle for most pur¬ 
poses, the requisite strength and elasticity are obtained by tempering,—or 
letting doicn the temper, as the workmen term it,—which is performed by 
heating the hardened steel to a certain degree and cooling it quickly. 
The requisite heat is usually ascertained by the color which the surface 
of the steel assumes from the film of oxide thus formed. The degrees of 
heat to which these several colors correspond are as follows:— 

Suitable for hard instruments; as ham¬ 
mer-faces, drills for hard substances, 
etc. 

For instruments requiring hard edges 
without elasticity; as shears, scis¬ 
sors, tools for turning iron and steel. 
For tools for cutting wood and soft 
metals ; such as plane-irons, chisels, 
knives, etc. 

' For tools requiring strong edges with¬ 
out extreme hardness; as cold-chi¬ 
sels, axes, table-cutlery, etc., which 
will break before bending. 

For spring-temper, which will bend 
before breaking; saws, sword-blades, 
etc. 

If the steel be heated higher than this, the effect of the hardening-pro¬ 
cess is destroyed. 

Case-hardening .—This operation consists in converting the surface of 
wrought iron into steel, by cementation, for the purpose of adapting it to 
receive a polish or to bear friction, etc.; this is eflfected by heating the 
iron to a cherry red, in a close vessel, in contact with carbonaceous mate¬ 
rials, and then plunging it into cold water. Bones, leather, hoofs, and 
horns of animals are generally used for this purpose, after having been 
burnt or roasted so that they can be pulverized. Soot is also frequently 
used. 


At 430° Fahr., 

, a very faint yellow. | 

At 450° 

a 

a pale straw color. ] 

At 470° 

a 

a full yellow. 1 

At 490° 

a 

a brown color.| 

At 510° 

i i 

brown, with purple j 
spots. 

At 538° 

it 

purple. y 

At 550° 

it 

dark blue. 

At 560° 


full blue. 

At 600° 

a 

grayish blue, verg- I 
ing on black.1 










SHEET IRON. 


421 


Welding-Composition for Iron or Steel. 


Borax. 10 parts. 

Sal-ammoniac. 1 “ 


Pound them together, and melt them in a crucible into a clear liquid; 
pour it out on an iron plate, and, when cold, pulverize it for use. 


Borax. 

Sal-ammoniac. 

Prussiate of potash 

Rosin. 

Alcohol. 

Water. 

Iron-filings. 


Composition No. 2. 


5. lbs. 
1.0 “ 

.5 “ 

.5 “ 

.5 pint. 
.5 “ 
.51b. 


Put all the materials in an iron pan together, and melt them over 
a gentle fire, so that the composition shall boil for a few minutes, stirring 
it until it shall become finally dry and charred; then pulverize, and use it 
in the same manner as borax, applying it to the parts to be welded when 
at a red heat. 

Sheet Iron. 


Sheet iron is made by rolling. It should be soft and tough, its surface 
very smooth, without holes or thick scales; it is generally of a bluish 
color, sometimes clouded ; the sheet should be of regular thickness, elastic, 
and crackling when bent in the hands. When bent at a right angle, 
there should be no appearance of fracture on the exterior. 

Russia sheet iron has a planished, glossy, and smooth surface of gray 
oxide of iron; it should be free from rust or flaws, and be very soft and 
tough. Punch holes in it near the edge, and see that there are no flaws 
or cracks after this operation. 

The severest test of sheet iron consists in hammering a part of the sheet 
into a concave form. 

Sheet Steel is manufactured in the same way, and should have the same 
qualities, as sheet iron, with greater elasticity and hardness in a thinner 
sheet. 

For the weight of sheet iron, see Tables on pages 422 and 443. 


Sheet Tin. 

Sheet tin is made by coating sheet iron with tin. The iron is first 
scoured, or thoroughly cleaned, by means of an acid, and then immersed in 
melted tin. There are two kinds,—called single tin and double tin, differing 
m thickness and in the quantity of tin with which the iron is coated. The 
surface of the sheets should be bright and smooth, free from specks, beads, 
and blisters. 











422 


ORDNANCE MANUAL, 


Dimensions of Sheet Tin. 


Kind. 

Size. 

Mean Thickness. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 


In. 

Wire Gauge. 

In. 

Lbs. 


Single tin.... 

10 X 14 

31 

0.0125 

0.5 

1 There are usu- 
l ally 225 sheets 

Double X. 

10 X 14 

27 

0.018 

0.75 

j in a box. 

Roofing. 

20 X 14 

27 

0.018 

. 1.5 

112 sheets in a 
box. 


A square of roof (100 square feet) requires about 71 sheets of roofing-tin. 


Thickness and Weight of Sheet Metals. 


Thickness by the 
Gauge. 

Weight per Square Foot in Pounds. 

Thickness in 
Inches. 

Sheet and 
Boiler Iron. 

Sheet Cast Steel. 

Sheet Copper. 

No. 0. 

0.340 

13.7 

14.0 

15.6 

I.,,.. 

0.300 

12.1 

12.4 

13.8 

“ 2. 

0.284 

11.4 

11.7 

13.0 

« 3. 

0.259 

10.4 

10.6 

11.9 

“ 4. 

0.238 

9.60 

9.80 

11.0 

“ 5. 

0.220 

8.85 

9.02 

10.1 

“ 6. 

0.203 

8.17 

8.33 

9.32 

“ 7. 

0.180 

7.24 

7.38 

8.25 

“ 8. 

0.165 

6.65 

6.78 

7.59 

“ 9. 

0.148 

5.96 

6.08 

6.80 

“ 10. 

0.134 

5.40 

5.51 

6.16 

“ 11. 

0.120 

4.83 

4.93 

5.51 

12. 

0.109 

4.40 

4.50 

5.02 

“ 13. 

0.095 

3.83 

3.91 

4.37 

“ 14. 

0.083 

3.34 

3.41 

3.81 

“ 15. 

0.072 

2.90 

2.96 

3.31 

“ 16. 

0.065 

2.62 

2.67 

3.00 

“ 17. 

0.058 

2.34 

2.39 

2.67 

“ 18. 

0.049 

1.97 

2.01 

2.25 

“ 19. 

0.042 

1.69 

1.72 

1.93 

“ 20. 

0.035 

1.41 

1.42 

1.61 

“ 21. 

0.032 

1.29 

1.31 

1.47 

“ 22. 

0.028 

1.13 

1.15 

1.29 

“ 23. 

0.025 

1.00 

1.02 

1.14 

“ 24. 

0.022 

0.885 

0.903 

1.01 

« 25. 

0.020 

0.805 

0.820 

0.918 

“ 26. 

0.018 

0.724 

0.738 

0.826 

“ 27. 

0.016 

0.644 

0.657 

0.735 

« 28. 

0.014 

0.563 

0.574 

0.642 

« 29. 

0.013 

0 523 

0.5.33 

0.597 

“ 30. 

0.012 

0.483 

0.493 

0.551 

“ 31. 

0.010 

0.402 

0.410 

0.480 

“ 32. 

0.009 

0.362 

0.370 

0.420 

“ 33. 

0.008 

0.322 

0.328 

0.370 

“ 34. 

0.007 

0.282 

0.288 

0..323 

“ 35. 

0.005 

0.230 

0.235 

0.262 

“ 36. 

0.004 

0.170 

0.173 

0.194 







































FILES AND RASPS. 


423 


Files and Rasps. 

LIST OP FILES AND RASPS REQUIRED FOR USE AT AN ARSENAL OF 

CONSTRUCTION. 


No. 

Kind. 

Length. 

1 

Flat rough (ruffs). 

In. 

14. 

2 

Do. do. . 

12. 

3 

Do. bastards. 

■ 12. 

4 

Do. do. 

8. 

5 

Half-round bastards.. 

12. 

6 

Do. do. 

9. 

7 

Do. do. 

6. 

8 

Round bastards. 

12. 

9 

Do. do. 

9. 

10 

Do. do. 

6. 

n 

Do. do. 

4.5 

12 

Square do. 

12. 

13 

Do. do. 

8. 

14 

Do. do. 

6. 

15 

Do. do. 

4. 

16 

Flat, single cut 



(floats). 

12. 

17 

Flat, hand, smooth. 

12. 

18 

Do. do. 

9. 

19 

Do. do. 

8. 

20 

Do. do. 

4. 

21 

Half-round, hand,do. 

12. 

22 

Do. do. 

9. 

23 

Do. do. 

6. 

24 

Taper, handsaw. 

4.5 

25 

Flat, shoeing rasp.... 

14. 

26 

Half-round do. 

12. 


Width. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. oz. 


1.35 

0.35 

1 

4 

Flat, tapering 

1.17 

0.3 

0 

15 

1.17 

0.3 

0 

14 


0.7 

0.2 

0 

5 


1.14 

0.32 

0 

11 


0.85 

0.25 

0 

5i 


0.56 

0.2 

0 

U 



0.5 

0 

8i 



0.23 

0 

2 



0.23 

0 

1 



0.16 

0 

i 


0.5 

0.5 

0 

9 


0.32 

0.32 

0 

3 


0.24 

0.24 

0 

2 


0.2 

0.2 

0 

1 


1.12 

0.22 

0 

lOi 

ledge rounded. 

1.16 

0.31 

1 

2 

Safe edge. 

0.96 

0.27 

0 

10 

Do. 

0.83 

' 0.2 

0 

6 

Do. 

0.44 

0.1 

0 

1 

Do. 

1.15 

0..33 

0 

12 


0.84 

0.27 

0 



0.6 

0.18 

0 

n 


A 

0.4 

0 

li 


1.5 

0..35 

1 

8 


1.14 

0.32 

0 

11 

Without tang. 


English files are generally used at the arsenals and armories. 

Files should be made of the best cast steel. The teeth are generally cut 
at an angle of 60 ° with the centre-line; at a smaller angle the teeth are 
apt to choke,' and at a greater angle they do not cut. 

In choosing files, they should be examined to see that they are straight, 
that they are free from cracks and flaws, and that they are cut regularly. 
The teeth should not be turned or broken by filing on iron or tempered 
steel. One out of each dozen may be tried on a piece of tempered steel, 
such as the tang of a file screwed in a vise; the file should “ take” in its 
whole length, both on the flat and edge, and should not cut in drawing 
back; it should not make furrows, or show a tendency to deviate from the 
direction given to it by the hand. The quality of the steel may be deter¬ 
mined by breaking some of the files and working the steel in the forge. 


36 








































424 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Wood- Screws. 

Wood-screws are classed by the length in inches, and by the number, 
which indicates the size of the wire, or body of the screw. 

The following table of dimensions, derived from measurements of the 
screws made by the New England Screw Company, at Providence, Ehode 
Island, will be found convenient for reference. 


No. 

Diameter 

Head. 

Number of 
threads to 

Remarks. 

of Body. 

Diameter. 

Thickness. 

1 inch. 

3 

In. 

0.10 

In. 

0.20 

In. 

0.06 

24 

The length of thread cut is two- 

4 

.11 

.22 

.065 

24 

thirds the length of the screw 

5 

.13 

.26 

.075 

20 

6 

.15 

.30 

.08 

20 


7 

.16 

.32 

.085 

18 


8 

.17 

.34 

.09 

14 


9 

.19 

.38 

.095 

13| 


10 

.20 

.40 

.10 

13 


11 

.21 

.42 

.11 

12 


12 

.22 

.44 

.12 

11 


13 

.23 

.46 

.13 

11 


14 

.24 

.48 

.14 

10 


15 

.25 

.50 

.15 

10 


16 

.26 

.52 

.16 

9^ 


17 

.27 

.54 

.17 

9 


18 

.28 

.56 

.18 



20 

.30 

.60 

.20 

8 


21 

.32 

.64 

.21 

8 


22 

.35 

.70 

.22 

n 


24 

.38 

.76 

.24 

7 


26 

.40 

.80 

.26 

7 



Out Nails. 


Nos. 

2d. 

Zd. 

Ad. 

6d. 

8d. 

lOc^. 

Ud. 

201^. 

Length . inches. 

1. 

1.25 

1.5 

2. 

" 2.5 

3. 

3.5 

4. 

Number in 1 lb. 

550 

450 

340 

150 

100 

60 

40 

25 


Spikes are large nails, wrought or cut: the size is designated by the length 
in inches. 

Belloios-nails and clout-nails are short wrought nails, with large heads, 
slightly convex: they are used chiefly for nailing leather, canvas, etc., 
on wood. 


































ALLOYS. 425 

Bellows-nails 1.13 incli long, 0.1 inch thick, with heads .75 inch to 1 
inch in diameter, should weigh about 120 to 1 lb. 

Tac'cs are classed by the length in inches, or by the weight of 1,000, in 
ounces. 

Sprigs, brads, finishing-nails, are classed by the length in inches. 

Alloys. 

Bronze. —Gun-metal: 90 copper and 10 tin. 

Bell-metal. —78 copper and 22 tin. 

Fine brass .—2 copper and 1 zinc. 

Brass for parts of small arms and of gun-carriages. —80 coppeb, 17 zinc, 
and 3 tin. 

Sheet brass .— 3 copper and 1 zinc. 

Silver solder. —4 silver and 1 copper; or 2 silver and 1 brass wire. 

Hard solder. —1 zinc and 2 brass. 

Plumber's solder. —1 tin and 1 lead. 

Turner's solder. —1 tin and 2 lead. 

Pewterer's solder. —2 tin and 1 lead. 

Fusible alloy. —2 tin ; 3 lead; 5 bismuth: melts at 197°. 

Type-metal .—11 lead, 2 antimony, and | tin. 

German silver. —40^- copper; 31| nickel; 25| zinc; 2} iron. 

“ “ for casting.—60 copper; 20 zinc; 20 nickel; 3 lead. 

Pewter .—4 tin and 1 lead. ' 

An alloy that expands in cooling. —9 lead, 2 antimony, and 1 bismuth; 
useful for filling small cavities in cast iron. 

Babbit's metal, for journal-boxes.—9 tin and 1 copper. 

Pickle for Cleaning Iron. —To a mixture of equal parts of nitric and 
muriatic acids add twelve times their joint volume of water. 

Liquor for Tinning or Soldering. —Dissolve 3 ounces of zinc in a pint 
of muriatic acid, letting it stand in a ivarm place about 8 hours; strain the 
solution through a cotton or linen cloth ; add a teaspoonful of pulverized 
sal-ammoniac to a pint of the solution, and let it boil for ten minutes; 
when cool it is fit for use. 

To Tin Iron. —Immerse the iron in the cleaning-pickle; if the surface be 
rough, let it remain in the pickle about 4 hours, or until all the scales can 
be rubbed off. Then dip the iron into the solution of zinc, and imme¬ 
diately afterward into the melted tin, which must be kept a little above the 
melting-point. Let it remain in the melted tin until the latter has ceased 
to be agitated, when the iron will have become warm enough for the tin to 
adhere; on taking it out, wipe or shake otf the surplus tin. 

To Tin Copper. —It is only necessary to dip the copper into the solution 
of zinc and then into the bath of tin; or to clean the copper with diluted 
sulphuric acid before immersing it in the tin. 


42G 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


STORAGE AND PRESERVATION OF METALS. 

Metals are stored on the ground-floors of dry and well-aired buildings, 
which should be kept open in fine weather only. 

Bar-iron and steel, and pieces rough-forged, [shapes,) divided according 
to.kind and size, on racks, or standing upright in frames; unserviceable 
iron and scraps, in piles marked with the weight. Sheet iron and tin, oiled, 
and placed on edge, in frames. Wire, oiled, in coils, hung on hooks; 
arranged according to kind and size. 

Heavy chains, coiled up in piles .—Small chains, in bundles of 10 or 20, 
in boxes or on shelves. 

Finished work, according to kind, in piles or in boxes. 

Piy metal, in square piles; the flat sides lying together. 

The iron and steel parts of implements, etc., covered with a black varnish, 
made of white varnish and lampblack, for intrenching and other heavy 
tools; of white varnish and ivory-black, for polished tools. (See Chap¬ 
ter VII.) 

Artificer's tools and files, according to kind, in a dry place, with suitable 
divisions; they should be sprinkled with powdered charcoal, or fine quick¬ 
lime, to protect them from rust. 

Nails, according to kind and size, in bins or kegs. Anvils and other 
heavy pieces, on skids on the floor. Every division, bin, pile, and box 
should be marked with a label showing the character of the article con¬ 
tained in it, its kind, its distinctive number or size, the quantity, weight, &c. 

ROPES. 

The size of a rope is designated by the circumference or girth measured 
with a thread: thus, a 3-inch rope measures 3 inches round. The length 
is usually expressed in fathoms. 

Strength.— The utmost strength of good hemp rope is 6,400 lbs. to the 
square inch; the weight which it will bear before breaking is expressed in 
tons by one-fifth of the square of the girth in inches; in practice, a rope should 
not be subjected to more than half this strain. It stretches from \ to 
and its diameter is diminished from ^ to before breaking. A difference 
in the quality of the hemp may produce a difference of ^ in the strength 
of ropes of the same size. 

White rope is stronger than tarred rope, and the difference is increased 
by age and service: therefore such ropes only as are to be immersed in 
water should be tarred. 

Oil or grease diminishes the strength of rope without adding to its dura¬ 
bility. 

The strength of Manilla rope is less than that of hemp rope. 

Quality.— The quality of hemp is in some measure indicated by its 
color; the best is of a pearl gray; the next, greenish; then, the yellow; 


CUARCOAL. 


427 


a brown color indicates that it has been rotted too long and has begun to 
decay. Brown spots show that it has moulded and the spots are decayed. 
The odor should be strong, but free from a musty, tainted smell. It 
should be well combed, pliant, and free from stalks. The yarns sho-uld be 
fine spun and slightly twisted; they are from ^ to ^ of an inch in girth. 
A rope is defective when the yarns are of unequal sizes or unequally 
twisted ; when it is fuzzy before being used; and when it contains pieces 
of stalk, indicating that the hemp was not well combed. 

Twisting or Laying. —The number of yarns in a strandoi cordage varies 
from 16 to 25, and several strands are combined, or laid, to form a large 
rope. A rope is said to be twisted ^ or ^ when it is J or shorter than 
the strand. For artillery service, ropes should be twisted 

The degree of twisting may be determined by constructing a right-angled 
triangle, the base of which is the circumference of the rope, and the 
height the length of one revolution of the strand, measured parallel to 
the axis; the ditference between this height and the hypothenuse is the 
quantity by which the rope is twisted. 

Preservation in Store.— Ropes should be placed in the upper stories 
of a building, coiled up and labelled; large ropes on skids, so as to allow 
the circulation of air; small ropes hung up to the joists, on pins or hooks. 
Ropes should not be coiled until they are perfectly dry: they should be 
uncoiled every year, and stretched out for several days at the beginning 
of the dry season. 

Ropes which have been too long in store lose their strength. 


COAL. 

Charcoal. 

Charcoal is made from either hard or soft wood; that from the former, 
such as oak, maple, beech, chestnut, is the most serviceable, giving the 
greatest quantity of heat for an equal weight of coal. 

For ordinary purposes it is burned in heaps or stacks. Wood from 18 
to 20 years old is to be preferred. It may be charred immediately after 
being felled ; if left for a year exposed to the weather before being burned, 
it produces an inferior coal. 

Select sound wood; cut it into pieces from 4 to 5 feet long, and split 
those which are more than 4 inches in diameter. 

It is well to make stacks, as far as practicable, of wood of the same 
kind, or of such as differ from each other but little in their general nature. 
If it be necessary to use soft and hard woods in the same stack, place 
the former on the outside. 

Making Charcoal.— Choose a dry spot on which to place the stack, 
sheltered from the wind: level the ground. Plant a stake in the middle 
of the space, and cover the bottom of the pile with wood placed in a direc- 

. 36 -^ 


428 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


(ion converging toward tlie centre, the intervals being filled up with small 
sticks; place the rest of the wood around the stake, the pieces nearly up¬ 
right and close together, in several tiers, covering the whole with a layer 
of wood placed as close together as possible; leave one or more horizontal 
openings near the ground, from the exterior to the centre. Cover the 
stack, commencing at the top, with leaves and a coat of wet sod about 4 
inches thick, leaving open a space 6 inches high, all round the bottom, for 
the escape of the air and steam. 

Draw out the stake, and set fire to the pile, either by means of the hole 
left by the stake, or through the horizontal gallery, which may have been 
previously filled with combustible materials. Push the fire actively until 
the flame comes out at the top of the stack, in order to ignite the whole 
of the bottom part, and to expel the steam, which would otherwise occasion 
explosions. Then close the hole at the top, and cover the lower part of 
the pile, leaving small openings at intervals; the smoke should now escape 
equally from all parts of the stack, except toward the top, which is kept 
closed in order to prevent a draught. When the stack has sweated suf¬ 
ficiently, increase the thickness of the coating of earth ; moderate the fire, 
and direct it, by means of openings on the sides, in such a manner that 
the combustion may be equal in every part and that the fire maybe always 
drawn toward the bottom. Leave the holes open as long as the smoke is 
black and thick, and close them when it becomes light and of a bluish 
color. The charidng is completed when the flame escapes through the 
openings at the bottom; then stop the holes and cover the pile well with 
earth, which should be renewed after 24 hours; extinguish the fire entirely, 
and let the pile stand 12 or 24 hours more. Open it on one side only; 
select the coal, and separate what is imperfectly burnt. Wood furnishes 
in this way, on an average, about IG or 17 per cent, of charcoal. 

Large stacks are the most advantageous: as much as 50 or 60 cords of 
wood may be put into one. 

Properties.— Charcoal of good quality burns slowly in the air, without 
flame; it is clean, hard, compact, brittle, sonorous, and of a fine black 
color; its fracture is shining, iridescent, and of a conchoidal form. 

When not perfectly charred, it is tough, of a grayish color, and burns 
with a white flame and smoke. When too much burnt, it is of a dull black, 
soft and unelastic. By exposure to the air, charcoal absorbs from 10 to 
20 per cent, of moisture, and its qualities are thereby impaired: it should 
therefore be kept under cover. 

Pit- Coal. 

Bituminous Coal. —There are two principal varieties. 

Open-hurning coal kindles quickly and burns well, but produces much 
flame and smoke, and is soon consumed; it lies open in the fire, and does 
not cake. Of this kind is the English cannel coal. 


TAR, PITCH, TURPENTINE. 


429 


Close-burning coal melts and swells in the fire and runs together, forming 
what blacksmiths call a hollow fire, or a dome over the nozzle of the bellows, 
under which the iron is heated equally and covered from the air. This 
kind of coal forms a very hot fire and leaves little residuum: it is, there 
fore, the most suitable for smiths’ use. The Newcastle coal and the Vir¬ 
ginia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania bituminous coals are of 
this kind. 

Anthracite Coal is now extensively used for the forge, in fireplaces 
specially contrived for the purpose. It ignites with difficulty, and does 
not cake or melt in the smallest degree, but produces a very hot, open fire. 

Coal is not injured, but, on the contrary, rather improved, by exposure to 
air and moisture. 

Mean ^VeilJ^lt of Coals. 


Kind. 

Specific 

gravity. 

For Stowage. 

Weight of 

1 cubic foot. 

Cubic feet 
to 1 ton. 



Lbs. 


Bituminous. 

1.355 

51.4 

43.58 

Anthracite (egg size). 

1.500 

55.8 

40.14 


Coke. 

Coke is produced by charring bituminous coal, in order to expel the 
bitumen and sulphur; this is usually done in close furnaces or ovens. 
Good coke has a dull fracture, is very porous and cellular; it gives very 
little ashes when burned; it is injured, like wood charcoal, by absorbing water. 

Coal furnishes 60 to 70 per cent, of coke by weight; the volume being 
increased 5 to 20 per cent. 

Coal-Tar is a bituminous product obtained by the distillation of coal in 
making gas, etc. 

TAR, PITCH, TURPENTINE. ^ 

The following are the principal varieties of products from resinous trees, 
such as the pine. 

Turpentine.— This is extracted from the tree in warm weather, by cut¬ 
ting a deep notch, or box, near the base, and scoring the tree by scraping 
off the bark above the box; the first year’s running produces the virgin or 
white turpentine, and the second year’s is nearly as good; after that the 
turpentine becomes each year darker and stiffer, the tree yielding less of 
what is called dippings, and more scrapings; the latter kind of turpentine 
is hard and yellow. A tree will bear tapping fourteen to sixteen years, 
on two sides alternately,—the scoring being extended upwards from twelve 
to fifteen inches each year. 
















ORDNANCE MANUAL, 


' 43 (* 


Sl’iRiTS OF Turpentine is tlie essential oil obtained by distillation from 
the native turpentine. 

llosiN, OR Colophony, is the residuum of the distillation of turpentine. 
Its quality depends on that of the turpentine, and on the care used in dis¬ 
tillation ; the finest quality is of a light straw color. 

Tar is obtained from the heart of the pine-tree by smouldering, or a 
smothered combustion, effected in stacks, nearly in the manner described for 
making charcoal. The tar runs off into trenches dug for the purpose. 
Tar is semi-fluid, transparent in thin portions, and of a reddish color; it 
has a strong, peculiar odor. It is rendered more fluid by heat; and it 
burns with a bright flame, leaving a light and dry coal. It is refined by 
heating it in an iron vessel, and pouring it off, after it has been kept for 
some time in a liquid state; by this means water and pyroligneous acid 
are driven off, and the earthy particles are separated by settling. 

It is used for coating cordage, and for wood which is not to be immersed 
in water. 

Pitch is made by boiling tar down to the requisite consistency, either 
by itself or combined with a portion of rosin; it becomes solid on cool¬ 
ing, but is soon softened by the heat of the hand, in which state it is very 
adhesive; when of good quality, it is clear and hard. 

It is used for coating wood which is to be immersed in water, and is 
applied hot, with a mop. 

Venice Turpentine is obtained from the larch; but what is commonly 
called by that name is a compound of melted rosin and spirits of turpentine. 


Chemical Equivalents of some of the Elementary Bodies. 


Name. 

Symbol. 

Equivalent. 

Name. 

Symbol. 

Equivalent,. 

Oxygen . 

0 . 

8. 

Calcium. 

Ca. 

20. 

Sulphur. 

s. 

16. 

Magnesium. 

Mg. 

12. 

Bromine. 

Br. 

80. 

Strontium. 

Sr. 

43.75 

Chlorine. 

Cl. 

35.5 

Aluminium. 

Al. 

13.75 

Fluorine. 

FI. 

19. 

Cliromium. 

Cr. 

26.75 

Iodine. 

I. 

127. 

Cobalt. 

Co. 

30.5 

Antimony. 

Sb. 

122. 

Copper. 

Cu. 

31.75 

Arsenic. 

As. 

75! 

Iron . 

Fe. 

28. 

Bismuth . 

Bi. 

214. 

Tifiad . 

Pb. 

103.5 

Nitrogen . 

N. 

14. 

Nickel . 

Ni. 

29.5 

Phosphorus . 

P. 

31. 

Manganese . 

Mn. 

27.5 

Boron . 

Bo. 

11. 

Tin . 

Sn. 

59. 

Carbon . 

C. 

6. 

Zinc . 

Zn. 

37 75 

Silicon . 

Si. 

21. 

Gold . 

Au. 


Hydrogen . 

II. 

1. 

Mercury . 

ITg‘. 

570. 

100. 

Sodium . 

Na. 

23. 

Platinum. 

PI. 

99. 

Potassium. 

K. 

39. 

Silver. 

Ag. 

108. 

Barium. 

Ba. 

68.5 

Palladium. 

Pd. 

53.3 























































STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 


431 


Strength of Materials. 

(These tables are made up, with the exception of those materials marked *, from the results 
obtiuned by experiments made, by direction of the Ordnance Department, by Capt. T. J. 
Rodman.) 


• 

Material. 

Locality. 

Time of 
season¬ 
ing. 

Specific 

gravity. 

Crusli- 

ing-force 

per 

square 

inch. 

Tensile 

strength 

per 

square 

inch. 

I'ran.s- 

\erse 

resist¬ 

ance, 

L W 



Years. 


Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Ash. 

Ohio. 

15 

.61720 

8,783 

24.033 

2.118 


Pennsylvania. 

3 

.55039 

4,475 

14,266 

1,466 


Canada. 

9 

.55606 

5,571 

15,000 

U 

New York. 

7 

.51420 

4'783 

11,786 


ii 

Vermont. 

2 

.73674 

5,858 

10,'803 

2,664 

a 

A'irginia. 

1 

.61023 

6!663 

23,167 

1,528 

a 

Oregon.. 

1 

.67698 

5,789 

14,700 

i'4;i8 

U 

Kngland. 



8,683 

17,000 

168 

Birch. 

Maine. 

4 

.69618 

7,969 

15,3.33 

2,196 

Bass. 

U 

12 

.50253 

5,271 

12,000 

1,913 


Canada. 

9 

.48229 

4,609 

14,953 

Tlrix . 

Africa. 

5 

.89975 

10.513 

23.6t)0 


Balm of Gilead. 

Oregon. 

1 

.46670 

5,811 

12,033 

2.240 

Beech. 

Canada . 

9 

.67245 

5'780 

14,800 


U 

New Hampshire . 

8 

.73499 

6,908 

18.033 

2,293 

US 

England . 



7J33 

11,500 

129 

Chestnut. 

Massachusetts . 

5 

.54493 

5^621 

13.066 

1,025 


New York . 

5 

.46870 

5,111 

11,891 

flypress . 

A labama . 

2 

.55.307 

8.492 

17J07 

1,011 

Cherry . 

Pennsylvania . 

2 

.57871 

6.149 

12,390 

1^315 

rpH . 

Oregon . 

4 

.37591 

5,971 

10,300 

'286 


Virginia. 

1 

.86253 

7.416 

23,253 

1,720 

Kim . 

Massachusetts . 

43 

.72395 

6,286 

15,107 

2,056 



1 

.77464 

6,6)41 

15,700 

T'lr vAllnw . 

Oregon. 

1 

.63074 

9,217 

13,633 

1,824 

i, u 

iV 

2 

.55893 

7,488 

16^833 

1,290 

Kir, red . 

it 

2 

.46164 

7,083 

‘ 12,867 

1,138 


u 

2 

.46800 

6'644 

14,533 

699 

Gum. black. 

Alabama. 

1 

.61519 

6^703 

15,860 

1,481 


Ohio . 

13 

.84227 

9,887 

25.900 

2,727 

U 

North Carolina . 

3 

.82624 

6.125 

18,000 


U 

Eastern Virginia. . 

1 

.95(i39 

5,492 

35,500 



Massachusetts . 

7 

.87491 

1o!942 

27,1.33 

2,900 

, , , , - r r. 

(( 

New York . 

7 

.72945 

7,725 

12.866 

2,756 

“ white .. 

Massachusetts . 

7 

.99161 

8!925 

38,700 

2,886 

U 

Alabama . 

1 

.90384 

11,213 

40,007 

2.803 

(( 

Virginia . 

1 

.91088 

9.733 

36,666 

3,392 

TTrdly . 


1 

.64102 

5,246 

18,567 

5*54 


Oregon . 

1 

.45318 

6,817 

16,533 

1,292 


!\ra.ine . 

1 

.58976 

1,310 


South America . 

4 

1.25760 

9,854 

16,000 

2,680 

T.o.eiist . 

Pennsylvania . 

1 

.82612 

9,113 

27.517 

2.413 


St. Domingo . 

4 

.76209 

7,.390 

12..350 

1,666 


Canada . 

9 

.68056 

7,716 

22,933 



Maine . 

4 

.73529 

8.621 

21,720 

1,929 


Oregon . 

1 

.49128 

4,443 

10.400 

973 

Oak, white . 

New England . 

18 

.74982 

6,668 

19,600 

1.830 

a a 

M'estern New York.... 

12 

.75.565 

6,620 

19.166 

1,876 

"" a « 

Ohio . 

13 

.69549 

6,258 

19,066 

1,459 

ti a 

Monongahela Piiver.... 

13 

.74915 

6,592 

20.333 

2,036 

u a 

Ohio . 

5 

.84642 

9.108 

19,466 

2.890 

it a 

New York . 

11 

.63212 

4.691 

12.300 

1.778 

it it 

Maryland . 

19 

.72948 

6.992 

17.666 

2.426 

(1 ti 

Massachusetts . 

43 

.88206 

5,800 

16,766 

2.443 

4i « 

ii 

7 

.8^364 

7,292 

19,200 

1,9.50 

u ti . 

“ pasture. 

7 

.80126 

6,962 

16,200 

2,266 
















































































































































432 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 


Strength of Materiah. —Continued. 


Material. 

Locality. 

Time of 
season¬ 
ing. 



Years. 

Oak, white. 

Canada. 

9 

ii ' U 

Connecticut.-. 

14 

it it 

44 

18 

u u 

North Carolina. 

8 

a a 

Alabama. 

2 

tt (C 

Virginia. 

1 

U 

Oregon. 

1 

« ii 

James River, Va. 

13 

it 

England. 


“ yellow. 

New Hampshire. 

13 

“ live. 

Alabama. 

3 

i( 6t 



Pine, pitch. 

North Carolina. 

44 

white. 

Allegheny River, Pa... 

4 

ii t( 

New York. 

5 

ti a 

Maine. 

13 

‘‘ yellow. 

Florida. 

6 

ti *' it 

North Carolina. 

a ti 

Alabama. 

1 

tt a 

Virginia. 

2 

“ sugar. 

Nevada Cf).. Cal. 

1 

t: u 

Tfiiniholdt. Po.j rial. 

1 

Poplar. 

Ohio. 

3 


Nftw York. 

2 

ii 

Virginia. 

1 

Red Wood. 

nalifornia. 

1 

Spruce. 

Maine. 

1 


Orp^^on. 

1 

Teak. 


4 

Walnut, black. 

Western States. 

7 

ti ' ii 

Virginia. 

1 

ti ti 

Michigan. 

2 

ii it 

rin.nrtflrt. 

9 

at it a 

England. 

*Brass, cast. 



*Rras8 wire. 



*Rronze. 



*Cast iron, common pig 



*Do., good common iron 



* “ “ for guns 



* “ “ in bars... 



♦Bar-iron. 



♦ “ Salisbury. 



* “ Swedish. 



♦Copper, cast. 



♦ “ bolts. 



♦ “ wire. 



♦Cast steel. 



♦Shear-steel. 



♦Puddled steel. 



♦Gold, cast. 



♦Silver, cast. 



♦Platinum wire. 



♦Tin, cast. 



♦Zinc. 



♦Lead, cast. 



♦Brick. 



Granite. 

Rockftirt, ATaas... 






Specific 

gravity. 

Crush¬ 

ing-force 

per 

square 

inch. 

Tensile 

strength 

per 

square 

inch. 

Trans- 

ver.se 

resist¬ 

ance, 

LW 

.66650 

Lbs. 

6,000 

Lbs. 

16,646 

Lbs. 

.76118 

5,199 

13,.333 


.81948 

7,089 

21.000 


.77402 

6.550 

21.100 


.73067 

5,744 

18,307 

1,<52 

.77058 

6,902 

19,033 

1,793 

.80996 

6,072 

18,467 

1,572 

1,823 

.78237 

6,667 

25,222 

.932 

10,058 

15,000 

1,410 

.71132 

6,279 

25.000 

1,915 

1.02171 

6,531 

16,383 

1,630 

1.1037 

7,279 

15,800 

1,333 

1.0801 

8,947 

11,400 

.41926 

5,017 

11.433 

1,133 

.46064 

5,775 

11,933 

1,152 

.35953 

5,617 

11.960 

1,182 

.67212 

8,350 

18.000 

1,466 

.63002 

7,836 

12,600 

1,946 

.52843 

8,201 

17,946 

1,709 

.62795 

7,867 

19,200 

1,528 



887 




943 

.49802 

5.742 

14.933 

1,210 

.47720 

6,075 

9,066 

979 

.43233 

6,579 

8.200 

1,297 

.38659 

6.083 

10,833 

753 

.44416 

6,862 

13,666 

1,028 

.436^5 

5,092 

10,867 

994 

.96057 

10,819 

30,800 

3.093 

.52932 

7,471 

16,633 

2.053 

.64917 

7,500 

16,300 

1,365 

.59187 

5,782 

17,580 

t.52370 

5,989 

16,133 



7,227 

8,130 


8.396 

10,300 

18,000 



49,000 


8.700 


42,000 


7.000 


15.000 

6,000 

7.180 


20,000 

7,500 

7.280 

105,000 

32,000 

7.320 

130,000 

34,000 

11,500 

7.855 

40,000 

57,000 

6,500 


66,000 



72,000 


8.712 


24,138 


8.878 


33,000 




60,000 


7.846 

140,000 

128,000 

23,000 


124,000 



105,000 


19.258 


20.000 


10.476 


40,000 


22.069 


56.000 


7.291 


4,800 


6.861 


7,500 


11.352 


1,800 


.{ 

3.5 0 tc 
13 000 


2.645 

15 300 

578 

275 



























































































































































































































STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 


433 


Strength of Material. 

SHEARING. 

Angle formed by shear-blades, 3 degrees. 
Sheet Metals. 


Iron. 

Copper. 

Thickness. 

Pressure. 

Thickness. 

Pressure 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

1.0* 

144,000 

.297 

11,196 

.615 

53,440 

.238 

6,007 

.510 

39,150 

.204 

4.820 

.404 

25,970 

.150 

3,676 

.283 

15,715 

.09 

2.200 

.183 

10,390 

.064 

1,006 

.104 

4.200 

.05 

552 

.057 

2,180 

.02 

113 


Brass. 

Steel, Puddled. 

Thickness. 

Pressure. 

Thickness. 

Pressure. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

.05 

540 

.24 

14,020+ 

.042 

423 

.24 

14,930t 

.035 

333 



.025 

220 



.024 

200 




♦ The cutters were parallel; the bar 3 inches wide. f With oil. J Without oil. 


Bolts. 


Iron. 


Diameter. 

Pressure. 

Diameter. 

Pressure 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

1.142 

35,410 

.697 

13,979 

1.040 

30,707 

.585 

10.593 

.945 

24,057 

.447 

5,543 

.812 

19,688 

.320 

3,093 


Copper. 

Brass. 

Diameter. 

Pressure. 

Diameter. 

Pressure. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

.943 

18,460 

1.110 

29.790 

.906 

13,872 

.905 

22,386 

.775 

11,310 

.779 

17,976 

.635 

8,218 

.648 

11,648 


rUNCHING. 


Diame- 


Pressures. 

Thick- 

Pressures. 

Circ. hole 1 in. diam. 

Iron. 

ter of 
punch. 

Brass. 
.05 inch 
‘ thick. 

Copper, 
.15 inch 
thick. 

Iron. 
.105 inch 
thick. 

ness of 
sheet. 

Copper. 

Brass. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Pressure. 
Circ’r h<de 
1 in. diam. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

1 5 

8,475 

15,996 

23.273 

.3 

21,248 


.615 

82,871 

1.375 

7.723 

14,570 

21,445 

.205 

15.542 


.565 

76,962 

1.25 

6.980 

13,275 

19,682 

.150 

11,088 


.510 

69,984 

1.0 

.9 

5,450 

5,092 

11,073 

9,788 

16.535 

14,778 

.100 

7,461 


.445 

.404 

62.591 

57.623 

.8 

4.332 

8,580 

12,602 

.050 

3,646 


.358 

51.382 

.7 

3,772 

7,827 

11,468 

.045 

3,362 

5,448 

.283 

40,486 

.6 

3.267 

6.706 

9,772 

.041 

4,997 

.245 

35,712 

.5 

2,6.35 

5,507 

7.916 

.0.34 

2,538 

3,730 

.183 

27,978 

.4 

2.183 

4.585 

6,fi00 

.032 

2,212 

3.540 

.145 

22.213 

.3 

1,673 

3,435 

4.970 

.028 


2.964 

.104 

16,.533 

.2 

1,110 

2.240 

3,333 

.022 

1,544 

2,448 

.057 

9,452 

























































































^ b 


434 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Iron- Wire Rope and Hempen Cable. 
(Wire rope by J. E. Roebling.) 


Trade- 

Number. 

Circumference of 
Wire Kope. 

Breaking-weight 
in tons of two 
thousand pounds. 

Circumference of 
Hemp Hope of 
equal strength. 


Inches. 

Tons. 

Inches. 

1 

6.62 

74. 

15.5 

2 

6.20 

65. 

14.5 

3 

5.44 

54. 

13. 

4 

4.90 

43.6 

12. 

5 

4.50 

35. 

10.75 

6 

3.91 

27.2 

9.5 

7 

3.36 

20.2 

8. 

8 

2.98 

16. 

7. 

9 

2.56 

11.4 

6. 

10 

2.45 

8.64 

5. 

11 

4.45 

36. 

10.75 

12 

4.00 

30. 

10. 

13 

3.63 

25. 

9.5 

14 

3.26 

20. 

8.25 

15 

2.98 

16. 

7.25 

16 

2.68 

12.3 

6.25 

17 

2.40 

8.8 

5.5 

18 

2.12 

7.6 

5. 

19 

1.9 

5.8 

4.75 

20 

1.63 

4.09 

4. 

21 

1.53 

2.83 

3.3 

22 

1.31 

2.13 

2.80 

23 

1.23 

1.65 

2.46 

24 

1.11 

1.38 

2.2 

25 

0.94 

1.03 

2.04 

26 

0.88 

0.81 

1.75 

27 

0.78 

0.56 

1.50 


Thickness for Cast-Iron Water-Pipes. 

Let P = the pressure in pounds per square inch on the inner surface of 
pipe; 

= the interior diameter; 

= the thickness of pipe, in inches ; 
a = the thickness necessary to insure good casting: 

DP 


Then T— a 


10 , 000 ' 













STRENGTH OF COLUMNS. 


435 


The values of a are as follow : 

For pipes less than 12 inches in diameter, a = 0,375 inch ; 


from 12 to 30 “ 
“ 30 to 48 “ 
48 to 70 “ 
“ 70 to 100 “ 


a = 0.5 “ 

a = 0.625 “ 
a = 0.75 “ 

a = 0.875 “ 


Thickness to give to Water and Steam Pipes. 


Iron. 

Cast iron. 

Wrought copper. 

Lead. 

Zinc. 

Wood. 


e = 0.00086 w d + 0.0030 
e = 0.00238 n <7+ 0.33465 
c = 0.00148 n <7+ 0.15748 
e = 0.00242 n <7+0.19685 
e = 0,00620 n (7 + 0.15748 
e = 0.03230 n (7+ 1.06301 


(7, interior diameter in inches; 
e, thickness of the pipe; 
n, number of atmospheres cor¬ 
responding to the interior 
pressure per square inch. 


Strength of Columns. 

When the length of the column is from 30 to 90 times its diameter, and 
it yields wholly by bending, Mr. Ilodgkinson deduces the following 
formulae: 

W= the breaking-weight, in tons of 2,000 pounds; 

L = the length of the column, in feet; 

D = the diameter of the exterior, in inches; 
d = “ “ interior, “ 


Nature of column. 

Both ends being rounded, the 
length of the column exceed¬ 
ing 15 times its diameter. 

Both ends being flat, the 
length of the column ex¬ 
ceeding 30 times its diam. 

Solid cylindrical co-1 

X)3.76 

Tr=16.6 

7)3.55 

ir=49.4 , 

lumn of cast iron.... J 


X1.7 

Hollow cylindrical co-1 

X)i.n _ ^/3.76 

W 14 5 

7)3.55_< 73 . 5.5 

lumn of cast iron.... / 

W — 14.0 


Solid cylindrical co- \ 

X)3.76 

W=47.9 - 

7)3.55 

Tr= 149.7 

lumn of wrought iron j 

P2 

X2 

Solid square pillar of) 


ir=i2.2__ 

Dantzic oak (dry)... / 



Solid square pillar of) 


7>* 

Tr=8.7- 

red cedar (dry)./ 


L 


When the columns are shorter than those given in the tables, the strength 
may be determined by the following: 

37 































436 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Let 5 = the breaking-weight, as computed by the formula above; c = 
the crushing-weight of the material: 

b c 

Then, W=——. 

6 -f- fc 

The strength of similar columns is nearly as the area of the cross-section. 
Transverse Strength. 

S = the weight, in pounds, required to break a beam 1 inch square and 1 
inch long, fixed at one end and loaded at the other; 6 = the breadth ; 
d = the depth ; I = the length, in inches, of any other beapi of the same 
material; and IF = the weight which will cause it to break, neglecting the 
weight of the beam itself. 

1. If the beam be supported at one end and loaded at the other: 

bd^ 


TF=>S'- 


I 


2. If the beam be supported at one end and the load distributed over its whole 
length: 

b d? 

TF=25-—. 

I 

3. If the beam be supported at both ends and loaded in the middle: 

w=islf. 

L 

4. If the beam be supported at both ends and loaded uniformly over its whole 
length: 

w=istf. 

L 

6. If the beam be supported at both ends and loaded at the distance vafrom 
one end: 

m (I — m) 

6. If the beam be fixed at both ends and loaded uniformly over its whole 
length: 

b '^2 

Tr= 12 

In practice, about one-half of these values should be used in computing 
the strain to which a beam should be subjected. 


Deflection of Rectangular Beams. 

Let b = the breadth, d = the depth, and e = the deflection, in inches. 
W = the weight, in pounds ; L = the length of span, in feet 
(7= a coefficient, different for different materials. 

1. For a beam fixed at one end and loaded at the other: 





RESISTANCE TO TORSION. 


437 


2. Beam fixed at one end and uniformly loaded: 



3. Beam supported at both ends and loaded in the centre: 



4. Beam supported at both ends and uniformly loaded: 



For wrought iron, the value oi C = .0002 to .0003 

“ cast iron, “ (7 = .00037 to .000 

“ white pine or beech, “ {7 =.0048. 

“ ash, “ (7=.004. 


9-inch beam, I-shape, (Cooper & Hewitt,) 18 feet between bearings, 
weight per running foot 34 pounds, with a weight of 16,864 pounds at 
centre, deflected, after 14 hours, 1.285 inch. 

9-inch beam, I-shape, (Phoenix Iron Co.,) 21 feet between bearings, 
weight per running foot 32.84 pounds, with a weight of 4,865 pounds at 
centre, deflected 0.505 inch; with a weight of 10,916 pounds, deflected 
1.184 inch. 


Resistance to Torsion. 


S — the weight, in pounds, required to break, by twisting, a solid cylin¬ 
der 1 inch diameter, the weight acting at the distance of 1 inch from the 
axis of the cylinder; d = the diameter, in inches, of any other cylinder of 
the same material; r = the distance from its axis to the point where the 
breaking-weight, W, is applied; tlicn. 



r 



For hollow cylinders : 


Theoretical formula of Lieut, (now Captain) Rodman, verified-by Major 
Wade’s experiments. 

D = the exterior, and d = the interior, diameter of the cylinder in 
inches. 


Values of S. 


Wrought iron... 


Begins to set. 


/ 3,600 
\ 7,700 


Bronze... 


Begins to set. 

r 2,300 

•• 16,600 






438 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Relative to)sional strength of cast-iron shafts of dif'ere?it forms, having equal 

areas of cross-sections. 

(From Major Wade’s experiments on shafts whose cross-sections were 1,2, and 3 square inches.) 


Solid cylinder. 

Solid square. 

Hollow cylinders, whose interior and exterior diameters 
are in the proportion of 



4 to 10. 

5 to 10. 

6 to 10. 

7 to 10. 

8 to 10. 

1.0000 

0.8750 

1.2656 

1.4433 

1.7000 

2.0864 

2.7377 


Specific Gravities of Fluids. 


Liquids. 


Acid, nitric. 

“ sulphuric. 

“ acetic. 

“ hydrochloric. 

Alcohol, absolute. 

Ether, sulphuric. 

Oil, linseed. 

“ olive. 

“ essential, of turpentine 

“ whale. 

“ proof spirit. 

Turpentine, liquid. 

Vinegar.. 

"Water, distilled. 

“ sea. 

“ Dead Sea. 

"Wine. 

The weight of dry atmospheric air at the temperature of 32°, the ba¬ 
rometer being at 30 inches, is of that of distilled water. 

The weight of a cubic foot of distilled water at the maximum density being 
nearly 1,000 ounces avoirdupois, the specific gravity of a solid or liquid 
body expresses the weight of a cubic foot, in ounces; therefore the weight 
of such a body in ounces will be found by multiplying its contents in cubic 
feet by its specific gravity. 

According to Mr. Ilassler’s comparisons, the weight of a cubic foot of 
water at its maximum density, the barometer being at 30 inches, is 998.008 
ounces. 

According to the British imperial standards, the weight of a cubic foot 
of water at 62°, the barometer being at 30 inches, is 997.136 ounces; this 
would give for the cubic foot of water, at the maximum density, 998.221 
ounces. 


Specific 

gravity. 


1.217 

1.841 

1.062 

1.200 

.792 

.715 

.940 

.915 

.870 

.923 

.925 

.991 

1.080 

1.000 

1.026 

1.240 

.dd'2 


Elastic Fluids. 


Air, atmospheric. 

Ammoniacal gas. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbonic acid. 

Carburetted hydrogen. 

Chlorine. 

Chloro-carbonic. 

Hydrogen. 

Oxygen. 

Phosphuretted hydrogen. 

Sulphuretted hydrogen. 

Sulphurous acid. 

Vapor of alcohol. 

“ spts. of tui’pentine 

“ sulphuric ether.... 

“ water. 

Steam at 212°. 


Specific 

gravity. 


1.000 

.597' 

.972 

1.524 

.555 

2.470 

3.389 

.070 

1.104 

.870 

1.777 

2.120 

1.613 

5.013 

2.586 

.623 

.488 




























































HYDROMETER. 


430 


Hydrometer. 

The hydrometer consists of a copper bulb, in one piece, vrithout seam, 
a solid stem of brass, screwed into the bottom of the bulb, with a weight at 
its lower extremity; a brass wire handle, attached to the upper surface of 
the bulb ; 1 vertical index-stem, steel, .071 inch diameter, inserted into the 
middle point of the handle; a weight-pan, with a conical socket on its under 
side, rests on the upper end of the stem; 4 silver wires, two attached to the 
handle and two to the stem, their points turned toward each other. The 
whole electro-gilded, ^yeights of different sizes, from tV of a grain to 
6,000 grains. 

Dimensions. —Bulb, 8 inches high, 7.5 inches diameter; .03 inch thick. 
Distance from the bottom of the bulb to the weighing-pan, 21 inches. 

Weights .—Of bulb, about 15,850 grains; of lower stem and ball, 20,320 
grains ; pan, 660 grains ; whole hydrometer, 36,830 grains. 

The maximum buoyancy of the hydrometer is 14,600 grains, and may 
be reduced one-half by placing the adjusting-weights over the ball at the 
bottom of the stem. This is found convenient in weighing small samples, 
to avoid placing numerous weights on the pan. One inch of the index-stem 
displaces one grain of water. The points of the silver wires are placed .1 
and .3 inch apart, respectively, and are sloped to .1 inch from the point. 
For more full details of its construction, see Reports of Experiments on 
Metals for Cannon, by Ordnance Officers. 

The instrument is at its zero when one of the points of the set of wires 
nearest each other is above and the other below the surface of the water: 
when either touches the water, the load is tV of a grain too light or 
heavy. If either of the two points which are more distant from the zero 
touch the surface of the water, the load is too heavy or too light by of 
a grain; if the heel of either of these parts touch the surface, the error 
is of a grain. 

The water for the hydrometer is contained in a glass jar 25 inches deep 
and not less than 12 inches in diameter. The height of the water in the 
jar should be such that when the bottom of the hydrometer descends to the 
bottom of the jar the weight-pan shall be one-quarter of an inch above 
the surface of the water. 

A thermometer divided into degrees and quarters of a degree is sus¬ 
pended in the water while weighing samples, and the temperature is noted 
at each weighing. 

To Use the Hydrometer. —Load the pan with the grain-weights until 
the instrument rest at its zero: note the weight required. Place the 
s.ample on the pan; add weights until the hydrometer sink to its zero ; 
the difference between this and the first weight is the weight of the sample 
in the air. Place the sample on the bulb of the instrument; immerse both 
until the hydrometer again rest at zero ; note the weight on the pan. Sub- 

3r«- 


440 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


tract this weight from the weight of the sample in the air, and the difference 
will be equal to the weight of water displaced by the sample. 

Divide this last weight by the number in the table, page 495, corresponding 
to the temperature of the water at the time of weighing, and the quotient 
will give the corrected displacement for the temperature of 60°. The weight 
of the sample in the air divided by the corrected displacement, gives the 
density of the sample. 

Rain or river water may be used instead of distilled water, if its relative 
density first be determined accurately and the proper correction be made. 

The density of the same water at different degrees of temperature may 
be determined in like manner. The weight of water which the hydrometer 
displaces at any other temperature than 60°, divided by its displacement in 
the same water at 60°, gives the proportionate weights of water displaced 
by the same instrument at other temperatures. 

The table on page 495 does not give the absolute density of water at 
different temperatures, but only the proportionate weights displaced by 
the same glass bulb. The varying bulk of the latter in different tempe¬ 
ratures is not taken into account, as it compensates very nearly for the 
varying bulk of the metals weighed in corresponding temperatures. 


Beauine's Areometer. 


Beaume. 

Specific 

gravity.* 

Beaume. 

Specific 

gravity.* 

Beaume. 

Specific 

gravity.* 

46 

.796 

28 

.876 

18 

.942 

40 

.815 

26 

.889 

17 

.951 

36 

.833 

24 

.901 

16 

.958 

33 

.848 

21 

.923 

15 

.964 

31 

.863 

19 

.933 

14 

.970 


* At tho temperature of 60°. 


Weight and Strength of Iron Chains. 


Biam’r of 
iron for the 
links. 

Weight of 

1 foot of 
chain. 

Breaking- 

weight. 

Proof- 

weight. 

In. 

Lhs. 

Lbs. 

Lh.s. 

0.1875 

0.325 

2,240 

948 

0.25 

0.65 

4,256 

1,680 

0.3125 

0.967 

6,720 

2,464 

0.375 

1.383 

9,634 

3,584 

0.4375 

1.767 

13,216 

5,152 

0.5 

2.683 

17,248 

6,720 

0.5625 

3.333 

21,728 

8,512 


Diam’r of 
iron for the 

Weight of 

1 foot of 

Breaking- 

Proof- 

links. 

chain. 

weight. 

weight. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lhs. 

Lbs. 

0.625 

4.217 

26,880 

10,304 

0.6875 

4.833 

32,704 

12,544 

0.75 

5.75 

38, i 52 

15,232 

0.8125 

6.667 

45,696 

17,696 

0.875 

7.5 

51,744 

20,384 

0.9375 

9.333 

58,464 

23.520 

1. ‘ 

10.817 

65,632 

26,880 




































WEIGHTS OF BAR-IRON. 


441 


Weight of One Foot in length of Flat and Scpiare Bar-Iron.^ 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 

Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 

Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

0.25 

0.25 

0.21 

1.375 

0.625 

2.88 

2. 

0.375 

. 2.52 

0.3 

0.3 

0.30 

ii 

0.75 

3.46 

ii 

0.5 

3.36 

0.875 

0.375 

0.47 

ii 

0.875 

4.04 

ii 

0.625 

4.20 

0.5 

0.125 

0.21 

ii 

1. 

4.62 

ii 

0.75 

5.( T 4 


0.1875 

0.31 

ii 

1.125 

5.19 

ii 

0.875 

5.88 

H 

0.25 

0.42 

ii 

1.25 

5.77 

ii 

1. 

6.72 


0.375 

0.63 

ii 

1.375 

6.35 

ii 

1.125 

• 7.56 

<< 

0.5 

0.84 

1.5 

0.125 

0.63 

ii 

1.25 

8.40 

0.025 

0.625 

1.34 

ii 

0.1875 

0.94 

ii 

1.375 

9.24 

0.75 

0.125 

0.31 

ii 

0.25 

1.26 

it 

1.5 

' 10.08 

ii 

0.1875 

0.47 

ii 

0.375 

1.89 

a 

1.75 

11.76 

a 

0.25 

0.63 

ii 

0.5 

2.52 

ii 

2. 

13.44 

n 

0.375 

0.94 

ii 

0.625 

3.15 

2.25 

0.125 

0.94 


0.5 

1.26 

a' 

0.75 

3.78 

(( 

0.1875 

1.41 


0.625 

1.57 

ii 

0.875 

4.41 

ii 

0.25 

1.89 

a 

0.75 

1.89 

ii 

1. 

5.04 

ii 

0.375 

2.83 

0.875 

0.875 

2.57 

a 

1.125 

5.67 

ii 

0.5 

3.78 

1. 

0.125 

0.42 

a 

1.25 

6.30 

ii 

0.625 

4.72 

ii 

0.1875 

0.63 

ii 

1.5 

7.56 

ii 

0.75 

5.66 

ii 

0.25 

0.84 

1.625 

0.125 

0.68 

ii 

0.875 

6.61 

ii 

0.375 

1.26 

(i 

0.25 

1.36 

ii 

1. 

7.56 

ii 

0.5 

1.68 

4 ( 

0.5 

2.73 

ii 

1.125 

8.50 

ii 

0.625 

2.10 

i i 

0.75 

4.20 

ii 

1.25 

9.45 

ii 

0.75 

2.52 

ii 

1. 

5.46 

ii 

1.375 

10.39 

ii 

0.875 

2.94 

a 

1.625 

8.87 

ii 

1.5 

11.34 

ii 

1. 

3.36 

1.75 

0.125 

0.73 

ii 

1.75 

13.22 

1.125 

1.125 

4.25 

a 

0.1875 

1.10 

ii 

2. 

15.12 

1.25 

0.125 

0.52 

a 

0.25 

1.47 

ii 

2^25 

17.01 

ii 

0.1875 

0.78 

ii 

0.375 

2.20 

2.5 

0.125 

1.05 

ii 

0.25 

1.05 

ii 

0.5 

2.94 

ii 

0.1875 

1.57 

ii 

0.375 

1.57 

ii 

0.625 

3.67 

ii 

0.25 

2.10 

ii 

0.5 

2.10 

ii 

0.75 

4.41 

ii 

0.375 

3.15 

ii 

0.625 

2.62 

ii 

0.875 

5.14 

a 

0.5 

4.20 

Si 

0.75 

3.15 

ii 

1. 

5.87 

ii 

0.625 

5.25 

ii 

0.875 

3.67 

ii 

1.125 

6.60 

ii 

0.75 

6.30 

a 

1. 

4.20 

ii 

1.25 

7.35 

ii 

0.875 

7.35 

ii 

1.125 

4.72 

ii 

1.375 

8.07 

ii 

1. 

8.40 

ii 

1.25 

5.25 

ii 

1.5 

8.80 

ii 

1.125 

9.55 

1.375 

0.125 

0.57 

ii 

1.75 

10.29 

ii 

1.25 

10.50 

(( 

0.1875 

0.86 

1.875 

1.875 

11.81 

a 

1.5 

12.60 

ii 

0.25 

1.15 

2. 

0.125 

0.84 

ii 

1.75 

14.70 

ii 

0.375 

1.73 

ii 

0.1875 

1.26 

ii 

2. 

16.80 

ii 

0.5 

2.31 

i i 

0.25 

1.68 

ii 

2.5 

21.00 


* The above tables are computed for a specific gravity of 7.741, weight of 1 cubic inch = 
.28 1b.; they are about 1 per cent, too low for ordinary American iron: this is accounted for 
by the fact that our iron is rolled generally to full dimensions. 

























442 ORDNANCE MANUAL. 

Weight of One Foot of Flat and Square Bar-Iron. —Continued. 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 

Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 

Width. 

Thickness, 

Weight. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

2.75 

0.125 

1.15 

3.25 

2.5 

27.39 

4. 

1.5 

20.18 

a 

0.1875 

1.73 

it 

3. 

32.76 

tt 

2. 

26.88 


0.25 

2.31 

it 

3.25 

35.50 

it 

2.5 

33.65 


0.375 

3.46 

3.5 

0.125 

1.47 

it 

3. 

40.32 

<< 

0.5 

4.62 

ti 

0.1875 

2.20 

tt 

3.5 

47.04 


0.625 

5.77 

ti 

0.25 

2.94 

tt 

4. 

53.76 

H 

0.75 

6.93 

it 

0.375 

4.41 

4.25 

0.125 

1.78 

a 

0.875 

8.08 

ti 

0.5 

5.88 

i i 

0.25 

3.57 

a 

1. 

9.24 

tt 

0.625 

7.35 

tt 

0.375 

5.35 

iC 

1.125 

10.39 

tt 

0.75 

8.82 

it 

0.5 

7.14 

a 

1.25 

11.55 

tt 

0.875 

10.29 

ti 

1. 

14.28 

a 

1.5 

13.86 

tt 

1. 

11.76 

ti 

4.25 

60.69 

ti 

2. 

18.48 

tt 

1.25 

14.70 

4.5 

0.125 

1.89 

i6 

2.5 

23.10 

tt 

1.5 

17.64 

it 

0.25 

3.78 

n 

2.75 

25.41 

tt 

2. 

23.52 

tt 

0.375 

5.66 

3. 

0.125 

1.26 

tt 

2.5 

29.40 

it 

0.5 

7.56 

H 

0.1875 

1.89 

ti 

3. 

35.28 

it 

1. 

15.12 


0.25 

2.52 

it 

3.5 

41.16 

tt 

4.5 

68.04 

(( 

0.375- 

3.78 

3.75 

0.125 

1.57 

4.75 

0.125 

2.00 

a 

0.5 

5.04 

( i 

0.1875 

2.36 

it 

0.25 

4.00 

n 

0.625 

6.30 

it 

0.25 

3.15 

tt 

0.375 

6.00 

n 

0.75 

7.56 

tt 

0.375 

4.72 

tt 

0.5 

7.98 

a 

0.875 

8.82 

ti 

0.5 

6.30 

tt 

1. 

15.96 

a 

1. 

10.08 

ti 

0.625 

7.87 

tt 

4.75 

75.81 

a 

1.125 

11.34 

it 

0.75 

9.45 

5. 

0.125 

2.10 

a 

1.25 

12.60 

it 

0.875 

11.02 

tt 

0.25 

4.20 

<< 

1.5 

15.12 

tt 

1. 

12.60 

tt 

0.375 

6.30 

a 

2. 

20.16 

tt 

1.25 

15.75 

tt 

0.5 

8.40 

a 

2.5 

25.20 

tt 

1.5 

18.90 

it 

1. 

16.80 

a 

3. 

30.24 

ti 

2. 

25.20 

tt 

5. 

84.00 

8.25 

0.125 

1.36 

tt 

2.5 

31.50 

5.25 

0.25 

4.41 

(( 

0.1875 

2.04 

tt 

3. 

37.80 

tt 

1. 

17.64 


0.25 

2.73 

ti 

3.75 

47.25 

5.5 

0.25 

4.62 

ii 

0.375 

4.09 

4. 

0.125 

1.68 

it 

1. 

18.48 

ii 

0.5 

5.46 

tt 

0.1875 

2.52 

5.75 

0.25 

4.83 

a 

0.625 

6.82 

tt 

0.25 

3.36 

it 

1. 

19.32 

<i 

0.75 

8.19 

tt 

0.375 

5.04 

6. 

0.25 

5.04 

<< 

0.875 

9.55 

tt 

0.5 

6.72 

it 

1. 

20.16 

a 

1. 

10.92 

it 

0.625 

8.40 

it 

6. 

120.96 

n 

1.125 

12.28 

tt 

0.75 

10.08 

6.5 

0.25 

5.46 

it 

1.25 

13.65 

tt 

0.875 

11.76 

t i 

1. 

21.84 

tt 

1.5 

16.38 

tt 

1. 

13.44 

tt 

6.5 

142.00 

it 

2. 

21.84 

tt 

1.25 

16.80 

7. 

7. 

164.64 




























WEIGHTS OF ROUND BAR-IRON. 


443 


^Ve^ght of One Foot in length of Round Bar-Iron. 


Diameter. 

W eight. 

Diameter. 

Weight. 

Diameter. 

Weight. 

Diameter. 

Weight. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

0.15 

0.059 

1.625 

6.91 

3.25 

27.65 

4.75 

59.06 

0.2 

0.105 

1.75 

8.01 

3.375 

29.82 

4.875 

62.21 

0.25 

0.163 

1.875 

9.2 

3.5 

32.07 

5. 

65.45 

0.375 

0.368 

2. 

10.47 

3.625 

34.4 

5.125 

68.76 

0.5 

0.654 

2.125 

11.82 

3.75 

36.81 

5.25 

72.16 

0.625 

1.02 

2.25 

13.25 

3.875 

39.31 

5.375 

75.63 

0.75 

1.47 

2.375 

14.76 

4. 

41.89 

5.5 

79.19 

0.875 

2. 

2.5 

16.36 

4.125 

44.54 

5.625 

82.83 

1. 

2.61 

2.625 

18.03 

4.25 

47.28 

5.75 

86.56 

1.125 

3.31 

2.75 

19.79 

4.375 

50.11 

5.875 

90.36 

1.25 

4.09 

2.875 

21.63 

4.5 

53.01 

6. 

94.25 

1.375 

4.94 

3. 

23.56 

4.625 

56. 

6.185 

100. 

1.5 

5.89 

3.125 

25.56 






Weight of One Square Foot of various Metals. 


Weight. 



Wrought Iron. 

Cast Iron. 

Copper. 

Brass. 

Lead. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

0.0625 

2.535 

2.345 

2.860 

2.7 eS 8 

3.693 

0.125 

5.070 

4.690 

5.720 

5.476 

7.386 

0.1875 

7.605 

7.035 

8.580 

8.214 

11.079 

0.25 

10.140 

9.380 

11.440 

10.952 

14.772 

0.3125 

12.675 

11.725 

14.300 

13.690 

18.465 

0.375 

15.216 

14.670 

17.160 

16.428 

22.158 

0.4375 

17.851 

16.415 

20.020 

19.166 

25.851 

0.5 

20.280 

18.760 

22.880 

21.904 

29.544 

0.5625 

22.815 

21.105 

25.740 

24.642 

33.237 

0.625 

25.350 

23.450 

28.600 

27.380 

36.930 

0.6875 

27.885 

25.795 

31.640 

30.118 

40.623 

0.75 

30.410. 

28.140 

34.320 

32.856 

44.316 

0.8125 

32.945 

30.485 

37.180 

35.594 

48.009 

0.875 

35.480 

32.880 

40.040 

38.332 

51.702 

0.9375 

38.015 

35.225 

42.900 

41.170 

55.405 

1. 

40.550 

37.570 

45.760 

43,908 

59.098 










































ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


444 


Weight of\ Foot in length of Cast-Iron Pipes of different thickness. 


Diameter 
of Bore. 

j-inch. 

f-inch. 

|-inch. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

1 

3.06 

5.06 

7.36 

H 

3.68 

5.98 

8.59 

H 

4.29 

6.9 

9.82 

If 

4.91 

7.83 

11.05 

2 

5.53 

8.75 

12.27 

24 

6.14 

9.66 

13.5 

2^ 

6.74 

10.58 

14.72 

2| 

7.36 

11.5 

15.95 

3 

7.98 

12.43 

17.18 

31 

8.59 

13.34 

18.35 


9.2 

14.21 

19.64 

3| 

9.76 

15.19 

20.86 

4 

10.44 

16.11 

22.1 

41 

11.1 

17.08 

23.37 

4i 

11.66 

17.94 

24.54 

43 

12.27 

18.87 

25.77 

5 

12.80 

19.78 

26.99 

54 

13.5 

20.71 

28.23 


14.11 

21.63 

29.45 

5| 

14.73 

22.55 

30.68 

6 

15.34 

23.47 

31.91 


15.95 

24.39 

33.13 

6^ 

16.57 

25.31 

34.36 

6| 

17.18 

26.23 

35.59 

7 

17.79 

27.15 

36.82 

^4 

18.41 

28.08 

38.05 

7^ 

19.03 

29. 

39.05 

7f 

19.64 

29.69 

40.5 

8 

20.02 

30.83 

41.71 

84 

20.86 

31.74 

42.95 

84 

21.69 

32.9 

44.4 

8 . 3 - 

04 

22.09 

33.59 

45.4 

9 

22.71 

34.52 

46.64 

94 

23.31 

35.43 

47.86 

94 

23.93 

36.36 

49.09 

9| 

24.55 

37.28 

50.32 

10 

25.16 

38.2 

51.54 

10^ 

25.77 

39.11 

52.77 

104 

26.38 

40.04 

54. 

10| 

27. 

40.96 

55.22 

11 

27.62 

41.88 

56.46 

114 

28.22 

42.8 

57.67 

114 

28.84 

43.71 

58.9 

Ilf 

29.45 

44.64 

60.13 

12 

30.06 

45.55 

61.35 


f-inch. 

f-inch. 

|-inch. 

1-inch. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

9.97 

12.89 

16.11 

19.63 

11.51 

14.73 

18.25 

22.09 

13.04 

16.56 

20.4 

24.54 

14.57 

18.41 

22.55 

27. 

16.11 

20.25 

24.7 

29.45 

17.64 

22.09 

26.84- 

31.85 

19.17 

23.92 

28.93 

34.36 

20.7 

25.71 

31.14 

36.81 

22.19 

27.62 

33.29 

39.28 

23.78 

29.45 

35.44 

41.72 

25.31 

31.3 

37.58 

44.18 

26.85 

33.13 

39.73 

46.63 

28.38 

34.98 

41.88 

49.1 

29.97 

36.87 

44.08 

51.6 

31.44 

38.65 

46.17 

54. 

32.98 

40.5 

48.32 

56.45 

34.51 

42.33 

50.46 

59. 

36.05 

44.18 

52.62 

61.36 

37.58 

46.02 

54.76 

63.81 

39.12 

47.86 

56.91 

66.27 

40.65 

49.7 

59.06 

68.73 

42.18 

51.54 

61.21 

72. 

43.72 

53.39 

63.36 

73.41 

45.26 

55.23 

65.28 

76.1 

46.79 

56.84 

67.65 

78.53 

48.1 

58.91 

69.79 

81. 

49.86 

60.74 

71.95 

83.45 

51.38 

62.59 

74.09 

86. 

52.92 

64.42 

76.23 

88.35 

54.45 

66.26 

78.38 

90.81 

56.21 

68.33 

80.76 

93.49 

57.52 

69.95 

82.68 

95.72 

59.07 

71.8 

84.84 

98.18 

60.59 

73.63 

86.97 

100.63 

62.13 

75.47 

89.13 

103.1 

63.66 

77.32 

91.28 

105.54 

65.2 

79.16 

93.42 

108. 

66.73 

80.99 

95.57 

110.44 

68.26 

82.84 

97.71 

113. 

69.8 

84.67 

99.86 

115.35 

71.33 

86.52 

102.01 

117.81 

72.86 

88.35 

104.15 

120.26 

74.39 

90.19 

106.3 

122.71 

75.93 

92.04 

108.45 

125.18 

77.46 

93.6 

110.6 

127.6 
























MEASURES OF LENGTH. 


445 


CHAPTER FIFTEENTH. 

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


Measures of Length. 

The yard is the unit, and is the same as the British yard. 


Inches. 

Feet. 

Yards. 

Rods or Poles. 

Furlongs. 

Mile. 

12 

1 





36 

3 

1 




198 

16J 

5J 

1 



7,920 

660 

220 

40 

1 


63,360 

5,280 

1,760 

320 

8 

1 


For Surveying Land. —7.92 Inches = 1 link, Gunter’s 

100 Links = 4 poles, or 22 yards, or 66 feet, J chain. 
For Map-Making. —Chains are often made of 50 links, each 1 foot in length. 
For Measuring Ropes and Soundings. —1 Fathom =6 feet. 

1 Cable’s length = 120 fathoms. 

For Measuring Cloth. —1 Nail = 2I inches = l-16th of a yard. 

1 Quarter = 4 nails. 

1 Yard = 4 quarters. 

1 Ell English = 5 quarters. 

For Measuring Horses. —1 Hand = 4 inches. 

Geographical Measure. —1 Degree of a great circle of the earth = 69.77 miles. 

1 Geographical or nautical mile = l-60thof a degree 
of the earth =2,025 yards. 

1 Nautical league = 3 miles. 

Nautical Measure. —1 Mile or Knot = 1.150/ mile. 

The inch was formerly divided into three parts, called barley-corns, and 
also into twelve parts, called lines, neither of which denominatious is now 
in common use. Scales and measuring-rules are generally divided into 
inches, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths; or into inches and decimal parti: the 
latter of these divisions is used in the Ordnance Department. 

Copies of the standard yard have been distributed to various parts of the 
country, for the purpose of establishing uniformity. 

Measures of Surface. 

Square Measure. —144 Square inches = 1 square foot. 

9 Square feet = 1 square yard. 
















446 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Land Measure. —30J Square yards = 1 square perch or pole. 

40 Perches = 1 rood. 

160 Perches z= 4 roods = 1 acre = 10 square chains (Gun¬ 
ter’s) = 4,840 square yards = 70 yards square, nearly. 
640 Acres = 1 square mile. 

Architect's and Builder's Pleasure .—1 Square = 100 square feet. 

Board Measure. 

The unit of board measure is a superficial foot of a board 1 inch thick. 
To find the number of feet, hoard measure, in any piece of timber, multiply 
the number of superficial feet by the thickness in inches. 

Planks of less thickness than one inch are estimated at one inch. 

¥ « 

Measures of Solidity. 

Cubic or Solid Measure. —1 Cubic foot = 1,728 cubic inches. 

1 Cubic yard = 46,656 “ “ =27 cubic feet. 

Measuring Stone. —1 Perch is usually 24|- cubic feet. 

This varies in dilferent parts of the United States. 
Measuring Wood .—1 Cord is a prism 4 feet square and 8 feet long = 128 
cubic feet. 

Measures of Capacity. 

Liquiu Measure. 

The standard gallon of the United States is the old wine gallon, which 
measures 231 cubic inches, and contains (as determined by Mr. Hassler) 
58373 Troy grains, or 8.3388822 avoirdupois pounds, of distilled water at 
the maximum density, (39°.83 Fahr.;) the barometer being at 30 inches. 


Gills. 

Pints. 

Quarts. 

Gallons. 

4 

1 



8 

2 

1 


32 

8 

4 

1 


A cubic foot contains 7.48 gallons. 

A box 6 X 6 X 6*42 inches contains 1 gallon. 
A box 4 X 4 X inches contains 1 quart. 


Dry Measure. 

The standard bushel of the United States is the Winchester bushel, which 
measures 2150.4 cubic inches, and contains 543391.89 Troy grains, or 
77.627413 lbs. avoirdupois, of distilled water, under the circumstances 
above stated. 












MEASURES OF WEIGHT. 


447 


Pints.' 

Quarts. 

Gallons. 

Pecks. 

Bushels. 

2 

1 




8 

4 

1 



16 

8 

2 

1 


64 

32 

8 

4 

1 


A cubic yard contains 21.69 bushels. 

A cylinder 14 in. diam.V 14 in. deep I , . , 

u ^ V contains 1 bushel. 

Or a box 16 X 1^-8 X 8 inches / 

A box 12 X 11-2 X 8 inches contains ^ bushel. 

A box 8 X 8.4 X 8 inches contains 1 peck. 


N.B.—It will be observed that the pint, quart, and gallon of dry measure 
are not the same as for liquid measure. 


Measures of Weight. 

Avoirdupois Weight. 

The standard avoirdupois pound of the United States, as determined by 
Mr. Ilassler, is the weight of 27.7015 cubic inches of distilled water weighed 
in air at the temperature of the maximum density, (39°.83;) the barometer 
being at 30 inches. 


Drams. 

Ounces. 

Pounds. 

Quarters. 

Cwt. 

Ton. 

16 

1 





256 

16 

1 




7,168 

448 

28 

1 



28,672 

1,792 

112 

4 

1 


573,440 

35,840 

2,240 

80 

20 

1 


Troy Weight. 


Grains. 

Dwt. 

Ounces. 

Pound.' 

24 

1 



480 

20 

1 


5,760 

240 

12 

1 


The pound, ounce, and grain are the same in Apothecaries’ and Troy 
weight; in the former, the ounce is divided into 8 drachms, the draclim 
into 3 scruples, and the scruple into 20 grains. 

7,000 Troy grains = 1 lb. avoirdupois. 

175 Troy pounds = 144 lbs. avoirdupois. 

175 Troy ounces = 192 oz. avoirdupois. 

437J Troy grains = 1 oz. avoirdupois. 

38 








































448 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Measitres of Value. 


Gold. 

Double 

Eagle. 

Eagle. 

Half- 

Eagle. 

Tliree- 

Dollars. 

Quarter- 

Eagle. 

Dollar. 

Weight. 

grains 

516 

258 

129 

77.4 

64.5 

25.8 

Deviation allowed... 


0.5 

0.5 

0.5 

0.75 

0.25 

0.25 

Diameter. 

inches 

1.320 

1.05 

.85 

.80 

.70 

.60 

Thickness. 

a 

.076 

.059 

.045 

.033 

.033 

.019 


Silver. 

Dollar. 

Half- 

Dollar. 

Quarter- 

Dollar. 

Dime. 

Half- 

Dime. 

Three- 

Cent. 

Copper 

Cent. 

Weight.grains 

Deviation allowed... “ 

Diameter.inches 

Thickness. “ 

412.5 

1.5 

1.5 

.084 

192. 

1.5 

1.2 

.060 

96. 

0.5 

.95 

.050 

38.4 

0.5 

.7 

.032 

19.2 

0.5 

.6 

.024 

11.52 

0.5 

.55 

.018 

72. 

4.0 

.75 

.065 


The standard of gold and silver is 900 parts of pure metal and 100 of alloy 
in 1,000 parts of coin. The alloy of gold coin is 25 silver and 75 copper; 
the alloy of silver is copper. The cent is 88 parts copper and 12 parts 
nickel in 100 parts. 

Dimensions of Drawing-Paper. 


Cap. 1 ft. 1 in. X 1 foot 4 inches. 

Demy. 1 “ “ X 1 “ ^ “ 

Medium. 1 “ 10 “ X 1 “ ^ “ 

Royal. 2 “ 0 “ X 1 “ 7 “ 

Super royal. 2 “ 3 “ X 1 “ ^ “ 

Imperial. 2 “ 5 “ X 1 “ 9^ “ 

Elephant. 2 “ 3| “ X 1 “ “ 

Columbier. 2 “ Of “ X 1 ^f “ 

Atlas. 2 “ 9 “ X 2 “ 2 “ 

Theorem. 2 “ 10 “ X 2 “ 4 “ 

Double elephant. 3 “ 4 “ X 2 “ 2 “ 

Antiquarian. 4 “ 4 “ X 2 “ 7 “ 


A ream of paper is 20 quires of 24 sheets each. 

FOREIGN MEASURES AND WEIGHTS 
Pleasures of Length. 

Great Britain.— The same as those of the United States. (See page 445.) 

The Imperial standard yard of Great Britain, adopted in 1825, is referred 
to a natural standard, which is the distance between the axis of suspension 
and the centre of oscillation of a pendulum which shall vibrate seconds in 
vacuo, in London, at the level of the sea: that distance, measured on a 






















































FOREIGN MEASURES AND WEIGHTS. 


449 


brass rod, at the temperature of G2° Fahr., is declared to be 39.1393 im¬ 
perial inches. 

France.— New System: The metre is the unit, and is the ten-millionth 
part of a quadrant of a meridian of the earth, measured at the tem¬ 
perature of 32°. The multiples and divisions of it are decimal, viz.: 

1 Metre = 10 decimetres = 100 centimetres = 1,000 millimetres. 

1 Metre = decametre = h-ectametre = kilometre = to^-qs 
myriametre. 

1 Metre = 1.093633 yard = 3.280899 feet = 39.37079 inches. 

1 Metre = 0.51317 toise. 

1 Kilometre = 0.621383 mile. 

For table for reducing metres to inches, see page 493. 

Old System: 

= 0.0074 Eng. inch. 

== 0.08884 
= 1.06577 
= 12.7892- 


1 Point 

1 Line = 12 points 

1 Inch 12 lines 

1 Foot = 12 inches 

1 Ell = 43 in. 10 lines = 46.716 “ = 1.298 yd. 

1 Toise = 6 feet = 76.735 “ =2.132 “ 

Perch (Paris) = 18 feet. 

Perch (royal) = 22 “ 

League, (common,) 25 to a degree = 4,861 yds. = 2.76 miles. 

League (post) = 2,000 toises = 4,264 yds. = 2.42 miles. 

Fathom (brasse) = 63.946 inches, or 5J feet Eng., nearly. 

Cable length = 120 fathoms French = 106| fathoms English. 

1 Pace (pas) = f metre = 26.5 inches nearly. 

1 Foot (fuss) = 12 zoll = 1.0371 ft. = 12.4452 inches. 

1 Inch (zoll) = 12 linie = 144 punkt = 1.0371 inch. 

1 Mile (meile) = 4.7141 miles. 

' 1 Rhineland ft. (Rhein-fuss) = 12 zoll = 1.0297 ft. = 12.3564 in. 

1 Inch (zoll) = 12 linie = 144 scrupel = 1.0297 inch. 

1 Mile (po5i-me?7e) = 2,000 ruthe =24,000 Rhein-fuss = 4.68045 
miles. 

'The foot is the same as the English foot. 

1 Foot = 12 inches = 120 lines = 1,200 points. 

1 Archine = 28 inches = 2.3333 feet = 1 foot. 

1 Sag^ne = 3 archines = 7 feet. 

1 Verst = 500 sagbnes = 1,500 archines = 3,500 ft.=.6629 mile, 
n Foot = 0.91319 foot = 10.95828 inches. 

1 Vara = 3 feet = 0.91319 yard = 2.73957 feet. 

1 League = 24,000 feet = 4.1508 miles. 

1 Common league, or 19,800 feet = 3.4245 miles. 


Austria. 


Prussia. 


Russia. 


Spain. 





450 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Sardinia 

Sweden. 

Turkey. 

China. 

Havana. 

Mexico. 


^1 

{1 

fl 

li 

(1 


Ft. (Turin) = 12 oncia = 144 punto = 1.12374 ft.= 13.485 in, 
Foot (Liprando) = 1.685G1 ft. 

Mile = 1,300 tesa = 1.5744 mile. 

Foot = 0.07144 foot = 11.6573 inches. 

Mile = 6.6235 miles. 

Pic = 0.73173 yard = 2.19519 feet. 

Berri = 1.0358 mile. 

Chik mathematical = 13.125 inches = 1.093 foot. 

Chile commercial = 14.7625 inches = 1.2302 foot. 

Li = 608.608 yards = .3458 mile. 

To = 69.1797 miles. 

Foot = 0.92741 foot = 11.129 inches. 

Vara = 0.92741 yard = 2.78223 feet. 

Foot = .91578 foot = 10.989 inches. 

Vara = 0.91578 yard = 2.74735 feet = 32.9682 inches. 
League (common) — 2.594 miles. 


Measures of Surface. 

Great Britain. —The same as those used in the United States. 

{ 1 Square inch = 1.13587 square inch. 

1 Arpent (Paris) = 4.089 square yds.=.8449 acre. 

1 Arpent (ordinary) =1.0457 acre. 

New System { ^ ~ square metres = 119.603 square yards. 

11 hectare = 10 decares = 100 ares = 2.4711 acres. 
Austria. —1 Joch or Jochart = 1.4223 acre. 

Prussia. —1 Morgen = 0.6309 acre. 

Spain. —1 Fanigada = 1.5871 acre. 

Measures of Solidity. 

Great Britain. —The same as those used in the United States. 

f 1 cubic inch = 1.2106 cubic inch. 
FBANCE.-OMSi,Wem I j _ 2091.85 inches = 1.2105 foot. 

{ 1 cubic decimetre = 61.0271 cubic inches. 

1 stere = 1 cubic metre = 35.3166 cubic ft. = 1.308 
cubic yard. 


Measures of Capacity. 

Great Britain.— The British imperial gallon measures 277.274 cubic 
inches, containing 10 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water weighed in air 
at the temperature of 62°, the barometer being at 30 inches. The same 
measure is used for liquids as for dry goods which are not measured by 
heaped measure ; for the latter, the bushel is to be heaped in the form of 
a cone not less than 6 inches high, the base being 19J inches. The old 


FOREIGN MEASURES. 


451 


distinctions of wine measure, ale and beer measure, and dr^ measure, are 
discontinued. 

1 Gallon = 1.2006 gallon = 277.274 cubic inches. 

For grain, / ^ l^^^shel = 1.0318 bushel = 1.2836 cubic ft. 

\ 1 Load = 5 quarters = 40 bushels = 51.347 cubic feet. 

For coal J ^ ^ bushels = 3.0944 bushels. 

11 Chaldron = 12 sacks = 36 bushels = 58.68 cubic feet. 

For timber .—1 Load = 40 cubic feet. 

1 Litre = 1.057 quart = 61.0271 cubic inches. 

1 Hectolitre = 10 decalitres = 100 litres = 26.418 gallons. 

1 Kilolitre = 10 hectolitres = 28.3782 bushels. 

1 Pinte (old) = .98383 quart, 
j 1 Wine arroba = 4.26304 gallons. 

11 Fanega = 1.59914 bushel. 

Mexico. —1 Fanega = 1.60307 bushel. 

Havana.— 1 Fanega = 3.11023 bushels. 


France. 


Spain. 


Measures of }Yeiglit. 

Great Britain. —The same as those used in the United States. 

The imperial avoirdupois pound is the weight of 27.7274 cubic inches of 
distilled water weighed in air at the temperature of 62° Fahr.; barometer, 
30 inches. 

Horseman's weight. —1 Stone = 14 lbs. 

France. — Old System: 

1 Livre = 16 onces = 1.0780 lb. avoirdupois. 

1 Once = 8 gros = 1.0780 oz. avoirdupois. 

1 Gros = 72 grains = 58.9548 grains Troy. 

1 Grain. = 0.8188 “ 

New System: The basis of tlie system of weights is the weight, in vacuo, 
of a litre, or a cubic decimetre, of distilled water, at the temperature of 
39°.2 Fahr.; weight is a gramme, the multiples of 

which are : 1 decagramme = 10 grammes; 1 hectogramme = 100 grammes ; 
1 kilogramme = 1,000 grammes. The divisions are: 1 decigramme = tV 
gramme; 1 centigramme = gramme; 1 milligramme = 

gramme. 

1 Quintal = 100 kilogrammes. 

1 Millier = 1,000 kilogrammes = 1 ton sea-weight, (French.) 

1 Kilogramme = 2.204737 pounds avoirdupois. 

1 Gramme = 15.433159 grains Troy = 0.03528 oz. avoirdupois. 

For table for converting kilogrammes into pounds, see page 494. 

f 1 Pound = 16 unze = 32 loth = 128 quent =512 pfennig = 
Austria, -i 1.234677 pound. 

11 Karch = 4 centner = 20 stein = 493.87084 lbs. 

38* 



452 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Russia. 


1 Round = 2 mark = 16 unze = 32 loth = 128 quentchen = 
Prussia. ^ 1.03118 lb. 

1 Centner = 110 pfund = 113.44 lbs. 

’ 1 Pound = 12 lana = 32 loth = 96 solotniks = 9,216 doll = 
.901691 lb. 

1 Pood = 40 pounds. 

1 Berkowitz = 360.6764 lbs. 

1 Pound is the weight of 25 cubic inches of water. 

1 Pound == 16 onza = 128 ochava = 256 adarme = 768 tomine 
Spain. -I = 9,216 grano = 1.016097 lb. 

1 Ton = 20 quintal = 80 arroba = 2,000 lbs. = 2,032.2 lbs. 

1 Pound = 12 oncia = 96 ottavo = 6125 grano = .896286 lb. 
Sardinia. ^ 1 Pound of Turin = .813332 lb. 

1 Rubbio = 25 pounds = 20.3333 lb. 

1 Pound = 16 untz = 128 qwintin = 8,848 as = .937284 lb. 
Skeppund (for iron) = 299.93088 lbs. 

Turkey.— 1 Oka = 2.828571 lb. 

r 1 Pound = 16 leung = 364 chu = 3,840 lui = 38,400 shu = 
China. J 1.3333 lb. 

i 1 Shik = 4 kwan = 60 yin = 120 kan == 160 lbs. 

Japan.— 1 Pecul = 100 catty = 1,600 tael = 16,000 mas = 160,000 con- 
dorine = 130 lbs. 


Sweden. 






Equivalents of Ounces in Decimal Fractions of a Pound. 


Ounces. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 


Ounces. 

1 

= 

.0625 

.1 


1.6 

2 

= 

.125 

.2 


3.2 

3 

= 

.1875 

.3 

— 

4.8 

4 

= 

.25 

.4 

-7- 

6.4 

5 


.3125 

.5 

— 

8.0 

6 

= 

.375 

.6 

— 

9.6 

7 

= 

.4375 

.7 

— 

11.2 

8 

= 

.5 

.8 


12.8 

9 

= 

.5625 

.9 

r= 

14.4 

10 

= 

.625 

1.0 

— 

16.0 

11 

= 

.6875 • 




12 

= 

.75 




13 

— 

.8125 




14 

= 

.875 




15 

= 

.9375 




16 

— 

1.0 








FOREIGN MEASURES. 


453 


Great 

Britain. 

France. 


Austria ... 


Prussia. ... 

Russia. 

Sardinia... 

Spain. 

Sweden. 

Rome. 

Mexico. 

Turkey. 

Japan . 

Hindustan 


Measures of Value. 

FOREIGN MONET.-ITS MINT VALUE. 


Silver 




Gold.... 


1 Guinea = 21 shillings 
Gold... -I 1 Sovereign or Pound = 

20 shillings. 

1 Crown = 5 shillings.. 
Shilling = 12 pence .. 

Copper... 1 Penny. 

. 

\ 20 Francs. 

Silver...b Francs. 

Copper. 1 Sou. 

1 Imperial souverain = 
13 florins 20 kreutzers 
1 Imperial ducat = 4 
florins 36 kreutzers.. 
1 Rix-dollar = 2 florins 
1 Crown = 2 florins 12 

kreutzers . 

Silver..-}^ 1 Zwanziger=20 kreut¬ 
zers. 

1 Silver Groschen = 3 

kreutzers. 

' Gold...! Double Frederick = 11 

thalers 10 silver groschen. 

Silver..! Thaler = 30 silver gro¬ 
schen. 

f Gold...! Imperial = 10 roubles.. 

I Silver..! Rouble. 

/ Gold...^Q Lires. 

Silver..5 Lires. 

f n j j f 1 Doubloon or Ounce... 

*^°'‘^-ll00Kcals. 

Silver..! Piastre. 


Dollars. 

6.059 

4.848 

1.08 

0.222 

0.018 

19.225 

3.845 

0.968 

0.00968 


6.77 


2.28 

1.013 

1.1138 

0.168 


0.025 

8.00 

0.717 

7.952 

0.784 

15.488 

0.968 

15.731 

4.963 

1.005 


Gold...! Ducat. 

Silver..! Specie rix-daler. 

Gold...2^ Scudi. 

Silver..! Scudo. 

Gold...! Doubloon. 

Silver..! Piastre of 8 reals. 

Gold...!00 Piastres. 

Silver..20 Piastres = 800 paras.. 


2.267 

1.101 

2.60 

1.047 

15.534 

1.049 

4.374 

0.865 


Silver..! Itzebu. 
Gold...! Mohur 
Silver..! Rupee. 


0.37 

7.08 

0.46 


Subdivisions. 
h h 4 guinea 


50 francs, 40 frs. 
10 francs, 5 frs. 

1 franc = 20 sous. 


Half, quarter sou • 
verains. 

Half, or florin. 


Or 20 kreutzers. 


Single, half. 

11111 
3’ TS'’ YT» "Sir- 
Half imperial. 

Half rouble. 

40, 20 lires. 

2, 1, I 1 lire. 


Pistareen, (J of pi¬ 
astre.) 

J, ^ ducat. 
1111 
2> ¥> 8’ T6- 


Pieces of 10 and 
5 piastres. 









































Comparative Table of French and United States Pleasures. 


454 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


m 

'o 

s 

'TS 

^ . 

t-* 

o g - 

cS j ci 

^ ci O) 

bC P 


P3 ^ 
o o 


® £ o - 


-a 

o 

p 


« o 


eS ,o 


c3 

cr' C tt) oj 
02 02 P 


Sj 


o 

p 

p 


c3 P I 


a> 


- S.S 


0) 


.s a 


02 

02 


02 
a 
a 

d 

J- ..H 

O ^ 


c3 

bC. 

O '■ 


P 
cj 
Pi P 


P 

si 


02 02 
02 P P 
P ’I 


eS 
P 
CP cP 
02 02 


rP O 
P ,o 

. C2 


P P 


02 


02 «> 
g a 02 02 O 

.P ;h ci 


rs 

p 
C3 
Pi 

.2 

.1-1 p 
02 

g eS 

P 


a -S 

o 


fO 


o 

.O o 

S o 

1 


o 

c2 

p 


02 


f3 <u 02 f- -ti 


g ;h 02 *p 5 q P s 

aoi_pq^popa®* 

c3. P*'^*'^ii2Q2 02 02 02p 


0) 

<—H 




g a 


. ^ 

t ^ 

C5 3 

~ c3 
c> C3 

a p 


'• .o 

02 pH 


02 

s - 
S s § 

P3 ci a 
s 

02 M ^ 
sh t 2 

^ f 3 

Cf - O' 
02 ^ 02 


03 

P 

• rH 

-iJ 02 
O Pi 
O 

Pi 02 

I 

02 


02 

rP 

P 

02 


(-1 " T 

.a j i 


a> 


g P c3 P 03 02 

^ P P P P 02 

•rH O'' O" C ^ 


O O 02 

'.S 

p p 

o o 


w 

.P 02 02 

s .ti 
O 2-^ 


o ^ 

gts 

a p p 

S 


^ o o 
^ 

I I 

O 3 O 

-w Hf^ 

I D I 

3 Pi a 

o3 j 03 

C- w 

bC q bO 

O .P O 


^ a o 

b o =2 

p .p I « 

P P2 O 02 
cr o • P iP 
02 o 

1 T P ow 
02 02 02 O 

F^ 0^ 


I 


I 


2 ® . 

'o '. -2 

a § "g* 

o iu a 
Pi bO 
^ o 


o 

Pi 




w w 


cS 

tM 

03 

P 
• ^ 

02 

02 

U 

bC 

02 

'PS 

02 

''P • 

.^&3 

-hJ 02 

P ipS 
02 
O 


05 

iC 05 ■'3S Hfi -^2 iO 

Hti OO 05 05 GO I-H 

. 05 O CP O OC CO 
0''tlC0iO05-iti-^05 
SCCOtOnHCSOi—lO 
O O CO CO 05 OO 


O O T-i 


O O I-H 


CO CO lO GO 

05 I— O CO ^ lO 

t^cPOscocoi-Hi-Hoi -m 
COGOOf—It—ICOOCOCOOl 
1^ t-H OJ OO I— OO GO pi CP O GO 
CO>OO5CO0OGOO^CPPC0CO 
t—IplOGOPCOOl— 05 01i—I 

iOoOOOOODOOOlOO 

pi P I—I CO 

OD 


05 

P 

GO 

00 

p 


o 

05 

o 

CO 

o 

o 

o 

o 


CO 

CO 

oo 

ps 


CO 

CO o 
05 lO 
05 1—I to 

P to to 
O to 

CO o o 



t—i 

cc 

cc 

05 

r*H 


o 

GO 

GO 

D1 

GO 

CO 

I'- 

CO 


t-H 

CD 

hCH 

05 

(M 

00 


00 

t-O 


t-O 

CO 


o 


CO 

I-H 

r~H 

r-i 

Hji 

o 



I—1 

to 

o 

O 

O 

CO 

'Cfl 

I-H 

i^H 

o 




HFJ- 

05 

(Dl 

o 

DH 

■'t 

>o 

o 

rH 

UO 

o 

I'- 

(M 

00 

'Iti 

05 

to 

to 

rH 

to 

1^1 

iH. 

<M 


o 


CO 

CO 

o 

t—1 

CD 

CD 

'CD 

o 

DJ 



o 

CO 

■C2 

05 

CD 

CD 

o 

CD 

CD 

CO 

1— 

(m 

'M 

o 

CD 

Hji 


t—1 

CD 

05 

05 

CO 

C<l 

t- 


D1 

CO 

CD 

CD 

O 

(M 

1- 

CO 

Tji 

l—H 

Hf 

CS 

tt 

I-H 


O 

o 

00 

CD 

O 

O 

o 

CO 


o 


O 

CO 

tH. 

i^i 

TjH 


Htl 

00 

O 

o 

iitH 

o 

X 

CD 

o 

■dH 


05 

<M 

CO 

CO 

05 

05 

CD 



00 

05 

to 

I-H 

I-H 

00 

CD 

Cl 

Hlti 



lc<i 

l»—< 

o' 

H-i’ 

It-H 

It-H 

O 

(m' 

o' 

'(m‘ 

It—1 

T-I 


loi 

M 

I-H 


|r-i 

o 


o' 

l—H 

II-^ 

Il-H 


•C5l^t^i-H05CDOC1(MCO 

Clt^COt^OOOS-itiCD 


00 

Cl 

CO 

Cl 

to 

CPSCD00Hti(M-H05 00 C0iO 

CO 1— Cl 00 --^i O CO 05 


to 

CO 

to 

<35 

d 

,Gt000 1'-05l'HtO'»ti'itiCO 

T+i 05 Cl 1^ I-H to O '^i 

i^i 

00 


t-O 

d 

iH. 

.P-tHC0-HrHO500COCOC0O5 

1-- 00 UO 05 CD 05 O CO 

CO 

05 

CO 

CO 

CD 

d 

SiOOCOCOtOtOCOCOOOi-H 

1— Cl lO 1— CD CO CO 05 

1- 

Cl 

rH 

to 

OO 

to 

E,CO ■itl0505-HC0 05 05i05CO 

t'- 05 CO -t* I-H Cl *o o 

d 

to 

t-H 

05 

05 

to 

o I-H COOStDOOt^l-Hi-HOOCOl-HtOl-HOi^iOO 

00 

r-H 

CO 


to 

d 

^ rH <0 IC^ 0> It^ loo 

o Id icq I-H o Old o 

t-H 

CO 

IrH 

Id 

<=2 

<03 

05 CD 








to o 




00 




05tH.t^OC5COC10CD 

CO o> 

1— 


05 

to 



to CO lO iH- 05 CO CO to o 

CO I-H Cl Cl d 1^ d 

to 


o 

Cl 

CO 


-il— CICOOOCDCOOOCOOt^OCDOl^COiO 

05 


CO 

-cti 

to 


o00''ti'ii05OC0-H,-Hl.0-ti 

CO -IJH I-H --O GO CD 00 CO 

rH 


H+l 

Cl 

oo 


i2^C0O00C0G005 C1Ot0CD 

05 Cl CO I-H o to d CO 

1^ 

00 

o 

CO 

CD 


'^'ctiCt050CJOCDOi-Hl-- 

r-HOOCOCOOOCl 

CO 

Cl 

d 

o 

05 

00 

D4 0> CO O O' O^ O’ ^ O’ t~i r-H lO 

o 

ci 

o 

o 

CO 

rH 

1^ 1-^ 

CO 


Cl 






p 


02 
a 
a 

c3 

u 

s § 
02 
p 
p 
o 


itj 

d 

p 


02 

P.2 '-i 

a o p 
a ph 

g p s 
M £ ;z; 
03 O g 
C3 ” 

.a p 03 


02 

02 

a 


<U 02 ; 

• • • 

Si Si . 

• F * 

-A i-i . 
02 g : 

1 ! p 

a a : 

<v : -S 

-Hi -q 02 

u : 0) 


P 02 
P O 

02 02 

tn F^ 

o3 o3 
P P 
cr o’ 

W 02 


02 


02 

o3 

P 

CC 


02 


in 

P 

.a p 

03 P 

Sh O 


p 

^ - o 

C5 Ah H 


g f- P 

p i-i 02 o 

s I a:^ 

P o3 P 

Si p a p 

•i-i .,-i .A 

-P T* 4> 

p ® ■i:^ 

p fp t>H |«q 


02 P P 
" P P 


CT* 02 
CO 


d 


P .P P 


P 


S~I 

p -S 

02 P 

« a 




02 


-P -P 

O C2 

P P 


p’-i 

^ o 

c3 

a p 


pc 

p 

C2 

o3 

P 


02 


^ P P 


c3 


s 

^ ci 
o ^ 
3 bG 

si 

So ^ 

.2 .a 

C3 O 

c > 
2 

CO ^ 


I 

o 

‘f5 

c3 


cr* 

CO 


a a 


P o 

i .p: 

02 PS 

a ^ 
s .a 

ij 

s p 

T ^ 

- s. 

d Sh 

p a 

CP ^ 
02 <3^ 

I 02 
02 I 

-P P 

-23 


. -CS 

02 03 

!h 


02 


q 02 


ic2 

fH I 

ci Q 

§•■■§ 
02 1 ^ 

I o 
02 2 
a 02 


X; 02 
02 •- 

a o 

02 P 


02 

PS 

d 

u 

bO 

• fH 

P 

02 

P 


-S2 

P 

03 

I 

02 


O -P 


c3 


02 02 02 P p 

Sh 5i Si Si •'H 

c3 o3 P P 02 

p p p p ti 

C pi OS'* CP p 


O OJ 
Cf o; 

•FK ^ 

o o o 

‘fS 
::3 3 

oo 


■PS ^ 

Sh P — 

p r< .a 
>i.a ^ 
02 

. . 

-O P 02 
P P P 
0 0*PQ 


^ -Hi 02 -iJ I Hi I -Hi 


P O 

a 

O 02 

Pi'P 

A P 
o P 
o o 
Ah Ah 


P o 

I -HH 

02 I 
— 02 
"A 'P* 
• P 
® P 
^ o 
Ah 


S O) 

'P! 

£ p 

bflP 

Ah 


o ' 
V -2 

03 02 

P c 
Si A 
bi3 P 
^ o 

Ah 


-Hi 

P 

02 


P 

02 

Si 

bO 

02 

PS 


. Chh 

a ® 

d CO 

Si -P 
bc-g 

P 

































PHYSICAL DATA. 


455 


PHYSICAL DATA. 

Working-Power of Men and Horses. 

Men.— A foot soldier travels in 1 minute, 

in common time, 90 steps = 70 yards 
in quick time, 110 “ = 86 “ 

. in double quick, 140 “ = 109 “ 

He occupies in the ranks a front of 20 in., and a depth of 13 in., without 
the knapsack; the interval between the ranks is 13 in. 5 men can stand 
in a space of 1 square yard. Average weight of men, 150 lbs. each. • 

A man travels, without a load, on level ground, during hours a day, 
at the rate of 3.7 miles an hour, or 31J miles a day. He can carry 111 lbs. 
11 miles in a day. A porter going short distances and returning unloaded 
carries 135 lbs. 7 miles a day. He can carry in a wheelbarrow 150 lbs. 
10 miles a day. 

The maximum power of a strong man, exerted for minutes, may be 
stated at 18,000 lbs. raised 1 foot in a minute.— Mr. Field’s experiments, 1838. 

A man of ordinary strength eierts a force of 30 lbs. for 10 hours a day, 
with a velocity of 2J feet in a second = 4,500 lbs. raised 1 foot in a 
minute = one-fifth the work of a horse. 

Daily allowance of water for a man, 1 gallon, for all purposes. 

Horses. — A horse travels the distance of 400 yards, at a walk, in 4^ 
minutes; at a trot, in 2 minutes; at a gallop, in 1 minute. 

He occupies in the ranks a front of 40 in., a depth of 10 feet; in a stall, 
from 3^ to 4J feet front; at picket, 3 feet by 9. Average weight of horses, 
1,000 lbs. each. 

A horse carrying a soldier and his equipments (say 225 lbs.) travels 
25 miles in a day, (8 hours.) 

A pack-horse can carry 250 to 300 lbs. 20 miles a day. 

A draught-horse draw 1,600 lbs. 23 miles a day,—weight of carriage 
included. 

Artillery-horses should not be made to draw more than 700 lbs. each, 
the weight of the carriage included. 

The ordinary work of a horse for 8 hours a day may be stated at 
22,500 lbs. raised 1 foot in a minute. 

In a horse-mill, the horse moves at the rate of 3 feet in a second. The 
diameter of the path should not be less than 25 or 30 feet. 

Daily allowance of water for a horse, 4 gallons. 

Ventilation. —A man exhales about ^ of a cubic foot of carbonic acid 
in an hour, or 15 cubic feet in a day. He produces from the lungs and 
skin about 600 grains of vapor in an hour. 


^56 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Air is no longer fit for combustion or respiration when it contains 4 per 
cent, of its volume of carbonic acid. 

A ventilation of 8 to 9 cubic yards per hour for each person is in all 
cases sufficient. For barracks a capacity of 13 to 20 cubic yards per man 
is sufficient; the air being renewed in part by the cracks about the windows 
and by the opening of the doors. 

In dormitories the volume of carbonic acid does not exceed three or four 
thousandths of the whole space, and the air is not more than f saturated 
with moisture. 


Table showing the Weight and Bidh of 1,000 Rations. 


1,000 rations. 

Net weight 
in pounds. 

Gross weight 
in pounds. 

Bulk in 
barrels. 

Pork. 

750. 

1218.75 

3.75 

Bacon... 

750. 

903.1861 

4.9019 

Flour. 

1125. 

1234.0561 

5.7397 

Pilot bread. 

750. 

921.6867 

9.031 


1000. 

1228.9156 

12.048 

Beans. 

155. 

177.3187 

0.7142 

Rice. 

100. 

114.5 

0.4629 

Coffee. 

100. 

118.1683 

0.5813 

Sugar. 

150. 

169.5312 

0.625 

Vinegar. 

92.5 

107.5 

0.333 

Candles. 

15. 

17.5 

0.0925 

Soap. 

40. 

46.8965 

0.1877 

Salt. 

33.75 

38.6328 

0.1562 


Forage. —Hay, pressed in bundles; 11 lbs. to the cubic foot. Average 
weight of bundles, 300 lbs. 

Oats: 32 lbs. to the bushel, or 25.71 lbs. to the cubic foot. 

Wheat: GO lbs. to the bushel, or 48.21 lbs. to the cubic foot. 

Corn: 56 lbs. to the bushel, or 45.02 lbs. to the cubic foot. 

Fresh grass weighs about 84 lbs. to the cubic yard. 

3 beeves or 15 sheep consume the forage of 2 horses. 

Weight of the Atmosphere. 

Pressure of the atmosphere, on one square inch, the barometer being at 
30 in., is 14.736 lbs.; at 29.922 in. the pressure is 14.7 lbs. 

Velocity of Sound. 

At the temperature of 33° the mean velocity of sound is 1092.5 feet in 
a second. It is increased or diminished half a foot for each degree of 
temperature above or below 33°. 























VELOCITY OF THE WIND. 


457 


Velocity and Force of the Wind. 


Telocity. 


In 1 hour. In 1 second. 


Miles. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

1 

1.47 

0.005 

2 

2.93 

.020 

3 

4.40 

.044 

4 

5.87 

.079 

5 

7.33 

.123 

10 

14.67 

.492 

15 

22.00 

1.107 

20 

29.34 

1.968 

25 

36.67 

3.075 

30 

44.01 

4.429 

35 

51.34 

6.027 

40 

58.68 

7.873 

45 

66.01 

9.963 

50 

73.35 

12.300 

60 

88.02 

17.715 

80 

117.36 

31.490 

100 

146.70 

49.200 


Pressure on 
1 square foot. 


Common designations of the force of the winds. 


Hardly perceptible. 

Just perceptible. 

Gentle, pleasant wind. 

Pleasant, brisk breeze. 

Very brisk. 

High wind. 

Very high. 

A storm or tempest. 

A great storm. 

A hurricane. 

A hurricane that tears up trees, carries 
buildings before it, &c. 


Malleahility of Metals. 

Ductility of Metals. 

Gold. 

5. Platinum. 

1. Gold. 

5. Nickel. 

Silver. 

6. Lead. 

2. Silver. 

6. Copper. 

Copper. 

7. Zinc. 

3. Platinum. 

7. Zinc. 

Tin. . 

8. Iron. 

4. Iron. 

8. Tin. 


Electricity. 

RELATIVE CONDUCTING-POW'ER OF METALS. 


Copper. 

. 10,000 

Gold. 

.. 9,360 

Silver. 

. 7,360 

Zinc. 

. 2,850 

Platinum. 

. 1,880 


Iron. 1,580 

Tin . 1,550 

Lead. 830 

Mercury. 345 

Potassium . 133 


The conducting-power of rods of the same metal, of equal diameter, is 
inversely as their lengths. 

The conducting-power is increased by lowering the temperature, and 
diminished, and finally destroyed, by raising the temperature. 

The metals are infinitely belter conductors than any other substances. 
Cliarcoal which has been exposed to a strong heat is one of the best con¬ 
ductors, but greatly inferior in this respect to iron and platinum. 





























458 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Heat. 

THERMOMETERS. 


Fixed Points. 

Fahrenheit. 

Reaumur. 

Centigrade. 

Freezing-point of water. 

32° 

0° 

0° 

Boiling-point “ “ . 

212° 

80° 

100° 


For converting degrees of one scale into those of another we have— 

F° — -_i_32° = ^ 32°. 

5 4 

The zero of Wedgewood’s pyrometer corresponds with 1077° Fahr., and 
1° Wedgewood is equal to 130° Fahr. Hence F° = Tr° X 1^0° -|- 1077°. 

Note.— The indications of Wedgewood’s pyrometer are no longer relied 
on for high temperatures. 


Melting-Points of Solids. 

3280° is the highest heat attained with an air-furnace. Platinum does 
not melt at this temperature. 

Platinum, palladium, rhodium, lime, silex, fine porcelain, can be melted, 
in small quantities, by means of strong lenses, or by the hydro-oxygen 
blow-pipe. 

Iron red hot, in daylight, 1077° Fahr.; in the dark, 752°. 


Wrought iron. 3,280° 

Cast iron. 2,78G 

Gold. 2,01G 

Silver. 1,873 

Copper. 2,204 

Brass. 1,8G9 

Flint-glass. 2,377 

Antimony. 955.5 

Zinc. 775.5 

Saltpetre. 600 

Lead. 644 

Zinc. 500 

Boiling-Points of Liquids. 

Hydrochloric ether. 52° 

Sulphuric ether. 96 

Sulphuvet of carbon. 118 

Ammonia. 140 

Alcohol of 0.825. 175 

Water, and essential oils. 212 

Water, saturated Avith salt. 224 

Nitric acid. 248 


Tin. 445° 

Lead 2, tin 1 (common solder). 475 

Lead 1, tin 1. 393 

Lead 1, tin 2 (soft solder). 360 

Lead 1, tin 1, bismuth 1. 272 

Lead 2, tin 3, bismuth 5. 212 

Lead 1, tin 1, bismuth 2. 200 

Sulphur. 228 

Gutta-percha softens. 145 

Beeswax. 150 

Tallow. 127 


(^Tlie Barometer at 30 ut.) 

Spirits of turpentine. 314° 

Naphtha. 320 

Phosphorus. 554 

Sulplnir. 570 

Sulphuric acid, sp. gr. 1.843... 620 

Linseed-oil. 000 

Whale-oil. 630 

Mercux'y. 062 


















































DENSITY or WATER. 


450 


Liquids boil at a much lower temperatui'e in vacuo, or under diminished 
pressure of the atmosphere. -At the altitude of about 17,500 feet above 
the sea, where the barometer stands at 15.35 in., water boils at 180°. 


Expansion hy Heat. 

Linear Expansion of Solids, from 32° to 212°. 
Zinc. 0.0029416 


Lead. 0.0028483 

Tin, refined. 0.0021729 

Silver, fine. 0.0019097 

Brass. 0.0018750 

Copper. 0.0017122 

Gold. 0.0015000 

Steel, tempei'ed. 0.0012395 

Iron, soft, hammered. 0.0012583 

“ cast. 0.0011111 

Steel, not tempered. 0.0010788 

Platinum. 0.0008842 

Antimony. 0.0010833 


Roman cement. 0.00144 

Marble, Sicilian. 0.00141 

“ Carrara. 0.00119 

Sandstone. 0.00117 

Slate. 0.00104 

Granite. 0.00080 

Glass, flint. 0.00082 

Bi’ick, stock. 0.00055 

“ fire. 0.00049 

Marble, black Galway. 0.00045 

Oak, dry. 0.00006 


The expansion in surface is expressed by numbers double of the above, 
and the expansion in volume by triple numbers. 


Expansion of Fluids in bulk, from 32° to 212°. 


Mercury. 0.01808 

Water, distilled. 0.04330 

Water, saturated with salt. 0.05000 
Alcohol. 0.11000 


Sulphuric acid. 0.05882 

Oil (olive and linseed). 0.08333 

Spirits turpentine. 0.07143 

Gases, and air. 0.37500 


The rate of expansion of solids and liquids increases with the tempera¬ 
ture ; that of the gases is uniform for all temperatures. 


Density of Water. 

(From a report of Prof. R. S. McCulloch to Prof. A. D. Bache.) 


Temp. 

Density. 

Temp. 

Density. 

Temp. 

Density. 

20° 

.99901 

50° 

.99975 

80° 

.99666 

25 

.99944 

55 

.99947 

85 

.99581 

30 

.99984 

60 

.99910 

90 

.99487 

35 

.99999 

65 

.99863 

95 

.99383 

40 

1.00000 

70 

.99807 

100 

.99270 

45 

.99993 

75 

.99741 

Max. density at 39°. 6. 


Conduction of Heat. 


T _ T' 

q = -. When q, tlie rate of conduction, is expressed in thermal 

9 X 

units per hour, per square foot of area, and a: = the thickness of the layer in 

39 



















































460 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


inches, T'and T' being the temperatures at the two faces, the value of g, 
which is equal to 1 divided by the coefficient of conductivity, is as follows : 


Gold, Platinum, Silver. 0.0036 

Copper. 0.0040 

Iron . 0.0096 

Zinc. 0.0099 


Lead. 0.0198 

Marble. 0.1578 

Brick. 0.3306 


Specific Heat between 32 ° and 80 °. 

The number of units of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb. 
of each of the following substances one degree is as follows: 


Antimony . 

. .5077 

Lead. 

.0293 

Water. 

1.000 

Bismuth . 

.. .3084 

Mercury. 

.0333 

Air. 

0.238 

Charcoal. 

.. .2415 

Platinum. 

.0314 

Carbonic acid... 

0.217 

Copper. 

.. .0951 

Silver. 

.0557 

Hydrogen. 

3.405 

Glass. 

,. .1980 

Sulphur. 

.20259 

Nitrogen. 

0.244 

Gold. 

,. .0298 

Spts. turp’tine. 

.4672 

Oxygen. 

0.218 

Ice. 

.. .504 

Tin. 

.0514 

Steam. 

0.475 

Iron, wrought..., 

.. .1138 

Zinc. 

.0927 




The unit of heat is the quantity of heat necessary to raise the tempera¬ 
ture of 1 lb. of water at its maximum density 1°. 

Specific heats of substances are in the inverse ratio of their atomic 
weight. 

The specific heat of a substance is called its capacity for heat. The 
capacity for heat increases with the temperature and diminishes as the 
density of the body increases. Air reduced rapidly to one-fifth of its 
volume evolves heat enough to set tire to tinder. 


Latent Heat. 


In thermal units for one pound: the vapors under a pressure of one 
atmosphere of 14.7 lbs. per square inch. 

Of Fusion. 

Of Evaporation. 

Ice. 142.65 

Spermaceti. 148. 

Beeswax. 175. 

Phosphorus. 9.06 

Sulphur. 16.86 

Tin. 500.0 

Water. 966.1 

Alcohol. 364.3 

Ether. 162.8 

Bisulphur^t of carbon. 156.0 

























































HEAT. 


4G1 


Total Heat of Combust ion of different Combustibles) 
Or, the heat produced by burning one pound of each substance. 


SUBSTAXCES. 


Hydrogen gas. 

Carbon imperfectly burned, so as to make C 0 
Carbon completely burned, so as to make C 0 

Various liquids, hydro-carbons./from.. 

tO • • • •• 

Charcoal from wood. 

“ from peat. 

Coke, good. 

“ middling. 

“ bad. 

Coal, anthracite. 

“ dry bituminous. 

<< n 

ii ii 

“ caking. 

<( (( 

“ cannel. 

Dry long flaming. 

Lignite. 

Peat, dry. 

“ containing 25 per cent, of moisture. 

Wood, dry. 

“ containing 20 per cent, of moisture... 


1 

Weight of 
carbon to 
produce tlie 
same heat. 

Lbs. of 
water 
evaporated 
at 212°. 

Units of 
heat. 


64.2 

62.032 


4.55 

4.400 

1.0 

15.0 

14.500 

1.33 

20. 

19.000 

1.4G 

22. 

21.000 

0.93 

14. 

13.500 

0.80 

12. 

11.600 

0.94 

14. 

13.620 

0.88 

13.2 

12.760 

0.82 

12.3 

11.890 

1.05 

15.75 

15.225 

1.06 

15.9 

15.870 

1.025 

15.4 

14.860 

1.02 

15.3 

14.790 

0.95 

14.25 

13.775 

1.075 

16. 

15.837 

1.01 

15.15 

14.645 

1.04 

15.6 

15.080 

0.91 

13.65 

13.195 

0.81 

12.15 

11.745 

0.G6 

10.0 

9.660 


7.25 

7.000 

0.50 

7.5 

7.245 


5.8 

5.600 


The heating-power of diff'erent kinds of wood (taking equal weights of 
wood equally dry) does not vary more than in the proportion of 13 to 14, 
for the extremes. 


Nearly six times as much heat is required to evaporate a given quantity 
of water as is required to raise its temperature to the boiling-point: mul¬ 
tiplying the above numbers by 6, we have, therefore, the quantity of water 
which each kind of fuel will raise from 32° to 212°. 

In even the best apparatus, not more than halfiha heat produced by the 
combustion of fuel is economized. 


Dry wood makes a hotter fire than equal weights or volumes of green 


wood. 

Olive-oil. 

Water. 

Milk. 

Vinegar. . 

Spirits of turpentine. 


Freezimj-Points of Liquids. 


. 36° Fahr. 

32 “ 

Strong wines. 

Sulphuric n.cid. 

30 “ 

Brandy. 

’ 28 “ 

ATprciiry. 

. 16 

Nitric acid. 


20° Fahr. 
1 

— 7 “ 

—39 “ 

—55 “ 




















































462 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Strength of Ice. 

Ice 2 inches thick will hear infantry. 

“ 4 “ “ “ cavalry or light guns. 

“ 6 “ “ “ heavy field-guns. 

“ 8 “ “ “ 24-pdr. guns on sledges: weight not more 

than 1,000 lbs. to a square foot. 


Frigorific ^fixtures. 


Materials. 


Parts. 


Hydrochlorate of ammonia. 

Nitrate of potassa. 

Water.. 

Hydrochlorate of ammonia. 

Water. 

Nitrate of ammonia. 

Water. 

Sulphate of soda. 

Dilute nitric acid. 

Sulphate of soda. 

Hydrochloric acid. 

Snow. 

Common salt... 

Snow. 

Caustic potash, crystallized 

Snow... 

Sulphuric acid, dilute.. 

Snow. 

Chloride of calcium. 

Sulphuric acid, dilute. 

Snow. 



o 


3 

10 

8 


The thermometer falls 


From 50*^ to 10°. 

From 50° to 4°. 
From 50° to 4°. 
From 50° to 3°. 
From 50° to 0°. 
From 32° to 0°. 
From 30° to —15°. 
From 20° to —60°. 
From —4° to —67°. 
From —67° to —90°. 


Measurement of Heights hy Means of the Barometer. 

1. 60345.51 ft. X (t+t'-CAO) h _ 

1 — 0.002G95 cos. 2 I, /t'[l + 0.0001 (T—T')] 


at the lower sta¬ 
tion. 


>.002095 cos. 2 L 

-T is the required difference of height, in feet, 

T, the temperature of the air, in degrees of Fahrenheit,! 
t, the temperature of mercury 
JI, the height of mercury 
Fy the temperature of the air "j 
j!', the temperature of mercui^y 
JF, the height of mercury 
X, the latitude of the place. 

2. Neglecting the corrections for the latitude of the place'and for the 
difference between the temperature of the air and that of the meroury in 


■at the upper station. 

































BAROMETRICAL MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS. 463 


the barometers at the two stations, the difference of height, in feet, may be 
expressed approximately by X=G7.0505 {TT' 836) X log- 

3. Approximate Rule. —For a mean temperature of 55° the difference of 
height in feet is, X — 55,000 X Add of this result for each 

degree which the mean temperature of the air at the two stations exceeds 
55°, and deduct as much for each degree below 55°. 

Altitudes may be determined without the aid of a barometer by observ¬ 
ing accurately the boiling-point of water at the different stations, h, the 
altitude, is equal to 517 or, for altitudes under 10,000ft,, h — 

540 T'; T’being the difference in degrees between the boiling-points of 
water at the two stations. 

The altitude of Washington City is 50 to 90 feet; that of St. Louis, 450 
feet; of Santa Fd, 6,846 feet; of San Antonio, 600 feet. 

The average quantity of water which falls in rain and snow at Washington 
City is 41,2 inches; at San Francisco, 23.59 inches; at Santa Fe, 19.83 
inches. 

Latitude of the Washington Observatory, 38° 53'' 39''''.25. 

The mean temperature of Washington City is 36°.05 in winter, 76°.33 in 
summer; 56°.14 for the year: of San Francisco, 50°.86 in winter, 57°.53 
in the summer, and 54°.88 for the year. 


Declination of the Magnetic Needle for 1860 . 


Washington City. 2° 36^ West. 

New York. 7 01 “ 

Albany. 8 3 “ 

Charleston. 1 7 East. 

The annual increase at Washington is 3 minutes. 
Dip of the needle at Washington, 1861, 71° 24'. 


Savannah. 

Mobile. 

San Diego. 

San Francisco 


3° 5' East. 

6 8 “ 

12 6 “ 

15 8 “ 


Snn-Diah. 

The most common dial is that in which the plane of the dial is horizontal, 
and the style, placed in the meridian, is inclined to the plane of the dial at 
an angle equal to the latitude of the place. 

Hour-lines are drawn from the centre, or point where the style intersects 
the plane, to the circumference: their positions are calculated from the 
formula tan. x —tan. h sin. L, in which x=zthe hour-angle on the hori¬ 
zontal plane, h = 15°, 30°, 45°, etc., the hour-angle on the equatorial 
plane, and L = the latitude of the place. 

To determine these lines geometrically, draw in the meridian-plane from 
some point a, on the style, a line perpendicular to the style, and note the 
point b where it intersects the plane of the dial. Draw through this point 
a line, in the plane of the dial, perpendicular to the meridian-plane. This 
will be the equatorial line. 












464 


ORDNANCE MANUxiL. 


Measure oflF from h, on tlie prolongation of the meridian, the distance h c 
equal to a b, and with c as a centre, describe a semicircle, and divide it into 
12 equal parts, 6 on each side of the meridian: through these points of 
division draw radii, and prolong them till they meet the equatorial line. 
Join these points of intersection with the foot of the style, and these lines 
will mark the hours before and after 12 o’clock m. 

To determine the meridian-line without the use of astronomical instru¬ 
ments .—Take a point in the plane of the dial through which it is intended 
the meridian-plane shall pass. With this point as a centre describe several 
concentric circles. Fix a straight pin in the centre, perpendicular to the 
plane of the dial, of such a length that the extremity of the shadow cast 
by it shall fall within the circles at 12 m. Mark the points where the ex¬ 
tremity of the shadow passes over these circles in the forenoon, and again 
the same in the afternoon. The line drawn from the middle of these arcs 
contained between the points of passage, to the centre of the circles, will 
be the meridian. 

Or the meridian may be determined by two plumb-lines made to cover 
each other, and also the North Star at the time of its passage across the 
meridian. 

The time given by the dial is true solar time: to reduce it to mean, or 
clock time, the equation.of time must be added or subtracted. 

Equation of Time. 


January.. 

February 

March.... 

April. 

May. 

June. 


FORMULAE IN MECHANICS. 

Forces acting on machines are compared to w'eights, and are expressed 
in pounds. 

The velocity of a body, the space which it passes over in a second of 
time when it is moving with a uniform motion, or the space that it would 
pass over in a second of time when it has a varied motion, if its m'otion 
should become uniform at the time it is considered, is expressed in feet. 

Uniform Motion. —Is expressed by F IT. 


1 

IG 

1 

16 

1 

IG 

1 

16 

1 

16 

1 

16 


-I- Z' 46'^ 
+ 10 1 
+13 53 
+14 23 
+12 35 
+ 8 49 
+ 3 57 
~ 0 13 

— 3 3 

— 3 53 

— 2 30 
+ 0 18 


July. 

August.. 

September. 
October .... 
November . 
December., 


f 

1 

+ 3' 27^' 

1 

16 

+ 5 42 

f 

1 

+ 6 1 

i 

16 

+ 3 59 

f 

1 

— 0 9 

} 

16 

— 5 13 

1 

1 

—10 18 

i 

16 

—14 22 

f 

1 

—16 17 

1 

16 

—15 2 

( 

1 

—10 44 

1 

16 

— 3 59 

























FORMUL.^: IN MECHANICS. 


4C5 


o l)ting the space passed over, V the velocity, and T the duration of 
the motion. 

Uniformly Accelerated Motion starting from a State of Rest.— 
7^2 . p" 2__2F^,S^; the velocity after the 1st second. 

Uniformly Retarded Motion.—aS = V ' T — ^ T"^. 

V =V^ — V^T the velocity at the moment the retarding force 
begins to act; V the velocity remaining at the end of the time T. 

Motion of Falling Bodies. —The force of gravity is uniform and con¬ 
stant for the same place on the surface of the earth. Let g be the velocity 
acquired by a body falling freely in vacuo at the end of the first second; 
V the velocity at the time t ; t the time in seconds; h the space passed over 
in the time thenA — v=gt = s/'lgh. 

The velocity g, which is the measure of the force of gravity, varies with 
the latitude of the place, and with its altitude above the level of the sea. 

The force of gravity at the latitude of 45° =32.1803 feet; at any other 
latitude L; y = 32.1803 feet — 0,0821 cos. 2L. If g' represent the force 
of gravity at the height h above the sea, and r the radius of the earth, the 

force of gravity at the level of the sea will g=g' (l + -jtO* 


^' = 5r45°X 


1—0.002588 003 . 2L 

r+“5^[ ■ 

4r 


In the latitude of London, at the level of the sea, g =. 32.1908 feet, 

“ Washington, “ “ ^ = 32.155 feet. 

Quantity of Work. —It is the product of the intensity of a force by 
the distance passed over by its point of application in the direction of the 
force. The unit of work done corresponds to the elevation of 1 pound 
through a height of 1 foot, and is called afoot-pound [ft.-lb.) 

A Horse-Power. —This force is estimated at 550 lbs. raised 1 foot in a 
second, or 33,000 lbs. raised 1 foot in I minute. 

The Mass of a Body is expressed by the weight divided by the force of 

P 

gravity, thus: 31=-. 


Moving Force, and Force of Inertia. —We have F=3Ij for the force 
F capable of communicating or taking away from the body of a mass 31 an 
element of velocity v in an element of time t. 

Quantity of Motion. —The product of the mass of a body by the velo¬ 
city which it has at the time considered ; that is, 31 V. 

Impact of Elastic and Unelastic Bodies.— A body of amass J/moving 
with a velocity Fimpinges against another 31' moving with a velocity V' 
in the same line and in the same direction. A diminution of velocity w 
developed in the element of time t, at the point of contact in the first 
body, and an increase of velocity v' in the second body, so that we have 




466 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


the sura of the quantity of motion is the same before and 

after impact. 

For unelastic bodies, if they remain together after impact, moving with a 
common velocity TJ^ we have meet, going in oppo¬ 
site directions, U — • 

For elastic bodies, the velocity of the body M after impact is 2 U — V; 

that of M' is 2 U— V^. 2 U= 5— - ’^ere in a state of rest, 

M + M' 


its velocity after impact would be 2 ^7= double that which would 

have been communicated to an unelastic body under the same circumstances. 

Living Force of a Body is the product of its mass by the square of its 
velocity at the time considered. 

Principle of Living Forces. — T=^ (d/ — M' T is the work 

of a force which accelerates or retards the motion of a body which is 
moving in its own direction. 


Centrifugal Force. — F= -. r is the radius described by the centre 

r 

of gravity of the mass. 

Simple Pendulum. —The time of vibration of a simple pendulum 


T— ^ being the length of the pendulum. 

The relation between the times T and of vibration of simple pendu¬ 
lums of lengths I and V in ditferent places for which the force of gravity is 

y andy'' is If I be the length of a pendulum vibrating seconds, 

and the lengtli of any other simple pendulum vibrating in the time t at 
the same place, then U =z 1 

The length of the seconds pendulum is in a constant ratio to the force of 


gravity; ^ =9.8690044. 


Length of a Pendulum vibrating Seconds at the Level of the Sea, in various Latitudes. 


At the Equator. 

Washington, Lat. 38° 53^ 23''' 
New York, Lat. 40° 42' 43" 

London, Lat. 51° 31'. 

Lat. 45°. 

Lat. L . 


.39.027144 inche.i. 

.39.10583 

.39.11256 

.39.13908 

.39.12696 “ 

39.12696 in. — 0.099816 cos. 2 L. 


The time of oscillation of a compound pendulum is = tt-iJ I 

being the moment of inertia of the oscillating body in reference to the 
axis of oscillation; d the distance of the centre of gravity of the penduhkm 
from the axis. 













FORMULiE IN MECHANICS. 


4G7 


7" being known, we have I =z—^ Mdg. 

The moment of inertia, in reference to an axis passing through the 
centre of gravity and parallel to the axis of suspension, is /j = I — Md^. 

Revolving PendtjlUxM.— The time of revolution is 27r\-; h is the 

9 

projection of the stem on a vertical plane. 

For Washington, h = —inches ; T’being the number of revolutions 
per second. 

The Discharge of Water under a Constant Head.— The theoretical 


discharge of water through an orifice in a thin plate is ^ = Sy/2g II; Q, 
the quantity of water; S, the area of the orifice, and II, the depth of the 
orifice below the surface of the water. 

To get the actual discharge, multiply the theoretical discharge by one 
of the following coefficients, according to the height of the surface above 
the middle of the orifice. 

Feet. Feet. Feet. Inches. Inches. 

33.75 5. 1. 8. 4. 


Coefficient for orifice 1 inch in diam. 0.6 

“ “ “ 4 “ “ 0.6 


0.62 

0.612 


0.632 

0.617 


0.634 

0.613 


0.637 

0.608 


If the contraction of the vein be not complete, if one or more of the 
sides of the orifice be in the prolongation of the sides of the vessel, mul¬ 
tiply the preceding coefficients by .1035 when there is no contraction on 
one side; by 1.072 when there is none on two sides; by 1.125 when the 
contraction is only on one side. 

Through Pipes having no Sudden Changes of Direction. — F= 26.79 


^DI — .082 feet; Q =; D, diameter of the pipe; 1=1^ the 
slope per running foot; 11, the difference of level between the two reser¬ 
voirs ; L, the whole length of the pipe. 

To find the size of pipe for a given volume of water, we have Q = 21.045 

^~Wl — 0.0196 Z)2; ov D= 0.2956 
mean velocity not exceeding IJ feet. 

Hydraulic Rams. —The following proportions have been found to 


^1^, with sufficient accuracy for a 


answer in practice: 

h, the height above the reservoir to which the water is to be thrown. 
If, the height of the reservoir above the outlet of the waste-valve. 

L, the length of the supply-pipe from the reservoir to the waste-valve. 
D, its interior diameter. 

Q, the whole supply of water in cubic feet per second. 
q, the quantity raised to the height h. 

-C = 2.8/r=0.14A; D = = ^^=§n.arly. 



468 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


MECHANICAL POWERS. 

Conditions of Equilibrium of Simqyle Machines. 

Lever. —The effective arm of si, lever is the perpendicular distance from 
the fulcrum to the line of direction of the power or weight. 

/ The power is to the weight inversely as the effective arms of the lever: 

PD = wd. 

The pressure on the fulcrum is the resultant of the power and weight. 

Fixed Pulley. —The power is equal to the weight. The pressure Q on 
the axis is to the power or weight as the chord c of the arc enveloped by 
the rope is to the radius r of the pulley; 

F=w = ^. 

c 

Movable Pulley. —The power is to the weight as the radius of the 
pulley is to the chord of the arc enveloped by the rope. 

The tension on the fixed end of the rope is equal to the power: 

c 

In a system of n movable pulleys, the power is to the weight as the pro¬ 
duct of the radii of the pulleys is to the product of the chords of the arcs 
enveloped by the rope: 

r r' r" . .n 
= ^-• 

c c' c'' . .n 

w 

If the ropes be parallel, c = 2 r and P — 

Block and Tackle.— The power is equal to the weig t divided by the 
number of ropes attached to the lower block, or by twice the number of 
rising pulleys. 

Wheel and Axle. —The power is to the weight as the radius r, of the 
axle, is to the radius R, of the wheel. 

P — 'ff. 

~~ R * 

System of Wheels and Pinions. —The power is to the weight as the pro¬ 
duct of the radii (or number of teeth) r, r', r", etc., of the pinions is to 
the product of the radii (or number of teeth) R, R', R^^, etc., of the 
wheels: 

f. j./ y.// . , . , 

P =xz W -. 

RR' R'^ _ 

Inclined Plane. —If the direction of the power be horizontal, the power 
is to the weight as the height of the plane h is to its base b. 

b ■ 

The pressure on the plane, Q — Id —i being, the length of the 
plane. 




MECHANICAL POWERS. 


4(>9 


If the direction of the power be parallel to the plane, ^he power is to the 
weight as the height of the plane to its length. 



Pb 

The pressure on the plane, Q z= — 

h 


w b 

~T' 


Screw.— The power, applied perpendicular to the axis, is to the weight 
as the^^7c^ of the screw s, or the distance between two threads, is to the 
circumference described by the point to which the power is applied. Thus, 
if the power be applied by means of a lever I, 



Wedge.— The power is to the resistance, acting perpendicularlj on each 
tide of the wedge, as the thickness of the back of the wedge is to the 
length of the side. 

Balance.— The common balance is a simple lever, the arms of which 
are equal. If the balance be not accurate, the true weight of a body may 
be found by taking the square root of the product of the weights which 
counterpoise it successively in each scale. A better and more convenient 
method of eliminating the error of a balance is to place tlie body in one 
scale and counterpoise it by any weights in the opposite scale; then re¬ 
move the body and replace it by known weights until the equilibrium be 
again restored. The sum of the latter weights will be that of the body 
required. 


Friction. 

In the foregoing conditions of equilibrium of machines, no account is 
taken of the resistance caused by friction, and by the stiffness of ropes, 
chains, &c. 

Numerous experiments on friction have been made in France by M. Morin, 
from which the following general results are obtained: 

1. The friction of any two bodies in motion is proportional to the press¬ 
ure, whether the surfaces be dry or covered with an unguent. The ratio 
between the pressure and the friction is called the coefficient of friction. 

2. The amount of friction is independent of the surface of contact and 
of the velocity of the motion. It depends only on the pressure, the nature 
of the surfaces in contact, and the kind of "unguent interposed. 

3. In general, friction is less between bodies of different kinds than be¬ 
tween those of the same kind, 

4. When two surfaces have been long in contact at rest, an adhesion 
takes place between them, the force of which is proportional to the extent 
of the surface of contact, and independent of the pressure. 

5. When a continuous stratum of an unguent is constantly interposed 


470 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


lietween the surfaces of contact, the amount of friction depends on the 
nature of the unguent, and not on that of the surfaces. 

6. With the unguents hog’s lard and olive-oil, the coefficient of friction 
is nearly the same for surfaces of wood moving on metals, wood on wood, 
metal on wood, and metal on metal. 

The coefficient for the unguent tallow is the same, except in the case of 
metal on metal, for which it appears to be less suited than the others, 
giving a coefficient of about 0.10. 

7. The friction of axles is generally a little less than that of plane sur¬ 
faces under similar circumstances. The amount of friction is here also 
proportional to the pressure, and independent of the velocity of the motion 


Friction of Plane Surfaces, in Motion, upon Each Other. 


Surfaces in Contact. 

Angle of Repose. 

Coefficient of 
Friction. 

Wood on wood, dry. 

14° to 

.25 to .5 

“ “ soaped . 

1U° to 2° 

.2 to .01 

Metals on oak, dry. 

26|° to 31° 

.5 to .0 

“ “ wet. 

13^° to 14|° 

.24 to .25 

“ “ soaped. 

ll|° 

.2 

Metals on elm, dry. 

1U° to 14° 

.2 to .25 

Hemp on oak, dry. 

28° 

.53 

“ “ wet. 

18-r 

.33 

Leather on oak, dry. 

15° to 19J° 

.27 to .38 

Leather on metals, dry. 

29J° 

.55 

“ “ Avet. 

20° 

.36 

“ “ greasy . 

13° 

.23 

“ “ oily. 

U° 

.15 

Metals on metals, dry. 

8|° to 1U° 

.15 to .2 

“ “ wet. 

16i° 

.3 

Smooth surfaces occasionally greased. 

4°“ to 4i° 

.07 to .08 

“ “ continually “ . 

3° 

.05 

“ “ best results. 

lf° to2'> 

.03 to .036 




























WORK DONE BY MEN AND HORSES. 


471 


Hie Quantifi/ of Work that may he done hy Men and Horses. 

(From the French Aide-Memoire, 1856.) 


Kind of Work. 


Haising Weights vertically. 

1 man going up a gentle slope or a ladder, 
without a load, raising the weight of his 

own body. 

1 man raising weights with a cord and 
puile}', the cord coming down unloaded... 

1 man raising weights with the hands. 

1 man raising weights or carryiiig them on 
his back up a gentle slope or up a ladder, 

returning unloaded. 

1 mao wheeling a load up a slope of l-12th 
in a wheelbarrow, and returning with the 

empty barrow. 

1 man throwing earth to a mean height of 
5 feet with a shovel. 

Action on Machines. 

1 man on the spokes of a wheel or drum: 

1. On a level with the axis. 

2. Toward the bottom or at 24°. 

1 man walking and pushing or pulling ho¬ 
rizontally. 

1 man working at a crank. 

1 man polling and pushing alternately in a 

vertical direction. 

1 horse harnessed to an ordinary carriage, 

going at a walk. 

1 hon-^e harnessed to a pumping-engine, 

going'^at a walk. 

1 horse harnessed to a pumping-engine, 

going at a trot. 

1 ox harnessed to a pumping-engine, going 

at a walk. 

1 mule harnessed to a jiumping-engine, 
gf)ing at a walk. 

Carrying Loads horizontally. 

1 man, on a level road, without a load, car¬ 
rying the weight of his own body. 

1 man with a hand cart, returning without 

a load.'.. 

1 man with a wheelbarrow, l eturning with¬ 
out a load.,. 

1 man carrying a load on his hack. 

1 man carrying a load on his back, return¬ 
ing without a load. 

1 man with a hand-barrow, returning with¬ 
out a load. 

1 horse in a cart, at a w'alk. 

1 horse in a wagon, at a trot. 

1 horse in a cart, returning without a load, 

at a walk. 

1 horse under the saddle,at a walk. 

1 horse under the saddle, at a trot. 


Weight raised, or 

mean effort exerted. 

Velocity or distance 

per second. 

Work per second. 

Number of working- 

hours each day. 

— 

Quantity of work 

per day. 

Lbs. 

Feet. 

Ft.-Lbs. 

Hours 

Ft.-Lbs. 

150. 

.5 

75. 

8 

2,160,000 

40. 

.66 

26.4 

6 

570.240 

45. 

.56 

25.2 

6 

544,320 

150. 

.13 

19.5 

6 

421,200 

135. 

.07 

9.45 

10 

340,200 

6. 

1.31 

7.86 

10 

282,960 

135. 

.5 

67.5 

8 

1,944,000 


2.3 

•62.1 

8 

1,788,480 

27. 

1.97 

53.19 

8 

1,531,870 

18. 

2.46 

44.28 

8 

1,275,260 

12. 

3.61 

43.22 

8 

1,244,750 

155. 

2.95 

457.25 

10 

16,461,000 

100. 

2.93 

265.0 

8 

8,496,000 

67. 

6.56 

439.52 

4.5 

7,120,220 

145. 

1.97 

285.65 

8 

8,226,720 

67. 

2.95 

197.65 

8 

5,692,320 

145. 

4.92 

713.4 

10 

25,6^2,400 

220. 

1.64 

360.8 

10 

12,988,8 0 

135. 

1.64 

221.4 

10 

7.970,400 

90. 

2.46 

221.4 

7 

5,579,280 

145. 

1.64 

237.8 

6 

5,136,480 

no. 

1.08 

118.8 

10 

4.267.8"0 

1550. 

3.6 

5580. 

10 

200..'-80.000 

770. 

7.2 

5544. 

4.5 

89,812,800 

15.50. 

2.0 

3100. 

10 

111,600 000 

2f'5. 

3.6 

954. 

10 

34.344,01.0 

180. 

7.2 

1296. 

7 

32,659,200 


40 

















































472 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


The Quantity of Work done hy Men and Horses. —Continued. 


Kind of Work. 


1 man raising his own weight up a stair or 

ladder.. 

1 man raising weights with cord and pulle}', 

cord returning unloaded. 

1 man lifting weights with his hands. 

1 man carrying weights up a ladder, re- 

turuing unloaded. 

1 man tlirowing earth with a shovel to a 

height of 5.25 feet. 

1 man wheeling earth in a barrow up a 

slope of l-12th, returning unloaded. 

1 man working at the spokes of a drum, 

on a level witli the axis. 

1 man working at the spokes of a drum, 

toward tlie bottom or at 24°. 

1 man pushing or pulling horizontally (cap¬ 
stan or oar). 

1 man turning a crank. 

1 man working a pump. 

1 man walking on a level road, unloaded.... 
1 man wheeling load in hand-cart, return¬ 
ing unloaded .. 

1 man wheeling a load in wheelbarrow, re¬ 
turning unloaded. 

1 man carrying a load on his back. 

1 man carrying a load on his back, return¬ 
ing unloaded . 

1 horse cantering and trotting, drawing a 

ligh t ra il way-carriage. 

1 horse drawing cart or boat, w'alking. 

1 horse draw ing gin or mill, walking. 

1 horse drawing gin or mill, trotting. 

1 horse drawing cart ahvays loaded, walking 
1 horse drawing cart always loaded, trotting 
1 horse drawing cart, going loaded, return¬ 
ing unloaded. 

1 horse carrying burden, walking. 

1 horse carrying burden, trotting. 

1 ox drawing a cart always loaded. 

1 mule drawing a cart ahvays loaded. 

1 ass drawing a cart always loaded. 


oi, 

O 

O 


ifi 

G • 

i-4 

cc dj 

e; , 

~ a 
-c o 

c 

o 

<J 

0) 

o'® 

o 

if 

- ^ 

.a 

fcC fl 

O OQ 

.T- o 
o a. 

03 

Pk 

rg 

c, ^ 

£ ® 

B o 

iy 0) 

It- £5- 

P 

c3 

it 

% 

> 

o 

a .a 

P 

<y 

Lbs. 

Feet. 

Ft.-Lbs. 

IIo:irs 

rt.-Lhs. 

143. 

0.5 

72.5 

8 

2,088,000 

40. 

0.75 

30. 

6 

648,000 

44. 

0.55 

24.2 

6 

522,720 

143. 

0.13 

18.5 

6 

399,600 

6. 

1.3 

7.8 

10 

280,800 

132. 

0.07& 

9.9 

10 

356,400 

132. 

0.5 

66. 

8 

1,900,800 

26.5 

2.3 

60.95 

8 

1,755,360 

26.5 

2.0 

53. 

8 

1,526,400 

18. 

2.5 

45. 

8 

1,296,000 

13.2 

2.5 

33. 

10 

1,188,000 

143. 

5. 

715. 

10 

25,740,000 

224. 

1.066 

373. 

10 

13,428,000 

132. 

1.666 

220. 

10 

7,920,000 

90. 

2.5 

225. 

7 

5,670,000 

140. 

1.666 

233. 

6 

5,032,800 

30.5 

14.666 

447.5 

4 

6,444,000 

120. 

3.6 

432. 

8 

12,441,600 

100. 

3.0 

300. 

8 

8,640,000 

66. 

6.5 

429. 

4.5 

6,950,000 

1.500. 

3.6 

5,400. 

10 

194,400,000 

750. 

7.2 

5,400. 

4.5 

87,480,000 

1,500. 

2.0 

3,000. 

10 

108,000,000 

270. 

3.6 

972. 

10 

34,992.000 

ISO. 

7.2 

1,296. 

7 

32,659,200 

1,500. 

2.4 

3.600. 

10 

129,600,000 

750. 

2.4 

1,800. 

10 

64,800,000 

375. 

2.4 

900. 

10 

32-,400,000 


A horse-power in steam-engines is estimated at 550 foot-pounds per 
second, or 33,000 foot-pounds per minute, or 1,980,000 foot-pounds per hour. 
The average power of a draught-borse as given above is 432 foot-pounds 
per second = 0.785 of the conventional horse-power. 

The French horse-power is equal to 542^ foot-pounds per second, being 
about less than our horse-power. 

The number of horse-powers in a single-stroke engine is expressed by 
















































PRESSURE OP GUNPOWDER. 


473 


.0000238 dr np 1; d being the diameter of the piston in inches, n the num¬ 
ber of strokes in a minute, I the length of stroke in feet, and j? the pressure 
of steam on a square inch, (diminished usually by ^ for friction and 
inertia.) In a double-stroke engine the power is double the above. 

Elastic Force of Steam at different Temperatures. 

(From experiments of Committee of Franklin Institute.) 

The unit is the atmospheric pressure, or 1 atmosphere = 30 inches of 
mercury. 


Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Press. 

212 

1 

275 

3 

304J 

5 

326 

7 

345 

9 

235 

n 

284 


310 


331 

n 

349 


250 

2 

29U 

4 

315^ 

6 

336 

8 

352^ 

10 

264 

2^ 

298| 


321 


340^ 

8^ 




Pressure of Gunpowder per square inch. 

(From Captain Rodman’s expei iments.) 

The pressure on a 42-pounder gun, at the bottom of the bore, when 
fired with 10 pounds of powder and a solid shot weighing 43 pounds, is 
44,535 lbs. 

8 lbs. of powder of a grain .1 inch diameter, with the same gun and 
shot, gave a pressure of 51,800 lbs. 

8 lbs. of powder of a grain .4 inch diameter, with the same gun and 
shot, gave a pressure of 31,900 lbs. 

12.67 lbs. of powder of a grain .6 inch diameter, and a solid shot, 
weighing 186.3 lbs., fired from an 11-inch gun, gave a pressure of 21,370 lbs. 

The same weight, of .3 inch diameter, gave a pressure of 35,330 lbs. 

The same weight, of .3 inch diameter, of different powder, gave a press¬ 
ure of 65,920 lbs. 

Half the weight of powder, of the ordinary charge, with double the 
weigh't of shot, gave the same pressure as the ordinary charge. 

1 lb. of powder, burned in a space equal to twice that occupied by the 
powder, gave a pressure of 42,500 lbs. 

2 lbs., burned in the space occupied by it, gave a pressure of 133,590 lbs. 

1 lb., burned in the space occupied by it, .1 inch grain, gave a pressure 

af 185,000 lbs. 

The actual pressures are probably greater than those above given 
























ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


4M 


MATHEMATICAL FORMULiE AND DATA. 
3iensuration. 


Lines. 

Circle.—Ratio of circumference to diameter, tt = 3.1415926536 = 
nearly. 

Circumference of a circle = 2 ti r. 


Length of an arc = —^; r being the radius of the circle and a the num- 
180 


her of degrees in the arc; or nearly 



c being the chord of the 


arc, and c' the chord of half the arc, which is = ^ ^ c^ versine^. 

Length of 1 degree = 0.0174533 ; radius being 1. 

Length of 1 minute = 0.0002909. 

Length of 1 second = 0.0000048. 

Ellipse.—Circumference = s/ ^ nearly; a and 5 being the 

axes. 


Parabola.—Length of an arc, commencing at the vertex, =\/ 




nearly; a being the abscissa, and b the ordinate. 


Surfaces. 


Triangle. —Half the base X height; or half the product of 

sin. (7, 


two sides X included angle, a b- 


R 


■); or, 


s {s — a) {s ~ b) {s — c); or, i x/ [(5 + a)'^ — c^ [c^ — (5 — a^)] ; 

. a — b — c 

a, b, c being the sides, and s — ---. 

A 

Parallelogram. —The base X the height. 

Trapezoid .—Half the sum of the parallel sides X the height. 

Any Quadrilateral. —Half the product of the diagonals X the sine of 
their angle. 

Any irregular plane figure bounded by curves. —Divide the figure into any 
even number of parts by parallel equidistant ordinates; let a be the sum 
of the first and last ordinates; b the sum of the even ordinates; c that of 
the odd ones, except the first and last; d the common distance between 
them : then will the area = J c? (a -f 4 5 -f 2 c). Five ordinates will gene¬ 
rally be found sufficient. 

Circle. —tt ; or diam.2 X .7854; or circum.^ X .07958. 

Circular sect^.— ^-^-=zTrr'^-^', a being the length of the arc in linear 
measure ; a the number of degrees in the arc. 









MENSURATION. 


475 


Circular segment .—The difference between the sector and the triangle 

r a — 7*2 sin. A 


formed by the chord and the radii; or 


; or nearly = .4 v (c -f- 


I v/ i 5 ^ being the chord, and v the versed sine. 

Ellipse .—TT c h sin. a; 2 a, lb being any two conjugate diameters; a the 
angle formed by them. When a = 90 degrees, these two diameters are the 
axes, and then we have s — n ab. 

Parabola .—§ ab ; a being the abscissa, and b the double ordinate. 

Right prism or cylinder. —Curved surface = height X perimeter of base. 

Right pyramid or cone .—Half the slant height X perimeter of base. 

Frustum of a right prism or cylinder .—The perimeter of the base multi¬ 
plied by the distance from the centre of gravity of the upper section to the 
base. If the prism or cylinder be oblique, multiply this product by the sine 
of the angle of inclination. 

Frustum of a right pyramid or cone .—The slant height X sum of 

the perimeters of the two ends. 

Sphere .—4 7rr2; or diam. X circum.; or diam.2 X 3.1416. 

Spherical zone or segment .—2 tx r h, or the height of the zone or segment 
multiplied by the circumference of the sphere. 


Circular spindle .—2 tt (r c — a ^ y ® length of the arc, 

and c its chord, or the length of the spindle. 

Spherical triangle .— tt ; s being the sum of the three angles 


Any surface of revolution .— 2'k r I; or the length of the generating ele¬ 
ment multiplied by the circumference described by its centre of gravity. 


Table of Regular Polygons. 


No. of sides. 

Name. 

Area. 

Radius of circum¬ 
scribing circle. 

Side of inscribed 
polygon. 

3 

Triangle. 

0.4330127 

0.5773503 

1.732051 

4 

Square. 

1.0000000 

0.7071068 

1.414214 

5 

Pentagon. 

1.7204774 

0.8506508 

1.175570 

6 

Hexagon. 

2.5980762 

1.0000000 

1.000000 

7 

Heptagon. 

3.6339124 

1.1523824 

0.867767 

8 

Octagon. 

4.8284271 

1.3065628 

0.765367 

9 

Nonagon . 

6.1818242 

1.4619022 

0.684040 

10 

Decagon. 

7.6942088 

1.6180340 

0.618034 

11 

Undecagon. 

9.3656399 

1.7747324 

0.563465 

12 

Dodecagon. 

11.1961524 

1.9318517 

0.517638 


The column of areas in the foregoing table gives the number by which 

the square of the side is to be multiplied to find the area of the polygon. 

40 * 



























476 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


The next column gives the multiplier for the side of a polygon, to find 
the radius of the circumscribing circle. 

The last column gives the multiplier for the radius of a circle, to find the 
side of the inscribed polygon. 


Solids. 

Prism or cylinder .—Area of base multiplied by the height. 

Pyramid or cone. —Area of base multiplied by one-third of the height. 

Frustum of a pyramid or cone .—J h h B h)', h being the 

height; B and b the areas of the two ends. Or, for a conic frustum, 

/ p)% _ 

^ A X -7854 X { - fj ’ ^ ^ being the diameters of the two ends. 

Frustum of a right triangular prism. —The base ^ {II IP II"). 
Frustum of any right prism .—The base multiplied by its distance from the 
centre of gravity of the section. 

Cylindrical segment, contained between the base and an oblique plane 
passing through a diameter of the base; two-thirds of the height multi¬ 
plied by the area of the great triangular section; or ^ r ; r being the 
radius of the base, and A the height. 

4 TT r^ 

Sphere. -— ; or .5236 r being the radius, and d the diameter. 

o 

TT h 

Spherical segment. — J tt A^ (3 r — A) = (3 b'^ A^) ; b being the radius 

of the base, A the height of the segment, and r the radius of the sphere. 

Spherical zone .— (3 3 ^2 j being the radii of the bases. 

Spherical sector. —J r X Hie surface of the segment or zone; or f tt A. 

'K a^b 

' Ellipsoid. -; a being the revolving diameter, and b the axis of 

revolution. 

Paraboloid .—Half the area of the base multiplied by the height. 

Circular spindle .—tt — 2 s y/ r^ — \ c ^); s being the area of the re¬ 
volving segment, and c its chord. 

Any solid of revolution. —2 7rrs; or the area of the generating surface 
multiplied by the circumference described by its centre of gravity. 

Any irregular solid bounded by a curved surface. —Use the rule for finding 
the area of an irregular plane figure, substituting sections for ordinates. 
Cask-gauging .—1. By the preceding rule: 

The content of a cask = ^ Z (d^ Z)2 4 ItP) ; I being the length, d, D 

the head and bung diameters, and M a diameter midway between them 

TT 

all measured in the clear, inside ; ^ = 0.1309. 

24 





CENTRES OF GRAVITY. 


477 


The same formula may he thus stated : ^ Z (^1 ^ C'); i i^eing the 

length, A and B the areas of the head and bung sections, and C that of 
the section midway between them. 

2. Contents of a cask, nearly = ^ I [2 <B)or IX the area of a 

circle whose diameter is 

3 

Centres of Gravity. 

LINES. 

Circular arc. —At a distance from the centre = — ; r being the radius, 

I 

c the chord, and I the length of the arc. 

AREAS. 

Triangle .—On a line drawn from any angle to the middle of the opposite 
side, at two-thirds of the distance from the angle to the side. 

Trapezoid. —On a line, a, joining the middle points of the two parallel 

sides, h ; distance from B =— , 

3 \ A? -f- 6 / 

4 r 

Semicircle. —Distance from the centre —-. 

37r 

Circular segment. —Distance from the centre = - ; c being the chord 

of the segment, and A its area. 

2 7* c 

Circular sector. —Distance from the centre ==-— ; c being the chord, 

3 I 

and I the length of the arc. 

Parabolic segment. —Distance from the vertex = three-fifths of the ab¬ 
scissa. 

Surface of a right cylinder, cone, or frustum of a cone. —The centre of gra¬ 
vity is at the same distance from the base as that of the parallelogram, 
triangle, or trapezoid, which is a right section of the same. 

Surface of a spherical zone or segment. —At the middle of the height. 

SOLIDS. 

Prism or cylinder .—At the middle of the line joining the centres of gra¬ 
vity of the two ends. 

Pyramid or cone. —The distance from the base is one-fourth of the line 
joining the vertex with the centre of gravity of the base. 

Frustum of a cone. —Distance from the centre of the smaller end =. 
(72 r ^)2 2 i?2 , ^ ^ 3i22_^2i2r-f-r2 

R and r the radii of the greater and less ends. 

3 r2 -f 2 i? r + i22 


end = \h 


R r-{■ r-^ 


Distance from the large 








478 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


7Th^r — ihy 

Spherical segment .—Distance from the centre= — - — — - - -; 

o r — h o 

r being the radius of the sphere, h the height of the segment, and/S' its solid 

, ^r — Zh 

contents. Distance from the vertex = h — -—. 

12 r — 4 A 

Spherical sector .—Distance from the centre = | (r — J A). 

2r + 3 A 


Distance from the vertex = 


8 


Hemisphere. —Distance from the centre = f r. 

Semi-ellipsoid. —Distance from the centre = f of semi-axis of revolution. 
Paraboloid. —Distance from the vertex = | A. 

Any system of bodies. —Distance of the common centre of gravity from a 

B D ^ B' D' ^ B" D" ^ . 

given plane =- ^ ^ -1 -5. '>«”g ‘I*® 

masses or solid contents of the bodies, and Z)', D" the distances of 
their respective centres of gravity from the given plane. 

Arithmetical Progression. 

a, the first term ; d, the common difference; n, the number of terms; /, 
the term ; s, the sum of n terms. 

n 

I — a —[— d' (n — 1)5 ^ ~~ ^ ~ 1 ~ li)' 

2 

Geometrical Progression. 
r, the common ratio; the rest as above. 


Logarithms. 

X, the common logarithm of the number a ; e, the base of the hyperbolic 
logarithms = 2.7182818; x^, the hyperbolic logarithm of a. 

a = 10* = e*''; x=zz' log. e ; log. e = 0.4342945. 


PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. 

The radius is taken equal to unity. To restore it, replace such expres¬ 


sions as tang, a, sin. a, 1 — sin. a, etc., by 


tang, a sin. a R — sin. a 


R 


R 


R 


, etc. 


Formul.®. (a and b are the angles.) 

I 


sin. a 


Bin. a=v/l —cos.^a; tang, a =-; sec. a = -, 

^ cos. a cos. a 












PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. 


479 


, COS. a 1 . . 

cot. a = -; cosec. a = -; ver-sin. a = 1 —cos. a ; 

sin. a sin. a 

sin. (a ± i) = sin. a cos. h ± sin. b cos. a ; 

cos. (a ± 6 ) = cos. a cos. h up sin. a sin. b ; 

, tano;. a rtr tan?, b 

tang. (a±b) — - - ^ --- ; 

° ^ 1 pp tang, a tang, b 


tang. ^ a 


1 — cos. a 


sin. a 


sin. a 1 -j- cos. a’ 

—cos. a. ^ /l 4-cos. a 

^ n/ 2 ’ ^ n/ 2 ’ 


Solution of Triangles. 

A, B, C, are the 3 angles: a, 6 , c, are the 3 sides opposite them, respectively. 
Right-Angled Triangles —[A being the right angle.) 

Given. 

1. a, B, 

2. B, c, 


3. a, b, 

4. b, c. 


Formulx. 

b = a sin. B: c = a cos. B: C= 90° — B. 
c 


a 


cos. B 


: b = c tang. B: C= 90° — B. 


sin. B = : c — ^[a -f- 6 ) {a — 6 ): c == 90° — B. 

b c 

tang. B = — : a = - 5 -: C = 90° — B. 

c. cos. B 


Oblique-Angled Triangles. [S, the area of the triangle ; p — 


Given. 

1. A B, a, 

2. a,b,A, 
' 3. b, c,A, 


4. a, b, c. 


, a sin. B 
b = — -r : c 


Formulse. 
a sin. C 


: S=^ be sin. A 


sin. 5 sin. (7 


sin. B = 


sin.^ sin..A’"" ^ 2sin..4 

*42:A:C7=180«-(.1+ ^): 

a \ I y sin.-.4 

b — c 


J (-B+ C) = i (180°—J): tang. i(£-Cf) = ^^coL^A. 




a sin. C 
sin. A' 


sin.M= / O’-*) (^ -°):ortang.M= O’—’). 

be ^ 

cos. ^A= 


b c 


S=^p{p — a) ip — b) {p — cy 






























450 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


BALLISTICS. 


Motion of a Body projected vertically upward, in Vacuo, 


Let t represent any time of ascent, in seconds. 

A, the height '» , , „ 

V at the end of the time t. 

V, the velocity J 

g, the velocity acquired by a falling body in 1 second. 
F, the initial velocity of projection. 

II, the whole height of ascent. 

T, the whole time of ascent. 

Then, 


h=Vt — ^gt\ v=V—gt. 




Motion of a Projectile in Vacuo, 


The trajectory of a body projected obliquely, in vacuo, is a parabola, the 
axis of which is vertical. 

Let V represent the initial velocity = ,y‘lg H. 

the angle of projection above the horizontal plane. 

X, y, the horizontal and vertical co-ordinates of any point m in the 
trajectory, from the point of departure as the original. 

V, the velocity of the projectile at the point m. 
t, the time of flight, to the same point. 

6, the inclination of the tangent at that point. 

X, the whole horizontal range. 

Y, the greatest height of ascent. 

T, the whole time of flight, for the range JT. 

a, b, the horizontal and vertical co-ordinates of the object aimed at. 

e, its angle of elevation, making tang, e = —. 

a 

Equation of the trajectory. 


t = 


y=zx tang. 6 — -t-jj -;— 

r 4//COS.2 0 

y = Vt sin. (f, — ^ g P. x=Vtcos.(p. v=,y2 g [II—y). 

ff ^ 2g 

Vsin. f ^ . / 2 II 


X=2 ^sin. 2 <p = 


V cos. 


T = 


~w 


sin. J- 


9 


tang, d = tang. (j> — ^ 


COS.2 (p 










BALLISTICS. 


481 


From which it follows: the angle of greatest range is<p= 45°. Then 

2 77"= 4 F: ^ II: V —\/g X: ^g z=: ^s/ x ft. nearly : 

t = 1.4142 Y 

The ranges are equal at angles equidistant from 45°. 

Under a given angle of projection the initial velocities are as the square 
roots of the ranges. 

"When the initial velocities are equal, the ranges are proportional to the 
sines of double the angles of elevation. 

The velocities are equal in the two branches of the trajectory, at the same 
height. 

The least velocity is at the summit, and is =F cos. 0 . 

On horizontal ground, the angle of descent is equal to the angle of projec¬ 
tion, and the final velocity is equal to the initial velocity. 


To find the initial velocity, or the angle of projection, necessary for striking a 

' given point. 


11 = 


cos. e 


4 sin. — e) cos. 0 ’ 


V= I _ 

2 sin. — 


cos. £• 


e) cos. 0 ’ 


Ung, =?^d= 

If the trajectory be required to pass through two points whose co-ordi¬ 
nates are a and a' and h^, or to pass through the first point and have 
a certain inclination 6 with the horizontal plane at that point, as in firing 
over the crest of a parapet to ricochet on the terre-plein, we have in the 
first case, 


tang. <p = 



a' — a 


and 


V = 


-I 

DS. (p\j 


g a' — a 

Yi h'’-> 


a a' 


and in the second. 


tang. 0 = 2 tang. £ — tang. 0; and F=—^— j— - - --— 

^ ^ ^ ^ ’ cos. 0^2 tang. £ —tang, d 

When the point is in the descending branch of the curve, d and tang, d 
are negative. 

The trajectory described by a heavy projectile thrown with a low velo¬ 
city, as in the case of an eprouvette ball, approaches very near to a parabola. 
If the projectile be light for its volume,—as is the case with shells,—the tra¬ 
jectory described is not so near; and when higher velocities are employed 
the trajectory is very different, and it is necessary to take into consideration 
the resistance of the atmosphere. 


















482 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Resistance of the Air. 


When a body moves in the air with a low velocity, of 25 to 30 feet per 
second, it meets with a resistance which is sensibly proportional to the den¬ 
sity of the air, to the area of the projection of the body on a plane perpen¬ 
dicular to the direction of the motion, and to the square of the velocity of 
the body. 


The resistance of the air in pounds = 


2 ^ 




J being the weight of a cubic foot of air, and k a coefficient, constant for 
similar solids, but varying with different forms. 

When the body moves with a high velocity, the resistance of the air 
increases in a more rapid ratio than the square of the velocity, and the law 
may be expressed by adding a term proportional to the cube of the ve¬ 
locity. 

For spherical projectiles the resistance is in proportion to the area of a 
great circle: calling the radius the velocity v, the resistance of the air, 
in pounds, p, it has been found that 

p = A TT y2 ( 1 + 7 ) , in which A is the resistance per square foot of 


cross-section for a velocity of 1 foot per second, and r is the velocity for 
which the resistance due to the second term is equal to that due to the first. 

Experiments in France with guns and solid shot have shown that for a 
mean density of the atmosphere of part of water, and for ordinary 
velocities, with spherical projectiles, A = .000514 and r = 1427 ft.: for 
shells with low velocities, as from mortars, r = 2735 feet. 


Motion of a Projectile in the Air. 

The normal trajectory in the air is a continuous plane curve, which can be 
cut by a right line in not more than two points ; it has two asymptotes, one 
vertical, the other inclined. 

The actual trajectory of a ball is generally a curve of double curvature. 
It differs from the normal trajectory in consequence of the deviations, both 
lateral and vertical, produced by the eccentricity of the ball, its position in 
the gun, the motion of the air, and other circumstances, which cause the 
ball to revolve about an uncertain and variable axis and to depart from 
the vertical plane of projection. 

The equation of the trajectory is a complicated one and difficult of com¬ 
putation. General Didion has reduced it to the simplest form. 

Adopting ^iie same notation as in the motion of a projectile in vacuo, and 
designating by Fi= Fcos. 0, the horizontal component of the initial velo¬ 
city, a the relation of the length of an arc of the trajectory to its horizon¬ 
tal projection, so that a a: is the length of the arc passed over, B, I, D, Z7, 



BALLISTICS. 


483 


• ct 'jc d V 

certain multipliers, each functions of-and of - c and r being ojeffi- 

c r 

cients of the formula for the resistance of the air, he gets y = x tang. ^ — 
^ =‘“S-e=tang. /: 

X V cos. 6 

t = -Tz - D: v=z— - which are the equations of the trajectory in 

V cos. ^ U cos. 6' ^ J J 

vacuo multiplied by these constants B, /, D, U. He has calculated the 

values of these multipliers for the different circumstances of firing, and 

tabulated them for ready use. 

The loss of velocity by the resistance of the air in any small distance x 
will be expressed by 


V=v =x 


:(‘ + T> 


^RD 

This formula may be used in experiments with the Ballistic Pendulum, 
for computing the velocity lost by the ball in passing from the gun to the 
pendulum-block. 


Velocities of Spherical Case Shot at x Distanee from the Gun. 

The^velocity remaining at any distance x is found, according to the expe¬ 
ls 

riments at Metz, by the equation, v' — — --for high velo- 




cities, c = 


^Ag 

4zRD 


; D z= density of the ballwater = 1,000. 


^ = .008 (^.74-f 


.1542 




.10404 -I- 2 

e = 2.7182818; y = 32.155feet; log. 1.5072485; log. e =0.4342945; 
log. c = 1.6377892. 

vVll the dimensions are expressed in feet: 


- 

12-pdr. 

24-pdr. 

32-pdr. 

Weight of shell, loaded...lbs. 

11.82 

24. 

32. 


In. Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

2R . 

4.52 = 0.3767 

0.4742 

0.521 

]J . 

6752.6 

6877.7 

6914.4 

log. D . 

3.8294754 

3.8374471 

6.8397573 

A . 

0.00816 

0.00785 

0.00772 

c. 

0.00015473 

0.000116 

0.00010336 

log. c. 

4.1895633 

4.0648008 

4.0143649 


41 






















Velocities of Spherical Case Shot at x Distance from the Gun. 


% 


484 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


O 

o 

o 


o 

o 

o 

•088SS08‘ 

d 


o 

ot)o6(?yii 

f-H 


d 


o 

CO 

•ooior.9S‘ 

rH 


d 


O 

f>\ 

•0IT6US' 



d 


o 

‘919LIZZ' 

rH 


d 


O 

o 

‘ZZ6910Z' 

iH 


d 

o 

o 

•088tl8r 

d 

o 

00 

•ofi^ior 

d 

o 

i— 

•SMiltr 

d 

s 

•0556061* 

d 

o 

o 

•096i00r 

d 


o 

rH 

•?6S1020’ 


u 

H 

o 

> 

O 


% 




I 


O 


K] 

O 

p; 

n 



'znmz' 


Iff 

*1331 

•9S9X5IS* 


Feet. 

478 

i 

4i 'M O rH 

O to CO I-H 

0? Tic rf o 







Feet. 

492 

518 

544 

•188SII3* 


Feet. 

484 

*tS8538t* 


Feet. 

520 

4^-f CM O 

OJ M O GO 

o o o ^ 
ptH 







« 00 05 O O r^ 

<D O 00 C*! O -tc 

a> uo o to ^ 

•S198T81* 


Feet. 

532 

*7:665191* 


Feet. 

566 

^ to 05 CO O 05 
a> 05 M to CO to 

O O to CO 







^ t- CO O lO 00 o 
c> CO !•» rH lO O 

o to CO CO Ti^ o 

•Sf8II5r 


Feet. 

586 

*0999X81* 


Feet. 

622 

4 -? M IM <M IC to (M 

XI 00 to to C/D CO 

X to t-1- CO Til lo 
ps< 







4-^ O 05 CO 05 l— 

X CO rH 00 rH CO 

X 1- t- 00 CO O lO 

•gjLoeosr 


Feet. 

647 

*8S8ii,0l* 


Feet. 

676 

.J t M Ol rH CO lO 

X 00 CO oo rH lO O 

X 00 00 to to 

ClH 







X 05 lO CO 05 

X 00 00 05 tO to 

Ph 

*1089060* 


1 

Feet. 

717 

*966',080* 


X'eet. 

742 

05 05 O rH •i* 

X O tC CO to CO 05 

X 05 05 O Ti< CO CO 

Pm 







CO 05 CO GO kO »o 

X to -t« lO 05 CO oi 

X (N CO Tt tO CO 05 

Ph r^ rH rH 

*t8II5X0* 


Feet. 

948 

*999X8X0* 


Feet. 

949 

»o o o o o o 

X 1- CO o -+ o o 

X CO hJ< to CO 05 o 

rH rH rH rs 

8 

bb 

o 

r^ 

> 

Feet. 

1000 

M 


X’eet. 

1000 

BD 

2 , O o <>1 

c4 (N CO ' rH rH 

Charge. 

Lbs. 

2.5 

V 

W 

(i) 

o 

Charge. 

Lbs. 

3.25 


^ ' - ■ ■ y-' 



a> 


o 

43 


P 

P 

O 


CD 

a 

p 

o 

(M 


U 

o; 

bQ 

% 

O 

M 


u 

OJ 

a 

p 

o 

a 

(N 


Sm 

O 

N 

O 

43 


CD 

'O 

a 

p 

o 




<N 


C/ 

o 

43 


Sh 

CD 

P 

P 

O 

P« 


CO 






















































































































































INITIAL VELOCITY OF A BALL. 


485 


Final Velocity of Descent in the Air. 


The velocity of a projectile diminishes from the commencement of its 
flight to a point a little beyond the summit of the trajectory; it then in¬ 
creases to a certain limit, dependent on the diameter and density of the 
ball. The final velocity is given by the equation 





^ R D 
3 A ' 


Calibre. 

Shot. 

Shells. 

42. 

24. 

18. 

12. 

6. 

1.3- 

inch. 

10- 

inch. 

8- 

inch. 

24- 

pdr. 


Fiual velocity of descent in feet....per sec. 

485 

455 

425 

410 

360 

585 

505 

445 

375 


Penetration of Spherical Projectiles. 


The penetration of a cannon-ball in a solid mass of oak timber, such as 
the sides of a vessel, according to the French experiments at Gavre, is 
expressed, in inches, by the following formula: 

2.306 D2 R r. . .0929 v''^" 


1200 


(^ ^ .0929 v''^\ 

H )' 


The same notation being used as at page 483. 

The penetration in other substances is obtained by multiplying those 
given by the above formula by the following coefficients: 

1.64 for compact earth, half sand and half clay. 

1.03 for sand mixed with gravel. 

3.21 for fresh earth. 

1.3 for elm. 

1.8 for beech and white pine. 

2. for poplar. 

_0.19 for limestone rock. 

0.41 for masonry of good quality. 


General Formula for Computing the Initial Velocity of a Ball. 


M 




— 


In which V is the initial velocity of the ball. 

C, the radius of the bore. 

R, the radius of the ball. 

» 7 i, the weight of the ball, with the sabot, etc., used in loading. 
p, the weight of the charge of powder. 
































486 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


M, the weight of powder (loose) which would fill the bore of the 
gun. 

Log. the common logarithms. 

y and A, coefficients, depending on the nature of ordnance and 
the quality of the powder used ; to be determined experimentally by means 
of some known velocity, and given difference of windage. 

A may probably, without sensible error, be regarded as constant for the 
same quality of powder, though used in different kinds of ordnance; but 
the value of y should be computed from the known velocity in a case ap¬ 
proaching nearest to that to which the formula is to be applied. 

In ordinary cases of windage (IF) we may consider 
— R-i __2{C — R) __W 

According to the experiments made with the Ballistic Pendulum at 
Washington Arsenal, the mean values of the coefficients y and A, for Du¬ 
pont’s powder, in guns of various calibres, (from 6-pounder to 32-pounder,) 
are: y = 3,500 feet; A = 3,200 feet. 

The above formulee, for the resistance of the air and for the initial 
velocity, are obtained from the “Traits de Balistique, par le G^n^ral 
Didion, I860;” a work which may be consulted for a full discussion of 
the theory of the motion of projectiles, and the deviations produced by 
their eccentricity and other causes. 




Small Arms of Foreign Countries. 


SMALL ARMS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 487 


i a! 
O M 

cu o 


g^OOOl^l^COOOSOSkOU^OCOOCO-^SOOOCO 

o I—I 1—1 


^5^V®OOOOOJOOCDOOOOOI'-CDOOO :r-t 
oooi'-i'-T—(T^<coco'^cc'>!^lT^1T}^■.}<or^^•<tlc^^ :co 


_ CO oo : t- 05 05 o uo o lO 05 : 

^ 05 o O l'. : o c-l <M CO CO CO 'f 01 I'- 1 —I ; ■rt< 

CO lo o CO CO ; CO CO CO CO o CO o o o CO CO lO 


o o 

fl . . 

•“I CO 00 CO cd cd r-H 
l- 1- CO 


: 05 (M CO 


\o : o 


•i—iC005COOiOOO'-H 
. CO (M C<l CO O I- lO 


: CO 00 i-H 

. CO CO O Tj< 


Ttl 

• Ol i-H r-l C<J 01 
= 00000 

o * ' ' ’ 


rH O I— O lO O 05 lO >0 *05 

01 CO CO 01 <—< Ol Ol Ol 1—I Ol 1-H : r— 

oooooooooooo :o 


Ol 

o o o ^ 
= 00000 


1—' O I'- 05 uo »0 • 05 

oi CO CO oi 1 -t oi oi oi rH OT oi i-H : 1-1 

oooooooooooo ;o 


oi Ol 

J uO CO CO I- 
5 'M C'l <M (M (M 


05 CO 

1—( CO 1—1 I'r 1—( 1—( 1—( I'* 05 CO 

corHoai-io-is<ic<ic<jooc <)0 


■^coco-^^o :o^cO'^coTt<Hj<rtirt<coor^(co :oo 


JS 

ti 


-rtt CO 

O 01 uo O l 


CO 

rtl O V-O 


►-'05 05^01-t<'-HrHOC0C0I^T-ll^00C0l— r+lOOlCOrH 

COCO!MTtiCOCOCOCOi-iCOO^'^CO(M(M<MCO'^C>5COCO 


.011^1^ CO t- t— CO 1-H 05 r^ CO 

C O I- O O CO CO O I- Ol O O O O CO CO rH 1.0 

•-11- lO O CO CO I- O CO uO I-O O uO CO O O rJH CO 


S5 i § 

< 5 :'= O 


o 

^ uO 01 OJ 

S o' o' cd o o 


o >-o 


CO »0 -rt^ CO 

CO 01 o o o o 

o' o o' <d T-H oi 


: o 
: ci 


S 5 -S £ 
^ 9 ^ 


CO CO CO >.0 CO 
<M »0 CO O 0 uO 


O 

(M O 


i-qOCOCOOOt^OOiOOOOOOOOrH ;05 


1—I M 

O 

00 o 

" s 

05 2 
05 

00 crc 

^ a 

S w 


=0 


05 


05 

'Tj CO 

^ 3 
a 

05 bC ” 

® 'T! 

be-" - f 


'A: 


O ^ 

.0 


05 

C3 

5 « 


C QJ 
05 05 -3 ^ 

^ ^ 


a> Z) 
bc g bC^ 
•" 8 3 :c3 .0 

s.a::L^ 


o 

bCw 


/e3 


• H CC H - HO 

■a a s- 2 33 




(U— io) 00505050505 

«. Cd CF3 qa CO q3 !« 


d > ^iqa'^qacdr cdqaqacoqiiqa 

pSosSSpiSS'* 2S5SS2 



I ' 

-''- 






: P : 
: >0 • 


; 




; 



• <; , 


• 





h; 


* P • 

CO 

0 



■< 

< 



►J P >H 

H 

2 ; 



M 


>c 

P 

^ M < 


<; 

0 

s 

C« 

Oh 

H 

H 

5 S) Ur 

0 

1-3 

Y. 

(/: 

GO 

H 

P 

0 

Oh;; 


0 

< 

GT} 

& 

QQ 

K 

P 

a 


in 


D 


3 

■>< 

u 

< ^ 0 


W 



pH 


CC 


U2m'4\ 


4U^ 


* Breech-loading. 





















































































488 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


ORDNANCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 

In Austria and Prussia, lioMitzers and mortars take their denominations from the weight 
of a stone ball of the calibre of the bore; in Russia, from the true weight of the shell; in other 
countries, the same as with us. 

The column of exterior length shows the length from the rear of the base-ring to the face of 
the piece, and the length of bore includes the chamber, when not otherwise mentioned. 


Designation. 

Diameter 
,of Bore. 

•* r 

Windage. 

Brass. 

Iron. 

Exterior 

Length. 

Weiglit. 

Exterior 

Length. 

Weight. 

ENGLAND. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

luNS: *10-inch. 

10. 

.16 



112 

10,632 

*10-inch. 

10. 

.16 



112 

9’400 

68-pdr. 

8.12 

.2 



130 

12,544 

*68pdr. 

8.12 

.2 



120 

10,640 

*68-pdr. 

8.12 

.2 



114 

9,856 

8-inch. 

8.05 

,125 



108 

7,280 

*8-inch. 

8.05 

,125 



106 

6'720 

*8-inch. 

8.05 

.125 



96 

5,824 

8-inch. 

8.05 

.125 



80.5 

5,600 

56-pdr. 

7.65 

.175 



132 

10,976 

56-i)dr. 

7.65 

.175 



120 

9,744 

42-pdr. 

6.84 




120 

9,408 

42-pdr. 

6.84 




120 

8 400 

4‘2-pdr. 

6.97 

.2 



114 

7,504 

32-i)dr. 

6.32 

.175 

. 


115 

7,168 

*32-pdr. 

6..32 

.175 

... 


114 

6.500 

32-i)dr. 

6.35 

.173 



114 

6.272 

32-pdr. 

6.35 

.173 



96 

5,600 

*32-pdr. 

6.375 

.198 



108 

5,600 

*32-pdr. 

6.35 

.173 



102 

5,040 

*32-pdr. 

6.35 

.173 



96 

4,700 

*32-pdr. 

6.41 

.223 



96 

4,600 

*32-pdr. 

6.35 

.173 



90 

4,480 

*32-pdr. 

6 35 

.173 



90 

4.368 

32-i)dr. 

6.3 

.123 



78 

3.584 

*32-pdr. 

6.3 

.123 



72 

.3,800 

32-pdr. 

6.3 

.123 



64 

3,800 

24-pdr. 

5.823 

.211 



114 

5 600 

24-pdr. 

5.823 

.211 



108 

5’376 

2I-pdr. 

5.75 

.138 



78 

3,696 

18-pdr. 

5.29 

.193 



108 

± 

18-pdr. 

5.17 

.071 



108 

A 7nn 

18-pdr. 

5.17 

.071 



72 

2.240 

12-pdr. 

4.623 

0.1 

78. 

2,000 

108 

3,800 

9-pdr. 

4.2 

0,1 

72. 

1.500 

66 

1,900 

G-pdr. 

3.668 

0.1 

60. 

672 

72 

1,900 

G-pdr. 

3.668 

0.1 



78 

2,016 

3-pdr. 

2.913 

0.09 

48. 

336 



Howitzers : 10-inch. 

10. 

.16 



6J 

4.592 

8-iiich. 

8. 

.14 


* 

48 

2,350 

32-pdr. 

6.3 

.125 

63. 




2-t-pdr. 

5.72 

.125 

56.5 

1,456 



5f-inch. 

5.62 

.025 

40 75 


40.75 

1,680 

12-pdr. 

4.58 

.122 

45.25 

728 

42-inch. 

4.52 

.066 

22.5 

280 



Mortars: *13-inch. 

1.3. 

.16 



53. 

11,300 

1 13-inch. 

13. 

.16 



36.75 

4,000 

*10-inch. 

10. 

.16 



45.5 

5.824 

10-inch. 

10. 

,16 

27. 

1,428 

31.5 

1,848 

8-inch. 

8. 

.14 

21.5 

728 

25.25 

924 

Armstrong GuNf..-... 

4.0 

none. 




2 , 600 r 

a a 

3. 

none. 




8962 


• Navy guns. f The largest Armstrcng gun is an 80-pdr.; weight, 7,2S0 lbs. 

t 50 grooves; they make one turn in 10 feet. g 34 grooves. 



















































































































































































FOREIGN ORDNANCP 


489 


Foreign Ordnance. —Continued. 




U 

o 

p 

Diameter of 
Ball. 

Brass. 

Iron. 

Designation. 

pE. 

o 

High 

Low 

Length. 

4-» 

Length. 

-4^ 



a 

< 

p 

gauge. 

gauge. 

Exte¬ 

rior. 

Bore. 

[3) 

’S 

Exte¬ 

rior. 

Bore. 

FRANCE. 

Guns: 

Siege and 
garrison.' 

n2-i 

' 30-pdr... 
21-pdr... 
16-pdr... 
12-pdr... 
iflr. 

In. 

6.4.18 

In. 

6.307 

In. 

6.263 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

110.91 

In. 

104.01 

Lbs. 

6,C84 

6.011 

5.264 

4.775 

4.775 

5.878 

5.130 

4.aS6 

4.686 

5.804 

5.056 

4.620 

4.620 

127.33 

122.34 
115,48 

83.15 

121.53 

117.26 

110.87 

78.86 

6,067 

4.432 

3,482 

1.959 

114.17 

110.24 

108.27 

105.12 

6,229 

4,773 

Field..12-p(lr. 

(l2-pdr., light 

IIOWITZEKS: 

99 rpnti'mAfrps 

4.763 

4.763 

8.791 

4.6S5 

4.685 

8.703 

4.637 

4.637 

8.640 

75.20 

72.49 

71.56 

68.74 

1.366 

1,190 

98.08 

92.21 

8,000 

Siege.22 

Garrison...22 
‘‘ ...16 

Mountain..! 2 
Mobtars: 32 ce 

32 

27 

22 

5Iountain...l5 

Eprouvette.19 

(( 

u 

8.782 

8.819 

8.703 

8.703 

8.640 

8.640 

52.00 

39.38 

2,646 

102.36 

96.45 

6.093 

u 

a 

atimetres 

6.518 

4.745 

12.799 

12.788 

6.439 

4.686 

12.661 

12.658 

6.392 

4.639 

12.590 

12.587 

90.29 

33.87 

35.27 

* 

74.29 

31.90 

27.45 

1,951 

221 

2,922 

48.98 

37.95 

9,615 

a 

a 

u 

u 

10.790 

8.782 

5.958 

7.460 

10.712 

8.703 

5.879 

10.641 

8.640 

5.832 

30,29 

21.72 

16.70 

22.83 

17.46 

14.10 

2,296 

607 

154 

9.28 

344 


50-pdr... 

36-pdr... 

; 30-pdr... 
.30-pdr... 
30-pdr... 
30-pdr... 
12-pdr... 

19 .wlr 

7.6.37 

7.473 

7.-410 




128. 

121.81 

10,191 


6.885 

6.685 

6.641 




115.13 

107.32 

7,734 


6.485 

6.307 

6.263 




110.91 

104.01 

6.6S4 


6.485 

6.307 

6.263 




102.01) 

96.81 

5,476 


6.457 

6.441 

4.775 

4.742 

6.284 

6.304 

4.641 

6.263 

6.263 

4.597 

. 

. 

. 

92.97 

79.77 

95.94 

88.58 

85,04 

90.35 

4,718 

4.100 

3,230 

2,585 


4.641 

4..597 




87.23 

83.15 


10.803 

8.791 

8.791 
4.745 
4.745 

6.419 
5.937 

5.419 
4.753 

12.788 

3.31 

10.709 

8.701 

8.701 

4.685 

10.638 




102.92 

97.64 

11.464 

22 

22 

Boat-.{}.^ 
Cabronades : 

(4 

8.677 




109.61 

104.41 

7,967 

44 

8.677 

4.638 




97.21 

92.12 

6,000 

44 



6i;i 


44 

4.685 

6.307 

5.826 

5.:i08 

4,642 

* 

4.639 

6.2a3 

5.782 

5.264 

4.597 

33.87 

31.90 

221 

53.33 

45.85 

2,227 

24-pdr... 

IS-pdr... 

12-pdr... 




45.71 

38.36 

1,663 





41.71 

34.65 

1,272 





35.33 

29.37 

'840 

Mortars: 32 ce 




48,98 

37.95 

9,615 

iJlLiilld'XCO 



61.8 

54.3 

670 


jVlr LLl' J! Ir-JUi/ | ••• 










BELGIUM. 

^ . AQ 

7.480 

6.882 

5.973 

5.410 

4.721 

7.32tl 

6.724 

5.854 

5.291 

4.642 

7.2.38 

6.638 

5.755 

5.221 

4.578 




139.84 

1.31.10 

11.685 

UUNS : 

36-pdr... 

24-pdr... 

18-pdr... 

12pdr... 




115.12 

113.50 

107.28 

7.827 





106.57 

6,217 


121.41 

117.80 

116.26 

112.31 

4,916 

3,660 

108.15 

103.86 

101.65 

98.23 

5,049 

3,637 


* C*8t with a hed-plate. t 6 grooves, .118 inch depth; projectile, 8 pounds. 

Rifled 36 and 30 pounders are used in the armament of ships. They have 2 grooves, making 
1 turn in 30 feet. A rifle-gun has been arranged for siege-purpo'sss also. 









































































490 


ORDNANCE MANUAL 


Foreign Ordnance. —Continued. 


Designation. 

Diameter of Bore. 

Diameter of 
Ball. 

Brass. 

Iron. 

High 

gauge. 

Low 

gauge. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Length. 

Exte¬ 

rior. 

Bore. 

Exte¬ 

rior. 

Bore. 

BELGIUM— Continued. 









Guns— continued: 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Eield.12-pdr... 

4.721 

4.642 

4.578 

75.28 

70.83 

1,962 



G-pdr... 

3.7 CO 

3.681 

3.626 

101.30 

97.76 

1,962 

90.16 

85.83 

Field. 6-pdr... 

3.760 

3.681 

3.62(i 

63.70 

60.16 

1,047 



Howitzers: 27 centimetres 

10.787 

10.709 

10.638 




106.57 

100.20 

22 “ 

8.780 

8.701 

8.638 




96.97 

91.10 

Gun howitzer : 22 “ 

8.780 

8.701 

8.638 




108.27 

101.97 

20 « 

7.930 

7.849 

7.795 

38.11 

25.43 

1,323 

15 “ 

5.972 

5,894 

5.846 

29.72 

20.08 

750 



15 “ 

5.972 

5.894 

5.846 

65.71 

60.35 

1,113 



Mortars : 29 “ 

11.473 

11..394 

11.315 

33.15 

26.10 

1,323 



20 “ 

7.930 

7.849 

7.795 

22.95 

18.19 

551 



13 “ 

5.165 

5.106 

5.067 

11.14 

9.09 

77 



Stone mortar. 

15.355 






32.17 

25 87 

Grenade mortar. 

15.355 






40.75 

30 47 

Eprouvette. 

7.520 







11.97 

SPAIN. 








Guns : 24-pdr... 

6.105 




123.63 

6 532 



16-pdr... 

5.255 




111.44 

4 415 



ri2pdr... 

4.843 




111.90 

3 654 



Long.-< 8-pdr... 

4.237 




99.06 

2 640 



( 4-i)dr.., 

3.362 




86.78 

1 431 



(12-pdr... 

4.843 




79 91 

2131 



Short. < 8-pdr... 

4,237 




69 74 

1 403 



t 4-pdr... 

3.362 




55.33 

690 



Mountain.4-ptlr.,. 

2.267 




28.11 

178 



Howitzers : 9-i"nch.. 

8.650 




41.07 

1 796 



7-inch.. 

6.666 




27.57 




Mortars : 14-inch.. 

12.977 




29.19 

2 288 

* 


14-inch.. 

12.977 




27 87 

2 806 



12-inch.. 

10.948 




23 10 

1 908 

it 


7-iuch.. 

6.646 




13.31 

203 

r 


Eprouvette....?-inch.. 

7.638 




12.17 

193 

J 


PRUSSIA. 







Guns: 24-pdr., long. 

5.849 



119.03 

113 27 

5 496 

119 0.3 

119 94 

24-pdr., slioi t 

5 849 



71.87 

67 13 

2 649 

72 80 

AJ. 99 

12-pdr... 

4.675 



105.55 

102.46 

2,876 

107 TO 

101 7.i 

6-pdr.., 

3.707 



59.72 

55.60 


3.707 



63.84 

60 96 


rielu. < i 

112-pdr... 

4.675 



80.32 

76 56 




Howitzers : 7 pdr... 

5.838 



39 13 

35,01 




lO-pdr... 

6.69 



42 26 

38 40 

1 900 



25 pdr... 

8.897 



54.80 

53 66 


54.80 

53.66 

Mortars: tt j f 

3.092 



5 21 

1 

Hand. •{ 

'» _ t 

4.618 

4..573 

4.460 

1 

7.63 

Av fi 

39 



7-pdr... 

5.793 

5.752 

5.639 

15.86 

13.02 

166 







Lbs. 

1,940 

11,024 

8,047 

7,165 


1.377 

3,330 

435 


5,571 

2,737.8 

2,939 

968 


3,426 


* Cylindrical chambers. 
J Attached to a stock 


t Conical chambers. 

2 Cast with a bed-plate. 







































































FOREIGN ORDNANCE. 


491 


Foreign Ordnance. —Continued. 


u 

o 

Diameter op 
Ball. 

b 

O 

w 

H 

U 

< 

P 

High 

gauge. 

Low 

gauge. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

6.690 

6.633 

6.520 

8.906 

8.834 

8.710 

11.184 

15.454 

11.102 

10.978 

11.120 

11.102 

10.978 

3.762 

3.646 

3.609 

4.739 

4.610 

4.560 

2.996 

2.920 

2.880 

3.762 

3.646 

3.609 

4.739 

4.610 

4.560 

5.426 

5.300 

5.210 

5.972 

5.860 

5.784 

6.443 

6.320 

6.240 

6.837 

6.750 

6.650 

7.5 

3.242 



3.140 

3.100 

4.843 

4.700 

4.650 

4.843 

4.700 

4.650 

6.102 

5.990 

5.915 

7.688 

7.575 

7.476 

4.084 

3.920 

3.890 

9.650 

9.570 

9.490 

13.150 

13.050 

12.950 

6.000 

5.990 

5.915 

7.700 

7.575 

7.476 

9.000 

8.900 

8.820 

10.750 

10.680 

10.580 

3.015 

2.922 

2.887 

3.786 

3.6S7 

3.652 

4.791 

4.674 

4.628 

5.551 

5,446 

5.388 

6.112 

5.994 

5.924 

6.560 

6.455 

6,385 

6.5<i0 

6.455 

6.385 

4.791 

4.674 

4.628 

6.112 

5.994 

5.924 

8.905 

8.765 

8.695 

11,254 

11,114 

11.021 

11.254 

11.114 

11.021 

12.855 

12,715 

12.598 


Brass. 

Length. 

*53 

Exte¬ 

rior. 

Bore. 

In. 

20.61 

26.29 

36.69 

In. 

15.97 

21.65 

29.89 

Lbs. 

393 

909 

1,775 





51.13 

74.64 

802 

1,783 







lOO.CO 

108.75 

119.70 

3,492 

4,814 

6,485 











a 

■*o * 

¥*• 

*5 

'o 

x 

P 

• 

28.37 
37.53 

42.38 
50.34 
63.90 

7.00 

14.50 

18.81 

240 

707 

780 

1,509 

3,170 

26 

1,311 

3,243 



































Designation. 


PRUSSIA— Continued. 
Mortars — continued: 

10-pdr.., 

25-pdr.., 

60-pdr.., 

Stone. 

Bomb-cannon : 50-pdr.. 


RUSSIA. 


Guns: 


Field. 


and 


Siege 
garrison 
and sea- 
coast. 


6-pdr.. 
12-pdr.. 
3-pdr.. 
G-pdr.. 
12-ixlr.. 
18-pdr.. 
24-pdr.. 
30-pdr.. 
36-pdr.. 
IIowiTZERS (Likornaj: 

56 pdr.. 
3-pdr.. 
10-pdr.. 
10-pdr.. 
[20-pdr.. 
Siege and garrison. .40-pdr.. 
Mortars : 

6-pdr.. 
80-pdr.. 
200-pdr.. 


Field. 


Bomb CANNON: 


20-pdr., 

40-pdr.. 

96-pdr.. 

120-pdr.. 


SWEDEN. 


GONS: 


3-pdr.,. 

Field. 

18-pdr... 
24-pdr... 
f 30-pdr... 
' (30-pdr... 


Ship. 


Howitzers: Field* { 

Mortars : 7-inch 

Light 9-inch 
Heavy 9-inch 
11-inch 


Iron. 


Length. 


Exte¬ 

rior. 

Bore. 

.SP 

In. 


In. 

Lbs. 

21.64 

15.97 

627 

27.83 

21.65 

1,129 

37.87 

29.89 

2,165 

33.00 

25.77 

1.553 

111.00 


12,400 

51.00 

48.00 

681 

82.70 

79.00 

1.665 

104.00 

99.00 

3.300 

114.00 

106.50 

5.680 

126.00 

118.00 

7,600 

129.00 

121,15 

9,080 

136.00 

127.70 

10,500 

124. 



13,500 



50.34 

63.43 

1.675 

3,476 



16.00 

1,927 



21.83 

4.900 

92.00 

87.00 

3,300 

116,00 

110.00 

5,600 

65.60 

62.50 

816 

81.70 

77.75 

1,565 

74.00 

70.00 

3.636 
6,27 6 

53.77 

50.62 

830 

68.39 

64.53 

1.550 

33.78 

29.23 

1,050 

39,04 

33.30 

2.100 

52.84 

44.66 

4,800 


* Not chambered. 





































































492 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Foreign Ordnance. —Continued. 




U 

o 

» 

Dumf.ter of 
Ball. 

Brass. 

Iron. 

Desionation. 

Pm 
• O 

High 

Low 

Length. 


Length. 







•4^ 






< 

gauge. 

gauge. 

Exte- 

Bore. 

.Sf 

Exte- 

Bore. 

pd 

.SP 



p 



rior. 


rior. 


SAXONY. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Lb.s. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Guns: 

6-pdr... 

3.6S4 

3.573 

• ••••••• • 

63.868 

60.74 

881 





12-pdr... 
12 pdr... 

7 ^pdr... 

4.613 

4.502 


77.09 

57.40 

42.51 

72.03 

54.02 

1.697 

'995 

721 




New gun-howitzer: 

4.613 

4.502 





5.986 

5.864 


36.40 




AUSTRIA. 





Guns, jionntjun.. ■ 

1-pdr... 

3-pdr... 

2.075 

2.957 

1.981 

2.849 

1.959 

2.827 

.31.37 

31.64 

29.41 

29.16 

180 

296 





3-pdr... 

2.957 

2.849 

2.827 

45.25 

42.42 

508 




Field. \ 

6-pdr... 

3.724 

3.594 

3.562 

57.00 

53.43 

842 




12-pdr... 

4.660 

4.524 

4.488 

71.82 

67.33 

1.700 





18-pdr... 

5.311 

5.173 

5.137 

82.22 

77.71 

2,514 





6-pdr... 
12-pdr... 

3.724 

3.594 

3.562 



92.47 

88.90 

106.61 

1.566 

3,445 

Siege and 

4.660 

4.524 

4.488 

112.22 

108.01 

3,276 

111.85 

garrison. 

18-pdr... 

5.311 

5.173 

5.137 

123.32 

118.50 

4,7.35 

117.86 

111.76 

4,789 


24pdr... 

5.827 

5.691 

5.655 

130.08 

124.78 

6,130 




Bomb-cannon : 

30-pdr... 
r 7-pdr... 

9.473 

9.350 

9.256 



98.31 

92.39 

31.70 

8,558 

498 

Howitzers • 

5.870 

5.755 

5.698 

34.55 

31.70 

598 

34.55 


10-pdr... 

6.634 

6.512 

6.418 

35.71 

31.68 

913 




Mortars: Coehorn.. 


3.724 

3.594 

3.562 




10.91 

9.35 

68 


10-pdr... 

6.634 

6.512 

6.418 

22.47 

18.91 

421 


30-pdr... 

9.494 

9.350 

9.256 

27.77 

22.63 

1,141 





30-pdr... 

9.422 

9.350 

9.256 

28.35 

23.58 

1.294 





60-pdr... 

11.922 

11.763 

11.663 

32.44 

25.97 

2,167 




Stone mortar. 

..60-pdr... 

12.390 





38.45 

32.44 

2,180 


Ordnance of the Navy of the United States. 


Designation. 

Diameter 
of bore. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Charge. 

Bore. 

Exterior. 

Powder. 

Shot or 
shell. 


In. 



Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Guns : 64-pdr. 

8. 

124.2 

140.95 

11,872 

12. 

65. 

32-pdr. 

6.4 



6 832 

Q 

^9 

32-pdr. 

6.4 

107.9 

125..34 

6,384 

8. 

32. 

32-pdr. 

6.4 

104. 

121.08 

5,712 

7. 

32. 

32-i.dr. 

6.4 

97.2 

115.69 

6,152 

7. 

32. 

32-pdr. 

6.4 

90.5 

105. 

4,704 

6. 

32. 

32-pdr. 

6.4 

75.04 

91.83 

3,696 

4.5 

32. 

32-pdr. 

6.4 

70. 

81.6 

3,024 

4. 

32. 







Shell. 

ShelltGuns: 11-inch. 

11. 



15 700 


1 QA 

10-inch. 

10. 



12 000 

19 

O'? 

9-inch. 

9. 



Q non 

in 

iJt • 

8-inch. 

8. 

100.3 

119.31 

7.056 

8. 

oa./ D 

51. 

8-inch. 

8. 

95.4 

114.15 

6,160 

7. 

51. 

Boat-Howitzers:' 24-pdr. 

5.82 

58.2 

67. 

1,310 

2. 

Shell. 

17. 

12-pdr. 

4.62 

55.23 

63.5 

760 

1. 

8.4 

12-pdr. 

4.62 

44.0 

51.75 

430 

0.625 

3.4 

Rifle-gun... 

3.4 

55.23 

63.5 

780 
























































































TABLE FOR REDUCING METRES TO INCHES. 


493 


Table for Reducing Metres tq^Inches. 


Metres. 

Inches. 

Metres. 

Inches. 

Metres. 

Inches. 

Metres. 

Inches. 

0.001 

0.039371 

0.051 

2.007910 

0.101 

3.976450 

0.1 51 

5*944989 

2 

0.078742 

52 

2.047281 

102 

4.015821 

152 

5.984360 

3 

0.1 181 12 

53 

2.086652 

103 

4.055191 

153 

6.023731 

4 

0.157483 

54 

2.126023 

104 

4.094562 

»54 

6.063102 

5 

0.196854 

55 

2.165393 

105 

4-^33933 

155 

6.102472 

6 

0.236225 

5 ^ 

2.204764 

106 

4.173304 

156 

6.141843 

7 

0.275596 

57 

2.244135 

107 

4.212675 

157 

6.181214 

8 

0.314966 

58 

2.283506 

108 

4.252045 

158 

6.220585 

9 

0.354337 

59 

2.322877 

109 

4.291416 

159 

6.259956 

O.OIO 

0.393708 

0.060 

2.362247 

0. 1 10 

4.330787 

0.160 

6.299326 

11 

0.433078 

61 

2.401 618 

III 

4.370158 

161 

6.338697 

12 

0.472449 

62 

2.440989 

I 12 

4.409528 

162 

6.378068 

*3 

0.51 1820 

63 

2.480-^58 

113 

4.448899 

163 

6.417439 

14 

0.551191 

64 

2.519731 

114 

4.488270 

164 

6.456810 

15 

0. S90562 

65 

2.559101 

”5 

4.527641 

165 

6.496180 

16 

0.629933 

66 

2.598472 

116 

4.567011 

166 

6 . 53555 * 

17 

0.669303 

67 

2.637843 

117 

4.606382 

167 

6.574922 

18 

0.708674 

68 

2.677214 

118 

4.645753 

168 

6.614293 

19 

0.748045 

69 

2.716585 

119 

4.685124 

169 

6.653664 

0.020 

0.787416 

0.070 

^•755955 

0.120 

4.724495 

0.170 

6.693034 

21 

0.826787 

71 

2.795326 

121 

4.763866 

171 

6.732405 

22 

0.866157 

72 

2.834697 

122 

4.803236 

172 

6.771776 

23 

0.905528 

73 

2.874068 

123 

4.842607 

173 

6.811147 

24 

0.944899 

74 

2.913438 

124 

4.881978 

174 

6.850517 

^5 

0.984270 

75 

2.952809 

125 

4.921349 

175 

6.889888 

26 

1.023641 

76 

2.992180 

126 

4.960720 

176 

6.929259 

27 

1.06301 I 

77 

3*031551 

127 

5.000090 

177 

6.968630 

28 

1.102382 

78 

3.070922 

128 

5.039461 

178 

7,008001 

29 

1.141753 

79 

3.110292 

129 

5.078832 

179 

7.047371 

0.030 

1.181124 

0.080 

3.149663 

0.130 

5.118203 

0.180 

7.086742 

3 * 

1.220494 

81 

3.189034 

131 

5.157573 

181 

7.126113 

3 ^ 

1.259865 

82 

3.228405 

132 

5.196944 

182 

7.165484 

33 

1.299236 

83 

3.267776 

133 

5.236315 

183 

7.204855 

34 

1.338607 

84 

3.307146 

134 

5.275686 

184 

7.244225 

35 

1.377978 

85 

3.346517 

135 

5.315057 

185 

7.283596 

36 

1.417348 

86 

3.385888 

136 

5.354427 

186 

7.322967 

37 

1.456719 

87 

3*425259 

137 

5.39379^ 

187 

7.362338 

38 

1.496090 

88 

3.464630 

138 

5.433109 

188 

7.401709 

39 

1.535461 

89 

3.504000 

1*39 

5.472540 

189 

7.441079 

0.040 

1.574832 

0.090 

3*543371 

0.140 

5 511911 

0.190 

7.480450 

41 

1.614202 

91 

3.582742 

141 

5.551281 

191 

7.519821 

42 

1653573 

92 

3.622113 

142 

5.590652 

192 

7.559192 

43 

1.692944 

93 

3.661483 

143 

5.630023 

193 

7*598562 

44 

1.732315 

94 

3.700854 

144 

5.669394 

194 

7.637933 

45 

1.771686 

95 

3.740225 

145 

5 708765 

195 

7*677304 

46 

1.811056 

96 

3.779596 

146 

5.748135 

196 

7.716675 

47 

1.850427 

97 

3.818967 

147 

5.787506 

197 

7.756046 

48 

1.8897,98 

98 

3.858337 

148 

5.826877 

198 

7.795416 

49 

1.929169 

99 

3.897708 

149 

5.866248 

199 

7*834787 

0.050 

1.968540 

0.100 

3*937079 

0.150 

5.905618 

0.200 

7.874158 



















494 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Table for rMlucing Kilogrammes to Pounds. 


Kilog. 

Pounds. 

Kilog. 

Pounds. 

Kilog. 

Pounds. 

Kilog. 

Pounds. 

I 

2.204737 

31 

68.346847 

61 

134.488957 

91 

200.631067 

2 

4.409474 

32 

70.551584 

62 

136.693694 

92 

202.835804 

3 

6.614211 

33 

72.756321 

63 

138.898431 

93 

205.040541 

4 

8.818948 

34 

74.961058 

64 

141.103168 

94 

207.245278 

5 

11.023685 

35 

77.165795 

65 

143.307905 

95 

209.450015 

6 

I 3.228422 

36 

79.370532 

66 

145.512642 

96 

211.654752 

7 

15-433159 

37 

81.575269 

67 

147-717379 

97 

213.859489 

8 

17.6^^7896 

38 

83.780006 

68 

149.922116 

98 

21 6.064226 

9 

19.842633 

39 

85-984743 

69 

152.126853 

99 

218.268963 

lO 

22.047770 

40 

88.189480 

70 

154-331590 

100 

220.473700 

11 

24.252107 

41 

90.394217 

71 

156.536327 

101 

222.678437 

12 

26.456844 

42 

92.598954 

72 

158.741064 

102 

224.883174 

13 

28.661581 

43 

94.803691 

73 

160.945801 

103 

227-087911 

14 

30.866318 

44 

97.008428 

74 

163.150538 

104 

229.292648 

15 

33.071055 

45 

99.213165 

75 

165.355275 

105 

231-497385 

j 6 

35.275792 

46 

101.417902 

76 

167.560012 

106 

233.702122 

17 

37.480529 

47 

103.622639 

77 

169.764749 

107 

235.906859 

18 

39.685266 

48 

105.827376 

78 

171.969486 

108 

238. Ill 596 

19 

41.890003 

49 

108.032113 

79 

174.174223 

109 

240.316333 

20 

44.094740 

50 

110.236850 

80 

176.378960 

110 

242.521070 

21 

46.299477 

5 * 

112.441587 

81 

178.583697 

111 

244.725807 

22 

48.504214 

52 

114.646324 

82 

180.788434 

112 

246.930544 

^3 

50.708951 

53 

116.851061 

83 

182.993171 

113 

249.135281 

24 

52.91 3688 

54 

119.055798 

84 

185.197908 

114 

251.340018 

25 

55.118425 

55 

121.260535 

85 

187.402645 

115 

253-544755 

26 

57.323162 

56 

123.465272 

86 

189.607382 

116 

255-749492 

27 

59.527899 

57 

125.670009 

87 

191.812119 

117 

257.954229 

28 

61.732636 

58 

127.874746 

88 

194.016856 

118 

260.158966 

29 

63-937373 

59 

1 30.079483 

89 

196.221593 

119 

262.363703 

30 

66.142110 

60 

132.284220 

90 

198.426330 

120 

264.568440 


Table for Reducing Grammes to Grains. 


Gram. 

Grains. 

Gram. 

Grains. 

Gram. 

Grains. 

Gram. 

Grains. 

1 

15-433159 

14 

21 6.064226 

27 

416.695293 1 

40 

617.326360 

2 

30.866318 

15 

231-497385 

28 

432.128452 

41 

632.759519 

3 

46.299477 

16 

246.930544 

29 

447.561611 1 

42 

648.192678 

4 

61.732636 

17 

262.363703 

30 

462.994770 1 

43 

663.625837 

5 

77.165795 

18 

277.796862 

31 

478.427929 

44 

679.058996 

6 

92-598954 

19 

293.230021 

32 

493.861088 

45 

694.492155 

'•7 

108.03211 3 

20 

308.663180 

33 

509.294247 

46 

709.925314 

8 

123.465272 

21 

324.096339 

34 

524.727406 

47 

725.35847^ 

9 

138.898431 

22 

339-529498 

35 

540.1 60565 

48 

740.791632 

10 

154.331590 

23 

354.962657 

36 

555-593724 

49 

756.224791 

11 

169.764749 

24 

370.395816 

37 

571.026883 1 

50 

771.657950 

12 

185.197908 

25 

385.828975 

38 

586.460042 1 

51 

787.091109 

13 

200.631067 

26 

401.262134 

39 

601.893201 1 

52 

802.524268 














































WEIGHT OF DISTILLED WATER. 


495 


Weight of Distilled Water, displaced hy the same Glass Dull, at 
different Temperatures. 


Tempera¬ 

ture. 

Weight of 
water. 

Logarithms of 
weight. 

Tempera¬ 

ture. 

Weight of 
water. 

Logaritlims of 
weight. 

60.00 

1.000000 

0.0000000 

72.00 

0.998942 

1.9995401 

' 60.25 

0.999981 

1.9999919 

72.25 

0.998912 

1-9995274 

60.50 

0.999963 

1.9999839 

72.50 

0.998884 

1-9995150 

60.75 

0.999945 

1.9999760 

72.75 

0.998855 

1.9995027 

61.00 

0.999927 

1.9999681 

73.00 

0.998825 

1.9994892 

61.25 

0.999909 

1.9999603 

73*25 

0.998795 

1-9994765 

61.50 

0.999890 

1.9999522 

73*50 

0.998766 

1-9994635 

61.75 

0.999871 

1.9999440 

73*75 

0.998736 

1.9994506 

62.00 

0.999853 

1.9999361 

74.00 

0.998705 

1-9994373 

62.25 

0.999834 

1.9999280 

74.25 

0.998675 

1.9994241 

62.50 

0.999814 

1*9999193 

74-50 

0.998645 

1.9994113 

62.75 

0.999795 

1.9999108 

74*75 

0.998615 

1-9993979 

63.00 

0.999774 

1.9999020 

75.00 

0.998584 

1-9993845 

63.25 

0*999753 

1.9998929 

75-25 

0.998553 

1.9993710 

63.50 

0.999733 

1.9998840 

75-50 

0.998521 

1-9993574 

6375 

0.999712 

1.9998749 

75-75 

0.998492 

1*9993446 

64.00 

0.999692 

1.9998660 

76.00 

0.998461 

1-9993313 

64.25 

0.999672 

1.9998574 

76.25 

0.998430 

1-9993175 

64.50 

0.999651 

1.9998483 

76.50 

0.998399 

1-9993039 

64.75 

0.999629 

1.9998388 

76.75 

0.998367 

1*9992904 

65.00 

0.999608 

1.9998294 

77.00 

0.998337 

1.9992771 - 

6525 

0.999585 

1.9998198 

77*25 

0.998309 

1.9992649 

65.50 

0.999563 

1.9998104 

77-50 

0.998278 

1-9992515 

6575 

0.999542 

1.9998011 

77*75 

0.998248 

1.9992382 

66.00 

0.999521 

1.9997918 

78.00 

0.998216 

1.9992244 

66.25 

0.999499 

1.9997822 

78.25 

0.998184 

1.9992104 

66.50 

0.999479 

1.9997737 

78.50 

0.998152 

1-9991965 

66.75 

0.999454 

1.9997630 

78-75 

0.998120 

1.9991826 

67.00 

0.999432 

1-9997533 

79.00 

0 998080 

1.9991686 

67.25 

0.999409 

1-9997435 

79-25 

0.998055 

1-9991545 

67.50 

0.999387 

1-9997338 

79-50 

0.998022 

1.9991400 

67.75 

0.999365 

1.9997243 

79-75 

0.997989 

1.9991258 

68.00 

0.999343 

1.9997146 

80.00 

0.997956 

1-9991113 

68.25 

0.999320 

1.9997047 

80.25 

0.997923 

1-9990970 

68.50 

0.999297 

1.9996945 

80.50 

0.997889 

1.9990822 

68.75 

0.999273 

1.9996843 

80.75 

0.997855 

1.9990673 

69.00 

0.999249 

1.9996740 

81.00 

0.997821 

1.9990526 

69.25 

0.999226 

1.9996636 

81.25 

0.997788 

1-9990383 

69.50 

0.999202 

1.9996532 

81.50 

0.997754 

1.9990233 

69.75 

0.999178 

I 9996477 

81.75 

0.997718 

1.9990079 

70.00 

0.999153 

1.9996320 

82.00 

0.997681 

1.9989918 

70.25 

0.999127 

1.9996208 

82.25 

0.997644 

1.9989756 

70.50 

0.999102 

1.9996098 

82.50 

0.997607 

1-9989596 

70.75 

0.999076 

1.9995985 

82.75 

0.997571 

1-9989438 

71.00 

0*999050 

1*9995873 

83.00 

0.997536 

1.9989286 

71.25 

0.999024 

1-9995779 

83-25 

0.997500 

1.9989J38 

71.50 

0.998997 

1.9995642 

83-50 

0.997468 

1.9988989 

71*75 

0.998969 

1.9995522 

83*75 

0.997433 

1.9988837 


42 

















40(5 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Powers. — Roots .— Circles. 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square Root. 

Cube Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

I 

I 

I 

1.000 

1.000 

0.7854 

3.1416 

a 

4 

8 

1.414 

1.260 

3.1416 

6.2832 

3 

9 

27 

1.732 

1.442 

7.0686 

9.4248 

4 

16 

64 

2.000 

1.587 

12.5664 

12.5664V 

5 

25 

125 

2.236 

1.710 

19.6350 

15.7080 

6 

36 

216 

2.449 

1.817 

28.2743 

18.8496 

7 

49 

343 

2.646 

1.913 

38.4846 

21.9911 

8 

64 

512 

2.828 

2.000 

50.2655 

25.1327 

9 

81 

729 

3.000 

2.080 

63.6173 

28.2743 

lO 

100 

1000 

3. I 62 

2.154 

78.5398 

31-4159 

11 

121 

1331 

3-317 

2.224 

95-0332 

34-5575 

12. 

144 

1728 

3.464 

2.289 

II3.0973 

37.6991 

13 

169 

2197 

3.606 

2-351 

132.7323 

40.8407 

14 

196 

2744 

3-742 

2.410 

153-9380 

43-9823 

15 

225 

3375 

3-873 

2.466 

176.7146 

47.1239 

16 

256 

4096 

4.000 

2.520 

201.0619 

50.2655 

17 

289 

4913 

4.123 

2-571 

226.9801 

53.4071 

18 

324 

5832 

4.243 

2.621 

254.4690 

56-5487 

19 

361 

6859 

4-359 

2.668 

283.5287 

59-6903 

20 

400 . 

8000 

4.472 

2.714 

314-1593 

62.8319 

21 

441 

9261 

4-583 

2.759 

346. 3606 

65-9734 

22 

484 

10648 

4.690 

2.802 

380.1327 

69.1150 

23 

529 

12167 

4-796 

2.844 

415.4756 

72.2566 

24 

576 

13824 

4.899 

2.884 

452.3893 

75-3982 

25 

625 

15625 

5.000 

2.924 

490.8739 

78.5398 

26 

676 

17576 

5-099 

2.962 

530.9292 

81.6814 

27 

729 

19683 

5.196 

3.000 

572.5552 

84.8230 

28 

784 

21952 

5.292 

3-037 

615.7522 

87.9646 

29 

841 

24389 

5-385 

3.072 

660.5199 

91.1062 

30 

900 

27000 

5-477 

3.107 

706.8583 

94.2478 

31 

961 

29791 

5-568 

3-141 

754.7676 

97-3894 

3 ^ 

1024 

32768 

5-657 

3-175 

804.2477 

100.5310 

33 

1089 

35937 

5-745 

3-208 

855.2986 

103.6726 

34 

1156 

39304 

5-831 

3.240 

907.9203 

106.8142 

35 

1225 

42875 

5.916 

3.271 

962.1128 

109.9557 

36 

1296 

46656 

6.000 

3.302 

1017.8760 

113.0973 

37 

1369 

50653 

6 083 

3-332 

1075.2101 

116.2389 

38 

1444 

54872 

6.164 

3 362 

11 34.1149 

119.3805 

39 

1521 

59319 

6.245 

3-391 

1194.5906 

122.5221 

40 

1600 

64000 

6.325 

3.420 

1256.6370 

125.6637 

41 

1681 

68921 

6.403 

3-448 

1320.2543 

128.8053 

42 

1764 

74088 

6.481 

3-476 

1385.4424 

131.9469 

43 

1849 

79507 

6-557 

3-503 

1452.2012 

135.0885 

44 

1936 

85184 

6-633 

3-530 

1520.5308 

138.2301 

45 

2025 

91125 

6.708 

3-557 

1590-4313 

141.3717 

46 

2116 

97336 

6.782 

3-583 

I 661.9025 

144-5^33 

47 

2209 

103823 

6 856 

3-609 

1734 9445 

147.6549 

48, 

2304 

110592 

6 928 

3-634 

1809.5574 

150.7964 

49 

2401 

117649 

7.000 

3-659 

1885.7410 

153 9380 

50 

2500 

125000 

7.071 

3.684 

1963.4954 

157.0796 
















POWERS.—ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 


497 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square boot 

1 

. Cube Hoot 

A rea. 

Circuin. 

51 

2601 

132651 

7.141 

3-708 

2042.8206 

1 60.2212 

52 

2704 

140608 

7.211 

3-733 

2123.7166 

163.3628 

53 

2809 

148877 

7.280 

3-756 

2206.1834 

1 66.5044 

54 

2916 

157464 

7.348 

3.780 

2290.2210 

169.6460 

55 

3025 

166375 

7.416 

3.803 

2375-8294 

172.7876 

56 

3136 

175616 

7.483 

3.826 

2463.0086 

175.9292 

57 

3249 

185193 

7-550 

3-849 

2551.7586 

179.0708 

58 

3364 

195112 

7.616 

3.871 

2642.0794 

182.2124 

59 

3481 

205379 

7.681 

3-893 

2733.9710 

185.3540 

60 

3600 

216000 

7.746 

3-915 

2827.4334 

188.4956 

61 

3721 

226981 

7.810 

3-936 

2922.4666 

191.6372 

62 

3844 

238328 

7.874 

3-958 

3019.0705 

194.7787 

63 

3969 

250047 

7-937 

3-979 

3117.2453 

197.9203 

64 

4096 

262144 

8.000 

4.000 

3216.9909 

201.0619 

65 

4225 

274625 

8.062 

4.021 

3318.3072 

204.2035 

66 

4356 

287496 

8.124 

4.041 

3421.1944 

207.3451 

67 

4489 

300763 

8.185 

4.062 

3525-6524 

210.4867 

68 

4624 

314432 

8.246 

4.082 

3631.6811 

21 3.6283 

69 

4761 

328509 

8.307 

4.102 

3739.2807 

216.7699 

70 

4900 

343000 

8.367 

4.121 

3848.4510 

219.9115 

71 

5041 

357911 

8.426 

4.141 

3959.1921 

223.0531 

72 

5184 

373248 

8.485 

4.160 

4071.5041 

226.1947 

73 

5329 

389017 

8.544 

4-179 

4185.3868 

229.3363 

74 

5476 

405224 

8.602 

4.198 

4300.8403 

232.4779 

75 

5625 

421875 

8.660 

4.217 

4417.8647 

235.6194 

76 

5776 

438976 

8.718 

4.236 

4536-4598 

238.7610 

77 

5929 

456533 

8.775 

4.254 

4656.6257 

241.9026 

78 

6084 

474552 

8.832 

4-273 

4778.3624 

245.0442 

79 

6241 

493039 

8.888 

4.291 

4901.6699 

248.1858 

80 

6400 

512000 

8.944 

4.309 

5026.5482 

251.3274 

81 

6561 

531441 

9.000 

4-327 

5152.9974 

254.4690 

82 

6724 

55^368 

9.055 

4-344 

5281.0173 

257.6106 

83 

6889 

571787 

9110 

4.362 

5410.6079 

260.7522 

84 

7056 

592704 

9.165 

4.380 

5541.7694 

263.8938 

85 

7225 

614125 

9.220 

4-397 

5674.5017 

267.0354 

86 

7396 

636056 

9.274 

4.414 

5808.8048 

270.1770 

87 

7569 

658503 

9.327 

4-431 

5944-6787 

273.3186 

88 

7744 

681472 

9.381 

4-448 

6082.1234 

276.4602 

89 

7921 

704969 

9-434 

4-465 

6221.1 389 

279.6017 

90 

8100 

729000 

9.487 

4.481 

6361.7251 

282.7433 

91 

8281 

753571 

9-539 

4-498 

6503.8822 

285.8849 

92 

8464 

778688 

9.592 

4-514 

6647.6101 

289.0265 , 

93 

8649 

804357 

9-644 

4-531 

6792.9087 

292.1681 

94 

8836 

830584 

9.695 

4-547 

6939.7782 

295.3097 

95 

9025 

857375 

9-747 

4-563 

7088.2184 

298.4513 

96 

9216 

884736 

9-798 

4-579 

7238.2295 

301.5929 

97 

9409 

. 912673 

9-849 

4-595 

7389.8113 

304-7345 

98 

9604 

941192 

9.899 

4.610 

7542.9640 

307.8761 

99 

9801 

970299 

9-950 

4.626 

7697.6874 

311.0177 

100 

10000 

I000000 1 

10.000 

4.642 

785-3.9816 

3 M -1593 






























ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


49fe 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

square Root. ( 

Jube Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

lOI 

10201 

1030301 

10.050 

4.657 

8011.847 

317-301 

102 

10404 

1061201 

10.100 

4.672 

8171.282 

320.442 

103 

10609 

1092727 

10.149 

4.688 

8332.289 

323.584 

104 

10816 

11248 64 

10.198 

4.703 

8494.867 

326.726 

105 

11025 

1157625 

10.247 

4.718 

8659.015 

329.867 

106 

11236 

1191016 

10.296 

4-733 

8824.734 

333-009 

107 

11449 

1225043 

10.344 

4-747 

8992.024 

336.150 

108 

11664 

1259712 

10.392 

4.762 

9160.884 

339.292 

109 

I1881 

1295029 

10.440 

4-777 

9331.316 

342-434 

no 

12100 

I 331000 

10.488 

4-791 

9503.318 

345-575 

III 

I232I 

1367631 

10.536 

4.806 

9676.891 

348.717 

I 12 

12544 

1404928 

10.583 

4.820 

9852.035 

351.858 

II3 

12769 

1442897 

10.630 

4-835 

10028.749 

355.000 

II4 

12996 

1481544 

10.677 

4.849 

10207.035 

358.142 


13225 

1520875 

10.724 

4.863 

10386.891 

361.283 

116 

13456 

1560896 

10.771 

4.877 

10568.318 

364.425 

117 

I 3689 

1601613 

10.817 

4.891 

10751.315 

367.566 

118 

13924 

1643032 

10.863 

4 905 

10935.884 

370.708 

119 

14161 

1685159 

10.909 

4-919 

11122.023 

373.849 

120 

14400 

1728000 

10.954 

4-932 

11309-734 

376.991 

121 

14641 

1771561 

11.000 

4.946 

11499-015 

380.133 

122 

14^ ^4 

1815848 

11.045 

4.960 

11 689.866 

383.274 

123 

15129 

1860867 

11.091 

4-973 

11882.289 

386.416 

124 

15376 

1906624 

11.136 

4.987 

12076.282 

389-557 

125 

15625 

1953125 

11.180 

5.000 

12271.846 

392.699 

126 

15876 

2000376 

11.225 

5.013 

12468.981 

395.841 

127 

16129 

2048383 

11.269 

5.027 

12667.687 

398.982 

128 

16384 

2097152 

II. 314 

5.040 

12867.963 

402.123 

129 

16641 

2146689 

11.358 

5-053 

13069.811 

405.265 

130 

16900 

2197000 

11.402 

5.066 

13273-229 

408.407 


17161 

2248091 

11.446 

5.079 

13478.218 

411-549 

132 

17424 

2299968 

11.489 

5.092 

13684.778 

414.690 

133 

17689 

2352637 

11-533 

5.104 

I 3892.908 

417.832 

134 

17956 

2406104 

11.576 

5-117 

14102.609 

420.973 

135 

18225 

2460375 

11.619 

5-130 

14313.882 

424-115 

136 

18496 

2515456 

11.662 

S-H 3 

14526.724 

427.257- 

137 

18769 

2571353 

11.705 

5-155 

14741.138 

430.398 

138 

19044 

2628072 

11.747 

5.168 

14956.123 

433-540 

139 

. 19321 

2685619 

11.790 

5.180 

15174.678 

436.681 

140 

19600 

2744000 

11.832 

5.192 

15393.804 

439.823 

141 

19881 

2803221 

11.874 

5.205 

15614.501 

442.965 

142 

20164 

2863288 

11.916 

5-217 

I 5836.769 

446.106 

143 

20449 

2924207 

11.958 

5-229 

16060.607 

449.248 

144 

20736 

2985984 

12.000 

5-241 

16286.016 

452.389 

145 

21025 

3048625 

12.042 

5-254 

16512.996 

455-531 

146 

21316 

3112136 

12.083 

5.266 

16741.547 

458.673 

147 

21609 

3176523 

12.124 

5.278 

16971.669 

461.814 

148 

21904 

3241792 

12.166 

5.290 

17203.361 

464.956 

149 

22201 

3307949 

12.207 

5-301 

17436.625 

468.097 

150 

22500 

3375000 

12.247 

5-313 

1 17671-459 

471-239 


























POWER*.—ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 


499 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square Hoot 

. Cube Hoot 

Area. 

Circuiu. 

151 

22801 

3442951 

12.288 

5-325 

17907.864 

474.380 

15a 

23104 

3511808 

12.329 

5-337 

18145.839 

477-522 

153 

23409 

3581577 

12.369 

5-348 

18385.386 

480.664 

154 

23716 

3652264 

12.410 

5-360 

18626. 503 

483.805 

155 

24025 

3723875 

12.450 

5-372 

18869.*9* 

486.947 

156 

24336 

3796416 

12.490 

5.383 

19113.450 

490.088 

J57 

24649 

3869893 

12.530 

5-395 

*9359-279 

493-230 

158 

24964 

3944312 

12.570 

5.406 

19606.680 

496.372 

159 

25281 

4019679 

12. 610 

5.418 

19855.651 

499 - 5*3 

160 

25600 

4096000 

12.650 

5-429 

20106.193 

502.655 

161 

25921 

4173281 

12.689 

5.440 

20358.306 

505-796 

162 

26244 

4251528 

12.728 

5-451 

20611.989 

508.938 

163 

26569 

4330747 

12.767 

5.463 

20867.244 

512.080 

164 

26896 

4410944 

12.806 

5-474 

21124.069 

515.221 

165 

27225 

4492125 

12.845 

5-485 

21382.465 

518.363 

166 

27556 

4574296 

12.884 

5-496 

21642.432 

521.504 

167 

27889 

4657463 

12.923 

5-507 

21903.969 

524.646 

168 

28224 

4741632 

12.961 

5 - 5*8 

22167.078 

527.788 

169 

28561 

4826809 

I 3.000 

5-529 

22431.757 

530 929 

170 

28900 

4913000 

13.038 

5-540 

22698.007 

534.071 

171 

29241 

5000211 

13.077 

5-550 

22965.824 

537.212 

172 

29584 

5088448 

13.115 

5.561 

23235.219 

540-354 

173 

29929 

5177717 . 

^3-153 

5-572 

23506.182 

543-496 

174 

30276 

5268024 

13.191 

5-583 

23778.715 

546.637 

175 

30625 

5359375 

13.229 

5-593 

24052.819 

549-779 

176 

30976 

5451776 

1 3.266 

5.604 

24328.493 

552.920 

177 

31329 

5545233 

13-304 

5.615 

24605.739 

556.062 

178 

31684 

5639752 

13.342 

5.625 

24884.555 

559-203 

179 

32041 

5735339 

13-379 

5-636 

25*64-943 

562.34s 

180 

32400 

5832000 

13.416 

5.646 

25446.900 

565-487 

181 

32761 

5929741 

13-454 

5-657 

25730.429 

568.628 

182 

33124 

6028568 

13.491 

5.667 

26015.529 

571.770 

183 

33489 

6128487 

13.528 

5-677 

26302.199 

574.911 

184 

33856 

6229504 

13-565 

5.688 

26590.440 

578.053 

185 

34225 

6331625 

1 3.601 

5-698 

26880.252 

581.195 

186 

34596 

6434856 

13.638 

5.708 

27171.635 

584-336 

187 

34969 

6539203 

13.675 

5.718 

27464.588 

587.478 

188 

35344 

6644672 

13.711 

5-729 

27759.113 

590.619 

189 

35721 

6751269 

13.748 

5-739 

28055.208 

593.761 

190 

36100 

6859000 

13-784 

5-749 

28352.874 

596.903 

191 

36481 

6967871 

1 3.820 

5-759 

28652.110 

600.044 

192 

36864 

7077888 

13.856 

5-769 

28952.918 

603.186 

193 

37249 

7189057 

13.892 

5-779 

29255.296 

606.327 

194 

37636 

7301384 

13.928 

5-789 

29559.245 

609.469 

195 

38025 

7414875 

13.964 

5-799 

29864.765 

612.611 

196 

38416 

7529536 

14.000 

5.809 

30171.856 

615.752 

197 

38809 

7645373 

14.036 

5.819 

30480.517 

618.894 

198 

39204 

7762392 

14.071 

5.828 

30790.749 

622.035 

199 

39601 

7880599 

14.107 

5-838 

31102.553 

625.177 

200 

40000 

8000000 

14.142 

5.848 

314*5.927 

628.319 


42-i^ 































5C0 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

Sqn.are. 

Cube. 

Square Root. < 

Dube Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

201 

40401 

8x2o6ox 

14.177 

5-858 

31730.871 

631.460 

202 

40804 

8242408 

14.213 

5.867 

32047.386 

634.602 

203 

4x209 

8365427 

14.248 

5-877 

32365-473 

637-743 

204 

416x6 

8489664 

14.283 

5.887 

32685.129 

640.885 

205 

42025 

86x5x25 

14.318 

5-896 

33006.358 

644.026 

206 

42436 

874x816 

H -353 

5.906 

33329-156 

647.168 

207 

42849 

8869743 

14.387 

5-915 

33653-526 

650.310 

208 

43264 

89989x2 

14.422 

5-925 

33979.468 

653-452 

209 

4368X 

9x23329 

14-457 

5-934 

34306.977 

656.593 

210 

44x00 

926x000 

14.491 

5-944 

34636.059 

659-734 

21 I 

4452X 

9393931 

14.526 

5-953 

34966.7x2 

662.876 

212 

44944 

9528x28 

14.560 

5.963 

35298-936 

666.0x8 

213 

45369 

9663597 

14-595 

5-972 

35632-729 

669.159 

214 

45796 

9800344 

14.629 

5-981 

35968.096 

672.300 

215 

46225 

9938375 

14-663 

5.991 

36305-030 

675-442 

216 

46656 

10077696 

14.697 

6.000 

36643-536 

678.584 

217 

47089 

102x83x3 

14.731 

6.009 

36983.6x4 

681.726 

218 

47524 

10360232 

14.765 

6.0x8 

37325.264 

684- 868 

219 

47961 

10503459 

14.799 

6.028 

37668.480 

688.008 

220 

48400 

10648000 

14.832 

6.037 

380X 3.271 

691.150 

221 

4884X 

1079386X 

14.866 

6.046 

38359-632 

694.292 

222 

49284 

X094X048 

14.900 

6.055 

38707.564 

697-434 

223 

49729 

11089567 

14.933 

6.064 

39057.069 

700.575 

224 

50x76 

11239424 

14.967 

6.073 

39408.140 

703.7x6 

225 

50625 

11390625 

15.000 

6.082 

39760.782 

706.858 

226 

5x076 

1x543x76 

15-033 

6.091 

40X 14.996 

7x0.000 

227 

5x529 

1x697083 

15.067 

6. xoo 

40470.782 

713.141 

228 

5x984 

1x852352 

15. xoo 

6.109 

40828.140 

7x6.284 

229 

52441 

X2008989 

15-133 

6.1x8 

41187.065 

719-424 

230 

52900 

X2x67000 

15. x66 

6.127 

41547-563 

722.566 

231 

53361 

I232639X 

15.199 

6.136 

4x909.631 

725.707 

232 

53824 

X2487168 

15.232 

6.145 

42273.272 

728.850 

233 

54289 

12649337 

15.264 

6-153 

42638.481 

731.991 

234 

54756 

128x2904 

15.297 

6.162 

43005.260 

735.132 

235 

55225 

12977875 

15-330 

6.171 

43373-614 

738-274 

236 

55696 

13x44256 

15.362 

6.180 

43743-536 

741.4x6 

237 

56x69 

133x2053 

15-395 

6.188 

44x15.029 

744-557 

238 

56644 

X 348x272 

15-427 

6.197 

44488.092 

747.698 

239 

57x21 

13651919 

X 5.460 

6.206 

44862.728 

750.841 

240 

57600 

13824000 

15-492 

6.214 

45238.934 

753.982 

241 

58081 

X399752X 

15.524 

6.223 

456x6.7x0 

757-124 

242 

58564 

X4X72488 

15.556 

6.232 

45996.060 

760.266 

243 

59049 

14348907 

15-588 

6.240 

46376.976 

763-407 

244 

59536 

X4526784 

15.620 

6.249 

46759.465 

766.548 

245 

60025 

14706x25 

15.652 

6.257 

47143-525 

769.690 

246 

605x6 

14886936 

15.684 

6.266 

47529-155 

772.832 

247 

6x009 

15069223 

15.716 

6.274 

47916.356 

775-973 

248 

6x504 

15252992 

15-748 

6.283 

48305.129 

779-115 

249 

6200 X 

15438249 

15.780 

6.291 

48695.471 

782.257 

250 

62500 

15625000 

15.811 

6.300 

49087.385 

785.398 





























POWERS.—ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 


501 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square Root. 

. Cube Root, 

Area. 

Circ-um. 

251 

63001 

15813251 

15.843 

6.308 

49480.870 

788.540 

252 

63504 

16003008 

15.875 

6.316 

49875.925 

791.681 

253 

64009 

16194277 

15.906 

6.325 

50272.550 

794.823 

254 

64516 

16387064 

15-937 

6.333 

50670.748 

797-964 

255 

65025 

16581375 

15.969 

6.341 

51070.516 

801.106 

256 

65536 

16777216 

16.000 

6.350 

51471.854 

804.248 

257 

66049 

16974593 

16.031 

6.358 

51874.763 

807.389 

258 

66564 

17173512 

16.062 

6.366 

52279-243 

810.531 

259 

67081 

17373979 

16.093 

6.374 

52685.294 

813.672 

260 

67600 

17576000 

16.125 

6.383 

53092.916 

816.814 

261 

68121 

17779581 

16.155 

6.391 

53502.109 

819.956 

262 

68644 

17984728 

16.186 

6-399 

53912.872 

823.097 

263 

69169 

18191447 

16.217 

6.407 

54325.205 

826.239 

264 

69696 

18399744 

16 248 

6.415 

54739.110 

829.380 

265 

70225 

18609625 

16.279 

6.423 

55154.586 

832.522 

266 

70756 

18821096 

1 6.3 10 

6.431 

55571.632 

835.664 

267 

71289 

19034163 

16.340 

6.439 

55990.250 

838.805 

268 

71824 

19248832 

16.371 

6.447 

56410.438 

841.947 

269 

72361 

19465109 

16.401 

6-455 

56832.196 

845.088 

270 

72900 

19683000 

16.432 

6-463 

57255-526 

848.230 

271 

73441 

19902511 

16.462 

6.471 

57680.426 

851.372 

272 

73984 

20123648 

16.492 

6-479 

58106.898 

854-513 

^73 

74529 

20346417 

16.523 

6.487 

58534.940 

857-655 

274 

75076 

20570824 

16.553 

6-495 

58964.552 

860.796 

275 

75625 

20796875 

16.583 

6.503 

59395-736 

863.938 

276 

76176 

21024576 

16.613 

6.511 

59824.490 

867.080 

277 

76729 

21253933 

16.643 

6.519 

60260.815 

870.221 

278 

77284 

21484952 

16.673 

6.527 

60698.711 

873-363 

279 

77841 

21717639 

16.703 

6-534 

611 36.178 

876.484 . 

280 

78400 

21952000 

16.733 

6-542 

61575.216 

879.646 

281 

78961 

22188041 

16.763 

6.550 

62015.824 

882.788 

282 

79524 

22425768 

16.793 

6.558 

62458.003 

885.929 

283 

80089 

22665187 

16.823 

6.565 

62901.753 

889.071 

284 

80656 

22906304 

16.852 

6-573 

63347-074 

892.212 

285 

81225 

23149125 

16.882 

6.581 

63793.966 

895-354 

286 

81796 

23393656 

16.912 

6.589 

64242.428 

898.495 

287 

82369 

23639903 

16.941 

6.596 

64692.461 

901.637 

288 

82944 

23887872 

16.971 

6.604 

65144.065 

904.779 

289 

83521 

24137569 

17.000 

6.611 

65597.240 

907.920 

290 

84100 

24389000 

17.029 

6.619 

66051.986 

911.062 

291 

84681 

24642171 

17.059 

6.627 

66508.302 

914.203 

292 

85264 

24897088 

17.088 

6.634 

66966.189 

917-345 

293 

85849 

25153757 

17.117 

6.642 

67425-647 

920.466 

294 

86436 

25412184 

17.146 

6.649 

67886.675 

923.628 

295 

87025 

25672375 

17.176 

6.657 

68349.275 

926.770 

296 

87616 

25934336 

17.205 

6.664 

6881 3.445 

929.911 

297 

88209 

26198073 

17.234 

6.672 

69279.186 

933-053 

298 

88804 

26463592 

17.263 

6.679 

69746.498 

936.195 

299 

89401 

26730899 

17.292 

6.687 

70215.381 

939-336 

300 

90000 

27000000 

17.321 

6.694 

70685.835 

942.478 






















502 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square Root. ( 

; 3 nbe Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

301 

90601 

27270901 

17.349 

6.702 

71157.859 

945.619 

302 

91204 

27543608 

17.378 

6.709 

71631.454 

948.761 

303 

91809 

27818127 

17.407 

6.717 

72106.620 

951.903 

'^04 

92416 

28094464 

17.436 

6.724 

72583.356 

955.044 

305 

93025 

28372625 

17.464 

6.731 

73061.664 

958.186 

306 

93636 

28652616 

17-493 

6 739 

73541.542 

961.327 

307 

94249 

28934443 

17.521 

6.746 

74022.991 

964.469 

308 

94864 

29218112 

17.550 

6-753 

74506 008 

967.610 

3°9 

95481 

29503629 

17.578 

6.761 

74990.602 

970.752 

310 

96100 

29791000 

17.607 

6,768 

75476.764 

973.894 

311 

96721 

3008023 I 

17 635 

6.775 

75964.496 

977.035 

3 ‘^ 

97344 

30371328 

17.664 

6 782 

76453.798 

980.177 

313 

97969 

30664297 

17.692 

6.790 

76944.673 

983.318 

314 

98596 

30959144 

17.720 

6.797 

77437.117 

986 460 

315 

99225 

31255875 

17.748 

6 804 

7793 i ->‘33 

989.602 

316 

99856 

31554496 

17.776 

6.811 

78426.719 

992.743 

3‘7 

100489 

31855013 

17.804 

6.818 

78923.876 

995.885 

318 

I 01124 

32157432 

17.833 

6 826 

79422.604 

999.026 

319 

101761 

32461759 

17.861 

6.833 

79922.902 

1002. 168 

320 

102400 

32768000 

17.889 

6.840 

80424.772 

1005.310 

3^1 

103041 

33076161 

17.916 

6.847 

80928.212 

1008.45 I 

322 

103684 

33386248 

17.944 

6.854 

81433.223 

1011.593 

323 

104329 

33698267 

17.972 

6.861 

81939.805 

1014.734 

3^4 

104976 

34012224 

18.000 

6 868 

82447.958 

1017.876 

3^5 

105625 

34328125 

18.028 

6.875 

82957.681 

1021.018 

326 

106276 

34645976 

18.055 

6.882 

83468.975 

1024.159 

3^7 

106929 

34965783 

18 o8j 

6.889 

83981.840 

1027.305 

328 

107584 

35287552 

18.111 

6 896 

84496.276 

1030.442 

32-9 

108241 

35611289 

18.138 

6.903 

85012.282 

1033.584 

330 

108900 

35937000 

18.166 

6,910 

85529.860 

1036.726 

331 

109561 

36264691 

18.193 

6.917 

86049.008 

1039.867 

332 

110224 

36594368 

18.221 

6.924 

86569.727 

1043.009 

333 

110889 

36926037 

18.248 

6 931 

87092.016 

1046.150 

334 

111556 

37259704 

18.276 

6.938 

87615.877 

1049.292 

335 

112225 

37595375 

18.303 

6.945 

88141.309 

1052.434 

336 

112896 

37933056 

18.330 

6.952 

88668.311 

1055-575 

337 

113569 

38272753 

18.358 

6.959 

89196.884 

1058.717 

338 

114244 

38614472 

18.385 

6 966 

89727.028 

1061.858 

339 

114921 

38958219 

18.412 

6 973 

90258.742 

1065.000 

340 

115600 

39304000 

18.439 

6.980 

90792.028 

1068.142 

341 

116281 

39651821 

18.466 

6.986 

91326.884 

1071.283 

342 

116964 

40001688 

18.493 

6.993 

91863.311 

1074.425 

343 

117649 

40353607 

18.520 

7.000 

92401.308 

1077.566 

344 

118336 

40707584 

18.547 

7.007 

92940.877 

1080,708 

345 

119025 

41063625 

18.574 

7.014 

93482.016 

1083 849 

346 

119716 

41421736 

18.601 

7.020 

94024.726 

1086.991 

347 

120409 

41781923 

18.628 

7.027 

94569.007 

1090.132 

348 

121104 

42144192 

18.655 

7-034 

95114.859 

1093.274 

349 

121801 

42508549 

18.682 

7.041 

95662.282 

1096.418 

350 

122500 

42875000 

18.708 

7.047 

96211.275 

1099.557 































No. 

35 * 

35 ^ 

353 

354 

355 

356 

357 

358 

359 

360 

361 

362 

363 

364 

365 

366 

367 

368 

369 

370 

371 

372 

373 

374 

375 

376 

377 

378 

379 

380 

381 

382 

383 

384 

385 

386 

387 

388 

389 

390 

39 * 

392 

393 

394 

395 

396 

397 

398 

399 

400 


POWERS.-ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 


503 


Cube. 

Square Koot 

. Cube Root 

.| Area. 

Circuui. 

4324355* 

*8.735 

7.054 

96761.84 

1102.699 

43614208 

18.762 

7.061 

97313.97 

1105.840 

43986977 

18.788 

7.067 

97867.16 

1108.982 

44361864 

18.815 

7.074 

98422.96 

1112.124 

44738875 

18.841 

7.081 

98970.80 

111 5.265 

45118016 

18.868 

7.087 

99538.22 

111 8.407 

45499293 

18.894 

7.094 

100098.21 

1121.548 

45882712 

18.921 

7.101 

100659.37 

1124.690 

46268279 

18.947 

7.107 

101222 90 

1127.832 

46656000 

18.974 

7 - 1*4 , 

101787.60 

*130.973 

47045881 

19.000 

7.120 

*02353.87 

** 34 - 1*5 

47437928 

19.026 

7.127 

102921.72 

1137.256 

47832147 

19.053 

7-133 

*03491.*3 

1140.398 

48228544 

19.079 

7.140 

104062.11 

**43.540 

48627125 

19.105 

7-147 

104634.67 

1146.681 

49027896 

19.13* 

7-*53 

105208.79 

1149.823 

49430863 

*9.157 

7.160 

*05784.49 

1152.964 

49836032 

19.183 

7.166 

106361.76 

1156.106 

50243409 

19.209 

7.173 

106940.60 

1159.248 

50653000 

19.235 

7.179 

107521.01 

1162.389 

510648 11 

19.261 

7.186 

108102.99 

1165.53* 

51478848 

19.287 

7.192 

108686.54 

1168.672 

5*895117 

* 9 - 3*3 

7.*98 

109271.66 

1171.814 

52313624 

* 9-339 

7.205 

*09858.35 

**74.956 

52734375 

*9-365 

7.211 

110446.62 

1178.097 

53*57376 

* 9 - 39 * 

7.218 

111036.45 

1181.238 

53582633 

19.416 

7.224 

111627.86 

1184.380 

54010152 

19.442 

7.230 

112220.83 

1187.522 

54439939 

19.468 

7-237 

112815.38 

1190.663 

54872000 

19.494 

7.243 

**34**.49 

1 *93.805 

55306341 

19.5*9 

7.250 

114009.28 

1*96.947 

55742968 

* 9-545 

7-256 

114608.44 

1200.088 

56181887 

19.570 

7.262 

115209.27 

1203.230 

56623104 

19.596 

7.268 

115811.67 

1206.372 

57066625 

19.621 

7-275 

116415.64 

1209.513 

575*2456 

19.647 

7.281 

117021.18 

1212.654 

57960603 

19.672 

7.287 

117628.30 

1215.796 

58411072 

19.698 

7-294 

118236.98 

1218.938 

58863869 

19.723 

7.300 

118847.24 

1222.079 

59319000 

19.748 

7.306 

119459.06 

1225.221 

5977647* 

19.774 

7.3*2 

120072.46 

1228.363 

60236288 

* 9-799 

7 - 3*9 

120687.42 

1231.504 

60698457 

19.824 

7-325 

121303.96 

1234.646 

61162984 

19.849 

7 - 33 * 

121922.07 

1237.788 

61629875 

*9.875 

7-337 

122541.75 

1240.929 

62099136 

19.900 

7-343 

123163.00 

1244.071 

62570773 

19.925 

7-350 

123785.82 

1247.212 

63044792 

*9.950 

7-356 

124410.21 

*250.354 

63521199 

* 9-975 

7-362 

125036.17 

1253-495 

64000000 

20.000 

7.368 

125663.70 

1256.637 





























534 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square Root. Cube Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

401 

160801 

64481201 

20.025 

7-374 

126292.81 

1259.77S 

402 

161604 

64964808 

20.050 

7.380 

126923.48 

1262.920 

403 

I 62409 

6545°827 

20.075 

7.386 

127555-73 

1266.062 

404 

163216 

65939264 

20. 100 

7-393 

128189.54 

1269.204 

405 

164025 

664^0125 

20.125 

7-399 

128824.93 

1272.345 

406 

164836 

66923416 

20. 149 

7 - 4°5 

129461.89 

1275.486 

407 

165649 

67419143 

20.174 

7.411 

1 30100.42 

1278.628 

408 

166464 

67911312 

20. 199 

7-417 

i 3 ° 74 o .52 

1281.770 

409 

167281 

68417929 

20.224 

7.423 

131382.19 

1284.911 

410 

168100 

68921000 

20.248 

7.429 

132025.43 

1288.053 

411 

168921 

694265-51 

20.273 

7-435 

132670.24 

1291.194 

412 

169744 

69934528 

20.298 

7.441 

133316.62 

1294.336 

413 

170569 

70444997 

20. 322 

7-447 

133964.58 

1297.478 

414 

171396 

7 ° 95 i 944 

20.347 

7-453 

134614.10 

1 300.620 

415 

172225 

71473375 

20.372 

7-459 

135265.20 

1 303.761 

416 

i 73°56 

71991296 

20.396 

7.465 

135917.87 

1 306.902 

417 

173889 

72511713 

20.421 

7.471 

136572.10 

1 310.043 

418 

174724 

73°34632 

20.445 

7-477 

137227.91 

1313.186 

419 

175561 

73560059 

20.469 

7-483 

137885.29 

1316.327 

420 

176400 

74088000 

20.494 

7-489 

138544.24 

1319.469 

421 

177241 

74618461 

20.518 

7-495 

139204.76 

1 322.610 

422 

178084 

75151448 

2°.543 

7.5°! 

139866.85 

1325-752 

423 

178929 

75686967 

20.567 

7 - 5°7 

i 4 ° 53 °. 5 i 

I 328.895 

424 

179776 

76225024 

20.591 

7-513 

141195.74 

1332.036 

425 

180625 

76765625 

20.616 

7.518 

141862.54 

1335-177 

426 

181476 

773°8776 

20.640 

7-524 

i 4253 °. 9 i 

1338.318 

427 

182329 

77854483 

20.664 

7 - 53 ° 

143200.86 

1341-459 

428 

183184 

78402752 

20.688 

7-536 

143872.38 

1 344.600 

429 

184041 

78953589 

20.712 

7.542 

144545.46 

1347-744 

43 ° 

184900 

795 ° 7 °o° 

20.736 

7-548 

145220.12 

1 350.885 

431 

185761 

80062991 

20.761 

7-554 

145896.35 

1354.027 

432 

186624 

80621568 

20.785 

7.560 

146574.14 

1357-168 

433 

187489 

81182737 

20.809 

7-565 

147253.51 

1360.310 

434 

188356 

81746504 

20.833 

7-571 

147934 46 

1363-452 

435 

189225 

82312875 

20.857 

7-577 

148616.97 

1366.593 

436 

190096 

82881856 

20.881 

7-583 

1493°!.06 

1369-736 

437 

190969 

83453453 

20.905 

7-589 

149986.71 

1372.877 

438 

191844 

84027672 

20.928 

7-594 

i 5 ° 673-92 

1 376.019 

439 

192721 

84604519 

20.952 

7.600 

151362.72 

1379.160 

440 

193600 

85184000 

20.976 

7.606 

152053.08 

M 

00 

0 

441 

194481 

85766121 

21.000 

7.612 

152745.°2 

1385.442 

442 

195364 

86350888 

21.024 

7.617 

153438-53 

1388.584 

443 

196249 

86938307 

21.048 

7.623 

154135-18 

1391.726 

444 

197136 

87528384 

21.071 

7.629 

154830.26 

1394.868 

445 

198025 

88121125 

21.095 

7-635 

155528.47 

1398.009 

446 

198916 

88716536 

21.119 

7.640 

156228.28 

1401.150 

447 

199809 

89314623 

21.142 

7.646 

156929.63 

1404.291 

448 

200704 

89915392 

21.166 

7.652 

157632.56 

i 4 ° 7-432 

449 

201601 

90518849 

21.190 

7.657 

158337.06 

i 4 i °-574 

45 ° 

202500 

91125000 

21.213 

7.663 

i 59 ° 43 -i 3 

1413-71/ 




















POWERS.—ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 


505 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square Root. 

Cube Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

451 

203401 

91733851 

21.237 

7.669 

159750.78 

1416.858 

45Z 

204304 

92345408 

21.260 

7.674 

160459.98 

1420.000 

453 

205209 

92959677 

21.284 

7.680 

161170.78 

1423.140 

454 

206116 

93576664 

21.307 

7.686 

161883.13 

1426.282 

455 

207025 

94196375 

21.331 

7.691 

162597.05 

1429.425 

456 

207936 

94818816 

ii-354 

7.697 

163312.56 

1432.568 

457 

208849 

95443993 

21.378 

7.703 

164029.63 

1435.710 

458 

209764 

96071912 

21.401 

7.708 

164748.26 

1438.848 

459 

210681 

96702579 

21.424 

7-714 

165468.47 

1441.992 

460 

21 I 600 

97336000 

21.448 

7.719 

166190.25 

1445-133 

461 

21252I 

97972181 

21.471 

7.725 

166913.61 

1448.274 

462 

213444 

98611128 

21.494 

7.731 

167638.52 

1451.416 

463 

214369 

99252847 

21.517 

7.736 

168365.02 

1454.558 

464 

215296 

99897344 

21.541 

7.742 

169093.09 

1457.700 

465 

216225 

100544625 

21.564 

7-747 

169822.72 

1460.841 

466 

217156 

101194696 

21.587 

7-753 

170553.92 

1463.982 

467 

218089 

101847563 

21.610 

7-758 

171286.70 

1467.123 

468 

219024 

102503232 

21.633 

7.764 

172021.04 

1470.264 

469 

219961 

103161709 

21.656 

7.769 

172756.96 

1473.406 

470 

220900 

103823000 

21.679 

7-775 

173494-45 

1476.549 

471 

221841 

104487111 

21.703 

7-780 

174233.51 

1479.690 

472 

222784 

105154048 

21.726 

7-786 

174974-14 

1482.832 

473 

223729 

105823817 

21.749 

7.791 

175716.34 

1485-973 

474 

224676 

106496424 

21.772 

7-797 

176460.11 

1489.114 

475 

225625 

107171875 

21.794 

7.802 

177205.46 

1492.257 

476 

226576 

107850176 

21.817 

7.808 

177952.37 

1495.398 

477 

227529 

108531333 

21.840 

7.813 

178700.86 

1498.539 

478 

228484 

109215352 

21.863 

7.819 

179450.91 

1501.682 

479 

229441 

109902239 

21.886 

7.824 

180202.54 

1504.823 

480 

230400 

110592000 

21.909 

7.830 

180955.74 

1507.964 

481 

231361 

111284641 

21.932 

7-835 

181710.51 

1511.106 

482 

232324 

111980168 

21.954 

7.841 

182466.84 

1514.248 

483 

233289 

112678587 

21.977 

7.846 

183224.75 

1517.388 

484 

234256 

113379904 

22.000 

7.851 

183984.24 

1520.532 

485 

235225 

114084125 

22.023 

7-857 

184745.28 

1523.672 

486 

236196 

114791256 

22.045 

7.862 

185507.90 

1526.814 

487 

237169 

115501303 

22.068 

7.868 

186272.09 

1529.955 

488 

238144 

116214272 

22.091 

7-873 

187037.86 

1533.096 

489 

239121 

116930169 

22.113 

7.878 

187805.20 

1 536.240 

490 

240100 

117649000 

22.136 

7.884 

188574.10 

1539.380 

491 

241081 

118370771 

22.159 

7.889 

189344.58 

1542-5^2 

492 

242064 

119095488 

22.181 

7.894 

190116.62 

1545.664 

493 

243049 

119823157 

22.204 

7.900 

190890.24 

1548.802 

494 

244036 

120553784 

22.226 

7.905 

191665.42 

1551.946 

495 

245025 

121287375 

22.249 

7.910 

192442.18 

1555.088 

496 

246016 

122023936 

22.271 

7.916 

193220.51 

1558.230 

497 

247009 

122763473 

22.293 

7.921 

193998.62 

1561.372 

4q8 

248004 

123505992 

22.316 

7.926 

194781.88 

1564.514 

499 

249001 

124251499 

22.338 

7-93^ 

195564.92 

1567.655 

500 

250000 

125000000 

22.361 

7-937 

196349.54 

1570.796 

















No. 

501 

502 

503 

504 

505 

506 

507 

508 

509 

510 

512 

5^3 

514 

5^5 

516 

517 

518 

519 

520 

5^1 

522 

5^3 

5^4 

525 

526 

527 

528 

529 

530 

531 

532 

533 

534 

535 

536 

537 

538 

539 

540 

541 

542 

543 

544 

545 

546 

547 

548 

549 

550 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Cube. 

Square Root. 

Cube Root. 

Area. 

Circum 

125751501 

22.383 

7.942 

197135.72 

1573-938 

126506008 

22.405 

7-948 

197923.48 

1577.080 

127263527 

22.428 

7-953 

198712.81 

1580.221 

128024064 

22.450 

7.958 

199503.70 

1583.362 

128787625 

22.472 

7.963 

200296.17 

1586.504 

129554216 

22.494 

7.969 

201090.20 

1 589.646 

130323843 

22.517 

7-974 

201885.81 

1592.787 

1-^1096512 

22.539 

7-979 

202682.99 

1595.928 

131872229 

22.561 

7-984 

203480.96 

1599.070 

I 32651000 

22.583 

7.990 

204282.06 

1602.212 

133432831 

22.605 

7-995 

205083.95 

1605.354 

134217728 

22.627 

8.000 

205887.42 

1 608.496 

135005697 

22.650 

8.005 

206692.46 

1611.637 

135796744 

22.672 

8.010 

207499.05 

1614.778 

136590875 

22.694 

8.016 

208307.23 

1617.920 

I 37388096 

22.716 

8.021 

20911 6.97 

1621.062 

138188413 

22.738 

8.026 

209928.29 

1624 203 

138991832 

22.760 

8.031 

210741.18 

1627.344 

139798359 

22.782 

8.036 

211555.64 

1630.488 

140608000 

22.804 

8.041 

212371.66 

1633.628 

141420761 

22.825 

8.047 

213189.26 

1636.770 

142236648 

22.847 

8.052 

214008.44 

1639.912 

143055667 

22.869 

8.057 

214829.18 

1643.053 

143877824 

22.891 

8.062 

215651.49 

1646.194 

144703125 

22.913 

8.067 

216475.37 

1649.336 

145315576 

22.935 

8.072 

217300.82 

1652.478 

146383183 

22.956 

8.077 

218127.85 

1 655.619 

147197952 

22.978 

8.082 

218956.44 

1 658.760 

148035889 

23.000 

8.088 

219786.61 

1661.902 

148877000 

23.022 

8.093 

220618.34 

1665.044 

149721291 

23.043 

8.098 

221451.65 

1668.186 

150568768 

23.065 

8.103 

222286.53 

1671.328 

151419437 

23.087 

8.108 

223122.98 

1674.469 

152273304 

23.108 

8.113 

223961.00 

1677.610 

153130375 

23.130 

8.118 

224800.59 

1680.752 

153990656 

23.152 

8.123 

225641.75 

1683.894 

154854153 

23.173 

8.128 

226484.48 

1687.035 

155720872 

23-195 

8-133 

227328.78 

1690.176 

156590819 

23.216 

8.138 

228174.66 

1693.318 

157464000 

23.238 

8.143 

229022.10 

1 696.460 

158340421 

23.259 

8.148 

229870.33 

1699.602 

159220088 

23.281 

8-153 

230721.70 

1702.744 

160103007 

23.302 

8.158 

231573.86 

1705.884 

160989184 

23.324 

8.163 

232427.59 

1709.026 

161878625 

23-345 

8.168 

233282.89 

1712.168 

162771336 

23.367 

8.173 

234139.76 

1715.310 

163667323 

23.388 

8.178 

234998.20 

1718.451 

164566592 

23.409 

8.183 

235858.21 

1721.592 

165469149 

23-431 

8.188 

236719.79 

1724.733 

166375000 

23-452 

8.193 

237582.94 

1727.876 

















POWERS.-ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 


507 


No. 

Square. 

I Cube.' 

Squai-e Root. 

, Cube Root. 

Area. 

Ciiciiiu. 

551 

303601 

167284151 

23-473 

8.198 

238447.67 

1731.018 

55 ^ 

304704 

168196608 

23-495 

8.203 

239297.96 

1734.160 

553 

305809 

169112377 

23.516 

8.208 

240165.83 

1737.301 

554 

306916 

170031464 

23-537 

8-213 

241043.26 

1740.442 

555 

308025 

170953875 

23-558 

8.218 

241922.27 

1743-584 

556 

309136 

171879616 

23.580 

8.223 

242794.84 

1746.726 

557 

310249 

172808693 

23.601 

8.228 

243668.99 

1749.867 

558 

311364 

173741112 

23.622 

8.233 

244544-71 

1752.968 

559 

312481 

174676879 

23.643 

8.238 

245442.00 

1756.110 

560 

313600 

175616000 

23.664 

8.243 

246300.86 

1759.292 

561 

314721 

176558481 

23.685 

8.248 

247181.29 

1762.434 

562 

315844 

177504328 

23.707 

8.253 

248063.30 

1765.576 

563 

316969 

178453547 

23.728 

8.258 

248946.87 

1768.717 

564 

318096 

179406144 

23.749 

8.262 

249832.01 

1771.858 

565 

319225 

180362125 

23.770 

8.267 

250718.73 

1775.000 

566 

320356 

181321496 

23.791 

8.272 

251607.01 

1778.142 

567 

321489 

182284263 

23.812 

8.277 

252496.87 

1781.283 

568 

322624 

183250432 

23.833 

8.282 

253388.30 

1784.424 

569 

323761 

184220009 

23-854 

8.286 

254281.30 

1787.566 

570 

324900 

185193000 

23-875 

8.291 

255175.86 

1790.708 

571 

326041 

186169411 

23.896 

8.296 

256072.00 

1793.849 

572 

327184 

187149248 

23.917 

8.301 

256969.71 

1796.990 

573 

328329 

188132517 

23.937 

8.306 

257868.99 

1800.1 32 

574 

329476 

189119224 

23-958 

8-311 

258769.84 

1803.274 

575 

330625 

190109375 

23-979 

8.316 

259672.27 

1806.416 

576 

331776 

191102976 

24.000 

8.320 

260576.26 

1809.558 

577 

332929 

192100033 

24.021 

8.325 

261481.83 

1812.699 

578 

334084 

193100552 

24.042 

8.330 

262388.96 

1815.840 

579 

335241 

194104539 

24.062 

8-335 

263297.66 

1818.981 

580 

336400 

195112000 

24.083 

8.340 

264207.94 

1822.124 

581 

33^61 

196122941 

24.104 

8.344 

265119.79 

1825.265 

582 

338724 

197137368 

24.125 

8.349 

266033.21 

1828.406 

583 

339889 

198155287 

24.145 

8-354 

266948.20 

1831.548 

584 

341056 

199176704 

24.166 

8-359 

267864.76 

1834.690 

585 

342225 

200201625 

24.187 

8.363 

268782.89 

1837.832 

586 

343396 

201230056 

24.207 

8.368 

269702.59 

1840.933 

587 

344569 

202262003 

24.228 

8.373 

270623.87 

1844.074 

588 

345744 

203297472 

24.249 

8.378 

271 546.70 

1847.256 

589 

346921 

204336469 

24.269 

8.382 

272470.33 

1850.398 

590 

348100 

205379000 

24.290 

8.387 

273397.10 

1853.540 

591 

349281 

206425071 

24.310 

8.392 

2743H-65 

1856.682 

592 

350464 

207474688 

24.331 

8.397 

275253.78 

1859.823 

593 

351649 

208527857 

24-352 

8.401 

276184.48 

1862.964 

594 

352836 

209584584 

24-372 

8.406 

277116.74 

1866.106 

595 

354025 

210644875 

24-393 

8.411 

278050.58 

1869.248 

596 

355216 

211708736 

24.413 

8.416 

278985.99 

1872.390 

597 

356409 

212776173 

24-434 

8.420 

279922.98 

1875.531 

598 

357604 

213847192 

24-454 

8.425 

280861.52 

1878.672 

599 

358801 

214921799 

24-474 

8.430 

281801.64 

1881.814 

600 

360000 

21 6000000 

24-495 

8.434 

282743.34 

1884.956 


43 






















508 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square Root. 

Cube Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

6oi 

361201 

217081801 

24.515 

8.439 

283686.61 

1888.097 

602 

362404 

218167208 

24.536 

8.444 

284631.44 

1891,238 

603 

363609 

219256227 

24.556 

8.448 

285577-84 

1894.380 

604 

364816 

220348864 

24.576 

8-453 

286525.82 

1897.522 

605 

366025 

221445125 

24.597 

8.458 

287475.36 

1900,664 

606 

367236 

222545016 

24.617 

8.462 

288426.48 

1903.806 

607 

368449 

223648543 

24.637 

8.467 

289379.17 

1906.947 

608 

q6q664 

224755712 

24.658 

8.472 

290333.42 

1910.088 

609 

370881 

225866529 

24.678 

8.476 

291289.26 

191 3,229 

610 

372100 

226981000 

24.698 

8.481 

292246.66 

1916.372 

611 

373321 

228099131 

24.718 

8,486 

293205.63 

1919.513 

612 

374544 

229220928 

24-739 

8.490 

294166.17 

1922.654 

613 

375769 

230346397 

24-759 

8.495 

295129.86 

1925.796 

614 

376996 

231475544 

24-779 

8.499 

296091.96 

1928.938 

615 

378225 

232608373 

24-799 

8.504 

297057-22 

1932.079 

616 

379456 

233744896 

24.819 

8.509 

298024.05 

1935.221 

617 

380689 

234885113 

24.839 

8.513 

298992-45 

1938.362 

618 

381924 

236029032 

24.860 

8.518 

299962.40 

I 941.504 

619 

383**^! 

237176659 

24.880 

8,522 

300933.94 

1944-645 

620 

384400 

238328000 

24.900 

8-527 

301907.05 

1947.787 

621 

385641 

239483061 

24 920 

8-532 

302881.73 

1950.928 

622 

386884 

240641848 

24.940 

8-536 

303857.98 

1954.070 

623 

388129 

241804367 

24.960 

8.541 

304837.16 

I957.21I 

624 

389376 

242970624 

24 980 

8.545 

305815.19 

1960.353 

625 

390625 

244140625 

25.000 

8.550 

306796.16 

1963.495 

626 

391876 

245314376 

25.020 

8-554 

307778.69 

1966.636 

627 

393129 

246491883 

25.040 

8-559 

308762.79 

1969.778 

628 

394384 

247673152 

25.060 

8.564 

309748.47 

1972.919 

629 

395641 

248858189 

25.080 

8.568 

310735.72 

1976.061 

630 

396900 

250047000 

25.100 

8-573 

311724.53. 

1979.203 

631 

398161 

251239591 

25.120 

8.577 

312714.92 

1982.344 

632 • 

399424 

252435968 

25.140 

8,582 

313706.87 

1985.486 

633 

400689 

253636137 

25.160 

8.586 

314700.41 

1988.628 

634 

401956 

254840104 

25.180 

8.591 

315695.50 

1991.769 

635 

403225 

256047875 

25.200 

8-595 

316692.17 

I994.9H 

636 

404496 

257259456 

25.220 

8.600 

317690.42 

1998.052 

637 

405769 

258474853 

25-239 

8.604 

318690.24 

2001.1 94 

638 

407044 

259694072 

25-259 

8.609 

319691.61 

2004.335 

639 

408321 

260917119 

25.278 

8.613 

320694,56 

2007.477 

640 

409600 

262144000 

25.298 

8.618 

321699.09 

2010.619 

641 

410881 

263374721 

25.318 

8.622 

322705.19 

201 3.-760 

642 

412164 

264609288 

25-338 

8.627 

323712.85 

201 6.902 

643 

413449 

265847707 

25-357 

8.631 

324720.52 

2020.043 

644 

414736 

267089984 

25-377 

8.636 

325732.89 

2023.185 

645 

416025 

268336125 

25-397 

8.640 

326745.27 

2026.327 

646 

417316 

269586136 

25.417 

8.645 

327759.22 

2029.468 

647 

418609 

270840023 

25-436 

8.649 

328774.74 

2032.610 

648 

419904 

272097792 

25 456 

8.653 

329791.82 

2035.751 

649 

421201 

273359449 

25-475 

8.658 

330810,48 

2038.893 

650 

422500 

274625000 

25-495 

8.662 

331830.72 

2042.035 





















POWERS.—ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 


509 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square Root. 

Cube Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

651 

423801 

27*5894451 

25.515 

8.667 

332852.53 

2045.177 

652 

425104 

277167808 

25*534 

8.671 

333875*90 

2048.318 

653 

426409 

278445077 

25*554 

8.676 

334900.85 

2051.460 

654 

427716 

279726264 

25-573 

8.680 

335927*38 

2054.602 

655 

429025 

281011375 

25*593 

8.685 

336955*45 

2057.743 

656 

430336 

282300416 

25.612 

8.689 

337985.10 

2060.885 

657 

431649 

^83593393 

25.632 

8.693 

339016.32 

2064.026 

658 

432964 

284890312 

25.652 

8.698 

340049.13 

2067.167 

659 

434281 

286191179 

25.671 

8.702 

341083.50 

2070.309 

660 

43*; 600 

287496000 

25.690 

8.707 

342119*44 

2073.451 

661 

436921 

288804781 

25.710 

8.711 

343156*95 

2076.592 

662 

438244 

290117528 

25.720 

8.715 

344196.03 

2079.734 

663 

439569 

29f434247 

25*749 

8.720 

345236.69 

2082.876 

664 

440896 

292754944 

25.768 

8.724 

346278.91 

2086.017 

665 

442225 

294079625 

25.788 

8.729 

347322.70 

2089.159 

666 

443556 

295408296 

25.807 

8*733 

348368.08 

2092.300 

667 

444889 

296740963 

25.826 

8.737 

349415.02 

2095.442 

668 

446224 

298077632 

25.846 

8.742 

350463.51 

2098.583 

669 

447561 

299418309 

25.865 

8.746 

351513.62 

2101.725 

670 

448900 

300763000 

25.884 

8.750 

352565.24 

2104.867 

671 

450241 

302111711 

25.904 

8*755 

353618.46 

2108.008 

672 

451584 

303464448 

25*923 

8.759 

354673*26 

2111.150 

673 

452929 

304821217 

25*942 

8.763 

355729.62 

2114.291 

674 

454276 

306182024 

25.962 

8.768 

356787*54 

2U7-433 

675 

455625 

307546875 

25.981 

8.772 

357847.04 

2120.575 

676 

456976 

308915776 

26.000 

8.776 

358908.11 

2123.716 

677 

458329 

310288733 

26.019 

8.781 

359970.76 

2126.858 

678 

459684 

311665752 

26.038 

8.785 

361034.96 

2130.000 

679 

461041 

313046839 

26.058 

8.789 

362100.75 

2133.141 

680 

462400 

314432000 

26.077 

8.794 

363168.11 

2136.283 

681 

463761 

315821241 

26.096 

8.798 

364237.04 

2139.425 

682 

465124 

317214568 

26.115 

8.802 

365307*54 

2142.566 

683 

466489 

318611987 

26.134 

8.807 

366384.56 

2145.708 

684 

467856 

320013504 

26.153 

8.811 

367453.18 

2148.849 

685 

469225 

321419125 

26.173 

8.815 

368528.45 

2151.991 

686 

470596 

322828856 

26.192 

8.819 

369605.23 

2155.133 

687 

471969 

324242703 

26.211 

8.824 

370683.59 

2158.274 

688 

473344 

325660672 

26.230 

8.828 

371763.50 

2161.416 

689 

474721 

327082769 

26.249 

8.832 

372845.00 

2164.557 

6go 

476100 

328509000 

26.268 

8.837 

373928.07 

2167.699 

691 

477481 

329939371 

26.287 

8.841 

375012.71 

2170.840 

692 

478864 

331373888 

26.306 

8.845 

376098.91 

2173.982 

693 

480249 

332812557 

26.325 

8.849 

377186.68 

2177.124 

694 

481636 

334255384 

26.344 

8.854 

378276.03 

2180.265 

695 

483025 

335702375 

26.363 

8.858 

379366.95 

2183.407 

696 

484416 

337153536 

26.382 

8.862 

380459.44 

2186.548 

697 

485809 

338608873 

26.401 

8.866 

381553*50 

2189.690 

698 

487204 

340068392 

26.420 

8.871 

382649.13 

2192.832 

699 

488601 

341532099 

26.439 

8.875 

383746.33 

^195 973 

700 

490000 

343000000 

26.458 

8.879 

384845.10 

2199.115 




















No. 

701 

702 

703 

704 

70s 

706 

707 

708 

709 

710 

711 

712 

713 

714 

715 

716 

717 

718 

719 

720 

721 

722 

723 

724 

725 

726 

727 

728 

729 

730 

731 

732 

733 

734 

735 

736 

737 

738 

739 

740 

741 

742 

743 

744 

745 

746 

747 

748 

749 

750 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Cube. 

Square Root. 

Cube Root. 

Area. 

Circura. 

344472lOI 

26.476 

8 883 

385945-45 

2202.256 

-;4«;q48oo8 

26.495 

8.887 

387047-34 

2205.398 

347428927 

26. 514 

8.892 

388150.83 

2208.539 

-^48913664 

26.532 

8.896 

389255.89 

2211.681 

350402625 

26.552 

8.900 

390362.52 

2214.823 

31^189^816 

26.571 

8.904 

391470.72 

2217.964 

353393^43 

26.589 

8.909 

392580.49 

2221.106 

354894912 

26.608 

8 913 

393691.82 

2224.248 

31^6400829 

26.627 

8.917 

394804.73 

2227.389 

31^7911000 

26.646 

8.921 

395919.21 

2230.531 

359425431 

26 665 

8.925 

397035.26 

2233.672 

360944128 

26 683 

8.929 

398152.88 

2236.814 

362467097 

26 702 

8.934 

399272.07 

2239.956 

363994344 

26.721 

8.938 

400392.83 

2243.097 

365525875 

26.739 

8.942 

401515.18 

2246.239 

367061696 

26.758 

8.946 

402639 09 

2249.380 

368601813 

26.777 

8.950 

403764.55 

2252.522 

370146232 

'26.796 

8 955 

404891.60 

2255,664 

371694959 

26.814 

8.959 

406020.22 

2258.805 

373248000 

26.833 

8.963 

407150.41 

2261.947 

374805361 

26.851 

8.967 

408282.17 

2265.088 

376367048 

26.870 

8.971 

409415.50 

2268.230 

377933067 

26.889 

8.975 

410550.39 

2271.371 

379503424 

26.907 

8.979 

4116S6.86 

2274.513 

381078125 

26.926 

8.984 

412824.91 

2277.655 

382657176 

26.944 

8.988 

413964.54 

2280.796 

384240583 

26 963 

8.992 

415105.72 

2283.938 

385828352 

26.981 

8.996 

416248.46 

2287.079 

387420489 

27.000 

9.000 

417392.78 

2290,221 

389017000 

27.019 

9.004 

418538.68 

2293.363 

390617891 

27.037 

9.008 

419684.58 

2296.504 

392223168 

27.055 

9.012 

420835.18 

2299.646 

393832837 

27.074 

9.016 

421985.79 

2302.787 

395446904 

27.092 

9.021 

423137-97 

2305.829 

39706537s 

27.Ill 

9.025 

424291.72 

2309.071 

398688256 

27.129 

9.029 

425447.04 

2312.212 

400315553 

27.148 

9-033 

426603.93 

2315-353 

401947272 

27.166 

9037 

427762.40 

2318.495 

403583419 

27.185 

9.041 

428922.43 

2321.637 

405224000 

27.203 

9.045 

430084.03 

2324.779 

406869021 

27.221 

9.049 

431247.20 

2327.920 

408518488 

^ 27.240 

9-053 

432411.95 

2331,062 

410172407 

’ 27.258 

9.057 

433576.70 

2334.203 

411830784 

27.276 

9.061 

434746.16 

2337-345 

413493625 

27.295 

9.065 

435915.62 

2340.487 

415160936 

27.313 

9.069 

437086.65 

2343.628 

416832723 

27-331 

9-073 

438259.24 

2346 769 

418508992 

27.350 

9.078 

439433-41 

2349.910 

420189749 

27.368 

9.082 

440609.05 

2353.052 

421875000 

27.386 

9.086 

441786.47 

2356.194 



















No. 

751 

752 

753 

754 

755 

756 

757 

758 

759 

760 

761 

762 

763 

764 

765 

766 

767 

768 

769 

770 

771 

772 

773 

774 

775 

776 

777 

778 

779 

780 

781 

782 

783 

784 

785 

786 

787 

788 

789 

790 

791 

792 

793 

794 

795 

796 

797 

798 

799 

800 


POWERS.-ROOTS.-CIRCLES. 


511 


Square. 

j Cube. 

Square Root. 

Cube Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

564001 

423564751 

27.404 

9.090 

442965.37 

2359-335 

565504 

425259008 

27.423 

9-094 

444145-81 

2362.477 

567009 

426957777 

27.441 

9.098 

445327.83 

2365.619 

568516 

428661064 

27-459 

9.102 

446511.42 

2368.760 

570025 

430368875 

27.477 

9.106 

447696.59 

2371.902 

571536 

432081216 

27-495 

9.110 

448883.33 

2375.044 

573049 

433798093 

27.514 

9.I14 

450071.63 

2378.185 

574564 

43551951^ 

27.532 

9.118 

451261.51 

2381.327 

576081 

437245479 

27-550 

9.122 

452453-05 

2384.469 

577600 

438976000 

27.568 

9 126 

453645.98 

2387.610 

579121 

440711081 

27.586 

9.130 

454840.57 

2390.752 

580644 

442450728 

27.604 

9-*34 

456036.73 

2393-893 

582169 

.444194947 

27.622 

9.138 

457234-46 

2397.035 

583696 

445943744 

27.641 

9.142 

458433-76 

2400.176 

585225 

447697125 

27.659 

9.146 

459634-64 

2403.318 

586756 

449455096 

27.677 

9.150 

460837.08 

2406.459 

588289 

451217663 

27-695 

9-154 

462041.09 

2409.601 

589824 

452984832 

27.713 

9.158 

463246.69 

2412.742 

591361 

454756609 

27-73* 

9.162 

464453.84 

2415.884 

592900 

456533000 

27.749 

9.166 

465662.57 

2419.026 

594441 

458314011 

27.767 

9.170 

466872.87 

2422.167 

595984 

460099648 

27.785 

9.174 

468084.74 

2425.309 

597529 

461889917 

27.803 

9.178 

469296.61 

2428.451 

599076 

463684824 

27.821 

9.182 

470513.19 

243*-593 

600625 

465484375 

27.839 

9.185 

471729.77 

2434-734 

602176 

467288576 

27.857 

9.189 

472947.92 

2437-876 

603729 

469097433 

27.875 

9.193 

474167.65 

2441.017 

605284 

470910952 

27-893 

9-197 

475388.94 

2444.159 

606841 

472729139 

27.911 

9.201 

476611.80 

2447.300 

608400 

474552000 

27.928 

9.205 

477836.24 

2450.442 

609961 

476379541 

27-946 

9.209 

479062.25 

2453-583 

611524 

478211768 

27-964 

9.213 

480289.83 

2456-725 

613089 

480048687 

27.982 

9.217 

481518.98 

2459.867 

614656 

481890304 

28.000 

9.221 

482749.70 

2463.009 

616225 

483736025 

28.018 

9.225 

48398 1.98 

2466.150 

617796 

485587656 

28.036 

9.229 

485215.85 

2469.292 

619369 

487443403 

28.054 

9-233 

486451.27 

2472.433 

620944 

489303872 

28.071 

9.238 

487688.27 

2475-575 

622521 

491169069 

28.089 

9.240 

488926.85 

2478.716 

624100 

493039000 

28.107 

9.244 

490166.99 

2481.858 

625681 

494913671 

28.125 

9.248 

491408.71 

2485.000 

627264 

496793088 

28.142 

9.252 

492651.98 

2488.131 

628849 

498677257 

28.160 

9.256 

493896.85 

2491.272 

630436 

500566184 

28.178 

9.260 

495143.28 

2494.414 

632025 

502459875 

28.196 

9.264 

496391.27 

2497.566 

633616 

504358336 

28.213 

9.268 

497640.85 

2500.708 

635209 

506261573 

28.231 

9.272 

498891.98 

2503-849 

636804 

508169592 

28.249 

9.275 

500144.69 

2506.991 

638401 

510082399 

28.267 

9 279 

501398.97 

2509.132 

640000 

512000000 

28.284 

9.283 

502654.82 

2513.274 


43 ^!^ 


















512 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

Square, i 

Cube. 

Square Root. 

Cube Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

8oi 

641601 

513922401 

28.302 

9.287 

503912.25 

2516.416 

802 

643204 

515849608 

28.320 

9.291 

505171.24 

2519-557 

803 

644809 

517781627 

28.337 

9.295 

506431.80 

2522.698 

804 

646416 

519718464 

28.355 

9.299 

507693.94 

2525.840 

805 

648025 

521660125 

28.373 

9.302 

508957.64 

2528.982 

806 

649636 

523606616 

28.390 

9.306 

510222.92 

2532.123 

807 

651249 

525557943 

28.408 

9.310 

511489.76 

2535.265 

808 

652864 

527514112 

28.425 

9-314 

512758.18 

2538.406 

809 

654481 

529475129 

28.443 

9.318 

514028.18 

2541-548 

810 

656100 

531441000 

28.460 

9.322 

515299.74 

2544.690 

811 

657721 

533411731 

28.478 

9.326 

516572.87 

2547-831 

812 

659344 

535387328 

28.496 

9-329 

517847-57 

2550.973 

813 

660969 

537366797 

28.513 

9-333 

519123.83 

2554-115 

814 

662596 

539353144 

28.531 

9-337 

520401.69 

2557.256 

815 

664225 

541343375 

28.548 

9-341 

521681.10 

2560.398 

816 

665856 

543338496 

28.566 

9-345 

522962.08 

2563.540 

817 

667489 

545338513 

28.583 

9-348 

524244,64 

2566.681 

818 

669124 

547343432 

28.601 

9-352 

525528.77 

2569.823 

819 

670761 

549353259 

28.618 

9-356 

5268 14.46 

2572.964 

820 

672400 

551368000 

28.636 

9-360 

528101.73 

2576.106 

821 

674041 

553387661 

28.653 

9.364 

529390.57 

2579-247 

822 

675684 

555412248 

28.671 

9.368 

530680.97 

2582. 388 

823 

677329 

557441767 

28.688 

9-371 

531972-95 

2585.530 

824 

678976 

559476224 

28.705 

9-375 

533266.50 

2588.672 

825 

680625 

561515625 

28.723 

9-379 

534561.62 

2591.814 

826 

682276 

563559976 

28.740 

9-383 

535858-32 

2594-955 

827 

683929 

565609283 

28.758 

9.386 

537156.58 

2598.097 

828 

685584 

567663552 

28.775 

9.390 

538456.42 

2601.239 

829 

687241 

569722789 

28.792 

9-394 

539757-81 

2604.380 

830 

688900 

571787000 

28.810 

9-398 

541060.79 

2607.522 

831 

690561 

573856191 

28.827 

9.402 

542347-34 

2610.663 

832 

692224 

575930368 

28.844 

9.405 

543671.49 

2613.805 

833 

693889 

578009537 

28.862 

9.409 

544979-15 

2616.946 

834 

695556 

580093704 

28.879 

9.413 

546288.40 

2620.088 

835 

697225 

582182875 

28.896 

9.417 

547599-23 

2623.230 

836 

698896 

584277056 

28.914 

9.420 

548911.63 

2626. 371 

837 

700569 

586376253 

28.931 

9-424 

550225.60 

2629.513 

838 

702244 

588480472 

28.948 

9.428 

551541-14 

2632.654 

839 

703921 

590589719 

28.965 

9-432 

552858.26 

2635.796 

840 

705600 

592704000 

28.983 

9-435 

554176.94 

2638.938 

841 

707281 

594823321 

29.000 

9-439 

555497-19 

2642.079 

842 

708964 

596947688 

29.017 

9-443 

556819.02 

2645.221 

843 

710649 

599077107 

29.034 

9-447 

558142.42 

2648.363 

844 

712336 

601211584 

29.052 

9.450 

559467-39 

2651.504 

845 

714025 

603351125 

29.069 

9.454 ' 

560793.92 

2654.646 

846 

715716 

605495736 

29.086 

9.458 

562122.03 

2657.787 

847 

717409 

607645423 

29.103 

9.462 

563451.71 

2660.929 

848 

719104 

609800192 

29. 120 

9.465 

564782.98 

2664.071 

849 

720801 

611960049 

29.138 

9.469 , 

566115.78 

2667.212 

850 

722500 

614125000 

29.155 

9-473 

567450.17 

2670.354 

















POWERS.—ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 


513 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square Eoot. 

Cube Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

851 

724201 

616295051 

29.172 

9-476 

568786.13 

2673.495 

852 

725904 

618470208 

29.189 

9.480 

570123.66 

2676. 637 

853 

727609 

620650477 

29'. 206 

9.484 

571462.77 

2679.778 

854 

729316 

622835864 

29.223 

9.488 

572803.45 

2682.920 

855 

731025 

625026375 

29.240 

9.491 

574145.69 

2686.062 

856 

732736 

627222016 

29.257 

9-495 

575489-54 

2689.203 

857 

734449 

629422793 

29.275 

9-499 

576834.89 

2692.345 

858 

736164 

631628712 

29.292 

9.502 

578181.85 

2695.486 

859 

737881 

633839779 

29.309 

9.506 

579530.38 

2698.628 

860 

73q6oo 

636056000 

29.326 

9.510 

580880.48 

2701.770 

861 

741321 

638277381 

29-343 

9-513 

582232.15 

2704.911 

862 

743044 

640503928 

29.360 

9-517 

583585.39 

2708.053 

863 

744769 

642735647 

29.377 

9.521 

584940.20 

2711.194 

864 

746496 

644972544 

29.394 

9-524 

586296.58 

2714.336 

865 

748225 

647214625 

29.411 

9.528 

587654.54 

2717.478 

866 

749956 

649461896 

29.428 

9-532 

589014.06 

2720.619 

867 

751689 

651714363 

29.445 

9-535 

590375.16 

2723.760 

868 

753424 

653972032 

29.462 

9-539 

591737-82 

2726.902 

869 

755161 

656234909 

29.479 

9-543 

593102.06 

2730-044 

870 

7q6qoo 

658503000 

29.496 

9-546 

594467.87 

2733.186 

871 

758641 

660776311 

29-513 

9-550 

595835-25 

2736.327 

872 

760384 

663054848 

29-530 

9-554 

597204 22 

2739-469 

873 

762129 

665338617 

29-547 

9-557 

598574.72 

2742.610 

874 

763876 

667627624 

29-563 

9.561 

599946.81 

2745-752 

875 

765625 

669921875 

29.580 

9-565 

601320.47 

2748.894 

876 

767376 

672221376 

29 597 

9-568 

602695.70 

2752.035 

877 

769129 

674526133 

29.614 

9-572 

604072.51 

2755.177 

878 

770884 

676836152 

29.631 

9-576 

605450.88 

2758.318 

879 

772641 

679151439 

29.648 

9-579 

606830.82 

2761.460 

880 

774400 

681472000 

29.665 

9-583 

608212.34 

2764.602 

881 

776161 

.683797841 

29.682 

9.586 

609595-43 

2767-743 

882 

777924 

686128968 

29.698 

9-590 

610980.08 

2770.885 

883 

779689 

688465387 

29.715 

9-594 

612366.31 

2774.026 

884 

781456 

690807104 

29-732 

9-597 

613754.12 

2777.168 

885 

783225 

693154125 

29.749 

9.601 

615143.48 

2780.309 

886 

784996 

695506456 

29.766 

9.605 

616534.42 

2783.451 

887 

786769 

697864103 

29.783 

9.608 

617926.93 

2786.592 

888 

788544 

700227072 

29-799 

9.612 

619321.02 

2789-734 

889 

790321 

702595369 

29.816 

9.615 

620716.66 

2792.876 

890 

792100 

704969000 

29-833 

9.619 

6221 I 3.89 

2796.017 

891 

793881 

707347971 

29.850 

9-623 

623512.67 

2799.159 

892 

795664 

709732288 

29.866 

9.626 

624913.10 

2802.300 

893 

797449 

712121957 

29.883 

9.630 

626314.98 

2805.442 

894 

799236 

714516984 

29.900 

9-633 

627718.48 

2808.584 

895 

801025 

716917375 

29.917 

9-637 

629123.56 

2811.725 

896 

802816 

719323136 

29-933 

9.641 

630530.24 

2814.867 

897 

804609 

721734273 

29.950 

9-644 

631938.43 

2818.009 

898 

806404 

724150792 

29.967 

9.648 

633348-22 

2821.150 

899 

808201 

726572699 

29.983 

9.651 

634759-58 

2824.292 

90c : 

810000 

729000000 

30.000 

9-655 

636172.51 

2827.433 















No. 

901 

902 

903 

904 

905 

906 

907 

908 

909 

910 

911 

912 

913 

914 

915 

916 

917 

918 

919 

920 

921 

922 

9^3 

924 

925 

926 

927 

928 

929 

930 

931 

932 

933 

934 

935 

936 

937 

938 

939 

940 

941 

942 

943 

944 

945 

946 

947 

948 

949 

950 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Squai-'’. 

Cube. 

Square Hoot. ( 

;!ube Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

811801 

731432701 

30.017 

9.658 

637587.01 

2830.575 

813604 

7q';87o8o8 

30.033 

9.662 

639003.08 

2833.716 

815409 

7363*43^7 

30.050 

9.666 

640420.73 

2836.858 

817216 

7'?876'^264 

30.067 

9.669 

641839.94 

2840.000 

8igo25 

741217625 

30.083 

9-673 

643260.73 

2843.141 

820836 

743677416 

30.100 

9.676 

644683.09 

2846.283 

822649 

74614264'; 

30.116 

9.680 

646107.01 

2849.424 

824464 

748613312 

30.133 

9.683 

64753^-5* 

2852,566 

826281 

7<;io8q429 

30.150 

9-687 

648959-58 

2855.707 

828100 

753571000 

30.166 

9.691 

650388.22 

2858.849 

829921 

756058031 

30.183 

9-694 

651818.43 

2861.990 

831744 

758550528 

30.199 

9.698 

653250.20 

2865.132 

833569 • 

761048497 

30.216 

9.701 1 

654683.56 

2868,273 

835396 

763551944 

30.232 

9-705 

656118.48 

2871.415 

837225 

766060875 

30.249 

9.708 

657554-98 

2874.557 

8^goi;6 

768575296 

30.265 

9.712 

658993-04 

2877.698 

840889 

771095213 

30.282 

9-715 

660432.68 

2880.840 

842724 

773620632 

30.299 

9.719 

661873.88 

2883.982 

844^61 

776151559 

30-315 

9.722 

663316.66 

2887.123 

846400 

778688000 

30-33^ 

9.726 

664761.01 

2890.265 

848241 

781229961 

30-348 

9.729 

666206.92 

2893.407 

850084 

783777448 

30.364 

9-733 

667654.42 

2896.548 

851929 

786330467 

30.381 

9-736 

669103.47 

2899.690 

853776 

788889024 

30.397 

9-740 

670554-07 

2902.832 

855625 

791453125 

30.414 

9-743 

672006.30 

2905.973 

857476 

794022776 

30.430 

9-747 

673460.07 

2909.115 

8593^9 

796597983 

30.447 

9.750 

674915.42 

2912.256 

861184^ 

799178752 

30.463 

9-754 

676372.35 

2915.398 

863041* 

801765089 

30.480 

9-758 

677830.82 

2918.539 

864900 

804357000 

30.496 

9.761 

679290.87 

2921.681 

866761 

806954491 

30.512 

9-764 

680752.49 

2924.822 

868624 

809557568 

30.529 

9.768 

682215.70 

2927.964 

870489 

812166237 

30.545 

9.771 

683680.46 

2931.106 

872356 

814780504 

30.561 

9-775 

685146.80 

2934.247 

874225 

817400375 

30.578 

9-778 

686614.71 

2937-389 

876096 

820025856 

30.594 

9-783 

688084.18 

2940.531 

877969 

822656953 

30.610 

9-785 

689555.24 

2943.672 

879844 

825293672 

30.627 

9-789 

691027.86 

2946.814 

881721 

827936019 

30.643 

9.792 

692502.06 

2949.955 

883600 

830584000 

30.659 

9-796 

693977.82 

2953.097 

885481 

833237621 

30.676 

9-799 

695455-15 

2956.238 

887364 

835896888 

30.692 

9-803 

696934.05 

2959.380 

889249 

838561807 

30.708 

9.806 

698414.59 

2962.521 

891136 

841232384 

30.725 

9.810 

699896.58 

2965.663 

893025 

843908625 

30.741 

9.813 

701380.19 

2968.805 

894916 

846590536 

30.757 

9.817 

702865.38 

2971.946 

896809 

849278123 

30.773 

9.820 

704351-35 

2975.088 

898704 

851971392 

30.790 

9 824 

705840.47 

2978.230 

900601 

854670349 

30.806 

9.827 

707330-37 

2981.371 

902500 

857375000 

30.822 

9.830 

708821.84 

2984.513 

























No. 

951 

952 

953 

954 

955 

956 

957 

958 

959 

960 

961 

962 

963 

964 

965 

066 

967 

968 

969 

970 

971 

972 

973 

974 

975 

976 

977 

978 

979 

980 

981 

982 

983 

984 

985 

986 

987 

988 

989 

990 

991 

992 

993 

994 

995 

996. 

997 

998 

999 

1000 


POWERS.—ROOTS.—CIRCLES. 


515 


Cube. 

Square Root. 

Cube Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

860085351 

30,838 

9-834 

710314.88 

2987-655 

862801408 

30-854 

9.837 

711809.47 

2990.796 

865523177 

30.871 

9.841 

713305.68 

2993.938 

868250664 

30.887 

9.844 

714803.44 

2997.079 

870983875 

30.903 

9.848 

716302.76 

3000.221 

873722816 

30.919 

9.851 

717803.65 

3003.362 

876467493 

30.935 

9-855 

719306.12 

3006.504 

879217912 

30.952 

9-858 

720810.16 

3009.645 

881974079 

30.968 

9.861 

722315.77 

3012.787 

884736000 

30.984 

9.865 

723822.95 

3015.929 

887503681 

31.000 

9.868 

725331.70 

3019.070 

890277128 

31.016 

9-872 

726842.02 

3022.212 

893056347 

31.032 

9-875 

728353.91 

3025.353 

895841344 

31.048 

9.879 

729867.36 

3028.495 

898632125 

31.064 

9.882 

731382.40 

3031.637 

901428696 

31.081 

9.885 

732899.01 

3034.778 

904231063 

31.097 

9.889 

734417.18 

3037.920 

907039232 

31.I13 

9.892 

735936-96 

3041.061 

909853209 

31.129 

9.896 

737458-25 

3044.203 

912673000 

31-145 

9.899 

738981.13 

3047-345 

915498611 

31.161 

9.902 

740505.59 

3050.486 

918330048 

31-177 

9.906 

742031.62 

3053.628 

921167317 

31-193 

9.909 

743559-22 

3056.769 

924010424 

31.209 

9.913 

745088.39 

3059.911 

926859375 

31.225 

9.916 

746619.13 

3063.053 

929714176 

31.241 

9.919 

748151.44 

3066.194 

932574833 

31-257 

9-923 

749685.32 

3069.336 

93544135^ 

31-273 

9.926 

751220,78 

3072.478 

938313739 

31.289 

9-930 

752757-80 

3075.619 

941192000 

31-305 

9-933 

754296.40 

3078.761 

944076141 

31-321 

9.936 

755836.56 

3081.902 

946966168 

31-337 

9.940 

757378.30 

3085.044 

949862087 

31-353 

9-943 

758921.60 

3088.185 

952763904 

31.369 

9.946 

760466.48 

3091.327 

955671625 

31-385 

9.950 

762012.93 

3094.469 

958585256 

31.401 

9-953 

763560.95 

3097.610 

961504803 

31.417 

9.956 

765109.54 

3100.752 

964430272 

31-432 

9.960 

766661.70 

3103.893 

967361669 

31.448 

9.963 

768214.44 

3107.035 

970299000 

31.464 

9.967 

769768.74 

3110,177 

973242271 

31.480 

9.970 

771324.61 

3113.318 

976191488 

31.496 

9-973 

772882.06 

31 16.460 

979146657 

31.512 

9-977 

774441.07 

3119.601 

982107784 

31.528 

9.980 

776001,66 

3122.743 

985074875 

31-544 

9-983 

777563-82 

3125.885 

988047936 

31.560 

9.987 

779127.55 

3129.026 

991026973 

3^-575 

9.990 

780692.85 

3132.168 

994011992 

31-591 

9-993 

782259.72 

3135.310 

997002999 

31-607 

9-997 

783828.14 

3138.451 

I000000000 

31.623 

10.000 

785398.16 

3141.593 


















LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS 


FROM 1 TO 10,000. 


No. 

Log. 

No. 

Log. 

No. 

Log. 

No. 

Log. 

1 

0.000000 

26 

1.414973 

51 

1.707570 

76 

1.880814 

2 

0.301030 

27 

. 1-431364 

52 

1.716003 

' 77 

1.886491 

3 

0.477I2I 

28 

1.447158 

53 

1.724276 1 

78 

1.892095 

4 

0.602060 

29 

1.462398 

54 

1-732394 

1 79 

1.897627 

5 

0.698970 

30 

1.477121 

55 

1.740363 

80 

1.903090 

6 

0.778151 

31 

1.491362 

56 

1.748188 

81 

1.908485 

7 

0.845098 

32 

1.505150 

57 

1-755875 

82 

1.913814 

8 

0.903090 

33 

1.518514 

58 

1.763428 

83 

1.919078 

9 

0.954243 

34 

1-531479 

59 

1.770852 

84 

1-924279 

lO 

1.000000 

35 

1.544068 

60 

1.778151 

85 

1-929419 

11 

I.04I393 

36 

1-556303 

61 

1.785330 

86 

1-934498 

12 

1.079181 

37 

1.568202 

62 

I-792392 

87 

1-939519 

13 

1.II3943 

38 

1.579784 

63 

1-799341 

88 

1-944483 

14 

1.146128 

39 

1.591065 

64 

1.806180 

89 

1.949390 

15 

1.176091 

40 

1.602060 

65 

1.812913 

90 

1-954243 

16 

I. 204120 

41 

1.612784 

66 

1-819544 

91 

1.959041 

17 

1.230449 

42 

1.623249 

67 

1.826075 

92 

1.963788 

18 

1-255273. 

43 

1.633468 

68 

1-832509 

93 

1.968483 

19 

1.278754 

44 

1-643453 

69 

1.838849 

94 

1.973128 

20 

1.301030 

45 

1.653213 

70 

1.845098 

95 

1-977724 

21 

1.322219 

46 

1.662758 

71 

1.851258 

96 

1.982271 

22 

1.342423 

47 

1.672098 

72 

1-857332 

97 

1.986772 

23 

1.361728 

48 

1.681241 

73 

1.863323 

98 

1.991226 

24 

1.380211 

49 

1.690196 

74 

1.869232 

99 

1-995635 

^5 

1.397940 

50 

1.698970 

75 

1.875061 

100 

2.000000 


516 









































LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 


517 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 1 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

lOO 

000000 

0434 

0868 

1301 

*734 

2166 

2598 

3029 

3461 

389* 

432 

I 

4321 

475 * 

5181 

5609 

6038 

6466 

6894 

7321 

7748 

8174 

428 

2 

8600 

9026 

945 * 

9876 

0300 

0724 

1*47 

*570 

*993 

24*5 

424 

3 

012837 

3^59 

3680 

4100 

452* 

4940 

5360 

5779 

6197 

6616 

420 

4 

7033 

745 * 

7868 

8284 

8700 

9116 

9532 

9947 

0361 

0775 

416 

5 

021 I 89 

1603 

2016 

2428 

2841 

3252 

3664 

4075 

4486 

4896 

412 

6 

5306 

57*5 

6125 

6533 

6942 

7350 

7757 

8164 

857* 

8978 

408 

7 

9384 

9789 

oT^5 

0600 

1004 

1408 

1812 

2216 

2619 

3021 

404 

8 

033424 

3826 

4227 

4628 

5029 

5430 

5830 

6230 

6629 

7028 

400 

9 

7426 

7825 

8223 

8620 

90*7 

94*4 

9811 

0207 

0602 

0998 

397 

no 

041393 

*787 

2182 

2576 

2969 

3362 

3755 

4148 

4540 

4932 

393 

I 

5323 

57*4 

6105 

6495 

6885 

7275 

7664 

8053 

8442 

8830 

390 

2 

9218 

9606 

9993 

0380 

0766 

**53 

*538 

1924 

2309 

2694 

386 

3 

053078 

3463 

3846 

4230 

4613 

4996 

5378 

5760 

6142 

6524 

383 

4 

6905 

7286 

7666 

8046 

8426 

8805 

9*85 

9563 

9942 

0320 

379 

5 

060698 

1075 

*452 

1829 

2206 

2582 

2958 

3333 

3709 

4083 

376 

6 

4458 

4832 

5206 

5580 

5953 

6326 

6699 

707* 

7443 

7815 

373 

7 

8186 

8557 

8928 

9298 

9668 

0038 

0407 

0776 

**45 

* 5*4 

370 

8 

071882 

2250 

2617 

2985 

335^ 

3718 

4085 

445 * 

4816 

5182 

366 

9 

5547 

5912 

6276 

6640 

7004 

7368 

773 * 

8094 

8457 

8819 

363 

120 

079181 

9543 

9904 

0266 

0626 

0987 

*347 

T707 

2067 

2426 

360 

I 

082785 

3*44 

3503 

3861 

4219 

4576 

4934 

529* 

5647 

6004 

357 

2 

6360 

6716 

707* 

7426 

7781 

8136 

8490 

8845 

9*98 

9552 

355 

3 

9905 

0258 

0611 

0963 

*3*5 

T667 

2018 

2370 

2721 

307* 

35 ^ 

4 

093422 

3772 

4122 

447* 

4820 

5*69 

55*8 

5866 

6215 

6562 

349 

5 

6910 

7257 

7604 

795* 

8298 

8644 

8990 

9335 

9681 

0026 

346 

6 

100371 

07*5 

*059 

*403 

*747 

2091 

2434 

2777 

3**9 

3462 

343 

7 

3804 

4*46 

4487 

4828 

5169 

55*0 

5851 

6191 

6531 

6871 

34 * 

8 

7210 

7549 

7888 

8227 

8565 

8903 

9 - 4 * 

9579 

99*6 

0253 

338 

9 

110590 

0926 

1263 

*599 

*934 

2270 

2605 

2940 

3275 

3609 

335 

130 

113943 

4277 

4611 

4944 

5278 

5611 

5943 

6276 

6608 

6940 

333 

I 

7271 

7603 

7934 

8265 

8595 

8926 

9256 

9586 

99*5 

0245 

330 

2 

120574 

0903 

*23* 

1560 

1888 

2216 

2544 

2871 

3*98 

35^5 

328 

3 

3852 

4*78 

4504 

4830 

5*56 

5481 

5806 

6131 

6456 

6781 

3^5 

4 

7105 

7429 

7753 

8076 

8399 

8722 

9045 

9368 

9690 

0012 

3^3 

5 

130334 

0655 

0977 

1298 

1619 

*939 

2260 

2580 

2900 

32*9 

32* 

6 

3539 

3858 

4*77 

4496 

4814 

5*33 

545 * 

5769 

608 6 

6403 

3*8 

7 

6721 

7037 

7354 

767* 

7987 

8303 

8618 

8934 

9249 

9564 

3*6 

8 

9879 

0194 

0508 

0822 

* * 36 

*450 

*763 

2076 

2389 

2702 

3*4 

9 

143015 

3327 

3639 

395* 

4263 

4574 

4885 

5*96 

5507 

5818 

3*1 

140 

146128 

1 6438 

6748 

7058 

7367 

7676 

7985 

8294 

8603 

8911 

309 

I 

9219 

9527 

9835 

0142 

0449 

0756 

1063 

*370 

T676 

T982 

307 

2 

152288 

2594 

2900 

3205 

35*0 

38*5 

4120 

4424 

4728 

5032 

305 

3 

5336 

5640 

5943 

6246 

6549 

6852 

7*54 

7457 

7759 

8061 

303 

J 

4 

8362 

8664 

8965 

9266 

! 95^7 

9868 

01 68 

0469 

0769 

T068 

301 


161368 

1667 

1967 

2266 

2564 

2863 

3 * 6 * 

3460 

3758 

4055 

299 

6 

4353 

4650 

4947 

5244 

! 554 * 

5838 

6134 

6430 

6726 

7022 

297 

7 

7317 

7613 

7908 

8203 

1 8497 

8792 

9086 

9380 

9674 

9968 

295 

8 

170262 

0555 

0848 

1141 

1 *434 

1726 

2019 

2311 

2603 

2895 

293 

9 

3186 

3478 

3769 

40601 4351 

464* 

4932- 

5222 

55*2 

5802 

291 

No. 

0 

. 1 

2 

3 

1 4 

1 5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 







































518 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

150 

176091 

6381 

6670 

6959 

7248 

7536 

7825 

8113 

0 

00 

8689 

289 

I 

8977 

926^4 

9552 

9839 

0126 

0413 

0699 

098^ 

1272 

*558 

287 

2, 

181844 

2129 

2415 

2700 

2985 

3270 

3555 

3839 

4*23 

4407 

285 

3 

4691 

4975 

5^59 

5542 

5825 

6108 

639* 

6674 

6956 

7239 

283 

4 

7521 

7803 

8084 

8366 

8647 

8928 

9209 

9490 

977* 

0051 

281 

5 

iq0722 

0612 

0892 

1171 

1451 

1730 

2010 

2289 

2567 

2846 

279 

6 

3*^5 

3403 

3681 

3959 

4237 

45H 

4792 

5069 

5346 

5623 

278 

7 

5900 

6176 

6453 

6729 

7005 

7281 

7556 

7832 

8107 

8382 

276 

8 

8657 

8932 

9206 

9481 

9755 

0029 

0303 

0577 

0850 

1124 

274 

9 

201397 

1670 

1943 

2216 

2488 

2761 

3033 

3305 

3577 

3848 

272 

160 

204120 

4391 

4663 

4934 

5204 

5475 

5746 

6016 

6286 

6556 

271 

I 

6826 

70q6 

7365 

7634 

7904 

8173 

844* 

8710 

8979 

9247 

269 

2 

9515 

9783 

0051 

0319 

0586 

0853 

1121 

1388 

1654 

1921 

267 

3 

212188 

2454 

2720 

2986 

3252 

35*8 

3783 

4049 

43*4 

4579 

265 

4 

4844 

5109 

5373 

5638 

5902 

6166 

6430 

6694 

6957 

7221 

264 

5 

7484 

7747 

8010 

8273 

8536 

8798 

9060 

9323 

9585 

9846 

262 

6 

220108 

0370 

0631 

0892 

1153 

1414 

*675 

*936 

2196 

2456 

261 

7 

2716 

2976 

3236 

3496 

3755 

4015 

4274 

4533 

4792 

505* 

259 

8 

5309 

5568 

5826 

6084 

6342 

6600 

6858 

7*15 

7372 

7630 

258 

9 

7887 

8144 

8400 

8657 

8913 

9170 

9426 

9682 

9938 

or93 

256 

170 

230449 

0704 

0960 

1215 

1470 

1724 

*979 

2234 

2488 

2742 

255 

I 

2996 

3250 

3504 

3757 

4011 

4264 

45*7 

4770 

5023 

5276 

253 

2 

5528 

5781 

6033 

6285 

6537 

6789 

704* 

7292 

^544 

7795 

252 

3 

8046 

8297 

8548 

8799 

9049 

9299 

9550 

9800 

0050 

0300 

250 

4 

240549 

0799 

1048 

1297 

1546 

*795 

2044 

2293 

254* 

2790 

249 

5 

3038 

3286 

3534 

3782 

4030 

4277 

4525 

4772 

50*9 

5266 

248 

6 

5513 

5759 

6006 

6252 

6499 

6745 

699* 

7237 

7482 

7728 

246 

7 

7973 

8219 

8464 

8709 

8954 

9*98 

9443 

9687 

993^ 

0176 

245 

8 

250420 

0664 

0908 

1151 

1395 

*638 

1881 

2125 

2368 

2610 

243 

9 

2853 

3096 

3338 

3580 

3822 

4064 

4306 

4548 

479° 

5°3* 

242 

180 

255273 

5514 

5755 

5996 

6237 

6477 

6718 

6958 

7*98 

7439 

241 

I 

7679 

7918 

81^ 

8398 

8637 

8877 

9116 

9355 

9594 

9833 

239 

2 

260071 

0310 

0548 

0787 

1025 

1263 

1501 

*739 

*976 

2214 

238 

3 

2451 

2688 

2925 

3162 

3399 

3636 

3873 

4*09 

4346 

4582 

237 

4 

4818 

5054 

5290 

55^5 

5761 

5996 

6232 

6467 

6702 

6937 

235 

5 

7172 

7406 

7641 

7875 

8110 

8344 

8578 

8812 

9046 

9279 

234 

6 

9513 

9746 

9980 

0213 

0446 

0679 

0912 

1*44 

*377 

1609 

233 

7 

271842 

2074 

2306 

2538 

2770 

300* 

3233 

3464 

3696 

3927 

232 

8 

4158 

4389 

4620 

4850 

5081 

53** 

5542 

5772 

6002 

6232 

230 

9 

6462 

6692 

6921 

7151 

7380 

7609 

7838 

8067 

8296 

8525 

229 

190 

^8754 

8982 

9211 

9439 

9667 

9895 

0*23 

035* 

0578 

0806 

228 

I 

281033 

1261 

1488 

1715 

1942 

2169 

2396 

2622 

2849 

3°75 

227 

2 

3301 

35^7 

3753 

3979 

4205 

443* 

4656 

4882 

5*07 

5332 

226 

3 

5557 

5782 

6007 

6232 

6456 

6681 

6905 

7*30 

7354 

7578 

225 

4 

7802 

8026 

8249 

8473 

8696 

8920 

9*43 

9366 

9589 

9812 

223 

5 

290035 

0257 

0480 

0702 

0925 

**47 

*369 

*59* 

1813 

2034 

222 

6 

2256 

2478 

2699 

2920 

3141 

3363 

3584 

3804 

4025 

4246 

221 

7 

4466 

4687 

4907 

5127 

5347 

5567 

5787 

6007 

6226 

6446 

220 

8 

6665 

6884 

7104 

7323 

7542 

7761 

7979 

8198 

8416 

8635 

219 

9 

8853 

9071 

9289 

9507 

9725 

9943 

0161 

0378 

1 °595 

0813 

218 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

8 

4 

5 

6 

7 

1 8 

9 

Diff. 

















































LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 


519 


No. 

0 

1 1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff.' 

20C 

30103c 

1247 

1464 

1681 

1 898 

2114 

■ 2331 

2547 

; 2764 

• 2980 

217 

1 

3196 

3412 

3628 

3844 

4059 

I 4275 

4491 

4706 

4921 

5136 

216 

2 

5351 

5566 

5781 

5996 

6211 

6425 

6639 

1 6854 

. 7068 

7282 

215 

3 

7496 

7710 

7924 

8137 

8351 

8564 

•i 8778 

8991 

9204 

9417 

213 

4 

9630 

9843 

0056 

0268 

0481 

0693 

0906 

1 1118 

1330 

1542 

212 

5 

311754 

1966 

2177 

2389 

2600 

2812 

! 30^3 

! 3234 

3445 

3656 

21 I 

6 

3867 

4078 

4289 

4499 

4710 

4920 

5130 

' 5340 

! 555‘ 

5760 

210 

7 

5970 

6180 

6390 

6599 

6809 

7018 

7227 

7436 

7646 

7854 

209 

8 

8063 

8272 

8 481 

8689 

8898 

9106 

93M 

9522 

9730 

9938 

208 

9 

320146 

0354 

0562 

0769 

0977 

I 184 

1391 

1598 

1805 

2012 

207 

aio 

322219 

2426 

2633 

2839 

3046 

3252 

3458 

3665 

3871 

4077 

206 

I 

4282 

448^ 

4694 

4899 

5105 

5310 

5S-<i 

5721 

5926 

• 6131 

205 

2 

6336 

6541 

6745 

6950 

7155 

7359 

1 7563 

7767 

7972 

8176 

204 

3 

8380 

8583 

8787 

8991 

9194 

9398 

9601 

1 9805 

C008 

021 I 

203 

4 

330414 

0617 

0819 

1022 

1225 

1427 

1630 

1 ^832 

2034 

2236 

202 

5 

2438 

2640 

2842 

3044 

3246 

3447 

3649 

3850 

4051 

4253 

202 

6 

4454 

4655 

4856 

5057 

5257 

5458 

5658 

5859 

6059 

6260 

201 

7 

6460 

6660 

6860 

7060 

7260 

7459 

7659 

7858 

8058 

8257 

200 

8 

8456 

8656 

8855 

9054 

9253 

9451 

9650 

9849 

0047 

0246 

199 

9 

340444 

0642 

0841 

1039 

1237 

1435 

I 632 

1830 

2028 

2225 

198 

220 

342423 

2620 

2817 

3014 

3212 

3409 

3606 

3802 

3999 

4196 

197 

I 

4392 

4589 

4785 

4981 

5178 

5374 

5570 

5766 

5962 

6157 

19^ 


6353 

6549 

6744 

6939 

7135 

7330 

7525 

7720 

7915 

8110 

^95 

3 

8305 

8500 

8694 

8889 

9083 

9278 

9472 

9666 

9860 

0054 

194 

4 

350248 

0442 

0636 

0829 

1023 

1216 

1410 

1603 

1796 

1989 

^93 

5 

2183 

2375 

2568 

2761 

2954 

3«47 

3339 

3532 

3724 

3916 

193 

6 

4108 

4301 

4493 

4685 

4876 

5068 

5260 

5452 

5643 

5834 

192 

7 

6026 

6217 

6408 

6599 

6790 

6981 

7172 

7363 

7554 

7744 

191 

8 

7935 

8125 

8316 

8506 

8696 

8886 

9076 

9266 

9456 

9646 

190 

9 

9835 

0025 

0215 

0404 

0593 

0783 

0972 

T161 

1350 

1539 

189 

230 

361728 

1917 

2105 

2294 

2482 

2671 

2859 

3048 

3236 

3424 

188 

1 

3612 

3800 

3988 

4176 

4363 

455* 

4739 

4926 

5113 

5301 

188 

2 

5488 

5675 

5862 

6049 

6236 

6423 

6610 

6796 

6983 

7169 

187 

3 

7356 

7542 

7729 

7915 

8101 

8287 

8473 

8659 

8845 

9030 

186 

4 

9216 

9401 

9587 

9772 

9958 

0143 

0328 

0513 

0698 

0883 

185 

5 

371068 

1253 

1437 

1622 

1806 

1991 

2175 

2360 

2544 

2728 

184 

6 

2912 

3096 

3280 

3464 

3647 

3831 

4015 

4198 

4382 

4565 

184 

7 

4748 

4932 

5115 

5298 

54‘8 i 

5664 

5846 

6029 

6212 

6394 

183 

8 

6577 

6759 

6942 

7124 

7306 

7488 

7670 

7852 

8034 

8216 

182 

9 

8398 

8580 

8761 

8943 

9124 

9306 

9487 

9668 

9849 

0030 

181 

240 

380211 

0392 

0573 

0754 

0934 

1115 

1296 

1476 

1656 

1837 

181 

I 

2017 

2I97I 

2377 

2557 

2737 

2917 

3097 

3277 

3456 

3636 

180 

2 

3815 

3995| 

4174 

4353 

4533 

4712 

4891 

5070 

5249 

5428 

179 

3 

5606 

5785I 

5964 

6142 

6321 

6499 

6677 

6856 

7034 

7212 

178 

4 

7390 

7568; 

7746 

7923 

8 lOI! 

8279 

8456 

8634 

8811! 

8989 

178 

5 

9166 

9343' 

9520 

9698 

9875 

0051 

0228 

0405 

0582 

0759 

177 

6 ' 

390935 

1112 

1288; 

1464 

1641 

1817 

1993 

2169 

2345; 

2521 

176 

7i 

2697I 

2873 

3048' 

3224 

3400 

3575 

375^ 

3926 

4101! 

4277 

176 

8 

445^ 

4627 

4802I 

4977 

5152 

5326 

5501 

5676, 

5850 

6025 

J75 

_9 

6199 

6374 

6548' 

6722 

6896 

7071 

7245 

7419! 

7592 

7766 

^74 

No. 

0 

1 1 

2 1 

3 1 

4 

5 1 

s 

7 1 

8 

9 

Diff. 


44 









































































ORDNANCE MANUAli. 


r)20 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

a 

i 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

250 

397940 

8114 

8287 

8461 

8634 

8808 

8981 

9154 

9328 

9501 

173 

I 

9674 

9847 

0020 

0192 

0365 

0538 

C71 I 

0883 

1056 

1228 

173 

2 

40 I 40 I 

1573 

1745 

1917 

2089 

2261 

2433 

2605 

2777 

2949 

172 

3 

3121 

3292 

3464 

3635 

3807 

3978 

4149 

4320 

4492 

4663 

171 

4 

4834 

5005 

5176 

5346 

55^7 

5688 

5858 

6029 

6199 

6370; 

171 

5 

6540 

6710 

6881 

7051 

7221 

7391 

7561 

7731 

7901 

8070 

I 70 

6 

8240 

8410 

8579 

8749 

8918 

9087 

9257 

9426 

9595 

9764 

I 69 

7 

9933 

0102 

0271 

0440 

0609 

0777 

0946 

Ti 14 

1283 

1451' 

169 

8 

411620 

1788 

1956 

2124 

2293 

2461 

2629 

2796 

2964 

3132 

168 

9 

3300 

3467 

3635 

3803 

3970 

4137 

4305 

4472 

4639 

4806 

I 67 

260 

414973 

5140 

5307 

5474 

5641 

5808 

5974 

6141 

6308 

6474 

I 67 

I 

6641. 

6807 

6973 

7139 

7306 

7472 

7638 

7804 

7970 

8135 

166 

2 

8301 

8467 

8633 

8798 

8964 

9129 

9295 

9460 

9625 

9791 

165 

3 

9956 

0121 

0286 

0451 

0616 

0781 

0945 

Ti JO 

1^7^ 

1439 

165 

4 

421604 

1768 

1933 

2097 

2261 

2426 

2590 

^754 

2918 

3082 

I 64 

5 

3246 

3410 

3574 

3737 

3901 

4065 

4228 

4392 

4555 

4718 

I 64 

6 

4882 

5045 

5208 

5371 

5534 

5697 

5860 

6023 

6186 

6349 

163 

7 

6511 

6674 

6836 

6999 

7161 

73^4 

7486 

7648 

7811 

7973' 

I 62 

8 

8135 

8297 

8459 

8621 

8783 

8944 

9106 

9268 

9429 

9591 

162 

9 

9752 

9914 

0075 

0236 

0398 

c>559 

0720 

0881 

1042 

1203 

I 61 

270 

431364 

1525 

1685 

1846 

2007 

2167 

2328 

2488 

2649 

2809 

161 

I 

2969 

3130 

3290 

3450 

3610 

3770 

3930 

4090 

4249 

4409 

1 60 

• 2 

4569 

4729 

4888 

5048 

5207 

5367 

5526 

5685 

5844 

6004 

159 

3 

6163 

6322 

6481 

6640 

6799 

6957 

7116 

7275 

7433 

7592 

159 

4 

7751 

7909 

8067 

8226 

8384 

8542 

8701 

8859 

9017 

9175 

158 

5 

9333 

9491 

9648 

9806 

9964 

0122 

0279 

0437 

0594 

0752 

158 

6 

440909 

1066 

1224 

1381 

1538 

1695 

1852 

2009 

2166 

2323 

157 

7 

2480 

2637 

2793 

2950 

3106 

3263 

3419 

3576 

373^ 

3889 

157 

8 

4045 

4201 

4357 

4513 

4669 

4825 

4981 

5137 

5293 

5449 

156 

9 

5604 

5760 

5915 

6071 

6226 

6382 

6537 

6692 

6848 

7003 

155 

280 

447158 

7313 

7468 

7623 

7778 

7933 

8088 

8242 

8397 

8552 

155 

I 

8706 

8861 

9015 

9170 

9324 

9478 

9633 

9787 

9941 

0095 

154 

2 

450249 

0403 

0557 

0711 

0865 

1018 

1172 

1326 

1479 

1633 

154 

3 

1786 

1940 

2093 

2247 

2400 

^553 

2706 

2859 

3012 

3165 

153 

4 

3318 

3471 

3624 

3777 

3930 

4082 

4235 

4387 

4540 

4692 

^53 

5 

4845 

4997 

5150 

5302 

5454 

5606 

5758 

5910 

6062 

6214 

152 

6 

6366 

6518 

6670 

6821 

6973 

7125 

7276 

7428 

7579 

7731 

152 

7 

7882 

8033 

8184 

8336 

8487 

8638 

8789 

8940 

9091 

9242 

^5* 

8 

9392 

9543 

9694 

9845 

9995 

0146 

0296 

5447 

0597 

6748 

151 

9 

460898 

1048 

1198 

1348 

1499 

1649 

1799 

1948 

2098 

2248 

150 

290 

462398 

2548 

2697 

2847 

2997 

3146 

3296 

3445 

3594 

3744 

150 

I 

3893 

4042 

4191 

4340 

4490 

4639 

4788 

4936 

5085 

5234 

149 

2 

5383 

5532 

5680 

5829 

5977 

6126 

6274 

6423 

6571 

6719 

149 

3 

6868 

7016 

7164 

7312 

7460 

7608 

7756 

7904 

8052 

8200 

148 

4 

8347 

8495 

8643 

8790 

8938 

9085 

9^33 

9380 

9527 

9675 

148 

5 

9822 

9969 

0116 

0263 

0410 

0557 

0704 

0851 

0998 

1145 

147 

6 

471292 

1438 

1585 

1732 

1878 

2025 

2171 

2318 

2464 

2610 

146 

7 

2756 

2903 

3049 

3^95 

3341 

3487 

3633 

3779 

3925 

4071 

1,46 

8 

4216 

4362 

4508 

4653 

4799 

4944 

5090 

5235 

5381 

5526 

146 

9 

5671 

5816 

5962 

6107! 6252 

6397 

6542 

6687 

6832 

69,6 

H5 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

a 

A 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 







































LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 


521 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Dili. 

300 

477121 

7266 

7411 

7555 

7700 

7844 

7989 

8133 

8278 

8422 

145 

I 

8566 

8711 

8855 

8999 

9143 

9287 

9431 

9575 

9719 

9863 

144 

2 

480007 

0151 

0294 

0438 

0582 

0725 

0869 

1012 

1156 

1299 

144 

3 

1443 

1586 

1729 

1872 

2016 

2159 

2302 

2445 

2588 

2731 

143 

4 

2874 

3016 

3159 

330i 

3445 

3587 

373° 

3872 

4015 

4157 

143 

5 

4300 

4442 

45*^5 

4727 

4869 

5011 

5153 

5295 

5437 

5579 

142 

6 

5721 

5863 

6005 

6147 

6289 

6430 

6572 

6714 

6855 

6997 

142 

7 

7138 

7280 

7421 

7563 

7704 

7845 

7986 

8127 

8269 

8410 

141 

8 

8551 

8692 

8833 

8974 

9114 

9255 

9396 

9537 

9677 

9818 

141 

9 

9958 

0099 

0239 

0380 

0520 

0661 

0801 

0941 

1081 

T222 

140 

310 

491362 

1502 

1642 

1782 

1922 

2062 

2201 

2341 

2481 

2621 

140 

I 

2760 

2900 

3040 

3179 

3319 

3458 

3597 

3737 

3876 

4015 

139 

2 

4155 

4294 

4433 

4572 

4711 

4850 

4989 

5128 

5267 

5406 

139 

3 

5544 

5683 

5822 

5960 

6099 

6238 

6376 

6515 

6653 

6791 

139 

4 

6930 

7068 

7206 

7344 

7483 

7621 

7759 

7897 

8035 

8173 

138 

5 

8311 

8448 

8586 

8724 

8862 

8999 

9137 

9275 

9412 

9550 

138 

6 

9687 

9824 

9962 

0099 

0236 

0374 

0511 

0648 

0785 

0922 

137 

7 

501059 

1196 

^333 

1470 

1607 

1744 

1880 

2017 

2154 

2291 

137 

8 

2427 

2564 

2700 

2837 

2973 

3109 

3246 

3382 

3518 

3655 

136 

9 

3791 

39^7 

4063 

4199 

4335 

4471 

4607 

4743 

4878 

5014 

I 36 

320 

505150 

5286 

5421 

5557 

5693 

5828 

5964 

6099 

6234 

6370 

136 

I 

6505 

6640 

6776 

6911 

7046 

7181 

7316 

7451 

7586 

7721 

135 

2 

7856 

7991 

8126 

8260 

8395 

8530 

8664 

8799 

1^934 

9068 

135 

3 

9203 

9337 

9471 

9606 

9740 

9874 

0009 

0143 

0277 

0411 

134 

4 

510545 

0679 

0813 

0947 

1081 

1215 

1349 

1482 

1616 

1750 

134 

5 

1883 

2017 

2151 

2284 

2418 

2551 

2684 

2818 

2951 

3084 

133 

6 

3218 

3351 

3484 

3617 

3750 

3883 

4016 

4149 

4282 

4415 

133 

7 

4548 

4681 

4813 

4946 

5079 

5211 

5344 

5476 

5609 

5741 

133 

8 

5874 

6006 

6139 

6271 

6403 

6535 

6668 

6800 

6932 

7064 

132 

9 

7196 

7328 

7460 

7592 

7724 

7855 

7987 

8119 

8251 

8382 

132 

330 

518514 

8646 

8777 

8909 

9040 

9171 

9303 

9434 

9566 

9697 

I3I 

I 

9828 

9959 

0090 

0221 

0353 

0484 

0615 

0745 

0876 

1007 

131 


521138 

1269 

1400 

1530 

1661 

1792 

1922 

2053 

2183 

2314 

131 

3 

2444 

2575 

2705 

2835 

2966 

3096 

3226 

3356 

3486 

3616 

I 30 

4 

3746 

3876 

4006 

4136 

4266 

4396 

4526 

4656 

4785 

4915 

I 30 

5 

5045 

5174 

5304 

5434 

5563 

5693 

5822 

5951 

6081 

6210 

129 

6 

6339 

6469 

6598 

6727 

6856 

6985 

7114 

7243 

7372 

7501 

129 

7 

7630 

7759 

7888 

8016 

8145 

8274 

8402 

8531 

8660 

8788 

129 

8 

8917 

9045 

9174 

9302 

9430 

9559 

9687 

9815 

9943 

0072 

128 

9 

530200 

0328 

0456 

0584 

0712 

0840 

0968 

1096 

1223 

1351 

128 

340 

531479 

1607 

1734 

1862 

1990 

2117 

2245 

2372 

2500 

2627 

128 

I 

2754 

2882 

3009 

3136 

3264 

3391 

3518 

3645 

3772 

3899 

127 

2 

4026 

4153 

4280 

4407 

4534 

4661 

4787 

4914 

5041 

5167 

127 

3 

5294 

5421 

5547 

5674 

5800 

5927 

6053 

6180 

6306 

6432 

126 

4 

6558 

6685 

6811 

6937 

7063 

7189 

7315 

7441 

7567 

7693 

126 

5 

7819 

7945 

8071 

8197 

8322 

8448 

8574 

8699 

8825 

8951 

126 

6 

9076 

9202 

9327 

9452 

9578 

9703 

9829 

9954 

0079 

0204 

125 

7 

540329 

0455 

0580 

0705 

0830 

0955 

1080 

1205 

1330 

1454 

125 

8 

1579 

1704 

1829 

1953 

2078 

2203 

2327 

2452 

2576 

2701 

125 

9 

2825 

2950 

3074 

3199 

3323 

3447 

3571 

3696 

3820 

3944 

124 

No. 

C 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 







































ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


5 


22 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

DiflF. 

350 

544068 

4192 

4316 

4440 

4564 

4688 

4812 

4936 

5060 

5183 

124 

I 

5307 

5431 

5555 

5678 

5802 

5925 

6049 

6172 

6296 

6419 

124 

2 

6543 

6666 

6789 

6913 

7036 

7159 

7282 

7405 

7529 

7652 

123 

3 

7775 

7898 

8021 

8144 

8267 

8389 

8512 

8635 

8758 

8881 

123 

4 

9003 

9126 

9249 

9371 

9494 

9616 

9739 

9861 

9984 

0106 

123 

5 

550228 

0351 

0473 

0595 

0717 

0840 

0962 

1084 

1206 

1328 

122 

6 

1450 

1572 

1694 

1816 

1938 

2060 

2181 

2303 

2425 

2547 

122 

7 

2668 

2790 

2911 

3033 

3155 

3276 

3398 

3519 

3640 

3762 

I2I 

8 

3883 

4004 

4126 

4247 

4368 

4489 

4610 

4731 

4852 

4973 

121 

9 

5094 

5215 

5336 

5457 

5578 

5699 

5820 

5940 

6061 

6182 

I2I 

360 

556303 

6423 

6544 

6664 

6785 

6905 

7026 

7146 

7267 

7387 

120 

I 

7507 

7627 

7748 

7868 

7988 

8108 

8228 

8349 

8469 

8589 

120 

2 

8709 

8829 

8948 

9068 

9188 

9308 

9428 

9548 

9667 

97^ 

120 

.3 

9907 

0026 

0146 

0265 

0385 

0504 

0624 

0743 

0863 

0982 

II9 

4 

561101 

1221 

1340 

1459 

1578 

I 698 

1817 

1936 

2055 

2174 

II9 

5 

2293 

2412 

2531 

2650 

2769 

2887 

3006 

3125 

3244 

3362 

II9 

6 

3481 

3600 

3718 

3837 

3955 

4074 

4192 

4311 

4429 

4548 

II9 

7 

4666 

4784 

4903 

5021 

5139 

5^57 

5376 

5494 

5612 

5730 

I18 

8 

5848 

5966 

6084 

6202 

6320 

6437 

6555 

6673 

6791 

6909 

I18 

9 

7026 

7144 

7262 

7379 

7497 

7614 

7732 

7849 

7967 

8084 

II8 

370 

568202 

8319 

8436 

8554 

8671 

8788 

8905 

9023 

9140 

9257 

II7 

I 

9374 

9491 

9608 

9725 

9842 

9959 

0076 

0193 

0309 

0426 

II7 

2 

570543 

0660 

0776 

0893 

1010 

1126 

1243 

1359 

1476 

1592 

II7 

3 

1709 

1825 

1942 

2058 

2174 

2291 

2407 

2523 

2639 

2755 

116 

4 

2872 

2988 

3104 

3220 

3336 

3452 

3568 

3684 

3800 

3915 

116 

5 

4031 

4147 

4263 

4379 

4494 

4610 

4726 

4841 

4957 

5072 

116 

6 

5188 

5303 

5419 

5534 

5650 

5765 

5880 

5996 

6111 

6226 

”5 

7 

6341 

6457 

6572 

6687 

6802 

6917 

7032 

7147 

7262 

7377 

11-5 

8 

7492 

7607 

7722 

7836 

7951 

8066 

8181 

8295 

8410 

8525 

115 

9 

8639 

8754 

8868 

8983 

9097 

9212 

9326 

9441 

9555 

9669 

114 

00 

0 

579784 

9898 

0012 

0126 

0241 

0355 

0469 

0583 

0697 

0811 

114 

I 

580925 

1039 

1153 

1267 

1381 

H95 

1608 

1722 

1836 

1950 

114 

2 

2063 

2177 

2291 

2404 

2518 

2631 

2745 

2858 

2972 

3085 

114 

3 

3199 

331^ 

3426 

3539 

3652 

3765 

3879 

399^ 

4105 

4218 

113 

4 

4331 

4444 

4557 

4670 

4783 

4896 

5009 

5122 

5235 

5348 

113 

5 

5461 

5574 

5686 

5799 

5912 

6024 

6137 

6250 

6362 

6475 


6 

6587 

6700 

6812 

6925 

7037 

7149 

7262 

7374 

7486 

7599 

112 

7 

7711 

7823 

7935 

8047 

8160 

8272 

8384 

8496 

8608 

8720 

112 

8 

8832 

8944 

9056 

9167 

9279 

9391 

9503 

9615 

9726 

9838 

112 

9 

9950 

0061 

0173 

0284 

0396 

0507 

0619 

0730 

0842 

0953 

112 

390 

591065 

1176 

1287 

1399 

1510 

1621 

1732 

1843 

1955 

2066 

111 

I 

2177 

2288 

2399 

2510 

2621 

2732 

2843 

2954 

3064 

3175 

111 

2 

3286 

3397 

3508 

3618 

37^9 

3840 

3950 

4061 

4171 

4282 

111 

3 

4393 

4503 

4614 

4724 

4834 

4945 

5055 

5165 

5276 

5386 

110 

4 

5496 

5606 

5717 

5827 

5937 

6047 

6157 

6267 

6377 

6487 

110 

5 

6597 

6707 

6817 

6927 

7037 

7146 

7256 

7366 

7476 

7586 

110 

6 

7695 

7805 

79H 

8024 

8134 

8243 

8353 

8462 

8572 

8681 

110 

7 

8791 

8900 

9009 

9119 

9228 

9337 

9446 

9556 

9665 

9774 

109 

8 

9883 

9992 

0101 

0210 

0319 

0428 

0537 

0646 

0755 

0864 

X09 

9 

600973 

1082 

1191 

1299 

1408 

1517 

1625 

1734 

1843 

1951 

1 109 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 Diff. 


































LOGARITHMS OF NU3IBERS. 


52:j 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

S 

9 

Riff. 

400 

602060 

2169 

2277 

2386 

2494 

. 2603 

2711 

2819 

2928 

3036 

108 

1 

3 H 4 

3^53 

3361 

3469 

3577 

3686 

3794 

3902 

40x0 

j 4x X 8 

X08 

2 

4226 

4334 

4442 

4550 

4658 

4766 

4874 

4982 

5089 

5*97 

X08 

3 

5305 

5413 

5521 

5628 

5736 

5844 

595 * 

6059 

6x 66 

6274 

X08 

4 

6381 

6489 

6596 

6704 

6811 

69*9 

7026 

7*33 

724* 

7348 

X07 

5 

7455 

7562 

7669 

7777 

7884 

7991 

8098 

8205 

83x2 

84*9 

107 

6 

8526 

8633 

8740 

8847 

8954 

9061 

9*67 

9274 

9381 

9488 

X07 

7 

9594 

9701 

9808 

9914 

0021 

0128 

0234 

034* 

0447 

0554 

X07 

8 

610660 

0767 

0873 

0979 

1086 

1192 

1298 

*405 

* 5 ** 

X 6x7 

X06 

9 

1723 

1829 

1936 

2042, 

2148 

2254 

2360 

2466 

2572 

2678 

X06 

410 

612784 

2890 

2996 

3102 

3207 

33*3 

34*9 

35^5 

3630 

3736 

X06 

I 

3842 

3947 

4053 

4159 

4264 

4370 

4475 

4581 

4686 

4792 

X06 

2 

4897 

5003 

5108 

5213 

53*9 

5424 

55^9 

5634 

5740 

5845 

*05 

3 

5950 

6055 

6160 

6265 

6370 

6476 

6581 

6686 

6790 

6895 

*05 

4 

7000 

7105 

7210 

73*5 

7420 

7525 

7629 

7734 

7839 

7943 

*05 

5 

8048 

8153 

8257 

8362 

8466 

8571 

8676 

8780 

8884 

8989 

105 

6 

9093 

9198 

9302 

9406 

95 ** 

9615 

97*9 

9824 

9928 

6032 

X04 

7 

620136 

0240 

0344 

0448 

0552 

0656 

0760 

0864 

0968 

X072 

104 

8 

1176 

1280 

1384 

1488 

1592 

*695 

*799 

*903 

2007 

2 X XO 

X04 

9 

2214 

2318 

2421 

2525 

2628 

2732 

^835 

^939 

3042 

3*46 

104 

420 

623249 

3353 

3456 

3559 

3663 

3766 

3869 

3973 

4076 

4*79 

103 

I 

4282 

4385 

4488* 

459 * 

4695 

4798 

490* 

5004 

5*07 

52x0 

X03 

2 

5312 

5415 

5518 

5621 

5724 

5827 

5929 

6032 

6*35 

6238 

103 

3 

6340 

6443 

6546 

6648 

675* 

6853 

6956 

7058 

7x6x 

7263 

X03 

4 

7366 

7468 

7571 

7673 

7775 

7878 

7980 

8082 

8x85 

8287 

X02 

5 

8389 

8491 

8593 

8695 

8797 

8900 

9002 

9*04 

9206 

9308 

102 

6 

9410 

9512 

9613 

97*5 

9817 

99*9 

0021 

0*23 

0224 

0326 

X 02 

7 

630428 

0530 

0631 

0733 

0835 

0936 

1038 

**39 

124X 

*342 

X 02 

8 

1444 

1545 

1647 

1748 

1849 

* 95 * 

2052 

2*53 

2255 

2356 

lOX 

9 

2457 

2559 

2660 

2761 

2862 

2963 

3064 

3*65 

3266 

3367 

xox 

430 

633468 

3569 

3670 

377 * 

3872 

3973 

4074 

4*75 

4276 

4376 

lOI 

I 

4477 

4578 

4679 

4779 

4880 

498* 

5081 

5182 

5283 

5383 

xox 

2 

5484 

5584 

5685 

5785 

5886 

5986 

6087 

6187 

6287 

6388 

X 00 

3 

6488 

6588 

6688 

6789 

6889 

6989 

7089 

7*89 

7290 

7390 

xoo 

4 

7490 

7590 

7690 

7790 

7890 

7990 

8090 

8190 

8290 

8389 

100 

5 

8 48 9 

8589 

8689 

8789 

8888 

8988 

9088 

9188 

9287 

9387 

100 

6 

9486 

•9586 

9686 

9785 

9885 

9984 

0084 

0*83 

0283 

0382 

99 

7 

640481 

0581 

0680 

0779 

0879 

0978 

1077 

**77 

1276 

*375 

99 

8 

1474 

1573 

1672 

* 77 * 

1871 

*970 

2069 

2168 

2267 

2366 

99 

9 

2465 

2563 

2662 

2761 

2860 

2959 

3058 

3*56 

3255 

3354 

99 

440 

643453 

3551 

3650 

3749 

3847 

3946 

4044 

4*43 

4242 

4340 

98 

I 

4439 

4537 

4636 

4734 

4832 

493 * 

5029 

5*27 

5226 

5324 

98 

2 

5422 

5521 

5619 

57*7 

5815 

59*3 

6011 

6x10 

6208 

6306 

98 

3 

6404 

6502 

6600 

6698 

6796 

6894 

6992 

7089 

7*87 

7285 

98 

4 

7383 

7481 

7579 

7676 

7774 

7872 

7969 

8067 

8x65 

8262 

98 

5 

8360 

8458 

8555 

8653 

8750 

8848 

8945 

9043 

9*40 

9237 

97 

6 

9335 

9432 

9530 

9627 

9724 

9821 

99*9 

00x6 

0**3 

02X0 

97 

7 

650308 

0405 

0502 

0599 

0696 

0793 

0890 

0987 

X084 

118 X 

97 

8 

1278 

1375 

1472 

1569 

1666 

1762 

*859 

*956 

2053 

2x50 

97 

9 

2246 

2343 

2440 

2536 

2633 

2730 

2826 

2923 

30x9' 

3**6 

97 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 1 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 




















































524 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

G 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

450 

653213 

33°9 

3405 

3502 

3598 

3695 

3791 

3888 

3984 

4080 

96 

I 

4177 

4273 

4369 

4465 

4562 

4658 

4754 

00 

0 

4946 

5°42 

96 

2 

5138 

5^35 

5331 

5427 

5523 

5619 

5715 

5810 

59°6 

6002 

96 

3 

6098 

6194 

6290 

6386 

6482 

6577 

6673 

6769 

6864 

6960 

96 

4 

7056 

7152 

7247 

7343 

7438 

7534 

7629 

7725 

7820 

79*6 

96 

5 

8011 

8107 

8202 

8298 

8393 

8488 

8584 

8679 

8774 

8870 

95 

6 

8965 

9060 

9155 

9250 

9346 

9441 

9536 

9631 

9726 

9821 

95 

7 

9916 

0011 

0106 

0201 

0296 

°39i 

0486 

0581 

0676 

077* 

95 

8 

660865 

0960 

1055 

1150 

1245 

1339 

1434 

1529 

1623 

1718 

95 

9 

1813 

1907 

2002 

2096 

2191 

2286 

2380 

2475 

2569 

2663 

95 

460 

662758 

2852 

2947 

3041 

3135 

323° 

33^4 

3418 

351^ 

3607 

94 

I 

3701 

3795 

3889 

3983 

4078 

4172 

4266 

4360 

4454 

4548 

94 

2 

4642 

4736 

4830 

4924 

5018 

5112 

5206 

5299 

5393 

5487 

94 

3 

5581 

5675 

5769 

5862 

5956 

6050 

6143 

6237 

6331 

6424 

94 

4 

6518 

6612 

6705 

6799 

6892 

6986 

7°79 

7173 

7266 

7360 

94 

5 

7453 

7546 

7640 

7733 

7826 

7920 

8013 

8106 

8199 

8293 

93 

6 

8386 

8479 

8572 

8665 

8759 

8852 

8945 

9°38 

9131 

9224 

93 

7 

9317 

9410 

95°3 

9596 

9689 

9782 

9875 

9967 

0060 

0*53 

93 

8 

670246 

0339 

0431 

0524 

0617 

0710 

0802 

0895 

0988 

1080 

93 

9 

1173 

1265 

1358 

1451 

1543 

1636 

1728 

1821 

1913 

2005 

93 

470 

672098 

2190 

228 3 

2375 

2467 

2560 

2652 

2744 

2836 

2929 

92 

I 

3021 

3113 

3205 

3297 

339° 

3482 

3574 

36^ 

3758 

385° 

92 

2 

3942 

4°34 

4126 

4218 

431° 

4402 

4494 

4586 

4677 

4769 

92 

3 

4861 

4953 

5°45 

5137 

5228 

532° 

5412 

55°3 

5595 

5687 

92 

4 

5778 

5870 

5962 

6053 

6145 

6236 

6328 

6419 

6511 

6602 

92 

5 

6694 

6785 

6876 

6968 

7°59 

7151 

7242 

7333 

7424 

75*6 

9* 

6 

7607 

7698 

7789 

7881 

7972 

8063 

8154 

8245 

8336 

8427 

9* 

7 

8518 

8609 

8700 

8791 

8882 

8973 

9064 

9155 

9246 

9337 

9* 

8 

9428 

9519 

9610 

9700 

9791 

9882 

9973 

0063 

0154 

0245 

9* 

9 

680336 

0426 

0517 

0607 

0698 

°789 

°879 

0970 

1060 

**5* 

9* 

480 

681241 

1332 

1422 

1513 

1603 

1693 

1784 

1874 

1964 

2°55 

90 

1 

2145 

2235 

2326 

2416 

2506 

2596 

2686 

2777 

2867 

2957 

90 

2 

3047 

3137 

3227 

3317 

34°7 

3497 

3587 

3677 

3767 

3857 

90 

3 

3947 

4037 

4127 

4217 

43°7 

4396 

4486 

4576 

4666 

4756 

90 

4 

4845 

4935 

5°^5 

5114 

52°4 

5294 

5383 

5473 

5563 

5652 

90 

5 

5742 

5S31 

5921 

6010 

6100 

6189 

6279 

6368 

6458 

6547 

89 

6 

6636 

6726 

6815 

6904 

6994 

7°83 

7172 

7261 

735* 

744° 

89 

7 

7529 

7618 

7707 

7796 

7886 

7975 

8064 

8153 

8242 

833* 

89 

8 

8420 

8509 

8598 

8687 

8776 

8865 

8953 

9042 

9*3* 

9220 

89 

9 

93°9 

9398 

9486 

9575 

9664 

9753 

9841 

993° 

0019 

0107 

89 

49° 

690196 

0285 

0373 

0462 

°55° 

0639 

0728 

0816 

°9°5 

°993 

89 

I 

1081 

1170 

1258 

1347 

H35 

1524 

1612 

1700 

*789 

*877 

88 

2 

1965 

2053 

2142 

2230 

2318 

2406 

2494 

2583 

2671 

2759 

88 

3 

2847 

2935 

3023 

3111 

3199 

3287 

3375 

3463 

355* 

3639 

88 

4 

3727 

3815 

39°3 

3991 

4078 

4166 

4254 

4342 

443° 

45*7 

88 

5 

4605 

4693 

4781 

4868 

4956 

5°44 

5131 

5219 

53°7 

5394 

88 

6 

5482 

5569 

5657 

5744 

583^ 

5919 

6007 

6094 

6182 

6269 

87 

7 

6356 

6444 

6531 

6618 

6706 

6793 

6880 

6968 

7°55 

7*42 

87 

8 

7229 

7317 

7404 

7491 

7578 

7665 

7752 

7839 

7926 

8014 

87 

9 

8101 

8188 

8275 

8362 

8449 

8535 

8622 

87°9 

8796 

8883 

87 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 9 

Diff. 

































LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 


525 


No. 

1 0 

j 1 

*) 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1 ^ 

8 

9 

1 Diir. 

50c 

69897c 

) 9057 

9144 

u 9231 

9317 

’ 9404 

■ 9491 

1 957S 

:i 9664 

■ 9751 

87 


i 983^ 

1 99H 

0011 

0098 

0184 

. 0271 

0358 

: 044^ 

■ 0531 

0617 

' 87 

2 

70070^ 

K' 079c 

0877 

0963 

105c 

> 1136 

1 1222 

,1 1305 

' 1395 

1482 

. 86 


156S 

1654 

1741 

1827 

1913 

i 1999 

1 2086 

1 2172 

, 2258 

2344 

. 86 


2431 

2517 

260' 

26^9 

2775 

28^1 

2947 

3033 

i 3119 

3205 

86 

5 

3291 

3377 

3463 

3549 

3635 

3721 

3807 

3893 

. 3979 

4065 

86 

6 

4151 

4236 

4322 

4408 

4494 

■ 4579 

i 4665 

i 4751 

4837 

4922 

86 

7 

5008 

5094 

5179 

5265 

535° 

’ 5436 

' 5522 

, 5607 

5693 

5778 

86 

S 

586.; 

5949 

6035 

6120 

6206 

6291 

6376 

6462 

6547 

6632 

85 

9 

6718 

680' 

6888 

6974 

7059 

7144 

. 7229 

7315 

7400 

7485 

85 

51C 

70757c 

7655 

7740 

7826 

7911 

7996 

808 I 

8166 

8251 

8336 

85 

I 

8421 

8506 

8591 

8676 

8761 

8846 

8931 

9015 

9100 

9185 

85 

2 

9270 

9355 

9440 

9524 

9609 

9694 

9779 

9863 

9948 

0033 

85 

3 

710117 

0202 

0287 

0371 

0456 

1 0540 

0625 

0710 

0794 

0879 

85 

4 

0963 

1048 

1132 

1217 

1301 

j 1385 

1470 

1554 

1639 

1723 

84 

5 

1807 

1892 

1976 

2060 

2144 

i 2229 

2313 

2397 

2481 

2566 

84 

6 

2650 

2734 

2818 

2902 

2986 

3070 

3154 

3^38 

33^3 

3407 

84 

7 

3491 

3575 

3659 

3742 

3826 

3910 

3994 

4078 

4162 

4246 

84 

8 

4330 

4414 

4497 

4581 

4665 

4749 

4833 

4916 

5000 

5084 

84 

9 

5167 

5251 

5335 

5418 

5502 

5586 

5669 

5753 

5836 

5920 

84 

520 

716003 

6087 

6170 

6254 

6337 

6421 

6504 

6588 

6671 

6754 

83 

I 

6838 

6921 

7004 

7088 

7171 

7254 

7338 

7421 

7504 

7587 

83 

2 

7671 

7754 

7837 

7920 

8003 

8086 

8169 

8253 

8336 

8419 

83 

3 

8502 

8585 

8668 

8751 

8834 

8917 

9000 

9083 

9165 

9248 

83 

4 

9331 

9414 

9497 

9580 

9663 

9745 

9828 

9911 

9994 

0077 

83 

5 

720159 

0242 

0325 

0407 

0490 

°573 

0655 

0738 

0821 

0003 

83 

6 

0986 

1068 

1151 

1233 

1316 

1398 

1481 

1563 

1646 

1728 

82 

7 

18 11 

1893 

1975 

2058 

2140 

2222 

2305 

2387 

2469 

255^ 

82 

8 

2634 

2716 

2798 

2881 

2963 

3°45 

3127 

3209 

3291 

3374 

82 

9 

3456 

3538 

3620 

3702 

3784 

3866 

3948 

4030 

4112 

4194 

82 

530 

724276 

4358 

4440 

4522 

4604 

4685 

4767 

4849 

4931 

5013 

82 

I 

5095 

5176 

5258 

5340 

5422 

55°3 

5585 

5667 

5748 

5830 

82 

2 

5912 

5993 

6075 

6156 

6238 

6320 

6401 

6483 

6564 

6646 

82 

3 

6727 

6809 

6890 

6972 

7053 

7134 

7216- 

7297 

7379 

7460 

81 

4 

7541 

7623 

7704 

7785 

7866 

7948 

8029 

8110 

8191 

8273 

81 

5 

8354 

8435 

8516 

8597 

8678 

8759 

8841 

8922 

9003 

9084 

81 

6 

9165 

9246 

9327 

9408 

9489 

9570 

9651 

9732 

9813 

9893 

81 

7 

9974 

0055 

0136 

0217 

0298 

0378 

0459 

0540 

0621 

0702 

81 

8 

730782 

0863 

0944 

1024 

1105 

1186 

1266 

1347 

1428 

1508 

81 

9 

1589 

1669 

1750 

1830 

1911 

1991 

2072 

2152 

2233 

2313 

81 . 

540 

732394 

2474 

2555 

2635 

2715 

2796 

2876 

2956 

3°37 

3117 

80 

I 

3^97 

3278 

3358 

3438 

3518 

3598 

3679 

3759 

3839 

3919 

80 

2 

3999 

4079 

4160 

4240 

4320 

4400 

4480 

4560 

4640 

4720 

80 

3 

4800 

4880 

4960 

5040 

5120 

5200 

5279 

5359 

5439 

5519 

80 

4 

5599 

5679 

5759 

5838 

5918 

5998 

6078 

6157 

6237 

6317 

80 

5 

6397 

6476 

6556 

6635 

6715 

6795 

6874 

6954 

7034 

7113 

80 

6 

7193 

7272 

7352 

7431 

7511 

759° 

7670 

7749 

7829 

7908 

79 

7 

7987 

8067 

8146 

8225 

8305 

8384 

8463 

8543 

8622 

8701 

79 

8 

8781 

8860 

8939 

9018 

9097 

9177 

9256, 

9335 

9414 

9493 

79 

9 

9572 

9651 

9731 

9810 

9889 

9968 

0047 

0126 

0205 

0284 

79 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 1 

7 

8 1 

9 

Diff. 




































































^26 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

550 

740363 

0442 

0521 

0600 

0678 

0757 

0836 

09*5 

0994 

*073 

79 

I 

1152 

1230 

1309 

1388 

1467 

1546 

I 624 

*703 

1782 

i860 

79 

2 

193? 

2018 

2096 

2175 

2254 

2332 

2411 

2489 

2568 

2647 

79 

3 

2725 

2804 

2882 

2961 

3039 

3118 

3196 

3275, 

3353 

343* 

78 

4 

3510 

3588 

3667 

3745 

3823 

3902 

3980 

4058 

4*36 

42*5 

78 

5 

4293 

4371 

4449 

4528 

4606 

4684 

4762 

4840 

49*9 

4997 

78 

6 

5075 

5153 

5231 

5309 

5387 

5465 

5543 

5621 

5699 

5777 

78 

7 

5855 

5933 

6011 

6089 

6167 

6245 

6323 

6401 

6479 

6556 

78 

8 

6634 

6712 

6790 

6868 

6945 

7023 

7101 

7*79 

7256 

7334 

78 

9 

7412 

7489 

7567 

7645 

7722 

7800 

7878 

7955 

8033 

8110 

78 

560 

748188 

8266 

8343 

8421 

8498 

8576 

8653 

873* 

8808 

8885 

77 

1 

8963 

9040 

9118 

9^95 

9272 

9350 

9427 

9504 

9582 

9659 

77 

2 

9736 

9814 

9891 

9968 

0045 

0123 

0200 

0277 

0354 

043* 

77 

3 

750508 

0586 

0663 

0740 

0817 

0894 

0971 

1048 

1125 

1202 

77 

4 

1279 

1356 

1433 

1510 

1587 

I 664 

1741 

1818 

*895 

*972 

77 

5 

2048 

2125 

2202 

2279 

2356 

2433 

2509 

2586 

2663 

2740 

77 

6 

2816 

2893 

2970 

3047 

3123 

3200 

3^77 

3353 

3430 

3506 

77 

7 

3583 

3660 

3736 

3813 

3889 

3966 

4042 

4**9 

4*95 

4272 

77 

8 

4348 

4425 

4501 

4578 

4654 

4730 

4807 

4883 

4960 

5036 

76 

9 

5112 

5189 

5265 

5341 

5417 

5494 

5570 

5646 

5722 

5799 

76 

$70 

755875 

5951 

6027 

6103 

6180 

6256 

6332 

6408 

6484 

6560 

76 

I 

6636 

6712 

6788 

6864 

6940 

7016 

7092 

7168 

7244 

7320 

76 

2 

7396 

7472 

7548 

7624 

7700 

7775 

7851 

7927 

8003 

8079 

76 

3 

8155 

8230 

8306 

8382 

8458 

8533 

8609 

8685 

8761 

8836 

76 

4 

8912 

8988 

9063 

9139 

9214 

9290 

9366 

944* 

95*7 

9592 

76 

5 

9668 

9743 

9819 

9894 

9970 

0045 

0121 

0196 

0272 

0347 

75 

6 

760422 

0498 

0573 

0649 

0724 

0799 

0875 

0950 

1025 

I lOI 

75 

7 

1176 

1251 

1326 

1402 

1477 

1552 

1627 

1702 

*778 

*853 

75 

8 

1928 

2003 

2078 

2153 

2228 

2303 

2378 

2453 

2529 

2604 

75 

9 

2679 

2754 

2829 

2904 

2978 

3053 

3128 

3^03 

3278 

3353 

75 

580 

763428 

3503 

3578 

3653 

3727 

3802 

3877 

3952 

4027 

4101 

75 

1 

4176 

4251 

4326 

4400 

4475 

4550 

4624 

4699 

4774 

4848 

75 

2 

4923 

4998 

5072 

5H7 

5221 

5296 

5370 

5445 

5520 

5594 

75 

3 

5669 

5743 

5818 

5892 

5966 

6041 

6115 

6190 

6264 

6338 

74 

4 

6413 

6487 

6562 

6636 

6710 

6785 

6859 

6933 

7007 

7082 

74 

5 

7156 

7230 

7304 

7379 

7453 

7527 

7601 

7675 

7749 

7823 

74 

6 

7898 

7972 

8046 

8120 

8194 

8268 

8342 

8416 

’8490 

8564 

74 

7 

8638 

8712 

8786 

8860 

8934 

9008 

9082 

9*56 

9230 

9303 

74 

8 

9377 

9451 

9525 

9599 

9673 

9746 

9820 

9894 

9968 

0042 

74 

9 

770115 

0189 

0263 

0336 

0410 

0484 

0557 

0631 

0705 

0778 

74 

^90 

770852 

0926 

0999 

1073 

1146 

1220 

1293 

1367 

*440 

1514 

74 

1 

1587 

1661 

1734 

1808 

1881 

*955 

2028 

2102 

2*75 

2248 

73 

2 

2322 

2395 

2468 

2542 

2615 

2688 

2762 

2835 

2908 

2981 

73 

3 

3055 

3128 

3201 

3^74 

3348 

342* 

3494 

3567 

3640 

37*3 

73 

4 

3786 

3860 

3933 

4006 

4079 

4152 

4225 

4298 

437* 

4444 

73 

5 

4517 

4590 

4663 

4736 

4809 

4882 

4955 

5028 

5100 

5*73 

73 

6 

5246 

5319 

5392 

5465 

5538 

5610 

5683 

5756 

5829 

5902 

73 

7 

5974 

6047 

6120 

6193 

6265 

6338 

6411 

6483 

6556 

6629 

73 

8 

6701 

6774 

6846 

6919 

6992 

7664 

7*37 

7209 

7282 

7354 

73 

9 

7427 

7499 

7572 

7644 

7717 

7789 

7862 

7934 

8006 

8079 

72 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 9 

Diir. 









































LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 527 


No. 

0 

1 

C?' 

o 

o 

00 

8224 

I 

8874 

8947 

2 

9596 

9669 

3 

780317 

0389 

4 

1037 

1109 

5 

1755 

1827 

6 

2473 

2544 

7 

3189 

3260 

8 

3904 

3975 

9 

4617 

4689 

6io 

785330 

5401 

I 

6041 

6112 

1 

6751 

6822 

3 

7460 

7531 

4 

8168 

8239 

5 

8875 

8946 

6 

9581 

9651 

7 

79028 5 

0356 

8 

0988 

1059 

9 

1691 

1761 

620 

792392 

2462 

I 

3092 

3162 

2 

3790 

3860 

3 

4488 

4558 

4 

5185 

5254 

5 

5880 

5949 

6 

6574 

6644 

7 

7268 

7337 

8 

7960 

8029 

9 

8651 

8720 

630 

799341 

9409 

I 

800029 

0098 

2 

0717 

0786 

3 

1404 

1472 

4 

2089 

2158 

5 

2774 

2842 

6 

3457 

35^5 

7 

4139 

4208 

8 

4821 

4889 

9 

5501 

5569 

640 

806180 

6248 

I 

6858 

6926 

2 

7535 

7603 

3 

8211 

8279 

4 

8886 

8953 

5 

9560 

9627 

6 

810233 

0300 

7 

0904 

0971 

8 

1575 

1642 

9 

2245 

23121 

No. 

0 

1 1 


2 

3 

4 

8296 

8368 

8441 

9019 

9091 

9163 

9741 

9813 

9885 

0461 

0533 

0605 

1181 

1253 

1324 

1899 

1971 

2042 

2616 

2688 

2759 

3332 

3403 

3475 

4046 

4118 

4189 

4760 

4831 

4902 

5472 

5543 

5615 

6183 

6254 

6325 

6893 

6964 

7035 

7602 

7673 

7744 

8310 

8381 

8451 

9016 

9087 

9157 

9722 

979- 

9863 

0426 

0496 

0567 

1129 

1199 

1269 

1831 

1901 

1971 

2532 

2602 

2672 

3231 

3301 

3371 

3930 

4000 

4070 

4627 

4697 

4767 

53^4 

5^93 

5463 

6019 

6088 

6158 

6713 

6782 

6852 

7406 

7475 

7545 

8098 

8167 

8236 

8789 

8858 

8927 

9478 

9547 

9616 

0167 

0236 

0305 

0854 

0923 

0992 

1541 

1609 

1678 

2,22-6 

2295 

2363 

2910 

2979 

3047 

3594 

3662 

3730 

4276 

4344 

4412 

4957 

5025 

5093 

5637 

5705 

5773 

6316 

6384 

6451 

6994 

7061 

7129 

7670 

7738 

7806. 

8346 

8414 

8481 

9021 

9088 

9156 

9694 

9762 

9829 

0367 

0434 

0501 

1039 

1106 

1173 

1709 

1776 

1843 

2379 

2445 

2512 

2 

3 

4 1 


5 C 


8513 

8585 

8658 

9236 

Q308 

9380 

9957 

0029 

OIOI 

0677 

0749 

0821 

1396 

1468 

1540 

2114 

2186 

2258 

2831 

2902 

2974 

3546 

3618 

3689 

4261 

4332 

4403 

4974 

5^45 

5116 

5686 

5757 

5828 

6596 

6467 

6538 

7106 

7177 

7248 

7815 

7885 

7956 

8522 

8593 

8663 

9228 

9299 

^369 

9933 

0004 

0074 

0637 

0707 

07^ 

1340 

1410 

1480 

2041 

2111 

2181 

2742 

2812 

2882 

3441 

3511 

3581 

4139 

4209 

4279 

4836 

4906 

4976 

553^ 

5602 

5672 

6227 

6297 

6366 

6921 

6990 

7060 

7614 

7683 

7752 

8305 

8374 

8443 

8996 

9065 

9134 

9685 

9754 

9823 

0373 

0442 

0511 

1061 

1129 

1198 

1747 

1815 

1884 

2432 

2500 

2568 

3116 

3184 

3252 

3798 

3867 

3935 

4480 

4548 

4616 

5161 

5229 

5297 

5841 

5908 

5976 

6519 

6587 

6655 

7197 

7264 

733^ 

7873 

7941 

8008 

8549 

8616 

8684 

9223 

9290 

9358 

9896 

9964 

0031 

0569 

0636 

0703 

1240 

1307 

1374 

1910 

1977 

2044, 

2579 

2646 

2713 

5 

6 

7 


8 

9 

Diff. 

8730 

8802 

72 

9452 

^524 

72 

0173 

0245 

72 

0893 

0965 

72 

1612 

1 684 

72 

2329 

2401 

72 

3046 

3117 

72 

3761 

3832 

71 

4475 

4546 

71 

5187 

5259 

71 

5899 

5970 

71 

6609 

6680 

71 

7319 

7390 

71 

8027 

8098 

71 

8734 

8804 

71 

9440 

^510 

71 

0144 

0215 

70 

0848 

0918 

70 

1550 

I 620 

70 

2252 

2322 

70 

2952 

3022 

70 

3651 

3721 

70 

4349 

4418 

70 

5045 

51^5 

70 

5741 

5811 

70 

6436 

6505 

69 

7129 

7198 

69 

7821 

7890 

69 

8513 

8582 

69 

9203 

9272 

69 

9892 

9961 

69 

0580 

0648 

69 

1266 

1335 

69 

1952 

2021 

69 

2637 

2705 

68 

3321 

3389 

68 

4003 

4071 

68 

4685 

4753 

68 

5365 

5433 

68 

6044 

6112 

68 

6723 

6790 

68 

7400 

7467 

68 

8076 

8143 

68 

8751 

8818 

67 

9425 

9492 

■ 67 

0098 

0165 

67 

0770 

0837 

67 

1441 

1508 

67 

2111 

2178 

67 

2780 

2847 

67 

8 

9 

Diff. 


















































528 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

rr 

t 

8 

9 

Diff. 

650 

812913 

2980 

3047 

31H 

3181 

3247 

33H 

3381 

3448 

35^4 

67 

I 

3581 

3648 

3714 

3781 

3848 

3914 

3981 

4048 

4114 

4181 

67 

2 

4248 

4314 

4381 

4447 

4514 

4581 

4647 

4714 

4780 

4847 

67 

3 

4913 

4980 

5046 

5113 

5179 

5246 

5312 

5378 

5445 

5511 

SB 

4 

5578 

5644 

5711 

5777 

5843 

5910 

5976 

6042 

6109 

6175 

SB 

5 

6241 

6308 

6374 

6440 

6506 

6573 

6639 

6705 

6771 

6838 

66 

6 

6904 

6970 

70^6 

7102 

7169 

7235 

7301 

73671 

7433 

7499 

SB 

7 

7565 

7631 

7698 

7764 

7830 

7896 

7962 

8028 

8094 

8160 

SB 

8 

8226 

8292 

8358 

8424 

8490 

8556 

8622 

8688 

8754 

8820 

66 

9 

8885 

8951 

9017 

9083 

9149 

9215 

9281 

9346 

9412 

9478 

SB 

660 

819544 

9610 

9676 

9741 

9807 

9873 

9939 

0004 

0070 

C136 

66 

I 

820201 

0267 

0333 

0399 

0464 

0530 

0595 

c66i 

0727 

0792 

66 

2 

0858 

0924 

0989 

1055 

1120 

1186 

1251 

1317 

1382 

1448 

SB 

3 

1514 

1579 

1645 

1710 

1775 

1841 

1906 

1972 

2037 

2103 

65 

4 

2168 

2233 

2299 

2364 

2430 

2495 

2560 

2626 

2691 

2756 

65 

5 

2822 

2887 

2952 

3018 

3083 

3148 

3213 

3279 

3344 

3409 

65 

6 

3474 

3539 

3605 

3670 

3735 

3800 

3865 

3930 

3996 

4061 

65 

7 

4126 

4191 

4256 

4321 

4386 

4451 

4516 

4581 

4646 

4711 

65 

8 

4776 

4841 

4906 

4971 

5036 

5101 

5166 

5231 

5296 

5361 

65 

9 

5426 

5491 

5556 

5621 

5686 

5751 

5815 

5880 

5945 

6010 

65 

670 

826075 

6140 

6204 

6269 

6334 

6399 

6464 

6528 

6593 

6658 

65 

I 

6723 

6787 

6852 

6917 

6981 

7046 

7111 

7175 

7240 

7305 

65 

2 

7369 

7434 

7499 

7563 

7628 

7692 

7757 

7821 

7886 

7951 

65 

3 

8015 

8080 

8144 

8209 

8273 

8338 

8402 

8467 

8531 

8595 

64 

4 

8660 

8724 

8789 

8853 

8918 

8982 

9046 

9111 

9175 

9239 

64 

5 

9304 

9368 

943^ 

9497 

9561 

9625 

9690 

9754 

9818 

9882 

64 

6 

9947 

0011 

0075 

0139 

0204 

0268 

0332 

0396 

0460 

0525 

64 

7 

830589 

0653 

0717 

0781 

0845 

0909 

0973 

1037 

1102 

1166 

64 

8 

1230 

1294 

1358 

1422 

i486 

1550 

1614 

1678 

1742 

1806 

64 

9 

1870 

1934 

1998 

2062 

2126 

2189 

2253 

2317 

00 

2445 

64 

680 

832509 

^573 

2637 

2700 

2764 

2828 

2892 

2956 

3020 

3083 

64 

I 

3*47 

3211 

3^75 

3338 

3402 

3466 

3530 

3593 

3657 

3721 

64 

2 

3784 

3848 

3912 

3975 

4039 

4103 

4166 

4230 

4294 

4357 

64 

3 

4421 

4484 

4548 

4611 

4675 

4739 

4802 

4866 

4929 

4993 

64 

4 

5056 

5120 

5183 

5247 

5310 

5373 

5437 

5500 

5564 

5627 

63 

5 

5691 

5754 

5817 

5881 

5944 

6007 

6071 

6134 

6197 

6261 

63 

6 

6324 

6387 

6451 

6514 

6577 

6641 

6704 

6767 

6830 

6894 

63 

7 

6957 

7020 

7083 

7146 

7210 

7273 

7336 

7399 

7462 

7525 

63 

8 

7588 

7652 

7715 

7778 

7841 

7904 

7967 

8030 

8093 

8156 

63 

9 

8219 

8282 

8345 

8408 

8471 

8534 

8597 

8660 

8723 

8786 

63 

690 

838849 

8912 

8975 

9038 

9101 

9164 

9227 

9289 

9352 

9415 

63 

I 

9478 

9541 

9604 

9667 

9729 

9792 

9855 

9918 

9981 

0043 

63 

2 

840106 

0169 

0232 

0294 

0357 

0420 

0482 

0545 

0608 

0671 

63 

3 

0733 

0796 

0859 

0921 

0984 

1046 

1109 

1172 

1234 

1297 

63 

4 

1359 

1422 

1485 

1547 

1610 

1672 

1735 

1797 

i860 

1922 

63 

5 

1985 

2047 

2110 

2172 

2235 

2297 

2360 

2422 

2484 

2547 

62 

6 

2609 

2672 

2734 

2796 

2859 

2921 

2983 

3046 

3108 

3170 

62 

7 

3233 

3295 

3357 

3420 

3482 

3544 

3606 

3669 

3731 

3793 

62 

8 

3855 

3918 

3980 

4042 

4104 

4166 

4229 

4291 

4353 

4415 

62 

9 

4477 

4539 

4601 

4664 

4726 

4788 

4850 

4912 

4974 

5036 

62 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 . 

8 

9 

Diff. 





































LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 


529 


No. 

0 


•2 

3 

4 

5 

0 

7 

8 

9 


O 

0 

845098 

5 I 60 

5222 

5284 

5346 

5408 

5470 

5532 

5594 

5656 

62 

I 

5718 

5780 

5842 

5904 

5966 

6028 

6090 

6151 

6213 

6275 

62 

2 

6337 

6399 

6461 

6523 

6585 

6646 

6708 

6770 

6832 

6894 

62 

3 

6955 

7017 

7079 

7141 

7202 

7264 

7326 

7388 

7449 

7511 

62 

4 

7573 

7634 

7 696 

7758 

7819 

7881 

7943 

8004 

8066 

8128 

62 

5 

8189 

8251 

8312 

8374 

8435 

8497 

8559 

8620 

8682 

8743 

62 

6 

8805 

8866 

8928 

8989 

9051 

9112 

9174 

9235 

9297 

9358 

61 

7 

9419 

9481 

9542 

9604 

9665 

9726 

9788 

9849 

9911 

9972 

61 

8 

850033 

0095 

0156 

0217 

0279 

0340 

0401 

0462 

0524 

0585 

61 

9 

0646 

0707 

0769 

0830 

0891 

0952 

1014 

1075 

1136 

1197 

61 

710 

851258 

I 320 

1381 

1442 

1503 

I 564 

1625 

1686 

1747 

1809 

61 

I 

1870 

1931 

1992 

2053 

21 14 

2175 

2236 

2297 

2358 

2419 

61 

a 

2480 

2541 

2602 

2663 

2724 

2785 

2846 

2907 

2968 

3029 

6l 

3 

3090 

3150 

3211 

3272 

3333 

3394 

3455 

3516 

3577 

3637 

61 

4 

3698 

3759 

3820 

3881 

3941 

4002 

4063 

4124 

4185 

4245 

61 

5 

4306 

4367 

4428 

4488 

4549 

4610 

4670 

4731 

4792 

4852 

61 

6 

4913 

4974 

5034 

5095 

5156 

5216 

5277 

5337 

5398 

5459 

61 

7 

5519 

5580 

5640 

5701 

5761 

5822 

5882 

5943 

6003 

6064 

61 

8 

6124 

6185 

6245 

6306 

6366 

6427 

6487 

6548 

6608 

6668 

60 

9 

6729 

6789 

6850 

6910 

6970 

7031 

7091 

7152 

7212 

7272 

60 

720 

857332 

7393 

7453 

7513 

7574 

7634 

7694 

7755 

7815 

7875 

60 

1 

7935 

7995 

8056 

8116 

8176 

8236 

8297 

8357 

8417 

8477 

60 

2 

8537 

8597 

8657 

8718 

8778 

8838 

8898 

8958 

9018 

9078 

60 

3 

9138 

9198 

9258 

9318 

9379 

9439 

9499 

9559 

9619 

9679 

60 

4 

9739 

9799 

9859 

9918 

9978 

0038 

0098 

0158 

0218 

0278 

60 

5 

860538 

0398 

0458 

0518 

0578 

0637 

0697 

0757 

0817 

0877 

60 

6 

0937 

0996 

1056 

1116 

1176 

1236 

1295 

^355 

1415 

1475 

60 

7 

1534 

1594 

1654 

1714 

1773 

1833 

1893 

1952 

2012 

2072 

60 

8 

2131 

2191 

2251 

2310 

2370 

2430 

2489 

2549 

2608 

2668 

60 

9 

2728 

2787 

2847 

2906 

2966 

3025 

3085 

3144 

3204 

3263 

60 

730 

863323 

3382 

3442 

3501 

3561 

3620 

3680 

3739 

3799 

3858 

59 

1 

3917 

3977 

4036 

4096 

4155 

4214 

4274 

4333 

4392 

4452 

59 

2 

4511 

457.0 

4630 

4689 

4748 

4808 

4867 

4926 

4985 

5045 

59 

3 

5104 

5163 

5222 

5282 

5341 

5400 

5459 

5519 

5578 

5637 

59 

4 

5696 

5755 

5814 

5874 

5933 

5992 

6051 

6110 

6169 

6228 

59 

5 

6287 

6346 

6405 

6465 

6524 

6583 

6642 

6701 

6760 

6819 

59 

6 

6878 

6937 

6996 

7055 

7114 

7173 

7232 

7291 

7350 

7409 

59 

7 

7467 

7526 

7585 

7644 

7703 

7762 

7821 

7880 

7939 

7998 

59 

8 

8056 

8115 

8174 

8233 

8292 

8350 

8409 

8468 

8527 

8586 

59 

9 

8644 

8703 

8762 

8821 

8879 

8938 

8997 

9056 

9114 

9173 

59 

740 

869232 

9290 

9349 

9408 

9466 

9525 

9584 

9642 

9701 

9760 

59 

I 

9818 

9877 

9935 

9994 

0053 

0111 

0170 

0228 

0287 

0345 

59 

2 

870404 

0462 

0521 

0579 

0638 

0696 

0755 

0813 

0872 

0930 

58 

3 

ogSQ 

1047 

1106 

1164 

1223 

1281 

1339 

1398 

1456 

1515 

58 

4 

1573 

1631 

1690 

1748 

1806 

1865 

1923 

1981 

2040 

2098 

58 

5 

2156 

2215 

227J 

2331 

2389 

2448 

2506 

2564 

2622 

2681 

58 

6 

2739 

2797 

2855 

2913 

2972 

3030 

3088 

3146 

3204 

3262 

58 

7 

3321 

3379 

3437 

3495 

3553 

3611 

3669 

3727 

3785 

3844 

58 

8 

3902 

3960 

4018 

4076 

4134 

4192 

4250 

4308 

4366 

4424 

58 

9 

4482 

4540 

4598 

4656 

4714 

4772 

4830 

488 8 

4945 

5003 

58 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Bitf. 




































580 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

750 

875061 

5119 

5177 

5235 

5293 

5351 

5409 

5466 

5524 

5582 

58 

I 

5640 

5698 

5756 

5813 

5871 

5929 

5987 

6045 

6102 

6160 

58 

2 

6218 

6276 

6333 

6391 

6449 

6507 

6564 

6622 

6680 

6737 

58 

3 

6795 

6853 

6910 

6968 

7026 

7083 

7141 

7199 

7256 

7314 

58 

4 

7371 

7429 

7487 

7544 

7602 

7659 

7717 

7774 

7832 

7889 

58 

5 

7947 

8004 

8062 

8119 

8177 

8234 

8292 

8349 

8407 

8464 

57 

6 

8522 

8579 

8637 

8694 

8752 

8809 

8866 

8924 

898 I 

9°39 

57 

7 

9096 

9153 

9211 

9268 

9325 

9383 

9440 

9497 

9555 

9612 

57 

g 

9669 

9726 

9784 

9841 

9898 

9956 

0013 

0070 

0127 

0185 

57 

9 

880242 

0299 

0356 

0413 

0471 

0528 

0585 

0642 

0699 

0756 

57 

760 

880814 

0871 

0928 

0985 

1042 

1099 

1156 

1213 

1271 

1328 

57 

I 

1385 

1442 

1499 

1556 

1613 

1670 

1727 

1784 

1841 

1898 

57 

2 

1955 

2012 

2069 

2126 

2183 

2240 

2297 

2354 

2411 

2468 

57 

3 

2525 

2581 

2638 

2695 

2752 

2809 

2866 

2923 

2980 

3037 

57 

4 

3093 

3150 

3207 

3264 

33^1 

3377 

3434 

3491 

3548 

3605 

57 

5 

3661 

37 j^ 

3775 

3832 

3888 

3945 

4002 

4059 

4115 

4172 

57 

6 

4229 

4285 

4342 

4399 

4455 

4512 

4569 

4625 

4682 

4739 

57 

7 

4795 

4852 

4909 

4965 

5022 

5078 

5135 

5192 

5248 

5305 

57 

8 

5361 

5418 

5474 

5531 

5587 

5644 

5700 

5757 

5813 

5870 

57 

9 

5926 

5983 

6039 

6096 

6152 

6209 

6265 

6321 

6378 

6434 

56 

770 

886491 

6547 

6604 

6660 

6716 

6773 

6829 

6885 

6942 

6998 

56 

I 

7054 

7111 

7167 

7223 

7280 

7336 

7392 

7449 

7505 

7561 

56 

2 

7617 

7674 

7730 

7786 

7842 

7898 

7955 

8011 

8067 

8123 

56 

3 

8179 

8236 

8292 

8348 

8404 

8460 

8516 

8573 

8629 

8685 

56 

4 

8741 

879^ 

8853 

8909 

8965 

9021 

9077 

9134 

9190 

9246 

56 

5 

9302 

9358 

9414 

9470 

9526 

9582 

9638 

9694 

9750 

9806 

56 

6 

9862 

9918 

9974 

0030 

0086 

0141 

0197 

0253 

0309 

0365 

56 

7 

890421 

0477 

0533 

0589 

0645 

0700 

0756 

0812 

0868 

0924 

56 

8 

0980 

1035 

1091 

1147 

1203 

1259 

1314 

1370 

1426 

1482 

56 

9 

1537 

1593 

1649 

1705 

1760 

1816 

1872 

1928 

1983 

2039 

56 

780 

892095 

2150 

2206 

2262 

2317 

2373 

2429 

2484 

2540 

2595 

56 

I 

2651 

2707 

2762 

2818 

2873 

2929 

2985 

3040 

3096 

3151 

56 


3207 

3262 

3318 

3373 

3429 

3484 

3540 

3595 

3651 

3706 

56 

3 

3762 

3817 

3873 

39 ^ 

3984 

4039 

4094 

4150 

4205 

4261 

55 

4 

4316 

4371 

4427 

4482 

4538 

4593 

4648 

4704 

4759 

4814 

55 

5 

4870 

4925 

4980 

5036 

5091 

5146 

5201 

5257 

5312 

5367 

55 

6 

5423 

5478 

5533 

5588 

5644 

5699 

5754 

5809 

5864 

5920 

55 

7 

5975 

6030 

6085 

6140 

6195 

6251 

6306 

6361 

6416 

6471 

55 

8 

6526 

6581 

6636 

6692 

6747 

6802 

6857 

6912 

6967 

7022 

55 

9 

7077 

7132 

7187 

7242 

7297 

7352 

7407 

7462 

7517 

7572 

55 

790 

897627 

7682 

7737 

7792 

7847 

7902 

7957 

8012 

8067 

8122 

55 

I 

8176 

8231 

8286 

8341 

8396 

8451 

8506 

8561 

8615 

8670 

55 

2 

8725 

8780 

8835 

8890 

8944 

8999 

9054 

9109 

9164 

9218 

55 

3 

9273 

9328 

9383 

9437 

9492 

9547 

9602 

9656 

9711 

9766 

55 

4 

9821 

9875 

9930 

9985 

oo 39 j 

0094 

0149 

0203 

0258 

0312 

55 

5 

900367 

0422 

0476 

0531 

0586 

0640 

0695 

0749 

0804 

0859 

55 

6 

0913 

0968 

1022 

1077 

1131 

1186 

1240 

1295 

1349 

1404 

55 

7 

1458 

1513 

1567 

1622 

1676 

1731 

1785 

1840 

1894 

1948 

54 

8 

2003 

2057 

2112 

2166 

2221 

2275 

2329 

2384 

2438 

2492 

54 

9 

2547 

2601 

2655 

2710 

2764 

2818 

2873 

2927 

2981 

3036 

54 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diflf. 














































LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 


531 


No. 

0 

1 

2 


4 

5 

6 

‘7 “ 

8 

9 

Diff. 

800 

903090 

3144 

3199 

3253 

3307 

3361 

3416 

3470 

35^4 

3578 

54 

I 

3633 

3687 

3741 

3795 

3849 

3904 

3958 

4012 

4066 

4120 

54 

2 

4174 

4229 

4283 

4337 

4391 

4445 

4499 

4553 

4607 

4661 

54 

3 

4716 

4770 

4824 

4878 

4932 

4986 

5040 

5094 

5148 

5202 

54 

4 

5256 

53^0 

5364 

5418 

5472 

5526 

5580 

5634 

5688 

5742 

54 

5 

5796 

5850 

5904 

5958 

6012 

6066 

6119 

6173 

6227 

6281 

54 

6 

6335 

6389 

6443 

6497 

6551 

6604 

6658 

6712 

6766 

6820 

54 

7 

6874 

6927 

698 I 

7035 

7089 

7143 

7196 

7250 

7304 

7358 

54 

8 

7411 

7465 

7519 

7573 

7626 

7680 

7734 

7787 

7841 

7895 

54 

9 

7949 

8002 

8056 

8110 

8163 

00 

8270 

8324 

8378 

8431 

54 

810 

908485 

8539 

8592 

8646 

8699 

8753 

8807 

8860 

8914 

8967 

54 

1 

9021 

9074 

9128 

9181 

9235 

9289 

9342 

9396 

9449 

9503 

54 

2 

9556 

9610 

9663 

9716 

9770 

9823 

9877 

9930 

9984 

0037 

53 

3 

910091 

0144 

0197 

0251 

0304 

0358 

0411 

0464 

0518 

0571 

53 

4 

0624 

0678 

0731 

0784 

0838 

0891 

0944 

0998 

1051 

1104 

53 

5 

1158 

1211 

1264 

1317 

1371 

1424 

1477 

1530 

1584 

1637 

53 

6 

1690 

1743 

1797 

1850 

1903 

1956 

2009 

2063 

2116 

2169 

53 

7 

2222 

2275 

2328 

2381 

2435 

2488 

2541 

2594 

2647 

2700 

53 

8 

2753 

2806 

2859 

2913 

2966 

3019 

3072 

3125 

3178 

3^31 

53 

9 

3284 

3337 

3390 

3443 

3496 

3549 

3602 

3655 

3708 

3761 

53 

820 

913814 

3867 

3920 

3973 

4026 

4079 

4132 

4184 

4237 

4290 

53 

1 

4343 

4396 

4449 

4502 

4555 

4608 

4660 

4713 

4766 

4819 

53 

2 

4872 

4925 

4977 

5030 

5083 

5136 

5189 

5241 

5294 

5347 

53 

3 

,5400 

5453 

5505 

5558 

5611 

5664 

5716 

5769 

5822 

5875 

53 

4 

5927 

5980 

6 o ;33 

6085 

6138 

6191 

6243 

6296 

6349 

6401 

53 

5 

6454 

6507 

6559 

6612 

6664 

6717 

6770 

6822 

6875 

6927 

53 

6 

6980 

7033 

7085 

7138 

7190 

7243 

7295 

7348 

7400 

7453 

53 

7 

7506 

7558 

7611 

7663 

7716 

7768 

7820 

7873 

7925 

7978 

5^ 

8 

8030 

8083 

8135 

8188 

8240 

8293 

8345 

8397 

8450 

8502 

52 

9 

8555 

8607 

8659 

8712 

8764 

8816 

8869 

8921 

8973 

9026 

5^ 

0 

00 

919078 

9130 

9183 

9235 

9287 

9340 

9392 

9444 

9496 

9549 

5^ 

I 

9601 

9653 

9706 

9758 

9810 

9862 

9914 

9967 

0019 

0071 

52 

2 

920123 

0176 

0228 

0280 

0332 

0384 

0436 

0489 

0541 

0593 

52 

3 

0645 

0697 

0749 

0801 

0853 

0906 

0958 

1010 

1062 

1114 

52 

4 

1166 

1218 

1270 

1322 

1374 

1426 

1478 

1530 

1582 

1634 

52 

5 

1686 

1738 

1790 

1842 

1894 

1946 

1998 

2050 

2102 

2154 

5^ 

6 

2206 

22^ 

2310 

2362 

2414 

2466 

2518 

2570 

2622 

2674 

5^ 

7 

2725 

2777 

2829 

2881 

2933 

2985 

3037 

3089 

3140 

3192 

5^ 

8 

3244 

3296 

3348 

3399 

345 > 

3503 

3555 

3607 

3658 

37JO 

5^ 

9 

3762 

3814 

3865 

3917 

3969 

4021 

4072 

4124 

4176 

4228 

5^ 

840 

924279 

4331 

4383 

4434 

4486 

4538 

4589 

4641 

4693 

4744 

5^ 

I 

4796 

4848 

4899 

4951 

5003 

5054 

5106 

5157 

5209 

5261 

5^ 

2 

5312. 

5364 

5415 

5467 

5518 

5570 

5621 

5673 

5725 

5776 

52 

3 

5828 

5879 

5931 

5982 

6034 

6085 

6137 

6188 

6240 

6291 

51 

4 

6342 

6394 

6445 

6497 

6548 

6600 

6651 

6702 

6754 

6805 

51 

5 

6857 

6908 

6959 

7011 

7062 

7114 

7165 

7216 

7268 

7319 

51 

6 

7370 

7422 

7473 

75^4 

7576 

7627 

7678 

7730 

7781 

7832 

51 

7 

7883 

7935 

7986 

8037 

8088 

8140 

8191 

8242 

8293 

8345 

5* 

8 

8396 

8447; 

8498 

8549 

8601 

8652 

8703 

8754 

8805 

8857 

5* 

9 

8908 

8959I 

9010 

9061 

9112 

9163 

9215 

9266 

9317 

9368 

51 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

.3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 


45 











































532 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

1 0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

1 ^ 

9 

j Diff. 

850 929419 

9470 

9521 

9572 

9623 

9674 

9725 

9776 

9827 

9879 

51 

1 

9930 

9981 

0032 

0083 

0134 

0185 

0236 

0287 

0338 

0389 

51 

2 

930440 

0491 

0542 

0592 

0643 

0694 

0745 

0796 

0847 

0898 

5 ^ 

3 

0949 

1000 

1051 

1102 

1153 

1204 

1254 

1305I 1356 

1407 

51 

4 

1458 

1509 

1560 

1610 

1661 

1712 

1763 

1814 

1865 

1915 

51 

5 

1966 

2017 

2068 

2118 

2169 

2220 

2271 

2322 

2372 

2423 

51 

6 

2474 

2524 

2575 

2626 

2677 

2727 

2778 

2829 

2879 

2930 

51 

7 

2981 

3031 

3082 

3»33 

3183 

3234 

3285 

3335 

3386 

3437 

51 

8 

3487 

3538 

3589 

3639 

3690 

3740 

3791 

3841 

3892 

3943 

51 

9 

3993 

4044 

4094 

4 H 5 

4195 

4246 

4296 

4347 

4397 

4448 

51 

860 

934498 

4549 

4599 

4650 

4700 

4751 

4801 

4852 

4902 

4953 

50 

I 

5003 

5054 

5104 

5154 

5205 

5255 

5306 

5356 

5406 

5457 

50 

2 

5507 

5558 

5608 

5658 

5709 

5759 

5809 

5860 

5910 

5960 

50 

3 

6011 

6061 

6111 

6162 

6212 

6262 

6313 

6363 

6413 

6463 

50 

4 

6514 

6564 

6614 

6665 

6715 

6765 

6815 

6865 

6916 

6966 

50 

5 

7016 

7066 

7117 

7167 

7217 

7267 

7317 

7367 

7418 

7468 

50 

6 

7518 

7568 

7618 

7668 

7718 

7769 

7819 

7869 

7919 

7969 

50 

7 

8019 

8069 

8119 

8169 

8219 

8269 

8320 

8370 

8420 

8470 

50 

8 

8520 

8570 

8620 

8670 

8720 

8770 

8820 

8870 

8920 

8970 

50 

9 

9020 

9070 

9120 

9170 

9220 

9270 

9320 

9369 

9419 

9469 

50 

870 

939519 

9569 

9619 

9669 

9719 

9769 

9819 

9869 

9918 

9968 

50 

I 

940018 

0068 

0118 

0168 

02i8 

0267 

0317 

0367 

0417 

0467 

50 

2 

0516 

0566 

0616 

0666 

0716 

0765 

0815 

0865 

0915 

0964 

50 

3 

1014 

1064 

1114 

1163 

1213 

1263 

1313 

1362 

1412 

1462 

50 

4 

1511 

1561 

1611 

1660 

1710 

1760 

I 809 

1859 

1909 

1958 

50 

5 

2008 

2058 

2107 

2157 

2207 

2256 

2306 

^355 

2405 

^455 

50 

6 

2504 

2554 

2603 

2653 

2702 

2752 

2801 

2851 

2901 

2950 

50 

7 

3000 

3049 

3099 

3 H 8 

3198 

3247 

3297 

3346 

3396 

3445 

49 

8 

3495 

3544 

3593 

3643 

3692 

374 ^ 

379 ^ 

3841 

3890 

3939 

49 

9 

3989 

4038 

4088 

4137 

4186 

4236 

4285 

4335 

4384 

4433 

49 

880 

944483 

453 ^ 

4581 

4631 

4680 

4729 

4779 

4828 

4877 

4927 

49 

1 

4976 

5025 

5074 

5124 

5173 

5222 

5272 

5321 

5370 

5419 

49 

2 

5469 

5518 

5567 

5616 

5665 

5715 

5764 

5813 

5862 

5912 

49 

3 

5961 

6010 

6059 

6108 

6157 

6207 

6256 

6305 

6354 

6403 

49 

4 

6452 

6501 

6551 

6600 

6649 

6698 

6747 

6796 

6845 

6894 

49 

5 

6943 

6992 

7041 

7090 

7140 

7189 

7238 

7287 

7336 

7385 

49 

6 

7434 

7483 

753 ^ 

7581 

7630 

7679 

7728 

7777 

7826 

7875 

49 

7 

7924 

7973 

8022 

8070 

8119 

8168 

8217 

8266 

83.5 

8364 

49 

8 

8413 

8462 

8511 

8560 

8 609 

8657 

8706 

8755 

8804 

8853 

49 

9 

8902 

8951 

8999 

9048 

9097 

9146 

9195 

9244 

9292 

9341 

49 

890 

949390 

9439 

9488 

9536 

9585 

9634 

9683 

9731 

9780 

qSzq 

49 

I 

9878 

9926 

9975 

0024 

0073 

0121 

0170 

0219 

0267 

0316 

49 

2 

950365 

0414 

0462 

0511 

0560 

0608 

0657 

0706 

0754 

0803 

49 

3 

0851 

0900 

0949 

0997 

1046 

1095 

1143 

1192 

1240 

1289 

49 

4 

1338 

1386 

H 35 

1483 

1532 

1580 

1629 

1677 

1726 

1775 

49 

5 

1823 

1872 

1920 

1969 

2017 

2066 

2114 

2163 

2211 

2260 

48 

6 

2308 

2356 

240 5 1 

2453 

2502 

2550: 

2599 

2647 

2696 

2744 

48 

7 

2792 

2841 

2889! 

2938 

2986 

3034 

3083 

313* 

3180 

3228 

48 

8 

3276 

3325 

3373! 

34^1 

3470 

35 ' 8 ; 

3566 

361 s! 

3663 

3711 

48 

9 

3760 

3808 

3856 

3905 

3953 

4001 

4049 

4098 

4146 

4194 

48 

No. 

0 

1 

2 1 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Difif. 



















































LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 


533 


No. 

! 0 

1 

1 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

900 

954243 

4291 

: 4339 

4387 

4435 

4484 

4532 

4580 

4628 

4677 

48 

I 

4725 

4773 

4821 

4869 

4918 

4966 

5014 

5062 

5110 

5158 

48 

2 

5207 

5255 

5303 

5351 

5399 

5447 

5495 

5543 

5592 

5640 

48 

3 

5688 

5736 

5784 

5832 

5880 

5928 

5976 

6024 

6072 

6120 

48 

4 

6168 

6216 

6265 

6313 

6361 

6409 

6457 

6505 

6553 

6601 

48 

5 

6649 

6697 

6745 

6793 

6840 

6888 

6936 

1 6984 

7032 

7080 

48 

6 

7128 

7176 

7224 

7272 

7320 

7368 

7416 

7464 

7512 

7559 

48 

7 

7607 

7655 

7703 

7751 

7799 

7847 

7894 

7942 

7990 

8038 

48 

8 

8086 

8134 

8181 

8229 

8277 

8325 

8373 

8421 

8468 

8516 

48 

9 

8564 

8612 

8659 

8707 

8755 

' 8803 

8850 

8898 

8946 

8994 

48 

910 

959041 

9089 

9137 

9185 

9232 

9280 

9328 

9375 

9423 

9471 

48 

I 

9518 

9566 

9614 

9661 

9709 

9757 

9804 

9852 

9900 

9947 

48 

2 

9995 

0042 

0090 

0138 

0185 

0233 

0280 

0328 

0376 

0423 

48 

3 

960471 

0518 

0566 

061 3 

0661 

0709 

0756 

0804 

0851 

0899 

48 

4 

0946 

0994 

1041 

1089 

11 36 

1184 

1231 

1279 

1326 

1374 

48 

5 

1421 

1469 

1516 

1563 

1611 

1658 

1706 

1753 

1801 

1848 

47 

6 

1895 

1943 

1990 

2038 

2085 

2132 

2180 

2227 

2275 

2322 

47 

7 

2369 

2417 

2464 

25 11 

2559 

! 2606 

1 

2653 

<1701 

2748 

2795 

47 

8 

2843 

2890 

2937 

2985 

3032 

3079 

3126 

3174 

3221 

3268 

47 

9 

3316 

3363 

3410 

3457 

3504 

355^ 

3599 

3646 

3693 

3741 

47 

920 

963788 

3835 

3882 

3929 

3977 

4024 

4071 

4118 

4165 

4212 

47 

I 

4260 

4307 

4354 

4401 

4448 

1 4495 

4542 

4590 

4637 

4684 

47 

2 

4731 

4778 

4825 

4872 

4919 

4966 

5013 

5061 

5108 

5*55 

. 47 

3 

5202 

5249 

5296 

5343 

5390 

i 5437 

5484 

5531 

5578 

5625 

47 

4 

5672 

5719 

5766 

5813 

5860 

5907 

5954 

6001 

6048 

6095 

47 

5 

6142 

6189 

6236 

6283 

6329 

6376 

6423 

6470 

6517 

6564 

47 

6 

6611 

6658 

6705 

6752 

6799 

6845 

6892 

6939 

6986 

7033 

47 

7 

7080 

7127 

7173 

7220 

7267 

7314 

7361 

7408 

7454 

7501 

47 

8 

7548 

7595 

7642 

7688 

7735 

7782 

7829 

7875 

7922 

7969 

47 

9 

8016 

8062 

8109 

8156 

8203 

8249 

8296 

8343 

8390 

8436 

47 

930 

968483 

8530 

8576 

8623 

8670 

8716 

8763 

8810 

8856 

8903 

47 

I 

8950 

8996 

9043 

9090 

9136 

9183 

9229 

9276 

9323 

9369 

47 

2 

9416 

9463 

9509 

9556 

9602 

9649 

9695 

9742 

9789 

9835 

47 

3 

9882 

9928 

9975 

0021 

0068 

0114 

0161 

0207 

0254 

0300 

47 

4 

970347 

0393 

0440 

0486 

0533 

0579 

0626 

0672 

0719 

0765 

46 

5 

1 0812 

0858 

0904 

0951 

o997i 

1044 

1090 

1137 

1183 

1229 

46 

6 

1276 

1322 

1369 

1415 

1461 

1508 

1554 

1601 

1647 

1693 

46 

7 

1740 

1786 

1832 

1879 

1925^ 

1971 

2018 

2064 

2110 

2157 

46 

8 

2203 

2249 

2295 

2342 

2388I 

2434 

2481 

2527 

2573 

2619 

46 

9 

2666 

2712 

2758 

2804 

2851! 

2897 

2943 

2989 

3035 

3082 

46 

940 

973128 

3174 

3220 

3266 

3313 

3359 

3405 

3451 

3497 

3543 

46 

I 

3590 

3636 

3682 

3728 

3774 

3820 

3866 

3913 

3959 

4005 

46 

2 

4051 

4097 

4143 

4189; 

4235! 

4281 

4327 

4374 

4420 

4466 

46 

3 

4512 

4558 

4604 

4650 

4696 

4742 

4788 

4834 

4880 

4926 

46 

4 

4972 

5018 

5064 

5110 

5156! 

5202 

5248 

5294 

5340 

5386 

46 

5 

5432 

5478 

5524 

5570 

5616 

5662 

5707 

5753 

5799 

5845 

46 

6 

5891 

5937 

5983 

6029 

6075 

6121 

6167 

6212 

6258 

6304 

46 

7 

6350 

6396 

6442 

6488 

6533 

6579 

6625 

6671 

6717 

6763 

46 

8 

6808 

6854 

6900 

6946 

6992 

7037 

7083 

7129 

7175 

7220 

46 

_9 

7266 

7312 

7358 

7403 

7449 

7495 

7541 

7586 

7632 

7678 

46 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 1 

9 

Diff. 





















































534 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

1 

5 

6 1 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

9«:o 

977724 

7769 

7815 

7861 

7906, 

7952 

7998 

8043 

8089 

8135 

46 

I 

8181 

8226 

8272 

8317 

8363 

8409 

8454 

8500 

8546 

8591 

46 

2 

8637 

8683 

87^ 

8774 

8819 

88565 

8911 

8956 

9002 

9047 

46 

3 

9093 

9138 

9184 

9230 

9275 

9321 

9366 

9412 

9457 

9503 

46 

4 

9548 

9594 

9639 

9685 

9730 

9776 

9821 

9867 

9912 

9958 

46 

5 

980003 

0049 

0094 

0140 

0185 

0231 

0276 

0322 

0367 

0412 

45 

6 

0458 

0503 

0549 

0594 

0640 

0685 

0730 

0776 

0821 

0867 

45 

7 

0912 

0957 

1003 

1048 

1093 

1139 

1184 

1229 

1275 

I 320 

45 

8 

1366 

1411 

1456 

I 501 

1547 

1592 

1637 

I 683 

1728 

1773 

45 

9 

1819 

1864 

1909 

1954 

2000 

2045 

2090 

2135 

2181 

2226 

45 

960 

982271 

2316 

2362 

2407 

2452 

2497 

2543 

2588 

2633 

2678 

45 

1 

2723 

2769 

2814 

2859 

2904 

2949 

2994 

3040 

3085 

3130 

45 

2 

3175 

3220 

3265 

3310 

3356 

3401 

3446 

3491 

3536 

3581 

45 

3 

3626 

3671 

3716 

3762 

3807 

385^ 

3897 

3942 

3987 

4032 

45 

4 

4077 

4122 

4167 

4212 

4257 

4302 

4347 

4392 

4437 

4482 

45 

5 

45^7 

4572 

4617 

4662 

4707 

475^ 

4797 

4842 

4887 

4932 

45 

6 

4977 

5022 

5067 

5112 

5157 

5202 

5^47 

5292 

5337 

5382 

45 

7 

5426 

5471 

5516 

5561 

5606 

5651 

5696 

5741 

5786 

5830 

45 

8 

5^75 

5920 

5965 

6010 

6055 

6100 

6144 

6189 

6234 

6279 

45 

9 

6324 

6369 

6413 

6458 

6503 

6548 

6593 

6637 

6682 

6727 

45 

970 

986772 

6817 

6861 

6906 

6951 

6996 

7040 

7085 

7130 

7175 

45 

I 

7219 

7264 

7309 

7353 

7398 

7443 

7488 

7532 

7577 

7622 

45 

2 

7666 

7711 

7756 

7800 

7845 

7890 

7934 

7979 

8024 

8068 

45 

3 

8113 

8157 

8202 

8247 

8291 

8336 

8381 

8425 

8470 

8514 

45 

4 

8559 

8604 

8648 

8693 

8737 

8782 

8826 

8871 

8916 

8960 

45 

5 

9005 

9049 

9094 

9138 

9183 

9227 

9272 

9316 

9361 

9405 

45 

6 

9450 

9494 

9539 

9583 

9628 

9672 

9717 

9761 

9806 

9850 

44 

7 

9895 

9939 

9983 

0028 

0072 

0117 

0161 

0206 

0250 

0294 

44 

8 

990339 

0383 

0428 

0472 

0516 

0561 

0605 

0650 

0694 

0738 

44 

9 

0783 

0827 

0871 

0916 

0960 

1004 

1049 

1093 

1137 

1182 

44 

980 

991226 

1270 

1315 

1359 

1403 

1448 

1492 

1536 

1580 

1625 

44 

I 

1669 

1713 

1758 

1802 

1846 

1890 

1935 

1979 

2023 

2067 

44 

2 

2111 

2156 

2200 

2244 

2288 

2333 

2377 

2421 

2465 

2509 

44 

3 

2554 

2598 

2642 

2686 

2730 

2774 

2819 

2863 

2907 

2951 

44 

4 

2995 

3039 

3083 

3127 

3*7^ 

3216 

3260 

3304 

3348 

339^ 

44 

5 

3436 

3480 

35-4 

3568 

3613 

3657 

3701 

3745 

3789 

3833' 

44 

6 

3877 

3921 

3965 

4009 

4053 

4097 

4141 

4185 

4229 

42.73 

44 

7 

4317 

4361 

4405 

4449 

4493 

4537 

4581 

4625 

4669 

4713 

44 

8 

4757 

4801 

4845 

4889 

4933 

4977 

5021 

5065 

5108 

5152 

44 

9 

5196 

5240 

5284' 

5328 

5372 

5416 

5460 

5504 

5547 

5591 

44 

990 

995635 

5679 

5723 

5767 

5811 

5854 

5898 

5942 

5986 

6030 

44 

I 

6074 

6117 

6161 

6205 

6249 

6293 

6337 

6380 

6424 

6468 

44 

2 

6512 

6555 

6599 

6643 

6687 

6731 

6774 

6818 

6862 

6906 

44 

3 

6949 

6993 

7037 

7080 

7124 

7168 

7212 

7255 

7299 

7343 

44 

4 

7386 

7430 

7474 

7517 

7561 

7605 

7648 

7692 

7736 

7779 

44 

5 

7823 

7867 

7910 

7954 

7998 

8041 

8085 

8129 

8172 

8216 

44 

6 

8259 

8303 

8347 

8390 

8434 

8477 

8521 

8564 

8608 

8652 

44 

7 

8695 

8739 

8782 

8826 

8869 

8913 

8956 

9000 

9043 

9087 

44 

8 

9131 

9174 

9218 

9261 

9305 

9348 

939^ 

9435 

9479 

9522 

44 

_9 

9565 

9609 

9652 

9696 

9739 

9783 

9826 

9870 

9913 

9957 

43 

No. 

1 0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

I Diff. 































Deg. 

O 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

lO 

II 

12 


NATURAL SINES AND TANGENTS. bS5 


Tahle of Natural Sines and Tangents. 


Min. 

Sine. 

Tangent. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sine. 

Tangent. 

lO 

0029089 

0029089 

12 

30 

2164396 

2216947 

15 

0043633 

0043634 


45 

2206974 

2262769 

30 

0087265 

0087269 

*3 

00 

2249511 

2308682 

45 

0130896 

oi30907 


15 

2292004 

2354687 

00 

0174524 

0174551 


30 

2334454 

2400788 

15 

0218149 

0218201 


45 

2376859 

2446984 

30 

0261769 

0261859 

*4 

00 

2419219 

2493280 

45 

0305385 

0305528 


15 

2461533 

2539676 

00 

0348995 

0349208 


30 

2503800 

2586176 

15 

0392598 

0392901 


45 

2546019 

2632780 

30 

0436194 

0436609 

*5 

00 

2588190 

2679492 

45 

0479781 

0480334 


*5 

2630312 

2726313 

00 

0523360 

0524078 


30 

2672384 

2773245 

15 

0566928 

0567841 


45 

2714404 

2820292 

30 

0610485 

0611626 

16 

00 

2756374 

2867454 

45 

0654031 

0655435 


»5 

2798290 

2914734 

00 

0697565 

0699268 


30 

2840153 

2962135 

15 

0741085 

0743128 


45 

2881963 

3009658 

30 

0784591 

0787017 

*7 

00 

2923717 

3057307 

45 

0828082 

0830936 


*5 

2965416 

3105083 

00 

0871557 

0874887 


30 

3007058 

3152988 

15 

0915016 

0918871 


45 

3048643 

3201025 

30 

0958458 

0962890 

18 

00 

3090170 

3249197 

45 

1001881 

1006947 


15 

3131638 

3297505 

00 

1045285 

1051042 


30 

3173047 

3345953 

15 

1088669 

1095178 


45 

3214395 

3394543 

30 

II32032 

1139356 


00 

3255682 

3443276 

45 

II75374 

1183578 


15 

3296906 

3492156 

00 

1218693 

1227846 


30 

3338069 

3541186 

15 

1261990 

1272161 


45 

3379167 

3590367 

30 

1305262 

1316525 

20 

00 

3420201 

3639702 

45 

1348509 

1360940 


*5 

3461171 

3689195 

00 

1391731 

1405408 


30 

3502074 

3738847 

15 

1434926 

144993* 


45 

3542910 

3788661 

30 

1478094 

1494510 

. 21 

00 

3583679 

3838640 

45 

1521234 

1539147 


*5 

3624380 

3888787 

00 

1564345 

1583844 


30 

3665012 

3939105 

15 

1607426 

1628603 


45 

3705574 

3989595 

30 

1650476 

1673426 

22 

00 

3746066 

4040262 

45 

1693495 

1718314 


15 

3786486 

4091108 

00 

1736482 

1763270 


30 

3826834 

4142136 

15 

1779435 

1808295 


45 

3867110 

4193348 

30 

1822355 

1853390 

23 

00 

3907311 

4244748 

45 

1865240 

1898559 


*5 

3947439 

4296339 

00 

1908090 

1943803 


30 

3987491 

4348124 

15 

1950903 

1989124 


45 

4027467 

4400105 

30 

1993679 

2034523 

24 

00 

4067366 

4452287 

45 

2036418 

2080003 


*5 

4107189 

4504672 

00 

2079117 

2125566 


30 

4146932 

4557263 

^5 

2121777 

2171213 


45 1 

4186597 

4610063 





























^5 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


of Natural Sines and Tangents. —Continued. 


Sine. 

XiiDgGnt. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sine. 

Tangent. 

4226183 

4663077 

50 

00 

7660444 

11917536 

4305111 

4769755 


30 

7716246 

12130970 

4383711 

4877326 

51 

00 

7771460 

12348972 

4461978 

4985816 


30 

7826082 

12571723 

4539905 

5095254 

52 

00 

7880108 

12799416 

4617486 

5205671 


30 

7933533 

13032254 

4694716 

5317094 

53 

00 

7986355 

13270448 

4771588 

5429557 


30 

8038569 

13514224 

4848096 

5543091 

54 

00 

8090170 

13763819 

4924236 

5657728 


30 

8141155 

14019483 

5000000 

5773503 

55 

00 

8191520 

14281480 

5075384 

5890450 


30 

8241262 

14550090 

5150381 

6008606 

56 

00 

8290376 

14825610 

5224986 

6128008 


30 

8338858 

15108352 

5299193 

6248694 

57 

00 

8386706 

15398650 

5372996 

6370703 


30 

8433914 

15696856 

5446390 

6494076 

58 

00 

8480481 

16003345 

5519370 

6618856 


30 

8526402 

16318517 

5591929 

6745085 

59 

00 

8571673 

16642795 

5664062 

6872810 


30 

8616292 

16976631 

5735764 

7002075 

60 

00 

8660254 

17320508 

5807030 

7132931 

61 

00 

8746197 

18040478 

5877853 

7265425 

62 

00 

8829476 

18807265 

5948228 

7399611 

63 

00 

8910065 

19626105 

6018150 

7535541 

64 

00 

8987940 

20503038 

6087614 

7673270 

65 

00 

9063078 

21445069 

6156615 

7812856 

66 

00 

9135455 

22460368 

6225146 

7954359 

67 

00 

9205049 

23558524 

6293204 

8097840 

68 

00 

9271839 

24750869 

6360782 

8243364 

69 

00 

9335804 

26050891 

6427876 

8390996 

70 

00 

9396926 

27474774 

6494480 

8540807 

71 

00 

9455186 

29042109 

6560590 

8692867 

72 

00 

9510565 

30776835 

6626200 

8847253 

73 

00 

9563048 

32708526 

6691306 

9004040 

74 

00 

9612617 

34874144 

6755902 

9163312 

75 

00 

9659258 

37320508 

6819984 

9325151 

76 

00 

9702957 

40107809 

6883546 

9489646 

77 

00 

9743701 

43314759 

6946584 

9656888 

78 

00 

9781476 

47046301 

7009093 

9826973 

79 

00 

9816272 

51445540 

7071068 

10000000 

80 

00 

9848078 

56712818 

7132504 

10176074 

81 

00 

9876883 

63137515 

7193398 

10355303 

82 

00 

9902681 

71153697 

7253744 

10537801 

83 

00 

9925462 

81443464 

7313537 

10723687 

84 

00 

9945219 

95143645 

7372773 

10913085 

85 

00 

9961947 

114300520 

7431448 

11106125 

86 

00 

9975641 

143006660 

7489557 

11302944 

87 

00 

9986295 

190811370 

7547096 

11503684 

88 

00 

9993908 

286362530 

7604060 

11708496 

89 

00 

9998477 

572899620 



















LOGARITHMS OF SINES. 


537 


Logarithms Sine. 


a 

0' 

KK 

20' 

30' 

40' 

60' 

60' 

i ^ 

,C) 

o 


7.46372 

7.26475 

7.94084 

8.06577 

8.16268 

8.24185 

! 89 

1 

8.24185 

8.30879 

8.36677 

8.41791 

8.46366 

8.50504 

8.54281 

88 

2 

8.54281 

8.57756 

8.60973 

8.63968 

8.66768 

8.69399 

8.71880 

87 

3 

8.71880 

8.74225 

8.76451 

8.78567 

8.80585 

8.82513 

8.84358 

86 

4 

8.84358 

8.86128 

8.87828 

8.89464 

8.91040 

8.92560 

8.94020 

85 

5 

8.94029 

8-95449 

8.96824 

8.98157 

8-99449 

9.00704 

9.01923 

84 

6 

9.01923 

9.03108 

9.04262 

9-05385 

9.06480 

9-07548 

9.08(589 

83 

n 

J 

9.08589 

9.09606 

9.10599 

9.11569 

9.12518 

9-13447 

9-14355 

82 


9-14355 

9.15249 

9.16116 

9.1 6970 

9.17807 

9.18628 

9 19433 

81 

9 

919433 

9.20223 

9.20999 

9.21760 

9.22509 

9-23244 

9.23967 

80 

lO 

9.23967 

9.24677 

9.25376 

9.26063 

9.26739 

9-27404 

9.28059 

.79 

I 1 

9.28059 

9.28704 

9-29339 

9.29965 

9.30581 

9.31189 

9.31787 

*78 

12 

9.31787 

9.32378 

9-32959 

9-33533 

9-34099 

934657 

9-35208 

77 

13 

9.35208 

9.35752 

9.36288 

9.36818 

9-37341 

9-37857 

9.38367 

,76 

14 

9.38367 

9.38871 

9.39368 

9.39860 

9-40345 

9.40825 

9.41299 

'75 

15 

9.41299 

9.41768 

9.42231 

9.42689 

9.43142 

9-43590 

9-44033 

|74 

16 

1 

9-44033 

9.44472 

9-44905 

9-45334 

9-45758 

9.46178 

9.46593 

73 

'll 

9.46593 

9-47004 

9.47411 

9.47814 

9.48212 

9.48607 

9.48998 

1 

72 

18^ 

1 

9.48998 

9-49385 

9.49768 

9 5°H7 

9-50523 

9.50895 

9.51264 



9.51264 

9.51629 

9.51991 

9.52349 

9-52704 

9.53056 

9-53405 

70 

20 

9-53405 

9-53750 

9.54093 

9-54432 

9.54768 

9.55102 

9-55432 

69 

21 

9-55432 

9.55760 

9.56085 

9.56407 

9.56726 

9-57043 

9-57357 

68 

22 

9-57357 

9.57668 

9-57977 

9.58284 

9-58587 

9.58889 

9.59187 

167 

23 

9.59187 

9-59484 

9-59778 

9.60070 

9.60359 

9.60646 

9.60931 

66 

24 

9.60931 

9.61214 

9.61494 

9.61772 

9.62048 

9.62322 

9.62594 

65 

^5 

9.62594 

9.62864 

9.63132 

9.63398 

9.63662 

9.63924 

9.64184 

64 

26 

9.64184 

9.64442 

9.64698 

9.64952 

9.65205 

9.65455 

9.65704 

63 

27 

9.65704 

9.65951 

9.66197 

9.66440 

9.66682 

9.66922 

9.67160 

62 

28 

9.67160 

9.67397 

9.67632 

9.67866 

9.68098 

9.68328 

9.68557 

61 

29 

9.68557 

9.68784 

9.69009 

9.69233 

9.69456 

9.69677 

9.69897 

60 

30 

9.69897 

9.70115 

9.70331 

9.70546 

9.70760 

9-70773 

9.71183 

59 

31 

9.71183 

9-71393 

9.71601 

9.71808 

9.72014 

9.72218 

9.72421 

58 

32 

9.72421 

9.72622 

9.72822 

9.73021 

9.73219 

9.73415 

9.73610 

57 

33 

9.73610 

9-73804 

9-73997 

9.74188 

9-74379 

9.74568 

9.74756 

56 

34 

9.74756 

9.74942 

9.75128 

9.75312 

9.75496 

9.75678 

6.75859 

55 

35 

9.75859 

9.76039 

9.76217 

9.76395 

9.76572 

9.76747 

9.76921 

54 

36 

9.76921 

9-77095 

9-77267 

9-77438 

9.77609 

9-77778 

9.77946 

53 

37 

9.77946 

9.78113 

9.78279 

9-78444 

9.78608 

9-78772 

9-78934 

52 

38 

9.78934 

9-79095 

9.79255 

9-79415 

9-79573 

9-79730 

9.79887 

51 

39 

9.79887 

9.80042 ! 

9.80197 

9.80351 

9.80503 

9.80655 

9.80806 

50 

40 

9.80806 

. 9.80956 

9.81106 

9.81254 

9.81401 

9.81548 

9.81694 

1 

149 

41 

9.81694 

9.81839 

9.81983 

9.82126 

9.82268 

9.82410 

9.82551 

I48 

42 

9.82551 

9.82691 

9.828 30 

9.82968 

9.83105 

9-83242 

9.83378 

:47 

43 

9-83378 

9.83513 

9.83647 

9.83781 

9.83914 

9-84045 

9.84177 

*46 

44 

9.84177 

9-84307 

9-84437 

9.84566 

9.84694 

9.84821 

9-84948 


ti 

P 1 

60' 

60' 

40' 

30' 

20' 

10' 

0' 

Q 


Logarithm Cosine. 



























































538 


ORDNxiNCE MANUAL. 


Logarithms Sixe. 


p 

0' 

10' 

20' 

30 ' 

40 ' 

50 ' 

60 ' 

ii 

a> 

P 

45 

9.84948 

9.85074 

9.85199 

9.85324 

9.85448 

9.85571 

9.85693 

44 

46 

9.85693 

9.85815 

9.85936 

9.86056 

9.86175 

9.86294 

9.86412 

43 

47 

9.86412 

9.86530 

9.86647 

9.86763 

9.86878 

9.86993 

9.87107 

42 

48 

9.87107 

9.87220 

9-87333 

9.87445 

9-87557 

9.87667 

9-87778 

41 

49 

9.87778 

9.87887 

9.87996 

9.88 104 

9.88212 

9.88319 

9.88425 

40 

50 

9.88425 

9.88531 

9.88636 

9.88740 

9.88 844 

9.88947 

9.89050 

39 


9.89050 

9.89152 

9.89253 

9-89354 

9.89454 

9.89554 

9.89653 

38 

5 ^ 

9.89653 

9.89751 

9.89849 

9.89946 

9.90043 

9.90139 

9.90234 

137 

53 

9.90234 

9.90329 

9.90424 

9.90517 

9.90611 

9.90703 

9.90795 

36 

54 

9.90795 

9.90887 

9-90978 

9 91068 

9 91158 

9.91247 

9.91336 

35 

55 

9.91336 

9.91424 

9.91512 

9-94599 

9.91685 

9.91771 

9.91857 

34 

56 

9.91857 

9.91942 

9.92026 

9.92110 

9.92194 

9.92276 

9-92359 

33 

57 

9 92359 

9.92440 

9.92522 

9.92602 

9.92683 

9.92762 

9.92842 

32 

58 

9 92842 

9.92920 

9.92998 

9.93076 

9-93153 

9.93230 

9.93306 

!31 

59 

9 95306 

9 93382 

9-93457 

9-93532 

9.93606 

9.93679 

9-93753 

I30 

60 

9-93753 

9 93825 

9.93898 

9.93969 

9.94040 

9.94111 

9.94181 

29 

61 

9.94181 

9.94251 

9.94321 

9.94389 

9.94458 

9.94526 

9-94593 

I28 

62 

9-94593 

9 94660 

9.94726 

9.94792 

9.94858 

9-94923 

9.94988 

27 

6; 

9.94988 

9 95052 

9.95115 

9.95179 

9.95241 

9-95304 

9.95366 

I26 

64 

9.95366 

9.95427 

9.95488 

9-95548 

9.95608 

9.95668 

9-95727 

25 

65 

9 95727 

9.95786 

9.95844 

9-95902 

9 95959 

9.96016 

9.96073 

24 

66 

9.96073 

9 96129 

9.96184 

9.96239 

9.96294 

9.96348 

9.96402 

I23 

67 

9.96402 

9.96456 

9.96509 

9.96561 

9.96613 

9.96665 

9.96716 

1 

122 

68 

9.96716 

9.96767 

9.96817 

9.96867 

9.96917 

9.96966 

9.97015 

[21 

69 

9.97015 

9-97063 

9.97111 

9 97158 

9-97205 

9-97252 

9.97298 

1 

j20 

70 

9.97298 

9-97344 

9-97389 

9-97434 

9-97479 

9 - 975^3 

9.97567 

19 

71 

9.97567 

9.97610 

9.97653 

9.97695 

9-97737 

9-97779 

9.97820 

18 

72 

9.97820 

9.97861 

9.97901 

9.97942 

9.97981 

9.98020 

9.98059 

17 

73 

9.98059 

9.98098 

9.98136 

9.98173 

9.98210 

9-98247 

9.98284 

16 

74 

9.98284 

9.98320 

9.98355 

9.98391 

9.98425 

9.98460 

9.98494 

15 

75 

9.98494 

9.98528 

9.98561 

9-98594 

9.98626 

9.98658 

9.98690 

14 

76 

9.98690 

9.98721 

9.98752 

9 98783 

9.98813 

9.98843 

9.98872 

13 

77 

9.98872 

9.98901 

9.98930 

9 98958 

9.98986 

9.99013 

9.99040 

12 

78 

9.99040 

9.99067 

9-99093 

9 99119 

9.99144 

9.99169 

9.99194 

11 

79 

9.99194 

9.99219 

9.99243 

9.99266 

9.99289 

9.99312 

9-99335 

10 

80 

9-99335 

9-99357 

9 99378 

9.99400 

9.99421 

9.99441 

9.99462 

9 

81 

0 1 

9.99462 

9.99481 

9.99501 

9.99520 

9-99539 

9-99557 

9-99575 

8 

82 

9-99575 

9.99592 

9.99610 

9.99626 

9.99643 

9.99659 

9.99675 

7 

83^ 

9.99675 

9.99690 

9.99705 

9.99719 

9-99734 

9-99748 

9.99761 

6 

84 

9.99761 

9-99774 

9.99787 

9-99799 

9.99811 

9.99823 

9-99834 

5 

85' 

9-99834 

9.99845 

9 99855 

9.99865 

9-99875 

9.99885 

9.99894 

4 

8 6 
r. 1 

j 9-99894 

9.99902 

9.99911 

9.99918 

9.99926 

9 99933 

9-99940 

3 

87' 

! 9.99940 

9.99946 

9-99952 

9 99958 

9.99964 

9.99968 

9-99973 

2 

88 

1 9-99973 

9.99977 

9.99981 

9.99985 

9.99988 

9-99991 

9-99993 

I 

89 : 

j 9-99993 

9-99995 

9-99997 

9 99998 

9-99999 

9-99999 


0 

ti)* 

;Si| 

1 60 ' 

50 ' 

40 ' 

30 ' 

20' 

10' 

0' 

P 


Logarithm Cosine. 




































LOGARITHMS OF TANGF>XTS. 


539 


Logarithms Tangent. 


ti; 
fi 1 

0' 

10' 

20' 

30' 

40' 

50' 

CO' 

to 

1 ^ 

O i 


7.46372 

7.76476 

7.94085 

8.06580 

8.16272 

8.24192 

89 

1 j 

8.24192 

8.30888 

8.36689 

8.41806 

8.46384 

8.50526 

8.54308 

[88 

2 

8.54308 

8.57787 

8.61009 

8.64009 

8.66816 

8.69452 

8.71939 

187 

3' 

8.71939 

8.74292 

8.76524 

8.78648 

8.80674 

8.82610 

8.84464 

,86 

4 

8.84464 

8.86243 

8.87952 

8.89598 

8.91184 

8.92715 

8 94195 

'85 

s! 

8.94195 

8.95626 

8.97013 

8.98357 

8.99662 

9.00929 

9.02162 

84 

6; 

9.021 62 

9.03360 

9.04528 

9.05665 

9 06775 

9.07857 

9.08914 ^ 

83 

7 

9.08914 

9.09946 

9.10955 

9.11 942 

9.12908 

9.13854 

9.14780 

82 

8 

9.14780 

9.15687 

9.16577 

9.17449 

9.18305 

9.19146 

9.19971 

81 

9 

9.19971 

9.20781 

9.21578 

9.22360 

9.23130 

9.23887 

9.24631 

80 

lO 

9.24631 

9.25364 

9.26086 

9.26796 

9-27496 

9.28185 

9.28863 

79 

11 

9.28865 

9.29534 

9.30195 

9.30846 

9.31488 

9.32122 

9.32747 

78 

12 

9.32747 

9-33364 

9-33973 

9-34575 

9.35169 

9.35756 

9-36336 

77 

13 

9.36336 

9.36909 

9-37475 

9-38035 

9.38588 

9.39136 

9.39677 

76 

14 

9.39677 

9.40212 

9.40741 

9.41265 

9.41784 

9.42297 

9.42805 

75 

15 

9.42805 

9.43308 

9.43805 

9.44298 

9-44787 

9.45270 

9-45749 

74 

i6 

9-45749 

9.46224 

9-46694 

9.47160 

9.47622 

9.48080 

9-48533 

73 

17 

9-48533 

9-48983 

9.49429 

9.49872 

9.50310 

9.50746 

9.51177 

72 

i8 

9.51177 

9.51605 

9.52030 

9.52452 

9.52870 

9.53285 

9-53697 

71 

19 

9-53697 

9.54106 

9-545” 

9.54914 

9-553H 

9.55712 

9.56106 

70 

20 

9.56106 

9.56498 

9.56887 

9-57273 

9-57657 

9.58038 

9.58417 

69 

21 

9.58417 

9.58794 

9.59168 

9-59539 

9.59909 

9.60276 

9.60641 

68 

22 

9 60641 

9.61003 

9.61364 

9.61722 

9.62078 

9.62433 

9.62785 

67 

23 

9.62785 

9-63135 

9.63483 

9.63830 

9.64174 

9.64517 

9.64858 

66 

24 

9.64858 

9.65197 

9-65534 

9.65870 

9.66204 

9.66536 

9.66867 

65 

^5 

9.66867 

9.67196 

9.67523 

9.67849 

9.68174 

9.68496 

9.68818 

64 

2 6 

9.68 818 

9.69138 

9.69456 

9-69773 

9.70089 

9.70403 

9.70716 

63 

27 

9.70716 

9.71028 

9.71338 

9.71647 

9-71955 

9.72262 

9.72567 

62 

28 

9.72567 

9.72871 

9-73174 

9.73476 

9-73777 

9.74076 

9-74375 

61 

29 

9-74374 

9.74672 

9.74968 

9.75264 

9 75558 

9.75851 

9.76143 

60 

30 

9.76143 

9-76435 

9.76725 

9.77014 

9.77303 

9.77590 

9.77877 

59 

3^ 

9-77877 

9.78163 

9-78447 

9.78731 

9.79015 

9-79293 

9-79578! 

58 

32 

9-79578 

9.79859 

9.80139 

9.80418 

9.80697 

9.80974 

9.81251 ! 

57 

33 

9 81251 

9.81527 

9.81803 

9 82078 

9.82352 

9.82625 

9.82898 

56 

34 

9.82898 

9.83170 

9.83442 

9.83713 

9 83983 

9.84253 

9.84522 

55 

35 

9.84522 

9.84791 

9.85059 

9.85326 

9 85593 

9.85860 

9.86126 

54 

36 

9.86126 

9.86391 

9.86656 

9.86920 

9.87184 

9.87448- 

9.87711 

53 

37 

9.87711 

9-87974 

9.88236 

9.88498 

9.88759 

9.89020 

9.89281 

52 

38 

9.89281 

9.89541 

9.89801 

9 90060 

9 90319 

9.90578 

9.90836 

51 

39 

9 90836 

9.91095 

9.91352 

9 91610 

9 91867 

9 92121 

9.92381 

5=^ 

40 

9.92381 

9 92637 

9.92894 

9.93149 

9 93405 

9.93661 

9.93916 

49 

41 

9.93916 

9-94171 

9-94497 

9.946S0 

9-94935 

9 95189 

9-95443 

48 

42 

9-95443 

9-95697 

9.95926 

9.96205 

9.96458 

9 96712 

9.96965 

47 

43 

9.96965 

9.97218 

9.97471 

9-97725 

: 9.9797‘3 

9.98230 

9.98484 

! 46 

441 

9.98484 

9-98736 

9.98989 

9-99242 

! 9 99 t 94 

9 99747 

0.00000 

1 45 

ti) 

60' 

50' 

40' 

30' 

20' 

10' 

0' 

F 

! 


Logarithm Cotangent. 
































540 


ORDNANCE MANUAL. 


Logarithms Taxgent. 


j 

0' 

10' 

20' 

30 ' 

40 / 

50 ' 

60 ' 

M 

a> 

« 

45 

0.00000 

0.00252 

0.00505 

0.00758 

O.OIOIO 

0.01263 

0.01516 

44 

46 

0.01516 

0.01769 

0.02022 

0.02275 

0.02528 

0.02781 

0.03034 

43 

47 

0.05054 

0.03287 

0.03541 

0.03794 

0.04048 

0.04302 

0.04556 

42 

48 

0,04556 

0.04810 

0.05064 

0.05319 

0.05573 

0.05828 

0.06083 

41 

49 

0.06083 

0.06559 

0.06594 

0.068 50 

0.07106 

0.07362 

0.07618 

40 

50 

0.07618 

0.07875 

0.08132 

0.08389 

0.08647 

0.08904 

0.091 63 

39 

51 

0.09163 

0.09421 

0.09680 

0.09939 

0.10199 

0.10458 

0.10716 

38 

5 ^ 

0.10719 

0.10979 

0.1 1240 

o.i 1502 

O.I 1763 

0.12025 

0.12288 

37 

53 

0.12288 

0.12551 

0. 12815 

0.13079 

0.13343 

0.13608 

0.13873 

36 

54 

0.13873 

0.14139 

0.14406 

0.14673 

0.14940 

0.15208 

0.15477 

35 

55 

0.15477 

0.15746 

o»i6oi6 

0.16286 

0.16557 

0.16829 

0.17101 

34 

56 

0.17101 

0.17374 

0.17647 

0.17921 

0.18196 

0.18472 

0.18748 

33 

57 

0.18748 

0.19025 

0.19302 

0.19581 

0.19860 

0.20140 

0.20421 

32 

58 

0,20421 

0.20702 

0.20984 

0.21268 

0.21552 

0.21836 

0.22122 

31 

59 

0.22122 

0.22409 

0.22696 

0,22985 

0.23274 

0.23564 

0.23856 

30 

60 

0.23856 

0.24148 

0.24441 

0.24735 

0.25031 

0.25327 

0.25624 

29 

61 

0.25624 

0.25925 

0.26222 

0,26523 

0.26825 

p 

00 

0.27432 

28 

62 

0.27432 

0.27737 

0.28044 

0.28352 

0.28661 

0.28971 

0.29283 

27 

63 

0.29283 

0.29596 

0.29910 

0.30226 

0.30543 

0.30861 

0.31181 

26 

64 

0.31181 

0.31503 

0.31826 

0.32150 

0.32476 

0.32803 

0.33132 

^5 

65 

0.33132 

0-33463 

0-33795 

0.34129 

0.34465 

0.34802 

0.35141 

24 

66 

0.35141 

0.35482 

0.35825 

0.36169 

0.36516 

0.36864 

0.37214 

23 

67 

0.37214 

0.37567 

0.37921 

0.38277 

0.38635 

0.38996 

0-39359 

22 

68 

0-39359 

0.39723 

0.40090 

0.40460 

0.40831 

0.41205 

0.41582 

21 

69 

0.41582 

0.41961 

0.42342 

0.42726 

0.43112 

0.43501 

0.43893 

20 

70 

0.43893 

0.44287 

0,44685 

00 

0 

6 

0.45488 

0.45893 

0.46302 

19 

71 

0.46302 

0.46714 

0.47129 

0.47548 

0.47969 

0.48394 

0.48822 

18 

72 

0.48822 

0.49254 

0.49689 

0.50127 

0.50570 

0.51016 

0.51466 

17 

73 

0.51466 

0-51919 

0.52377 

0.52839 

0.53305 

0-53775 

0.54250 

16 

74 

0.54250 

0.54729 

0.55213 

0.55701 

0.56194 

0.56692 

0.57194 

15 

75 

0.57194 

0.57702 

0.58215 

0.58734 

0.59258 

0.59787 

0.60322 

14 

76 

0.60322 

0.60864 

0.61411 

0.61964 

0.62524 

0.63090 

0.63663 

*3 

77 

0.63663 

0.64243 

0,6483c 

0.65424 

0.66026 

0.66635 

0.67252 

12 

78 

0.67252 

0.67877 

0.68511 

0.69153 

0.69804 

0.70465 

0.71134 

11 

79 

0.71134 

0.71814 

0.72503 

0.73203 

0.73913 

0.74635 

0.75368 

10 

80 

0.75368 

0.76112 

0.76869 

0.77639 

0.78422 

0.79218 

0.80028 

9 

81 

0.80028 

0.80853 

0,81694 

0.82550 

0.83422 

0.84312 

0.85219 

8 

82 

0.85219 

0.86145 

0.87091 

0.88057 

0.89044 

0.90053 

0.91085 

7 

83 

0.91085 

0.92142 

0.93224 

0-94334 

0.95471 

0.96639 

0.97838 

6 

84 

0.97838 

0.99070 

1.00337 

1.01642 

1.02986 

1-04373 

1.05804 

5 

85 

1.05804 

1.07284 

1.08815 

1.10401 

1.12047 

1.13756 

1-15535 

4 

86 

1-15535 

1.17389 

1.19325 

1.21351 

1-23475 

1.25707 

1.28060 

3 

87 

1.28060 

1.30547 

1.33184 

1.35990 

1.38990 

1.42212 

1.45691 

2 

88 

1.45691 

1.49473 

1-53615 

1.58193 

1.63310 

1.69111 

1.758-07 

I 

89 

1.75807 

1.83727 

1.93419 

2.05914 

2.23523 

2.53627 


0 

u 

60 / 

50 ' 

40 ' 

30 ' 

20' 

10/ 

0' 



Logarithm Cotangent. 

























INDEX 


A. 

ACCIDENTS; Precautions against, in laboratory, 256. 

ACCOUTREMENTS, Infantry: Nomenclature, 227.—Dimensions, 230.—Rifle, 
228.—Cavalry, 229.—Artillery, 229.—Weights, 223. 

ACETATE OF LEAD : A white salt of a sweetish taste; spec. grav. 2.345, 261. 

AIR, ATMOSPHERIC; Density, to of that of water, 438, 482. 

ALLOYS: Of various metals, composition, 425.—Of coins, 448. 

ALTITUDE: Above the level of the sea, of Washington, St. Louis, Santa Fe, 
and San Antonio, 463. 

AMMUNITION: For Small Arrna, 266.—Dimensions and weights, 270. For 
F^eld and Mountain Guns, 271.—Fixing, 277.—Packing, 278.—Dimensions and 
weights, 280. For Sieye and Garrison Guns, 282.—Dimensions and weights, 288. 
—Preservation and storage, 316.—Breaking up unserviceable, 317.—Quantity in 
each ammunition-chest, 335, 336.—Quantity for lield-train, 362; for siege-train, 
365; for armament of forts, 369. 

AMMUNITION-CHESTS: For Field-Carriages: Nomenclature, 53.—Bill of 
timber, 84.—Bill of iron, 94.—Dimensions and weight, 77.—Interior arrange¬ 
ment, 332, 333.—Contents, 335, 336.—Weights, packed, 359.—Boards for interior, 
360. For Mountain-Howitzers: Nomenclature, 57.—Dimensions and weight, 75.—- 
Bill of timber, 87.—Bill of iron, 98.—Interior arrangement, 334.—Contents, 336.— 
Contain 700 musket-cartridges, 363.—Number for a battery, 363. 

ANGLE OF SIGHT, NATURAL; Definition, 15.—Of guns, 19, 20. 

ANIMAL POWER: The working-power of men and horses, 455, 471. 

ANTHRACITE COAL: Quality; Weight per cubic foot, 429. 

ANTIMONY: Spec, grav.; Melting-point; Impurities, 261. 

ANVIL-BLOCK, for Portable Forge: Dimensions and weight, 130. 

APPENDAGES FOR MUSKETS: Nomenclature, 180.—Inspection, 189. 

AREAS : Of plane and curved surfaces, 474, 475.—Tables of areas of circles, 496. 

ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION: Formula for, 478. 

ARMAMENT OF FORTIFICATIONS; Guns, carriages, and ammunition re¬ 
quired for, 369. 

ARMORER’S TOOLS: Number for arsenals, 211.—For field-park, 363. 

ARMS, SIDE: Nomenclature, 322.—Dimensions and weights, 324.—Spare parts 
for repairs, 326. 


541 



542 


INDEX. 


ARMS, SMALL: Nomenclature, 177.—Dimensions and weights, 1S3.—in¬ 
spection of new arms, 18.3.—Browning, 193.—Packing, 194.—Preservation in 
store, 198.—Issuing, 198.—Preservation in service, 199.—Inspection of arms in 
service, 205.—Repairs, 206.—Irreparable, 207.—Of foreign countries, 407. 

ARTILLERY : Proportion of, for a field-train, 362.—For a siege-train, 364.—For 
armament of forts, 369.—For mountain-service, 363. 

ARTILLERY-PRACTICE: Ranges, 384.—Initial velocities, 393.—Loss of velo¬ 
city by windage, 395.—Penetration in masonry, 396.—In oak, 396.—In fascines and 
woo], 399.—With hot shot, 403. 

ARTILLERY-SWORD, Foot: Nomenclature, 222.—Dimensions and weight, 
224. 

ASH, WHITE : Properties ; Uses, 405.—Strength ; Spec, grav., 431. 

ATMOSPHERE: Weight of, per square inch, 456. 

AXE, FELLING: Dimensions and weight, 130. ' 

AXLE-TREES: Dimensions and weights of different kinds, 6S. 

B. 

BABBITT’S METAL: Composed of tin, 9 parts, copper, 1 part, 425. 

BALANCE, Common : For weighing, 469. 

BALLISTICS: Equation of the trajectory in vacuo, 480.—In air, 483. 

BALLS: Zead: Diameters and weights, 36.—Manner of making, 266.—Pene¬ 
tration, 266. Ci.tst Iron : Diameter and weight, 34—37.—Specific gravity, 37.— 
Computation of weight, 37.—Inspection, 38.—Piling, 40.—Tables of piles, 42.— 
Penetration, 396. 

BARBETTE-CARRIAGES: Nomenclature, 63.—Dimensions and weights of; 
M'ooden, 78, 79, 82; Iron, 83.—Bills of iron, 104—108.—Implements and equip¬ 
ments, 371.—Mechanical manoeuvres, 380. 

BAR-IRON : Manufacture, 414.—Properties, 416.—Tests, 416.—Strength, 432. 

•—Shearing, 433.—Punching, 433. 

BAROMETER: Measurements of heights by means of, 462. 

BARRELS OF MUSKETS: How made, 181.—Dimensions and weight, 183.— 
Inspection and proof, 184.—Browning, 193.—Strength and durability, 207. 

BARRELS, POWDER: Fabrication, 240.—Dimensions, 241. 

BARS: Manoeuvring, elevating, pinch, truck, roller; Dimensions; Weights, 137. 

BASKET, for mortar-service: Dimensions and weight, 130. 

BASS-WOOD : Properties, 406.—Strength ; Spec, grav., 431. 

BATTERY, of meld-Artillcry ; Composition, 362.—Ammunition, 362.—Moun¬ 
tain-howitzers, 363. Galvanic, the best, 250. 

BATTERY-WAGON : Nomenclature, 51.—Dimensions and weights, 77.—Bill of 
timber, 86.—Bill of iron, 97.—Equipment for field-battery, 341.—Equipment for 
field-park, 348.—Weights packed, 360. 

BAYONET : ^fusJeet: Nomenclature, 179.—Length and weight, 183.—Inspection, 
188. Stcord: Nomenclature, 177.—Length and weight, 183. 

BAYONET-SCABBARD: Nomenclature; Length, 227. 

BEAMS: Transverse strength; Deflection, 436. 

BEAUME’S AREOMETER: Scale in equivalent spec, grav., 440. 


INDEX. 


543 


BEECH ; White: Red: Used for saddle-trees, fuzes, etc., 405.—Strength, 431. 
BELL-METAL : Composed of copper, 28 parts, tin, 22 parts, 425. 

BELLOWS: for field-forge: Nomenclature, 50.—To put it in place, 50. 

BELTS : Cartridge-box, 227.—Waist, 228.—Sword shoulder, 228.—Sabre, 229. 
BILLET, Leather; Definition, 143. 

BILL-HOOK: Dimensions and weight, 130. 

BILLS : Of timber for artillery-carriages, 84.—Of iron, 89. 

BITUMINOUS COAL: Kinds, 428.—Qualities of; Weight, 429. 

BLACK STAIN, for wood: Composition; Application, 174. 

BLOCKS AND BOLLEBS, for mechanical manoeuvres: Dimensions and weights, 
121 . 

BLUE LIGHTS: Preparation, 307.— Composition for, 307, 327. 

BOABDS : Measurement of, 446. —Table of superficial feet of, 411. 
BOILING-POINTS, of liquids, 458. 

BOLTS : Classification and dimensions, 71, 72. 

BOOKS : For siege-equipment, 368. 

BOOTH’S PATENT GBEASE for axles: Composition, 176. 

BOBMANN FUZE : Fabrication, 296.—Dimensions, 297. 

BOXES: For packing muskets, 194.—Bifles, 195.—Small-arm cartridges, 270. 
—Musket-balls, 270.—Field-ammunition, 280.—Percussion-caps, 302. 

BBASS: Composition of, 425.—Strength and specific gravity, 432. 
BBEECH-SIGHT : For heavy guns, 130.—Graduations, 138. 

BBIDLE : For Artillery, 144.—For Mountain-Artillery, 151.—For Cavalry, 155^ 
—Weight, 163, 167. 

BBONZE: Composition, 22.—Properties, 22.—Analysis, 23.—Use in laboratory, 
262.—Strength ; Spec, grav., 432. 

BBOOM, for mortar-batteries: Hickory or birch, weight 3.75 lbs.,130. 
BROWNING ABMS: Instructions for, 193. 

BBOWNING-MIXTUBE, for gun-barrels : Composition, 193. 

BUCKLES, 143.—Classification, 164. 

BUCKSHOT CABTBIDGES, contain 15 buckshot, 266.—Dimensions, 270. 
BUDGE-BABBEL : Fabrication; Dimensions; Weight, 130. 

BUBNS : Application for, 257. 

c. 

CAISSON : Nomenclature, 46.—Dimensions and weights, 77.—Bills of timber, 
85.—Bill of iron, 95.—Equipment for field, 337.—Weight, equipped, 359.—Number 
of rounds of ammunition, 359.—Number with a field-battery, 362. 

CANISTEBS: For Field-Service : Fabrication, 275.—Dimensions and weights, 
280. For Siege and Garrison Service, 284.—Dimensions and weights, 288.—Pro- 
servation and storage, 316. 

CANISTEB-SHOT : Dimensions and weights, 36.—Storage, 316. 

CANNON : For siege-train, 364. 

CAPS, Paper: For field-ammunition, 276. 

CAPS, Percussion, for small arms: Fabrication, 299.—Packing, 302.—Weight, 
?03.—Materials for, 303. 


46 


544 


INDEX. 


CAP'POIJCH: Nomenclature; Dimensions, 227. 

CARBINE ; No model adopted; several kinds in service, 177. 

CARBINE-SLING : Nomenclature ; Dimensions, 229. 

CARBINE-THIMBLE, 158. 

CARRIAGES: Nomenclature: Field, 44.—Prairie, 54.—For mountain-nowitzer, 
56.—Siege, 59.—Mortar-wagons, 61.—Barbette, 63.—Casemate, 65.—Flank defence, 
66. Dimensions and Weights: Field, 74, 77.—Siege, 76, 77.—Wooden barbette, 
78, 79.—Columbiad barbette, 82.—Preservation, 67. Bills of Timber: Field, 84.— 
Mountain-howitzer, 87.—Siege, 88. Bills of Iron : Field, 89.—Mountain-howit¬ 
zer. 98.—Siege, 100.—Barbette, 104.—Casemate, 109. Number for a field-battery, 
262.—For a siege-train, 364.—For armament of fortifications, 369. 

CART, Prairie Ammunition: Nomenclature, 56.—Track, 56. Sling: Nomen¬ 
clature, 112.—Dimensions and weights, 119.—Bills of timber, 122.—Mechanical 
manoeuvres, 381. 

CARTRIDGE-BAGS: For Field-Guns, 211, 280. For Siege and Garrison Guns, 
282.—Dimensions, 288.—Preservation and storage, 316. 

CARTRIDGE-BLOCKS: For Field-Guns: Fabrication, 272; Dimensions, 280. 
For Siege and Garrison Guns, 283.—Dimensions, 288. 

CARTRIDGE-BOX: Infantry, 227, 230.—Rifle, 228, 230.—Cavalry, 229, 230. 

CARTRIDGES : For Small Arms: Making, 266.—Dimensions and weights, 270. 
—Blank, 269.—Preservation and storage, 316. For Field-Guns: Dimensions and 
weights, 280.—For ricochet firing, 283.—Preservation and storage, 316.—For 
proving ordnance, 283. For Siege and Garrison Guns, 282.—Dimensions and 
weights, 288.—Preservation, 316. 

CASE-HARDENING: Mode of, 420. 

CASEMATE-CARRIAGES: Nomenclature, 65.—Dimensions and weights: Of 
wooden, 80, 81.—Iron, 82, 83.—Bills of iron, 109.—Equipment, 371.—Mechanical 
manoeuvres, 379. 

CASEMATE-GIN : Nomenclature, 112.—Dimensions and weights, 119.—Bill 
of timber, 122.—Bill of iron, 124.—Mechanical manoeuvres with, 378. 

CASEMATE-TRUCK: Nomenclature, 115.—Dimensions and weight, 119. 

CASK-GAUGING: Rules for, 476. 

CAST IRON: For guns, 24.—Spec. grav.; Tenacity, 25.—Strength of, 432. 

CAVALRY-SABRE: Nomenclature, 222.—Dimensions and weights, 224. 

CENTRES OF GRAVITY: Of lines; areas; solids: To determine, 477. 

CHAINS: Classification and dimensions, 72.—Weight; Strength, 440. 

CHAPE, Leather: Definition, 143. 

CHARCOAL: Preparation, 237, 258, 427.—Properties, 237, 258, 428. 

CHARGES: For proving ordnance, 30.—For proving small arms, 184._For 

small arms, 270.—For field-service, 280.—For siege and garrison service, 288._ 

For field-shells and spherical case shot, 280.—For large shells, 288. 

CHASSIS: Barbette: Nomenclature, 64.—Dimensions and weights, 78, 79, 82, 
63. Casemate: Nomenclature, 66.—Dimensions and weights, 80, 81, 82, 83. 

CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS of elementary bodies, 430. 

CHLORATE OF POTASSA: Density; Purity; How purchased, 260. 

CHOCKS: For casemate-carriage, 130.—Gun; Wheel; Roller, 121. 


INDEX. 


545 


CIHCLES : Tables of areas and circumferences, 496. 

CLEANING: Arms, 202.—Swords, 226. 

COAL : Charcoal, 427.—Bituminous, 428.—Anthracite, 429.—Weights, 429. 
COAL-BOX: For field-forge, 51. 

COAL-SACK: For portable forge, 130. 

COAL-TAR: How obtained, 429.—A lacker for guns, 172. 

COEHORN MORTAR: Dimensions and weight, 21.—Bed, 67. 

COINS: United States : Dimensions, weights, and alloy, 448. Foreign, AbZ. 
COKE : How made ; Qualities, 429. 

COLORED FIRES : Preparation, 323.—Composition for, 327. 

COLUMBIADS: Nomenclature, 15, 16.—Dimensions and weights, 18, 20. 
COLUMNS : Strength of, 435. 

COMBUSTIBLES : Heating-powers of, 461. 

CONDUCTORS: Lightning, 252.—Of electricity, best, 457. 

CONE-PICK: Steel wire No. 18,* carried in cap-pouch, 227. 

COPPER: For manufacture of bronze guns, 22.—For Laboratory-use, 262.— 
Tinning, 425.—Strength of, 432. 

CUBES : Tables of, 496. 

CURRYCOMB: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 159. 

CYLINDERS: Torsional strength of, 437, 438.—Area, 475.—Solidity, 476. 
CYPRESS : Properties; Uses, 406.—Strength; Spec, grav., 431. 

D. 

DECORATIONS, for rockets: Stars, serpents, streamers, etc., 311. 
DENSIMETER, Mercury: Description and use, 242. 

DIALS, Sun : Construction of, 463. 

DISJUNCTOR: Use of, in the Electro-Ballistic Pendulum, 250. 
DISMOUNTING small arms, 199. 

DISPART: Definition, 15.—Of guns, 19, 20. 

DOG-WOOD: Properties; Uses, 406.—Strength; Spec, grav., 431. 
DRAG-ROPE: Dimensions and weight, 130. 

DRAWING-PAPER: Dimensions of, 148. 

DYE for blacking belts: Composition; Preparation, 175. 


E. 


EFFECTS of shot on cast iron, 402. 

ELECTRICITY : Relative conducting-powers of metals, 457. 
ELECTRO-BALLISTIC PENDULUM : Description, 249.—Use, 250. 

ELM: Used for fellies and small naves, 405.—Strength; Spec, grav., 431. 
EMBRASURE-SHUTTERS: Number of, for siege-train, 367. 

EQUATION OF TIME, 464. 

EQUIPMENT: Of field-carriages, 337.—Of prairie-carriages, 338.—Of moun¬ 
tain-howitzer, 338.—Of forgo for field-battery, 339.—Of battery-wagon for field- 
battery, 341.—Of forge for park, 346.—Of battery-wagon for park, 348.—Of forge 


546 


INDEX. 


for mountain-howitzer, 358.—Of field-train, 361.—Of siege-train, 364.—Of fortress 
carriages, 370.—Of mortar-batteries, 371. 

EXPANSION: Of shot, when heated red hot for firing, 404.—Of various 
bodies by heat, 459. 

EYE-PINS: Dimensions of, 73. 

F. 

FALLING BODIES; Motion of, 465. 

FASCINES, Pitched : Preparation, 304.—Preservation, 317. 

FELLING-AXE : Dimensions and weight, 130. 

FIELD-CARRIAGES : Nomenclature, 44.—Dimensions and weights, 74.—Bills 
of timber, 84.—Bills of iron, 89.—Equipment, 337.—Weights, 359.—For field-train, 
362, 363. 

FIELD-GIN: Nomenclature, 111.—Dimensions and weights, 119.—Bills of timber, 
122.—Bill of iron, 123.—Mechanical manoeuvres, 378. 

FIELD-PARK : Composition of, 363. 

FIELD-TRAIN,: llow regulated; Composition of, 361. 

FILES : Kind ; Dimensions ; How to select, 423. 

FIRE-BALLS: Fabrication, 306.—Preservation in store, 317. 

FIREWORKS : Ornamental, 319.—Compositions for, 327. 

FIXED AMMUNITION: Manner of making, 277.—Weights and dimensions, 280. 

FLANK DEFENCE CARRIAGE: Nomenclature, 66.—Dimensions and weights, 
80, 81. 

FOOT-POUND: Definition, 465. 

FORAGE: Weights of different kinds, 456. 

FORGE: Field: Nomenclature, 48.—Dimensions and weights, 77.—Bill of 
timber, 85.—Bill of iron, 95.—For field-battery, 339.—For field-park, 346.— 
Weights, equipped, 360. Portable: Nomenclature, 58.—Weight, 75. 

FORGE-BUCKET : For portable forge, 131. 

FORMUL.S1: In mechanics, 464.—In mensuration, 474.—In trigonometry, 478. 

FRACTIONS of a pound: Equivalents in ounces, 452. 

FREEZING-POINTS, of liquids, 461. 

FRICTION: Laws of, 469.—Of plane surfaces upon each other, 470. 

FRICTION-PRIMERS: Fabrication, 298.—Packing,299.—Preservation in store, 
317. 

FRIGORIFIC MIXTURES: How made, 462. 

FULMINATE OF MERCURY: Prei^aration of, 300.—Preservation, 301. 

FULMINATING-POWDER: Composition of; Manipulation, 260. 

FUNNEL: Dimensions and weight, 131. 

FURNACES : For laboratory, 255.—For heating shot, 403. 

FUZE-IMPLEMENTS; Cutter; Extractor; Setter; Saw; Mallet; Dimensions 
and weights, 131. 

FUZE-PLUGS: For heavy guns, 287. 

FUZES: For 3Iortar-Shells : Fabrication, 293.—Dimensions and weights, 297. 
For Heavy Guns: Fabrication, 294.—Packing, 295.—Dimensions and weights, 297. 
For Field-Gnns: Fabrication, 295.—Dimensions and weights, 297.—Preservation 
in store, 317. 


INDEX. 


547 


G. 

GARRISON-GIN : Nomenclature, 111.—Dimensions and weights, 119.—Bills of 
timber, 122.—Bill of iron, 124.—Mechanical manoeuvres, 378. 

GAUGES : For shot and shells, 35.—For rifle musket, 215.—For rifle, 220.—For 
gunpowder, 242. 

GAUGING CASKS; Rules for, 476. 

GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION: Law of, 478. 

GIN-FALLS : Dimensions and weight, 119. 

GIN-HANDSPIKES: Nomenclature, 136.—Dimensions and weight, 137. 

GINS : Nomenclature, 111.—Dimensions and weight, 119.—Bills of timber, 122. 

•—Bill of iron, 123.—Mechanical manoeuvres, 378. 

GLUE: Qualities of, 264.—To dissolve, 265. 

GOLD RAIN : How made, 311.—Composition, 327. 

GOMER-CHAMBER: Definition, 15. 

GRAPE : Stands of, 284.—Dimensions and weights, 288. 

GRAPE-SHOT: Dimensions and weights, 36. 

GRATES for heating shot, 403. 

GRAVITY: Specific, of fluids, 438.—Force of, 465.—Centres of, of lines, areas, 
solids, 477. 

GREASE: For carriage-wheels, 176.—Booth’s patent, 176. 

GRENADES : Hand ; Rampart, 36.—Firing from mortars, 285. 

GROMMETS: or. Ring-wads: How made and attached, 286. 

GUM ARABIC: Qualities and preparation of, 264. 

GUM, BLACK: Properties and uses, 406.—Strength; Spec, grav., 431. 
GUN-CARRIAGES: Field: Nomenclature, 44.—Dimensions and weights, 74.— 
Bills of timber, 84.—Bills of iron, 89.—Equipment, 337.—Weights, equipped, 359. 
Siege : Nomenclature, 59.—Dimensions and weights, 76.—Bills of timber, 88.—Bills 
of iron, 100.—Equipment, 366. Barbette, wooden : Dimensions and weights, 78, 82. 
—Equipment, 371. Iron: Nomenclature, 63.—Dimensions and weights, 83.—Bill 
of iron, 104.—Equipment, 371. Casemate, wooden : Dimensions and weights, 80.— 
Equipment, 371. Iron .‘Nomenclature, 65.—Dimensions and weights?, 83.—Bill of iron, 
109.—Equipment, 371. Mountain-Howitzer: Nomenclature, 56.—Dimensions and 
weight, 75.—Bill of timber, 87.—Bill of iron, 98.—Equipment, 338. Prairie: Nomen¬ 
clature, 54.—Preservation of, 67.—Dimensions and weights, 74.—Equipment, 338.. 

GUN-METAL : Bronze, 22.—Cast iron, 24.—Wrought iron and steel, 25.—■ 
Strength ; Spec, grav., 432. 

GUNNER’S IMPLEMENTS: Gimlet; Callipers; Haversack; Perpendicular, 
131.—Pincers; Quadrant; Sleeve; Dimensions and weights, 432. 

GUNPOWDER: Kinds, 234.—Materials, 234.—Manufacture, 238.—Proportions, 
249.—Granulating, 239.—Glazing, 240.—Drying, 240.—Packing, 240.—Round, 

241. —Inspection and proof, 242.—Qualities, 242.—Size of gr.ain, 242.—Density, 

242. Analysis, 244.—Restoring unserviceable, 245.—Preservation, storage, and 

transportation, 245.—Foreign, 247.—Pressure of, in guns, 473. 

GUNS : Dimensions and weights, 18, 19, 20.—Proof, 30.—Preservation of, 3.3 — 
Ranges, 384-387. 

GUN-SLING : Dimensions, 228. 

46-.K 




548 


INDEX. 


H. 

HALE’S ROCKETS: Fabrication, 314.—Dimensions, 315.—Ranges, 395. 

HALTER: For Artillery, 144.—For Mountain-Artillery, 151.—For Cavalry, 156. 

HAND-BARROW: Nomenclature, 117. 

HANDBILL : (see Bill-Hook ;) Dimensions and weights, 130. 

HAND-CART: Nomenclature, 115.—Dimensions and weights, 119. 

HAND SLING-CART: Nomenclature, 114.—Dimensions and weights, 119. 

HANDSPIKES : Nomenclature, 136.—Dimensions and iveights, 137. 

HARNESS : For Field and Siege Carriages : Nomenclature, 142.—Required for 
each horse, 163.—Weight, 163.—Dimensions of parts, 165.—Inspection of, 159.—• 
Materials for making, 166.—Storage, 160.—Spare parts for repairs, 345, 351.—For 
a battery, 362. For Mountain-Service : Nomenclature, 151.—Weight, 75. 

HAXJSSE, Pendulum, for Field-Service: Description of, 132.—Graduations for, 133. 

HAVERSACK, Gunner’s: Dimensions and weights, 131. 

HAY : Dimensions and weights of bundles, 456. 

HEAT, 458.—Expansion of various substances by, 459.—Conduction of, 459.— 
Specific; Latent, 460.—Of combustion of different substances, 461. 

HEIGHTS: Measurement of, by barometer, 462.—Of Washington, St.'Louis, 
Sante Fe, San Antonio, 463. 

HICKORY: Properties; Uses, 405.—Strength; Spec, grav^, 431. 

HORSE-BRUSH: Nomenclature, 158.—Dimensions and weight, 159. 

HORSE-POWER: 550 lbs. raised 1 foot in 1 minute, 465, 472. 

HORSES : Number required for a field-battery, 362.—Number required for a siege- 
train, 364.—Work of, 455.—Work done by, 471. 

HORSESHOEING: General directions for, 162. 

HORSESHOES: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weights, 161. Horseshoe- 
nails: Nomenclature; Weights, 161. 

HOT BLAST: Use of increases the yield of iron, 412. 

HOT SHOT : Firing, 403.—Expansion of, 404. 

HOWITZERS: Kinds and calibres, 13.—Nomenclature, 16.—Principal dimen¬ 
sions and weights, 18, 20.—Inspection, 28.—Proof, 30.—Preservation, 33. 

HYDRAULIC JACK : A substitute for the lifting-jack : Dimensions, weight, 117. 

HYDRAULIC RAMS : Proportions of, 467. 

HYDROMETER: Construction; Dimensions; Use, 439. 

I. 

ICE: Strength of different thicknesses of, 462. 

IMPLEMENTS: For Fields Mountain, Siege, and Garrison Service: Nomencla¬ 
ture, 128.—Dimensions and weights, 138.—Preservation in store, 140.—Bill of 
timber, 141. Kind and Number : For field-carriages, 337.—For prairie-carriages, 
338.—For mountain-howitzers, 338.—For siege-carriages, 366.—For fortress-car¬ 
riages, 370, 371.—For firing hot shot, 403. 

INCLINED PLANE : Power of, 468. 

INFANTRY ACCOUTREMENTS : Nomenclature; Dimensions and weights, 227, 
230.—Materials for making, 231. 


INDEX. 519 

IN ITIAL VELOCITIES : Of cannon-balls, 393.—Of lead balls, 394.—Formula for 
computing, 485. 

INJURIES of ordnance, caused by service, 31. 

INSPECTION: Of ordnance, 27.—Of shot and shells, 38.—Of harness, 159.— 
Of small arms, 183.—Of barrels, 184.—Of small arms which have been in service, 
205.—Of swords, 225.—Of gun-carriage iron, 417. 

INSTRUMENTS; For inspecting ordnance, 25.—For inspecting shot and shells, 
38.—For siege-train, 368.—For armament of forts, 373. 

IRON, BAR: Manufacture; Properties and test, 416.—Forging, 417.—Strength, 
432.—Tables of weight, 441-443. 

IRON, CAST: For guns, 24.—Specific gravity; Tenacity, 25.—Varieties, 412.— 
Properties, 412.—Strength; Spec, grav., 432. 

IRON PIPES : Weight of different sizes, 444. 

IRON WIRE; Strength of different sizes of, 434. 

IRON, WROUGHT: For guns, 25.—Strength; Spec, grav., 432. 

IRREPARABLE ARMS, 207. 

ISSUE OF ARMS, 198. 

J. 

JACK : Lifting : Nomenclature, 116.—Dimensions and weight, 120. Hydraulic : 
Dimensions and weight, 117. Screw: For field-service: Dimensions and weight, 
134. Lever: Nomenclature, 117.—Dimensions and weight, 120. 

K. 

KIT: Composition; Preparation, 175. 

KNOTS : How to tie them, 374. 

L. 

LABORATORY: Buildings for, 254.—Fixtures and furniture, 254.—Materials, 
257.—Tools and implements, 328. 

LACKER : For iron ordnance, 172.—For small arms, 173.—For bright work, 173. 

LADLES: Fabrication, 129.—Dimensions and weights, 138.—Number required. 
366, 370. 

LANCES: Fabrication, 319.—Composition for, 327.—Rate of burning, 327 

LANYARD for friction-primers : Dimensions and weight, 132. 

LARIAT: Dimensions and weight, 159. 

LASHING-ROPE for mountain-howitzer: Dimensions and weight, 153. 

LAYER, Leather: Definition, 143. 

LEAD : Properties, 261.—Purity, how known; To reduce oxide, 261.—Strength ; 
•Spec, grav., 431. 

LEAD BALLS : Diameters and weights, 36.—To compute weight of, 37.—Fabri¬ 
cation, 266.—Preservation, 316. 

LEADERS for fireworks : How made, 323. 

LEATHER: Kinds of, 142.—Quality for harness and cavalry equipments, 159.— 
Required for one set of harness, 166.—For accoutrements, 230.—Quantity for ac¬ 
coutrements, 231. 


550 


INDEX. 


LEG-GTJARD: Nomenclature, 150.—Weight, 163. 

LEVER: Power of, 468. 

LEVER-JACK: Nomenclature, 117.—Dimensions and weight, 120. 
LIFTING-JACK: Nomenclature, 116.—Dimensions and weight, 120. 

LIGHT ARTILLERY SABRE: Nomenclature, 222.—Dimensions, weight, 224. 
LIGHT-BALLS: Fabrication, 307. 

LIGHTNING-RODS: Best materials for, 252.—To put up, 252. 

LIGHTS: Fabrication, 320.—Compositions for, 327. 

LIMBER : Nomenclature : Field, 45.—Prairie, 55.—Siege, 60. Dimensions and 
Weights: Field and prairie, 74.—Siege, 76. Bills of Timber : For field, 84.—For 
siege, 88. Bills of Iron : For field, 93.—For siege, 102. 

LIMBER-CHEST: For travelling-forge and battery-wagon, 54.—Weights, 77. 
LINCH-PINS: Dimensions and weights, 69. 

LINE OF SIGHT, Natural: Definition, 15.—Of guns, 19, 20. 

LINES: Mensuration of, 474. 

LINIMENT, for burns, 257. 

LINK: Dimensions and weight, 159. 

LOCK-CHAINS, for field and siege carriages : Dimensions, 70. 

LOCK, MUSKET : Nomenclature, 177.—Inspection, 186.—To take apart, 200.— 
To clean, 202. 

LOGARITHMS, 478.—Of numbers, 516.—Of circular parts, 537. 

LOOPS, Iron, 143.—Classification, 164. 

M. 

MACHINES for siege and garrison service: Nomenclature, 111.—Dimensions 
and weights, 119, 120.—Number for siege-train, 367.—Number for garrison, 372. 
MAGAZINES for gunpowder: Arrangement; how entered; aired; guarded, 246. 
MAGNETIC NEEDLE: Declination, at different places ; Dip, 463. 
MAN(EUVRING-HANDSPIKE : Nomenclature, 136.—Dimensions, weights, 137. 
MARKS : On ordnance, 31.—On musket-barrels, 186.—On musket-locks, 187.— 
On muskets, 187.—On powder-barrels, 244. 

MARRONS : Fabrication and use, 312. 

MATCH: Slow; Uses; Preparation, 290. Qaich: Uses; Preparation, 291. 
MATERIALS: Required for making accoutrements, 231.—For laboratory-use, 
257.—For 10,000 friction-primers, 299.—For 1,000,000 caps, 303.—For constructions, 
405.—For repairing siege-carriages, 367.—For repairing fortress-carriages, 372.—• 
Strength of; Specific gravity of, 431-433. 

MATHEMATICAL formulae and data, 474. 

MAUL for driving pickets: Dimensions and weight, 132. 

MEASUREMENT of timber, 410. 

MEASURES : United States: Length, 445.—Surface, 445.—Solidity, 446.—Ca¬ 
pacity, 446.—Weight, 447.—Value, 448. Foreign: Length, 448.—Surface; So¬ 
lidity; Capacity, 450.—Weight, 451.—Value, 453. 

MECHANICAL MANffiUVRES, 376.-With gins, 378. 

MECHANICAL POWERS, 468. 

MELTING-POINTS of solids, 458. 


INDEX. 


551 


MEN: "Working-power of, 455, 471. 

MEN’S HARNESS: Dimensions and weight, 132. 

MENSURATION of timber and boards, 410, 446. 

MERINO, for cartridge-bags, 264. 

METALS : For constructions, Storage and preservation, 426.—Strength, 432.— 
Relative malleability ; Ductility; Capacity of conducting electricity, 457.—Expan¬ 
sion by heat, 459. 

METRES : Length of, 449, 454.—Table for reduction to inches, 493. 

MONEY: United States, 448.—Foreign, 453. 

MORTAR-BEDS: Nomenclature, 67. 

MORTARS : Kind and calibres, 13.—Nomenclature, 15.—Dimensions and weights, 
18,21.—Proof, 30.—Preservation, 33.—Beds, 67.—Platforms, 117,120.—Implements 
and equipments, 366.—Mechanical manoeuvres, 381. 

MORTAR-'WAGON: Nomenclature, 61.—Dimensions and weights, 77.—Bill of 
timber, 88.—Bill of iron, 103. 

MOULDS, for wads : Dimensions, 287. 

MOUNTAIN-HOWITZER; Dimensions and weight, 21. Carriage: Dimensions 
and weight, 75.—Packing, 153.—Composition of a battery, 363. 

MOUNTINGS: For Musket: Nomenclature, 178.—Inspection, 188.—Cleaning, 
203. For Rifle : Nomenclature, 179. 

MUSICIAN’S SWORDS; Nomenclature, 223.—Dimensions and weights, 224. 

MUSKET: Rifle: Nomenclature, 177.—Dimensions and weight, 183. Model 
of 1842: Nomenclature, 179.—Dimensions and weight, 183.—Inspection, 183.— 
Packing, 194. Cadet: Nomenclature, 179.—Dimensions and weight, 183. 

MUSKET-CARTRIDGES: Fabrication, 266.—Bundling, 268.—Packing, 268. 

N. 

NAILS: Wrought and Cut: Dimensions, 73. Horseshoe: Weight, 161. 

NAVE-BOXES: Dimensions, 69. 

NEEDLE, MAGNETIC: Declination and dip, 46.3. 

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER’S SWORD: Nomenclature, 223.—Dimensions 
and weight, 224. 

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER’S SWORD-BELT: Dimensions, 228. 

NOSE-BAG; Nomenclature; Dimensions, 150. 

NUTS : Dimensions and weights, 71. 


o. 

OAK, WHITE: Properties; Uses, 405.—Strength; Spec, grav., 432. 

OATS : Weight of a bushel; Of a cubic foot, 456. 

ORDNANCE: Kinds and calibres, 13.—Definitions of parts, 14.—Nomencla¬ 
ture, 15.—Designation, 17.—Principal dimensions and weights, 18, 19, 20, 21.— 
Inspection, 27.—Proof, 29.—Marks, 31.—Injuries in service, 31.—Spiking and 
unspiking, 32.—Preservation, 33.—Proportion for a field-train, 362.—For a siege- 
train, 364.—Of England, 488.—Of France; Belgium, 489.—Spain; Prussia, 490. 
Russia; Sweden, 491.—Saxony; Austria, 492.—Of the Navy of the United Stat6s,492. 


552 


INDEX. 


P. 

PACKING: Small arms, 194.—With straw, 196.—Swords, 226.—Small-arrn 
tartridges, 268.—Musket-balls, 279.—Cartridge-bags, 271.—Field-ammunition, 
278.—Ammunition-boxes, 281.—Percussion-caps, 302. 

PACKING-BOXES; For muskets, 194.—For rifles, 193.—For small-arm car¬ 
tridges, 270.—For musket-balls, 270.—For field-ammunition, 280.—For portfires, 
297.—For percussion-caps, 302.—For war-rockets, 3l5. 

PACKS, for mountain-service: Weights, 75. 

PACK-SADDLE: Nomenclature, 151.—Weight, 75.—Bill of timber, 87.—Bill 
of iron, 99. 

PAINT: Preparation and composition, 169.—Brainard’s, 171.—Quantity and 
kind required for a carriage, 176. 

PAPER, Laboratory: Kinds; Proof; Dimensions and weights, 263. 

PAPER SHELLS: Fabrication, 321.—Dimensions and weights, 326. 

PARK, FIELD : Composition of, 363. 

PASS-BOX: Dimensions and weight, 132. 

PASTE: To prepare the different kinds of, 264. 

PENDULUM, Ballistic: Used to determine initial velocities, 243. 

PENDULUM, Captain Benton’s: Description, 249.—To use, 250. 

PENDULUM-HAUSSE: Description of, 132.—Graduations, 133. 

PENDULUMS: Length of; Time of vibration of, 466. Revolving: Time of 
revolution, 467. 

PENETRATION: Of Shot: In masonry, 396.—In oak, 396, 400.—In earth, 
397.—In granite and brick, 399.—In fascines and wool, 399. Of Shells, 397. Of 
Small Arms, 402. Of Spherical Projectiles, 485. 

PENT-HOUSE: Nomenclature, 117.—To put on, 117.—Bill of lumber, 126. 
—Bill of iron, 127. 

PERCUSSION-CAPS: Fabrication, 299.—Packing, 302.—Number required for 
cartridges, 268. 

PETARD: Use; Fabrication; Effects; Substitute for a, 315.—For ornamental 
fireworks, 321. 

PEWTER: Composed of tin, 4 parts, lead, 1 part, 425. 

PICK-AXE ; Dimensions and weight, 132. 

PIG IRON: Process of manufacture, 412.—Strength, 432. 

PILING BALLS, 40.—To find the number in a i^ile, 40.—Tables of piles, 42. 

PINE: White, pitch, yellow : Properties, 405.—Strength; Specific gravity, 432, 

PINTLE: Weight of: Barbette, 79, 82.—Casemate, 81. 

PINTLE-CROSS : For temporary batteries, 117. 

PIPES: Thickness of, 434, 435.—Weight of iron, 444. 

PISTOL: A repeating, issued to the cavalry and light artillery, 177. 

PISTOL-CARBINE : Nomenclature, 180.—Dimensions and weight, 133. 

PITCH : How made ; For what used, 430. 

PITCH CEMENT : Composition, 175. 

PITCHED FASCINES : Preparation of, 304.—How used, 305. 

PLANTON’S COMPOSITION for preserving wood or iron, 173. 

PLATES ; Cartridge-box, 227.—Waist-belt, 228.—Sabre-belt, 229. 


INDEX. 


553 


PIATFOEM, for siege guns and mortars, 117.—Dimensions and weights, 120. 
PLATFORMS : For Siege-Guns : Nomenclature, 117.—Dimensions and weights, 
120.—Bills of timber, 122. For Siege-Mortars : Nomenclature, 117.—Dimensions 
and weights, 120.—Bills of timber, 122. 

PLUMMET, for mortars: Line and Bob, weight 1 lb., 134. 

POINTING-WIRE, for mortars: Iron wire No. 7, 20 inches long, 134. 
POLE-PAD: Nomenclature; Use; Preservation, 150. 

POPLAR, White: Properties; Uses, 405.—Strength; Spec, gravity, 432. 
PORTABLE FORGE, for mountain-howitzers: Nomenclature, 58.—Weight, 75. 
PORTFIRES: Fabrication, 292.—Packing, 293.—Preservation in store, 317. 
POWDER. (See Gunpowder, 234.) 

POWDER-BARRELS : Fabrication, 240.—Dimensions, 241. 
POWDER-MEASURES: Description; Dimensions; Weights, 134. 

POWERS OF NUMBERS : Tables of, 496. 

PRAIRIE-CARRIAGE : Nomenclature, 54.—Dimensions and weights, 74.— 
Equipment, 338. 

PREPONDERANCE : Definition, 15.—Of guns, 18, 19.—Of howitzers, 21. 
PRESERVATION : Carriages, 67.—Implements, 140.—Harness, 160.—Small 
arms, 197.—Small arms in service, 199.—Ammunition and fireworks, 315.—Metals, 
426.—Finished work, 426. 

PRESSURE-PISTON, Captain Rodman’s : Description and use, 251. 
PRIMERS, FRICTION: Fabrication, 298.—Packing, 299.—Number required for 
field-ammunition, 335.—For siege, 365.—For forts, 370. 

PRIMING-WIRE, for field and garrison guns: Dimensions and weights, 134. 
PROGRESSION : Arithmetical and geometrical, 478. 

PROJECTILE: Motion of: In vacuo, 480.—In the air, 482. Penetration, 485. 
PROLONGE: Description; Dimensions; Weight, 134. 

PROOF: Of ordnance, 29.—Of shot and shells, 39.—Of musket-barrels, 184.— 
Of springs, 186.—Of swords and sabres, 225.—Of gunpowder, 242.—Of chains, 440. 
PULLEY: Power of, 468. 

PULLEY-BLOCKS, for gins: Nomenclature, 111, 112. 

PUNCHING METALS : Force required for, 433. 

PYROMETER, Wedgewood’s : Scale, 458. 

Q. 

QUANTITY OF WORK : Definition, 465.—Done by men and horses, 471, 472. 
QUICK-MATCH : Preparation, 291.—Preservation in store, 317. 

QUOIN, for siege-mortars: Dimensions; Weight, 134. 

R. 

RACKS, for small arms, 197. 

RAIN : Quantity that falls annually, 463.—Of fire, 311.—Gold, 311. 
RAMMER-HEADS: Fabrication, 128.—Dimensions and weights, 138. 
RAMMERS: Fabrication, 128.—Dimensions and weights, 138. 

RAMRODS: Nomenclature, 178.—Inspection, 188. 


554 


INDEX. 


KANGES: Of field-guns, 384, 385, 386.—Of mountain-howitzers, 386.—Of 
siege-guns, 387.—Of heavy guns, 387. 

HASPS : Kinds and sizes, 423. 

HATIONS : Weight and bulk of, 456. 

EECOIL of iron carriages : IIow regulated, 393. 

HED-HEAT of iron : Temperature of, 458. 

REPAIRS; Of small arms, 206.—Of swords, 226.—Of accoutrements, 231. 
REPORT OF INSPECTION : Of musket-barrels, 192.—Of powder, 244. 
RESISTANCE of the air to motion of projectiles, 482. 

RIFLE : Nomenclature, 179.—Dimensions and weight, 183. 

RIFLE-MUSKET : (see Musket:) Nomenclature, 177.—Dimensions, weight, 183. 
RINGS: For Chains: Dimensions, 73. For Strapping Shot and Shells: Dimen¬ 
sions, 273. 

RIVETS: Classification and dimensions, 72.—Copper, 231. 

ROCKETS, SIGNAL: Fabrication, 308.—Decorations for, 311.—Dimensions and 
weights, 313. 

ROCK-FIRE : Preparation, 303.—Preservation in store, 317. 

ROMAN CANDLES : Fabrication, 322. 

ROPES : Size, how designated, 426.—Quality, 264, 426.—Strength, 426.—Preser¬ 
vation, 427. 

ROSIN : How obtained; Its quality, 430. 

s. 

SABOTS: For Field-Guns : Fabrication, 272.—Dimensions, 280. For Siege and 
Garrison Guns : Fabrication, 283.—Dimensions, 288. Of Sharings, 287. 
SABRES: Nomenclature, 222.—Dimensions and weights, 224. 

SADDLE-BAGS: Nomenclature, 158.—Weight, 168. 

SADDLE-BLANKET: Quality; Dimensions and weight, 158. 

SADDLES : Artillery : Driver’s, 145.—Valise, 146.—Weight, 163. Cavalry, 156. 
•—Weight, 167. 

SAFE, LEATHER: Definition, 143. 

SALTPETRE: Properties, 234.—Where found, 235.—Test of crude, 235.—Refin¬ 
ing, 235.—Test of refined, 236.—Pulverizing, 236, 257.—Purity for gunpowder, 237. 
SCRAPER, for siege-mortars : Dimensions and Aveight, 134. 

SCREW : Mechanical power of, 469.—Table of wood-screws, 424. 
SCREW-JACK, for field-service : Dimensions and weight, 134. 

SERPENTS, for rockets: Fabrication, 311.—Weight, 314. 

SHAFTS, for mountain-howitzer carriage, 57. 

SHEARING METALS: Force required for, 433. 

SHEET IRON : Qualities, 421.—Thickness and weights, 422. 

SHEET STEEL: Qualities, 421.—Thickness and weights, 422. 

SHEET TIN : Manufacture, 421.—Dimensions, 422. 

SHELLS: Dimensions and weights, 34.—To compute the weight of, 37.—To 
find the quantity of powder to fill, 37.—General directions for fabricating, 37.—In¬ 
spection, 38.—Piling, 40.—Charging, 274, 280.—Strapping, 283.—Filling, 284.—• 
Unloading, 318.—Ranges, 385-389.—Penetrations, 397. 


INDEX. 


555 


SHELL-HOOKS : Dimensions and weight, 134. 

SHOD HANDSPIKES; Nomenclature, 136.—Dimensions and weights, 137. 

SHOT; Dimensions and weights, 34.—To compute weight of, 37.—Inspection, 
38.—Piling and preservation, 40.—Strapping, 273.—Ranges, 384.—Penetrations, 
396, 401.—E.xpansion when heated, 404. ' 

SHOVEL: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 135. 

SIEGE-ARTILLERY : Gnus : Kind, 13.—Dimensions and weights, 18, 19, 20.— 
Proportion in a siege-train, 364. Carriages : Nomenclature, 59.—Dimensions and 
weights, 76.—Bills of timber, 88.—Bills of iron, 100.—Equipment, 366.—Mecha¬ 
nical manoeuvres, 377. 

SIEGE-CARRIAGES: Nomenclature, 59.—Dimensions and weights, 76, 77.— 
Equipment, 366. 

SIEGE-TRAIN : Composition of, 364. 

SIEVES : For laboratory, 325.—For gunpowder, 242. 

SIGNAL-ROCKETS : Uow denominated, 308.—Fabrication, 309.—Dimensions 
and weights, 313.—Decorations for, 311.—Preservation in store, 317. 

SINES : Tables of natural, 535.—Tables of logarithms of, 537. 

SLING-CARTS: Nomenclature, 112.—Dimensions and weights, 119. Hand: 
Nomenclature, 114.—Dimensions and weights, 119.—Bill of timber, 122.—Bill of 
iron, 125. 

SLING-CHAINS: Description; Length, 114.—Weight, 119. 

SLOW-MATCH: Preparation and packing, 290.—Preservation in store, 316. 

SMALL ARMS: Nomenclature, 177.—Dimensions and weights, 183.—Inspec¬ 
tion, 183.—Packing, 194.—Care in store, 198.—Repairs, 206.—For armament of 
forts, 370.—Of foreign countries, 487. 

SMELTING IRON : Process of; Fuel and flux used in, 412. 

SOLDER: Silver; Hard; Plumber’s; Tinner’s; Pewterer’s; Composition, 425. 

SOLDERING, Liquor for: Composition, 425. 

SOLIDS: Expansion by heat, 459.—Mensuration, 476.—Centre of gravity, 477. 

SOUND : Velocity, about 1100 feet in a second, 456. 

SPARE PARTS: For repairs of small arms, 209.—Swords, 226.—Accoutrements, 
231.—Field-carriages and equipments, 363.—Siege-carriages, 367.—Fortress-car¬ 
riages, 372. 

SPATULA, for mortars: Dimensions and weight, 134. 

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES : Of fluids, 438. 

SPHERICAL CASE SHOT : Dimensions and weights, 35.—For rifled guns, 35. 
—Inspection, 39.—Filling and charging; Charge for firing; AVeights, fixed, 275-280. 
—Packing, 279.—Proportion in ammunition-chest, 335.—For a battery, 362.—For 
a siege-train, 365.—Ranges and time of flight, 384.—Initial velocity, 400.—Velo¬ 
cities of, at X distance from the gun, 483, 484. 

SPIKING GUNS: Manner of, 32.—To fire spiked guns, 32. 

SPLICING ROPES: Manner of, 376. 

SPONGE-BUCKET: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 135. 

SPONGE-COVERS: Fabrication, 129.—Dimensions and weights, 138. 

SPONGE-HEADS: Fabrication, 128.—Dimensions and weights, 138. 

SPONGES : Fabrication, 128.—Dimensions and weights, 138.—For mortars, 140. 

47 


556 


INDEX. 


SPURS: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight. 158. 

SQUARES AND ROOTS of numbers, 496. 

STARS, for rockets: Fabrication, .311.—Compositions, 327. 

STAVES, for implements : Fabrication, 129.—Dimensions, 138. 

STEAM : Elastic force of, 473.—Steam borse-power, 472. 

STEEL; Guns, 25.—Manufacture, 418.—Kinds and properties, 419.—Hardening 
and tempering, 419.—Strength, 432. 

STEEL, CAST : Manufacture; Properties; Test of, 419.—Strength ; Specific 
gravity, 432. 

STEEL, PUDDLED: Manufacture; Properties; Strength, 418. 

STEEL, SHEAR: Kinds; Manufacture, 418. 

STOCKS, MUSKET: Nomenclature, 178.—Inspection, 189. 

STORE-TRUCK: Nomenclature, 116.—Dimensions and weights, 119. 

STRAPPING shot and shells: Different modes for: Field, 273.—Siege and Gar¬ 
rison, 283. 

STRAPS, for strapping shot and shells: For field-guns, 273-280.—For siege 
and garrison guns, 288. 

STREAMERS, for rockets : Fabrication, 311.—Composition, 327. 

STRENGTH : Of iron for guns, 24.—Of musket-barrels, 207.—Of materials, 431, 
432.—Of chains, 440.—Of hemp and iron-wire ropes, 434.—Of ice, 462. 

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS: Tensile; Transverse; Resistance to compression, 
431, 432.—Resistance to punching and shearing, 433. 

SULPHUR: Where found, 237.—Properties, 238.—Refining, 238.—Pulverizing, 
238, 259. 

SUN-CASES: Fabrication, 320.—Composition for, 327.—Dimensions; Rate of 
burning, 326. 

SURFACES; Mensuration of, 474.—Friction of different plane, 470. 

SWORDS: Non-commissioned officer’s; Musician’s,223,224.—Foot-officer’s,224. 

T. 

TABLES : Ordnance, 18-21.—Shot and shells, 34-36.—Lead balls, 36.—Cast-iron 
balls, 37.—Piles of balls, 42.—Dolts, nuts, and washei's, 71. Dimensions and tceights: 
Of artillery-carriages, 74-83.—Of machine.-^, 119, 120.—Of gins, 119.—Of platforms, 
120.—Traverse-circles, 121.—Blocks and rollers, 121.—Buckles, loops, and rings, 
164.—Ptockets, 164.—Leather parts of harness, 165.—Cavalry equipments, 167.— 
Small arms, 183.—Cartridge-boxes, 230.—Cartridges for small arms, 270.—Field- 
ammunition, 280.—Siege and garrison ammunition, 288.—Fuzes, 297.—Heights of 
breech-sights, 391.—For estimating distances, 392.—Initial velocities of cannon¬ 
balls, 393.—Initial velocities of balls fired from small arms, 394.—Loss of velocity by 
windage, 395.—Ranges of war-rockets, 395.—Penetration of shot in masonry, 396. 
—Penetration of shot in oak, 396-400.—In compact earth, 397.—Penetration of 
shells, 397.—Penetration in granite and brick, 399.—Penetration of small arms, 
402.—Measuring timber, 411.—Dimensions of sheet tin ; Thickness and weight of 
sheet metals, 422.—Kinds of files and rasps, 423.—Wood-screws; Cut nails, 424.— 
Chemical equivalents of bodies, 430.—Strength of woods, 431.—Of metals, 432.— 
Punching and shearing metals, 433.—Strength of hemp and wire rope, 434.—Spe- 


INDEX. 


557 


cific gravity of fluids, 438.—Weight of iron, 441-443.—Of iron pipes, 414.—Weights 
and measures, United States, 445-447.—Coins, 448.—Foreign measures and weights, 
449-452.—Foreign coins, 453.—Equivalents of ounces in decimal fractions of a 
pound, 452.—Comparison of French and United States measures, 454,—Regular 

polygons, 475.—Velocities of spherical case shot, 484.—Foreign small arms, 487._ 

Foreign ordnance, 488.—Navy ordnance, 492.—For converting metres into inches, 
493. Kilogrammes into pounds, and grammes into grains, 494.—Density of water 
at different temperatures, 495.—Natural sines and tangents, 535.—Powers and roots 
of numbers, 496.—Logarithms of numbers, 516.—Logarithms of sine.s, 537.—Of 
tangents, 539. 

TANGENTS: Table of natural tangents, 535. 

TAB : How obtained ; Uses, 430. 

TAR-BUCKET: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 135. 

TARPAULINS, of three sizes: Dimensions and weights, 135. 

TARRED LINKS: Preparation of, 306.—Burn, how long, 306.—Preservation 
in store, 317. 

TENACITY of woods and metals, 431, 432. 

TEST: Of bronze; Copper; Tin, 22.—Gun-iron, 24.—Saltpetre, crude, 235.— 
Refined, 236.—Lead, 261.—Bar-iron, 416.—Steel, 419.—Files, 423. 

THERMOMETERS ; Comparison of different scales, 458. 

THREAD, Cartridge, 264.—Quantity for, 270. 

THUMBSTALLS: Dimensions and weights, 135.—Number required, 237. 

TIMBER: Kinds, 405.—Selection, 406.—Felling, 406.—Getting out, 407. In¬ 
spection, 407.—Defects, 408.—Seasoning and preservation, 409.—Kyanizing, 409. 
—Steaming, 409.—Piling, 409.—Kiln-drying, 410.—Charring, 410.—Measuring, 
410.—Specific gravity and strength of, 431. Bills of: For field-carriages, 84.—For 
siege, 88.—For mountain-howitzer, 87.—For repair of carriages, 367-372. 

TIN : For manufacture of bronze guns, 22.—Analysis, 23. Sheet: 421.—Dimen¬ 
sions, 422. 

TINNING IRON AND COPPER: Manner of, 425. 

TOOL-CHESTS: For portable forge, 58.—Contents, 357, 358. 

TOOLS : Armorer’s, for an arsenal, 211.—Laboratory, 328.—For field-forge, 340. 
—For field-battery wagon, 342.—For park-forge, 346.—For park-battery wagon, 
349.—For siege-train, 368.—For armament of forts, 373.—For forge for mountain- 
service, 356-358. 

TOP-CARRIAGE: Barbette: Nomenclature, 63.—Dimensions and weights, 78, 
79, 82. 83. Casemate : Nomenclature, 65.—Dimensions and weights, 80, 81, 83. 

TORCHES : Preparation of, 305. 

TORSION: Resistance of cylinders of different metals to, 437. 

TOURBILLON: (Piece of ornamental fireworks;) How made, 321. 

TOURTEAUX. (See Tarred Links, 305.) 

TOW-HOOK, for unpacking ammunition-chests; Dimensions and weight, 135. 

TRAIL HA.NDSPIKE: Nomenclature, 136.—Dimensions and weights, 137. 

TRAJECTORY of a Ball: In vacuo, 480.—In the air, 483. 

TRAVERSE-CIRCLES: Dinjensions and weights, 121. 

TRAVELLING-FORGE: Nomenclature, 48.—Dimensions and weights, '’7- 


558 


INDEX. 


« 


Bill of timber, 85.—Bill of iron, 95.—For field-battery, 3.39.—For field-park, 346. 
—Weights equipped, 360. 

TKIGONOMETRY: Formula, 478, 479. 

TRUCKS: Casemate: Store: Nomenclature, 115-116.—Dimensions, weights, 119. 
TRUNNION-CHAINS: Number; Use; Dimensions; Weights, 114. 
TUBE-POUCH; Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 135.—Number required 
to a piece, 337. 

TURPENTINE: IIow obtained, 429.—Spirits of, 430.—Weight, 169.—Propor¬ 
tions in paint, 170, 171. 


u. 

UNLOADING SHELLS: Implements; Precautions in; Manner of, 318. 
UNSERVICEABLE STORES, breaking up, 317. 

UNSPIKING CANNON, 32. 

V. 

VALISE; Nomenclature, 147.—Weight, 163. 

VALISE-SADDLE: Use; Nomenclature, 146.—Weight, 163. 

VALUE of foreign coins, 453. 

VARIATIONS allowed in ordnance, 29. 

VARNISH: For holsters, 174.—Cop.al, 174.—Japan, 175.—For browned arms, 
194.—For percussion-caps, 301. 

VELOCITIES, Initial: To determine, 250.—Of iron balls, 393.—Of lead balls, 
394.—Loss by windage, 395.—General formulae for computing, 485. 

VELOCITY: Of Balls : Loss of, by resistance of the air, 483.—Of descent in air, 
485.—Of sound, 456.—Of the wind, 457. 

VENT: Position, 16.—Diameter, 18.—Replacing, 32. 

VENT-COVER, for field-pieces; Dimensions and weight, 135. 

VENTILATION: IIow much required, 456. 

VENT-PIECE, for rifled and bronze guns, 15, 16. 

VENT-PUNCH: Dimensions and weight, 136. 

w. 

WADS: Fabrication; Weight, 286.—Dimensions and weights; Moulds for, 288. 
WALNUT, BLACK: Uses; Properties, 405.—Strength; Spec, grav., 432. 
WAR-ROCKETS: Fabrication, 314.—Packing,315.—IIow fired, 315.—Preserva¬ 
tion in store, 317. 

WASHERS: Linch : Shoulder : Dimensions and weights, 70. For Bolts, 71. 
WATER: Weight of a cubic foot of, 438, 447.—Allowance for man and horse, 
455.—Density at different temperatures, 459.—Displaced by the same glass bulb, 
at different temperatures, 495. 

WATER-BUCKET; Dimensions; Weight, 136. 

WATERING-BRIDLE, for cavalry : Nomenclature, 156. 
WATERING-BUCKET, for field-service; Dimensions and weight, 136. 
WEDGE- Power of, 469. 


INDEX. 


559 


WEIGHTS : Of guns of 1861, IS,—Guns of 1844, 19.—Howitzers, 20.—Mortars, 
21.—Proof-charges for guns, 81.—Shot and shells, .34.—Spherical case shot, 35.— 
Grape-shot, 36. Lead balls, .36.—Cast-iron balls, 37.—Axle-trees, 68.—Linch-pins 
h9. M Jishers, 70. Nuts, 71.—Field-gun carriages, 74.—Mountain-howitzer car- 
riage, t5. Siege-carriages, ^6, 77.—Mortar-beds, 77.—Barbette-carriages, wooden, 
78, <9. Casemate-carriages, wooden, 80, 81.—Colunibiad barbette carriages, 82.— 
Wrought-iron carriages, 83.—Sling-carts and trucks, 119.—Gins, 119.—Jacks, 120 
—Platforms, 120.—Traverse-circles, 121.—Blocks and rollers, 121.—Handspikes 
137. Bars, 137.—Implements, 138.—Worms, 140.—Sponges for mortars, 140.— 
Horseshoes, 151.—Horseshoe-nails, 161.—Harness, 163.—Cavalry equipments, 167. 
—Small arms, 183.—Proof-charges for muskets, 184.—Box of small arms, 196.— 
Swords and sabres, 224.—Cartridge-boxes, 230.—Laboratory-paper, 26.3.—Car- 
tridges for small arms, 2/0.—Field ammunition, 280.—Siege and sea-co.ast ammu¬ 
nition, 288.—Fuzes, 297.—Gun-carriages and caissons, equipped for service, 359. 
—Forges and battery-wagons, equipped for service, 360.—Sheet metals, 422.— 
Coals, 429.—To break hemp and wire rope, 454.—Bar iron, 441.—Cast-iron pipes, 
444.—United States weights, 447.—Foreign, 451.—Raised by men and horses, 471, 
472. 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES : United States, 445-448.—Foreign, 448-453.— 
(Comparison of French and United States, 454. 

WELDING-COMPOSITION: For iron or steel, 421. 

WHEAT: Weight of a bushel; Of a cubic foot, 456. 

WHEEL AND AXLE: Mechanical power of, 468. 

WHEEL-CASES: For fireworks, 322.—Dimensions, 326. 

WHEELS: Classification, 68. Sling-cart: Nomenclature, 113.—Weight, 119. 

WHEELS AND PINIONS : Power of, 468. 

WHIPS: Manufacture, 150.—Weight; Number required, 163. 

WIND : Velocity and force of, 457. 

WINDAGE OF BALLS: Definition, 15.—Amount, 18-20.—Loss of velocity 
oy, 395. 

WIPER, for mortars: Tow cloth, 1 yard square, 136. 

WIRE-GAUGE : Thickness of wire and sheet metals by, 422. 

WIRE-ROPE, Iron: Strength of, in lbs. and equivalent hemp rope, 434. 

WOODS: (see Timber, 405:) Strength and spec. grav. of, 431, 432. 

WOOD-SCREWS; Classification and dimensions, 424. 

WORMS: Fabrication, 129.—Dimensions and weights, 140. 

Y. 

YELLOW-WASH, for buildings : Composition and application, 172. 

z. 

ZINC: Properties; Specific gravity; Uses; How purchased, 262. 

47-S;- 















1 




I r 


♦ 


4 




% 


4 




\. 


4 

'« 

4 







I 





4 




t 



« 





• 





F • 


. y 









6Stclz,J)ei. 


■ J M.Butljnr.So. 






















































































IhjtUr. Sr 











































■ TMTiutUr. Sc. 























































































































■■ '• «.^ . ■ ,! i 

.—-s.\- •'^li 




' < 


*k* ■ « 



4'v. 



» f 


»<r 

♦ ,#••» 


f 

Kj^'^ 4 to 




i 4 r ‘.I.‘’ •. in‘r'' 


tk 





ir V 

i!!*>l4v:i'),f 





JP* * 4 ^ , , 1 ^. 






1*^ 


Cl 


.' 4. r j& ■'• .■ ' 'jin: 

f ik •**'■•:■■■<» -, **1 


V*/ 



I 


1 *« 


- f 






• « 


W r-J, ''/-■•■ • .-■'•'> ? ' '■ 

..- * f.j^'&»?';■ >7 

'■■■ u,-? ;■! • ' ~^r . ■ ■ »?■ ■' 


I 


; 'i ^ 





\> .4 




* i 

\ -, .fv'V 


\ * 


!‘ji ' 

, .. 5*. 

' ■ V • -^, i v‘* fLi 


V r • 

V 


I }i. ■' .'/ 

• ^ * % * X Tfc-* */ I » 


V 


‘ s. V* A *« . - fr* . t ^ bt ’ 

■ ■■"I r-^K '1^- V-wV -T.W'*'''■ 

,, ; K' yj,„/r! •>,. tii.-.-- it.^ A;. 



A'Z: 






X fX 


* ? -4.4.* .' 

L> , JJL «■ ' 'V «_ ■■' ' t 


.•/ 


♦ ' 


. jn - ‘■•■'A 



7 


' i 




\ \ '\.^' '^ kW “ ' ^ f ^ r ». I »4» * *’ r 

' ■' 'si ''^' *■' ' ’ Ti- ^ ri6.>. 

^ ^ii 'v '% .J ’ l:'.;-' -'. - •■ .e'-V '>^ 'f 

‘ ^ *' 7 ; - _ 7 ' . * 

•-.. ■ ^ f- • I* *'Ui-f .■• • ^ •■* 1 

• "i ' •'.?< '* 



s • 


i ^ : 3-;. . 

•■ .. r* % 

\ •. 

;■•' ^^. 

^'' :■ ■ ■' 


: "fl , 

w< ■ 




t*f 4 .* 


r » » 


*« T 




4 , » U • 

. Vf- ' 


* I 


' ikt'' 














rs.-ivuj 


TRAVELLTKC'r F<)U(;e. 


PT^iTK ■/. 



1 M. Sutler, Sii. 











































































































t'HjIV. Ill . 


HATTEIiV 


PL.tTE 5. 

















































































• ««• 




I ■* 


f V « 


. I 


.r 






r * L 


I ■ *'1- 

. V ^ ,--^ 

’r=-v • ■” 


.■ 


<■ . 


* '•.* 








- r. 


j 


nv.u** 












I'HAV. Ul . 


M (> UXTAIM art f 1, L K R Y 


VL.irii fi. 



JMBjUltr, Si' . 






































































































































































































































E/evaJi4m 


cs^. m. 


MORTAR \\^\OOX 


VLATB ». 





J.M.Biaier Sc. 






















































































































































































































ir 








'V ■ ’;. r • ■ . '.i'*’i?r!’-''3l 

i !•; 


i ' ^ ^ 


t '•';' ' w* i ' ■» -H* '•■. ■ ■ ^ -- 

£ t'-' iii ’^*^‘'k'-'** V 

'' w^w ^ 'M* >h ^ 

-r>#^ -I ► ■ . ^ ■ ^ ^ i' I ■ ‘-M ’ -£ 

‘ ^^^iV Jl 

^.. At' . !i ^ . .H.--Jtr ■ r.l 





i: 


I ‘fv 0,1 ^ , :’;,X ? 

v;-f -' ' ■ i' ■ ,■ ■■-«. .- 

h •H ' /> oiCLr^A^ * 

\r ^v.n^, Y ^.. ^ ^r/- •* ,v*>-#j ^:i 

■ • . **'• ’ ^ ..-^ IT , -, ^ c’i 


^ ■ __ !*} \ ^ 


m:> ■V',^:f 

■H I' 4 ’.. JlAA ' 




, . r • 

^ 4 

















































































































VT Tr* 


.?fl .f' , <. ■ . V .,. . . ^{£: . • "f 



^ir 


.'\i M' 


■*■ ■ r»' 


R K'<;'.'''W*''' i''!!®^ i'V*'-'' 



y"t' (>,, 







V 


■f 


«*■ , 


'* ■r^ «' 

'-'^m 


-? > 


• * 


* .V » 




• ««• I 


'f- 



4?' 


.4 









rSr^:/ r 



tv,t,-, 

‘ 1 , * 
V '■ . 

l^‘i' 

V fj. 
1 


1 

1 

3^-' 

*1/ . 4 

% 


' \i., 


'. 4 . 


I *. 


I \ 


‘4 


jrt;,. «i. 


.J‘ 






...., ■ ■ ‘ - ^ ■« 

Kf’ 


■ ; ^>>' 4 ^. ; Vry;: ■\ 

* ^ I '? , liJit 


■•: f 


■r%‘M K 


4 ■*• 


,i . ’ '‘ ' 

-* J f - <4 » j 


•4 


I - 


4 li 


’* ' ’ ■• i 

■ ■ ::y 


i»* 


;:rv- 


♦ i. 



yji 








f' 4 

I 'tn 


/ > 


i 




4 ^ 


.‘J 




14 . 



!| / 


f • 


V • • 






■ ■'». , 

•' . » V ■' 


>u .► 


:l'.A 

■ ■: li) v.vu(. 


^‘; *N 3 •%. ‘ I 

'ly . 



•' 


.>.- • f 


j#'» • 


i 






cfT.n^ Jii:. 


C A S K M AT 1<; (' A tt k.lA( J K (aV () () 1) ' 


PLATE UK 


r 


f 



» 

I 
I 

f ’ JG Htnu>f O'cGn-PieGi 
















































































































rjT.^p. 111. 


CATJKIAGK V01{ PT.ANK CAS E MATl'] S ■ (WO OT) ) 


PLATE //. 


'4 



i 

r 

I 


! 

I * 





f 








L**' 
















































































( UAP.IU. 


PARTS OP IROJS (^ARTOAOKS . 


-Jt- PMA'I'H IZ. 














































































































CMAr.jn. 


nAiniKTTE CAUllIAr,E.Kli()NT IMXTLE IIROX) 


PT.ATH /:j. 



T--- " Sc- 






















































































Iff. 


( ASKM.vi’K r AllRI.Vf’.K ( IHOS | 





o 

G 




\ 

I 

f 







i 




















































































P/.ATK tt>-. 



iM 


'i.fih* 




*v I ^ 




IJi. 



I ^ ^ 
Journal bar ' 

,/a 

I# 



JU 'SuMer^'c. 


























































































> 3 !^ 


ctL.-iP. ir. 


CASEMATE GIK 


rZ^TB J7. 


\ 


* 



JIf Butler. So. 





















































r I 



w.’ 


IM '• ■ . -'5 

r 



f. 




«... 


i 


^T«3^f : < " 

4 










Tru/t/iwn- ('Jumw 


CSJLP. IV. 


SLING rART 


PLATS 16. 




































































€HA1^ jai. 


M A (’ Tl INKS 


PLATE 19. 


« 



Half roller 



J.ong rolirr 



■4Z. 


Roller rhxick. 



Short roller Blrclc & half bio do 



SkiA 

% 



Tf-SLaull^.B Mcy. Del. 


JK.Budfr, Sc, 











































































































































































CHAjP. VI . 


AKTILLRIIY SADDLES. 


VLATE aO. 


Drivers S/itl/Ur 



•TS.LauU^ -B Miv DfM 


JMButLfJ". Sc^ 












































































































































) 


r-ELAP. P7 


A K 'r T L I, E1? V TT A11 E S S 


PLATE Zl. 



JMBtitler, Sc. 


I 















































««a^ 




N.--. 


*r^i 




^<V 


If!; 


1 


o 


■■■ iifpteii^’ ‘■''rasr :'f >;■ 'TiSvv^ 

«‘f' ili^,- '’ ■’'/' ■'■ ■ ' ' wvJ'i<\ ^:£'*"•' 1 ! 




.u'\^i 



> 7. ; » 

^ *' . 4. '■• y 

>. 4 ♦ 


0,T^>*. > ' ■ - •' ^’‘ 1 I -v^V W T * 

p ’!■] " ::' vi'"^ 

jir-^ r ir #'> ^ i" ^ * I ■ • Wj 

■'^44 f''■*•'■ . ■* '*j'sT'?-^''I::i' 'Ih 


.■ < ‘f'. *• * : 

■ ■: -k, 




V'^ 

: ^ i\r^> 

' 4 : '\ 

^‘a4T 

/• r ■ 


)■ =r », 'f * -;, , IH 


41 


if .-- 




> ». 


j.,l.r :'■ 

!•* V|L» * 

'•4 ^'i '■* i' ‘ p'''* 

^V'Trl 

■^4-, \ ^ 


i' • 

^ >' '■" 
* 

^•r; -: 

il 




f ^'V- '.•';' i>'i 3 '’ULa ■ '^-= ■■' 

V] 

' > ' -' ■ ■ ■ 7^ 

- ;■ ■ “^■^' • 'i'i^'.i'-^^:’ ‘ 2 JL£y 4 > 

■^li iS: ' >'/ • s. ■ ' •' .'30^V >'Vff 

fi' 


; ^ 


■t 

1 : ‘V 

r' 


*» ; . 


P: 


' ,'•, .1 .' 


4* ‘ 



» r^l^ , 


H’ 


..jr. 


( * 

/ *' < 



> j 




rs< ' rii-i 

-, ‘, * ^■' * . d ^.i V i 


-*' ♦ 
X' j* r 


It 


.'%> ' ■' *'™ ■'^' ■ 

‘'3i‘* »•*'»'' .’* i; * *■» ‘ - .-^• 

i ■•. J. ■ i 

1 {• ’ .• '4 ^ f'*.. *“ ■'* 


y:r'M 


m 






. .s 


3 P 


' f :^ 

■ is 


1 * 


AVv -‘^1 


r '. 


ir 


K» Uk' ,. 

f ‘ 


il . 


j r- 

^V- 

AiW'f 


T:-.^r,>^:‘-^.'.v. < r 


K I 'f i 
r' n 


i <,' < 



)/■ 

• .. ■,,. . . i. *^S ' 




• i '■ . 

• *' ^ ^ I 1 • <f* * *•****' ■ 


rflJd 







AMf 






CBAP. Vll 


rAA^ALTlY EgrTTrMKNTS. 


PLATE -PZ 



HmJst/iU 


Bit 


M/’.ri/'an Bit Loop KnLler 



T. T.SXauUo/.B.Ma^. LeL. 


J.M.ButL’r.Sc. 
























































































































cjfAj^ in. 


PL^TR Z3 



TT.S.LaidLey, B M/y. D&i. 


J.KBuP^r Sc. 















rH^4.p vm. 


PARTS OF yirSKET 


J?LATE 



1 S.Juitfid^s, I)(*i 




r 




r 



































































>7*‘.'^'xavv?v«»« • ” , ^.:'’ I’.^ri 

“^jl • ’ ' ” ' -- 


»vt 




• k '««nt'T7 ■ ,' i^wfe:',i;-.^ P 

JP 




.*-■1 



h d 

'r.'» % 







i. f .!, 





i? . 


• ’ n V V, ' ' T»''»’ 

m ^ ^ 

5 - <• <• , .k. . . 




r ^ J 

•ii’T k/L 


f ‘ ‘ % '■ . - 0 ^ ^ • - -rm-* 17 

K>!' 'j >. m ■ 

•. i- .: • . 1 . ..>'-■ 


I p r ^ I • • 

I ,Vt 'f .n 

• -.Jii ,? .s', 


y' 


' a-" ' 






Mii ..['Jjl)*--: ^ 

t* * •• K ^ ? 


4 •.. ii-fr ? .1 t i ^ i'' 

l'rL-:5'i;t4^,.- h ■i\ 

!r;^ y ^ >■ 


:- f 






'* 

y. V 'i 



rv 




su' ■ •, • 

•' i? W 


*%• 


I.'' 


V> 




yi 


■ "'Ir’fj' >?*■■■ '(■ ■ 

.• u ,4*‘\. , ?iG I, <-• , 7(V ! M 


•H - 



•t »• 

, i- • -' 


i ‘■ tA\ ^ 




JM -f 

.*.. h ^ ( 





S.’'> Jf'/Ai,', 


.V 


iikv. 











• • 

* , . I 







rui 


t 


PLATE 23. 


PARTS OF MrSKKT 



SSuu>’ui^s,Del. 


W. S Bfj^narJ,. Sc 


AVVWWV 












































































































































• f 


•tc, T,.*'-"?''11i’jS^W ; ■ visy'. ■'.•■^djfei’Af■ i'*''., 5“'' ♦fr’" ' 





f 


' 1\, 


• , 




.1 H ‘M sN f r i 


^ ? 


I ■ " i"‘) f: ■ 'fv 'S[ 

' I* >" f' ' ' ■ 'THs 

;fi; -/M 




H Ai - 'Tip ■ , 

i. 4 . ■ .,.j^ L .; 


?P''^ >-4'^ fi >:js! 


L I j\* •» w. ‘ I *• ji . 

■mi’ -♦--.pit 

_ « C - r« -1 ' 


rf-4 

3 


Bi*!- '' 'p T ,’. ;fJ.' 

:| 

H:![ 


fll 

► it! ' ' R'f‘ *i ir I ’i f 

*> - ?l ., - ' ■*. r • ' V '■ : -M 



^»r. 


' I /-- ^ ■" 

.. “ • •; ■>. '.'T' fec'w 



T*f-i »^ • 4*' 

S'f' ■!:■€;-' -.'/■ii 

I.. . I. '. ■ 


\ 


4 :• 


• ( 


-i? 


VH 


I •* 


v„ 


s«- 




n •- 


1! b]?3 

L -■ ■v^ 1 / 


a 

f' 

r»; 

J,- : ,}^ *il 

'm 

1 

Bif"* ^ 

mA i 


.r.-'■ I , -■ , --t-i/ ; 


1 *••*■ 



• T 






1. ■ r« A ^ 

(1 ^ 

1;*- 


■» * ., I' * A * ^-* - * ^ 431^% 

.. r ' . I . >4Tt^ tv i-iy ;. iir-; . f >*'t,5i 



i': 


.r> IT'. : 


>•« 




« >Ari 1 

■* 

A • •■ 

A, "• W -i •/• 
> y . ‘•ij"-/ , f . 




^ i ij 


I 

s > ■ •■< 


f? M ■ f -fr'l 
2^^‘- 


, :ii- m /f^’ 

/- '.j 


1-.;>;/ '.' ij '.k:! 
;,J. 'isi ri. / .V'%,; 
' i -1-: "■• '^ ■ 


♦> .* 


, J 1 ?.vk ' ‘ 



, ♦ 


m} 


'i\ 


^ ‘i^-V' ■ ■ - 'T 


•i 


V.- 5T^ . 

kT 
t'>. 


■'"'Vi/’.* V->:.'.'»v •! 


.Y '•ri 


3 


1 



K. I 


* } 
t 




* j 


.9V 




r”"T’ ■; ■'S^-'^r ,■ 

kA ' ’ y ■ . r* \ 


;» 
<'rV 


,< *» 

',... I ^ 



'» 


m'^A 7^ •-' /■ . ^^ .... ■ .:■•" 

T u « , • 1-1,. • ., - / 

^ . ■< £-> ' I 


f,: 


'* s 




a 



r .: <*Ji 


I I 






K. " 

. 'A •■ (' 


/■*A 

‘ IA s\iiO 






. V,. .^\ ; 










Jlitl/'. Miufk.eL 


CH^P VIu . 


SMAT. 1. AH MS 


PLATE 36. 



J.MButlyr, .So. 














































































































































I 


*^ 1 , 4 





j ♦ .r t n.\ 


vy 

9 > 

W%f " 





V 



, *|p 




-^r’4"'In'■ i ^UtWsiffnt ^ 

-" »r'. :mii ' Wll 

^ F- ^■ j\; 1 ’.: .t'I*■- r 


%Hi|i 


,i' 


• ■" ' ■' ' ■‘" t'f •»'.- ‘s’'■', ’ 

■ -' . '-V '‘sfc"*': , <■,'■ “ '’•' .'.' ■ H‘-' 


] ■ Hf‘". i ’■^ ' Wy 




■ . ’ k? ' ■■ “■' I, »r“ - , *jw-' V ■ w- ^- ■ ' ,!.» ' ■••yj^C^ 

% -' i" i '-^E 

> ^.A M. * • 1 : . « , ■ , 


A •■ :> y* y ' ^ 

yt ^ 'A* ‘ i^*’--V t,v-" 

^ t * ^ i\ V'A •«»» * *** p ^ 

, 4I' ^ * * ?• I f -k « ^*1 ,»r ^ 

iVwiVS '2 • H ,^,. ■ //v^. 

, 4 ^.. r ■/.; 





•.'"■siir 

‘ ;**"*■■ -’* •:' i'v. ^'-^35 

I ♦'fi- ' Tf ^^laLjfJfM 

■ ■ ■> v' *, 



’ '■ , 1 ;,- V '. ■ ■ ."’.I v.*.}.< 








■.. f 


■i’f 


0* '* 




■i 


rJi^' 


--y 




.f« 


iy^ 


rJVf. 


iW 





r* 


*- .• 




iT > 


' Y^ifS 







CHAT 


I’A(’inX(V SMALL AHMS. 


r/.ATJ-; :^7 


li/r'/t' JfHsk t-ts 



Phv, 



EtuI I'WM' 



Ef/’at.'t 



I ""I II :i IIIIIIIIII i! "~'i ^ 

- 16. 


1 li'lllMM! 


3 ^ 


En/l I'H'W RuIa l>ii,r 


lli.5 


i_L 






O O O O 0 

1 o o o o o 

1- 

1 

IW 


n 


' 

i o o o o o 

1 o o o o o 

1 




Bifif'.s' 




Fhl7> 



T. T. S.Laidl^. B.Al/y. Lelz. 


JM. Butler, Sr 


13. ZS 





































































































































































































































































































;r4 






5j/,^-, ,.^fe,. „ '-V”t.<--“ij;,-. 

■ •■ •*" .* - - tr .yz-lfc* 

t --r- r- ' ■;: 


* . ^’* ' «* 

•, >t;-,\ \ ' ‘>- ' . i %ii 


/fi. t:w5^'5^:^^v’ i': ..:'i- w ■...;>• ^,v '•■; -../a 

' vv' .•■'V ■;■:■••,•, 

A S, ^ J /' *i‘ - - ^ J- 'j ♦ - - 4 ‘ — f- .'O 

f«L''‘V' Wv ■'^#r->^'''; ’ -,' ’* 

^ .v^’' ■'^ ■' ■ - ' ‘ V 

>ff.. ,• 



’»;■ • -Tat' •..<._ ! - >y .■. ■ ;. ,, ,-.■ .. ,■. - 

’W'^^ _ '.''i' ■ ^‘ ’‘.* , v ■ • 






V, - *4 *■ " t BM| 



> T, • ' 

,• «*.' 




'4 , S f-r '• 

>• -■ J 


' »■ O '-'S V’ ‘ »'• ^-4 ^ ' 

^ ;^.: .w..^-w..r "■-^n-- r. ' 



^ r * 


is 


H 

f, 





^ i.vV^T'Ci tl 

■’" 'i.'^.V’ 

i _ * J'-.f •». . 

4-'^ • ' » 











Sword for Staff S: Staff Corps 


CH^. V711. 


SWORT) S 


PL^^TE Zd. 



1 


1 

! 

■T 



Foot Arh'Uoty , Swoni 


Li^ht ^rHUrrt' Sahro 



JJPBtUlrr. Sc. 


Cavalry Sahre 


















































































































































I * I• 


■ '0 


'il ‘ fl - • > .Lir^- ■ •. • - 

• ’ , A ,‘ .■ .1'‘ ' ■i4i?| ‘i'-a- t" ' 

'■».;. '<^,j 3 n 

■ v5^ --toy 


\ /■ 




■' .^ j' i'*- ‘ 'i; ■'..' ib'U 1 


L 4 ! 



r 


“ M ^ V * * 

•• ,4 (iK;^ * ^lp» • . ,. J i - *. »«4 • ^^ ••• •* 

^ * rjt’i--* ,v . - • r**>-^* - 


. - 1 , *A» 






* r 

k ••t 


ii 


*A ■‘^!^‘ ^ 


V* . 


* 


» ■•• - 


y h 

O". .-i -'^"’-'i'- 

V '■■ ‘\ -rTT*^ T .. I 


t 'K 

\ ^ 

v- 

* 'A 



-V- -,J^.- -. .-.r •-•-■-■- • ,-/ , !^VT ■ :f ' Pi 

\:^ :4 

^ ^ ' * " V. -^s' ■* •' ' 

J*' *7# |L ,. . /'■ 

'' y/H'ih ‘ '4 . - , '' *l“, ^v,^._J> i- 




%‘v r: 


. A* 

f'f*’ 



y*’i*'i* ‘ 


-r* 


- 4’ 



•V ^ 




.V 


# T 


jt' " < ' ‘4 * •* 

m- . '^i.' • ' ■ ■ 





it 1 



i 


u* 


IS*- 






** fi 



A 

t 


k 

/ 


A- 

f 







? ■ 


■ Imrn 


-V ' 


•■ '■ i'f, I. 
^ . 





,J» 

.-i 






w§1 


t' ‘ ” • *' i ^p-,-* 

if:v -■/ \ ^^:S- 






V- 

'•'dtcT 



.1 k 


V:-. • •* 




•?s 


» »v. > 


, lit 







* ^'.yi 

I '• i i\> 




L 4 i^ 




i i&Sil ^ 


CIL^P. IX. 


AJ’PAlL.\Trs FOR 1*K(W1:MG ]'0\\'1)EU 


TLA^Tt: za. 


Capt.Bp/7ti?n 's Hlpctro halhafi/: Paiubilum 




I 




Uipt.Rodmaits pres,sure 
Sectum 




K" * 


I • 


JM.Bvxler Sc. 













































































































































































y 





('IL.IP.IX. 


IJlVHTi^INO HODS 


piu^ri'H so. 





















































































































> t 




''4 


i‘V,s 



b* 


% ■ 


« 


I 


I 




t 


« 






4 


•4 




4 


» « 


* 


# 


. - r • 




v' 


4 


• # 




)v 




!• 




» 




* 


( 


% 






t 


4 




tf 




4 



4 , t 





4 

' « 

f 



% 


t 


4 




* 


>• • 





{. 




% 


*, 



r 


i 


■ i» 



r 






4 

I 


I 


'Ai 












SAB 0 T S . 


Fh^TE 31. 





J.MBzLtier, Sc. 















































































































• •. 


»>r \ 


4 


4 




i 


t " 


y Ik.' 







V 


r 



• ,w • 


? 


\ V,\V V 




% 







CTiAP. X. 


AM MUNITION CHKSTS . 


PLATK Ar'i. 


6 ' Pdr (fitft. 


rian. 


El^vatwf!. 




PlaJt. 


/(ir Glut. 


ElevaXton. 


■ 


8 








W 

(f 











V'V 

Gii) 




Fhu,. 


/2 Pdr Jfo 1 rd xpr. 


EJleva/ton. 



P/an. 


24 Pdt: Nowitxer. 


E/e vation. 





■I2£-BziJler Sc 






























































































































































































































































v*. ♦ 


t 





c;'-U • ,»C 

, ._^_ . r* . ■- .-^-’u.C-''-'^-' •. ..*^ w 


* -;r ^ ^ 


7 ' 7 .■ I 
i; K:'- .1 


' : * 


^ 7 *«-a , 

* » 

- »♦ 


k». * ‘ 

. j 


• ^ 


’ J- 


■ ^" * • 'y/^\iL. '■■ %': 5 ,- 

-V . :'*^S ;.vJF^-'?l i 

• ’ ■ ••'•<dt_ •■ 't' ^ * ' -r ■- / 


-* A 


. ^ ^ r,*' 

I ‘ " ' • 


’'»- sr 






> “ < 4 :^ VIh _ _ 




» 


, * 


fbv^'.V IV 


*1 


Li^. 









rJl A.i% 

43 ^ ^ 




Sr ’ ^-v -* ‘ 

*• »^ ^ lir* • •* ’ 

■■(I 


i'; 

V ^ 


"•Hv, , _ 


^ >. ‘ ‘nr 

. r. ■; 

% 


• •, ■ "‘I-.’'. • ■ i. i? •* ■’ t 'j ' 

*•. =t • ^ ^ j 



I «f 

aA' 


I# ^ ■ 'll 'fc. 4 ’ 


* 


'■'.( "&< • ■••'>-: .t r-. 


. A 


> • 


.. > 

* ! “ . ^ ' < 

* t^^ . yl -‘ - , 

»lr< 


r ■' \ 

■!f^.. rv: ^ 


O - 





f. 


I 


» - 4 l 


4 k 


•> V , 

- ' irr- 




% •• 

‘•I. = 

-/I { 



•^.1^ / U 

“ *• » 1 

^ - V 

- (#' M 

J 4- M i* 

^ > *M 

t - 





j ♦ 




‘ ik^. ■* 





' • « 


■ »A /■ 


( * 


' ' ■■ .! 'v»=W 



■ • ■ '-s;-.-. , 

* *-■ . J't St ^"’ t '■*•■- 

^ 4Jl •'’v-‘^' A • 




' •% ■ '• . 


--^*t A' .'-^t- '•rk<».,v;'i’ 

•• • Y ---'/A.i • .4- rj t . .i 




?l’ ■■’ 7 'tf! 


v^>(- ■>•>■•■ f.f.i;-, •- , < i^r^t* 



. \ A'. V. V*' -7 -it ’ ■ •' - ^ ^ a - 

i iT.;^r.-' ; . .••:.• : ■• '■’ -^t'■ ’-^7' '-‘C’/ >' fb- ■’i 


< I 







KN OT S 


ri./iTF. .y.v. 



J,M.Butifr Scj- 





































































•V 


I 

I 

■- 1 ' 

I 

4 

4 

\ 

4 


\ f " 

I 








* m 

^ • 4 - 

1 

• , 

\ 

‘V 

. I 

V 

I ' 

f 

« 





« 

4 






1 


4 


*■ 







» 




f 


► I 


% 


% 


* 


4 


4 


) 


» 





\ 

* 


t 



« 



* 4 « ■» 

I 


1 





^ a» 


V 1 « ^ 0 ^ ^ 

s i; <2*. .-0‘ 

: ^ 0 ^ : %» 

o H -T* '■^ 

. 0 > 

^ s 


^ V, '' ' 

"t/' av > 

V •. 

Cl >> ” 1 



* J H ^ \\ 

\. ; 

* [if' 

* vo' 

,A - ^ ■ 


^ ^ 0 /. 


* oTo ’ ,#■ i 

''’^''s"°'° 

lV ^ ^ ^ aV %H 5 

" , , a 'o. K-^ V 

^S> (j^' 

^ ^ o' = '• ^ 


’s'^ •'■ 

^ i> 

‘.M*' .,., ■V*’~“'* \''’^’ 

^ 0 N C . '»<«'' oA , V 1 fl . ^ 

'' ■^‘' 1 '^S^ -/ 

V"' : ^- ^ -o 




•« 
a 

S v\- c«- ^//JPJF ^ 

^ ^ fl i A^ ^ 0 ' . 0 

^ « * ' ‘S S ^ / V- "J V \ ^ 

. 0 - \' ^ 

&I© ■h'H\ 

Ml.,^,fe-^- •'CV *: __rs,N, 




r^ 

^-v 7 *^s'\a 

.-‘-s 

•< 


, ^ /\ 

O <X^* -J^ =» C y^* *" ^s 

^ ,\V V. ° V ^ "L 

^ 0 , . ^ ,0^ ^ , X- "> 

^ ^ ^ O^ 0 > c '•Ap 

'^yyT^ "f O cy ^ ^ 

^ ti- ^0 « ^ 



















H ^ V’ 

V ^ ^ ^ < «-Sr^^\\' n^h ^ ^ *V 


« tt 



=J5 


0 <1 


OO 



'/ * 

^ 0 .'%^^^// % ‘ . 7 :;>;;^<.., %. '* r:;’* / 

'=%. c,» „* Q« -f;,. ,av , 




'J • % 

Ci^ - ...V 


^ ^ <^' 0 N i. 

v 0 ‘ .t ^ 







S' 


♦ * 


<51 ^ A' 

:% ' V? 

« j. * 

■% * I 

^ ^ A << 

"l Ifw* 

< ^V 

^ 0 _ O M V AA 


<\» 
w 

^ ^ 0 , K 

^ ‘ ^ '^- C ° ^ -p 

• e ^ >0/>^ -r U r-i<Vv 


•X V 

O 0^ 


^ 5 a 



"L. 

\v ^ ~^^€yjjy^ ■> >> 


,0 c 







\.A %- * = s«’ / , 

gwyt^ ^ T- $ 

^jJhimlV^ a V. -._ -.Pv ^ 


■g<: 

*’ a'' ■ V' 



>k f\ N <; , 

c\* c -p 


° % 

' 'A^' '^j. 

° ’ ^ i;' *. 



■’bo'' 


^V ^ /a>^\\v 




^ -Ki. ' 

<f < 3 l‘ ' A- 

^ <L> ' 

V O, .... 

v *■ 0 ^ ^ 

A % .# ' A/c '% /' 

<p <\" « ixAAiny/. A , ^ •> 

> .vxvstY-r/,.,/, •/. - ^ 


A> ’'V .>^ 

c 0^ C ^ o' ' « ^ % 

'‘oo' •'fif^: 





















i 


» 


I 


t 

i 

i: 

f ' 

• 

t 

I. 


i . 
i 


1 




<. 


> 


I 


f.* • 

• .-^•1 


«!#*>• 





1 






















































